51
|
Deprotection of benzyl-derived groups via photochemically mesolytic cleavage of C–N and C–O bonds. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
52
|
Wang H, Tian YM, König B. Energy- and atom-efficient chemical synthesis with endergonic photocatalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:745-755. [PMID: 37117495 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endergonic photocatalysis is the use of light to perform catalytic reactions that are thermodynamically unfavourable. While photocatalysis has become a powerful tool in facilitating chemical transformations, the light-energy efficiency of these processes has not gathered much attention. Exergonic photocatalysis does not take full advantage of the light energy input, producing low-energy products and heat, whereas endergonic photocatalysis incorporates a portion of the photon energy into the reaction, yielding products that are higher in free energy than the reactants. Such processes can enable catalytic, atom-economic syntheses of reactive compounds from bench-stable materials. With respect to environmental friendliness and carbon neutrality, endergonic photocatalysis is also of interest to large-scale industrial manufacturing, where better energy efficiency, less waste and value addition are highly sought. We therefore assess here the thermochemistry of several classes of reported photocatalytic transformations to showcase current advances in endergonic photocatalysis and point to their industrial potential.
Collapse
|
53
|
Song L, Wang W, Yue JP, Jiang YX, Wei MK, Zhang HP, Yan SS, Liao LL, Yu DG. Visible-light photocatalytic di- and hydro-carboxylation of unactivated alkenes with CO2. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
54
|
Li P, Deetz AM, Hu J, Meyer GJ, Hu K. Chloride Oxidation by One- or Two-Photon Excitation of N-Phenylphenothiazine. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17604-17610. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Alexander M. Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jiaming Hu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Lee DS, Love A, Mansouri Z, Waldron Clarke TH, Harrowven DC, Jefferson-Loveday R, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. High-Productivity Single-Pass Electrochemical Birch Reduction of Naphthalenes in a Continuous Flow Electrochemical Taylor Vortex Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2674-2684. [PMID: 36158467 PMCID: PMC9486933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We report the development of a single-pass electrochemical
Birch reduction carried out in a small footprint electrochemical Taylor
vortex reactor with projected productivities of >80 g day–1 (based on 32.2 mmol h–1), using a modified version
of our previously reported reactor [Org. Process Res. Dev.2021, 25, 7, 1619–1627], consisting
of a static outer electrode and a rapidly rotating cylindrical inner
electrode. In this study, we used an aluminum tube as the sacrificial
outer electrode and stainless steel as the rotating inner electrode.
We have established the viability of using a sacrificial aluminum
anode for the electrochemical reduction of naphthalene, and by varying
the current, we can switch between high selectivity (>90%) for
either
the single ring reduction or double ring reduction with >80 g day–1 projected productivity for either product. The concentration
of LiBr in solution changes the fluid dynamics of the reaction mixture
investigated by computational fluid dynamics, and this affects equilibration
time, monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. We
show that the concentrations of electrolyte (LiBr) and proton source
(dimethylurea) can be reduced while maintaining high reaction efficiency.
We also report the reduction of 1-aminonaphthalene, which has been
used as a precursor to the API Ropinirole. We find that our methodology
produces the corresponding dihydronaphthalene with excellent selectivity
and 88% isolated yield in an uninterrupted run of >8 h with a projected
productivity of >100 g day–1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren S. Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Zakaria Mansouri
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - David C. Harrowven
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Richard Jefferson-Loveday
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Pickering
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pavlovska T, Král Lesný D, Svobodová E, Hoskovcová I, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, Cibulka R. Tuning Deazaflavins Towards Highly Potent Reducing Photocatalysts Guided by Mechanistic Understanding – Enhancement of the Key Step by the Internal Heavy Atom Effect. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200768. [PMID: 35538649 PMCID: PMC9541856 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Deazaflavins are well suited for reductive chemistry acting via a consecutive photo‐induced electron transfer, in which their triplet state and semiquinone – the latter is formed from the former after electron transfer from a sacrificial electron donor – are key intermediates. Guided by mechanistic investigations aiming to increase intersystem crossing by the internal heavy atom effect and optimising the concentration conditions to avoid unproductive excited singlet reactions, we synthesised 5‐aryldeazaflavins with Br or Cl substituents on different structural positions via a three‐component reaction. Bromination of the deazaisoalloxazine core leads to almost 100 % triplet yield but causes photo‐instability and enhances unproductive side reactions. Bromine on the 5‐phenyl group in ortho position does not affect the photostability, increases the triplet yield, and allows its efficient usage in the photocatalytic dehalogenation of bromo‐ and chloroarenes with electron‐donating methoxy and alkyl groups even under aerobic conditions. Reductive powers comparable to lithium are achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Pavlovska
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - David Král Lesný
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Eva Svobodová
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Irena Hoskovcová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute for Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry University of Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Roger Jan Kutta
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry University of Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Indolines via Dearomative Annulation of
N
‐acylindoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
58
|
Shi Q, Liao Z, Liu Z, Wen J, Li C, He J, Deng J, Cen S, Cao T, Zhou J, Zhu S. Divergent synthesis of benzazepines and bridged polycycloalkanones via dearomative rearrangement. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4402. [PMID: 35906217 PMCID: PMC9338057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31920-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dearomative functionalization of aromatic compounds represents a fascinating but challenging transformation, as it typically needs to overcome a great kinetic barrier. Here, a catalyst-free dearomative rearrangement of o-nitrophenyl alkyne is successfully established by leveraging the remote oxygen transposition and a weak N-O bond acceleration. This reaction features high atom-, step- and redox-economy, which provides a divergent entry to a series of biologically important benzazepines and bridged polycycloalkanones. The reaction is proposed to proceed through a tandem oxygen transfer cyclization/(3 + 2) cycloaddition/(homo-)hetero-Claisen rearrangement reaction. The resulting polycyclic system is richly decorated with transformable functionalities, such as carbonyl, imine and diene, which enables diversity-oriented synthesis of alkaloid-like polycyclic framework. The dearomative functionalization of aromatic compounds represents a challenging transformation, as it typically needs to overcome a great kinetic barrier. Here, the authors disclose a weak-bond-accelerated, catalyst-free dearomative [3,3]-rearrangement of o-nitrophenyl alkyne for the divergent synthesis of benzazepines and bridged polycycloalkanones via remote oxygen transposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhehui Liao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiamin He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiazhen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tongxiang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Shifa Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Li NN, Li M, Gao JN, Zhang Z, Xie JB. Revisiting the Mg/TMSCl/Dipolar Solvent System for Dearomatic Silylation of Aryl Carbonyl Compounds: Substrate Scope, Transformations, and Mechanistic Studies. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10876-10889. [PMID: 35905447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatic silylation of arene derivatives is an intriguing synthetic target, which represents an elegant extension of Birch reduction and produces silylated cyclohexene derivatives with great potential of further transformation. Herein, we report a systematic study on dearomatic silylation of aryl carbonyl compounds with Mg and the TMSCl/NMP adduct. The protocol displays a wide range of substrate scope, including alkyl aryl ketones, aromatic amides, benzonitriles, tert-butyl benzoates, and even 2,2'-bipyridines. Synthetic utility is demonstrated using the products as versatile substrate in various transformations. The detailed mechanism is presented with both control experimental analyses and theoretical calculations. An unusual five-coordinated silicon dianion intermediate is first proposed and described here. The selectivity is influenced by the relative rates of single electron reductions (the TMSCl/NMP adduct versus the substrate) and the steric effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Meng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jia-Ni Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jian-Bo Xie
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Widness JK, Enny DG, McFarlane-Connelly KS, Miedenbauer MT, Krauss TD, Weix DJ. CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12229-12246. [PMID: 35772053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Strong reducing agents (<-2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to -3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Widness
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Mahilet T Miedenbauer
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Glaser F, Wenger OS. Red Light-Based Dual Photoredox Strategy Resembling the Z-Scheme of Natural Photosynthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1488-1503. [PMID: 35783177 PMCID: PMC9241018 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis typically relies on the use of single chromophores, whereas strategies, in which two different light absorbers are combined, are rare. In photosystems I and II of green plants, the two separate chromophores P680 and P700 both absorb light independently of one another, and then their excitation energy is combined in the so-called Z-scheme, to drive an overall reaction that is thermodynamically very demanding. Here, we adapt this concept to perform photoredox reactions on organic substrates with the combined energy input of two red photons instead of blue or UV light. Specifically, a CuI bis(α-diimine) complex in combination with in situ formed 9,10-dicyanoanthracenyl radical anion in the presence of excess diisopropylethylamine catalyzes ca. 50 dehalogenation and detosylation reactions. This dual photoredox approach seems useful because red light is less damaging and has a greater penetration depth than blue or UV radiation. UV-vis transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the subtle change in solvent from acetonitrile to acetone induces a changeover in the reaction mechanism, involving either a dominant photoinduced electron transfer or a dominant triplet-triplet energy transfer pathway. Our study illustrates the mechanistic complexity in systems operating under multiphotonic excitation conditions, and it provides insights into how the competition between desirable and unwanted reaction steps can become more controllable.
Collapse
|
62
|
Jeong DY, Lee DS, Lee HL, Nah S, Lee JY, Cho EJ, You Y. Evidence and Governing Factors of the Radical-Ion Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yeun Jeong
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Lim Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Nah
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Markushyna Y, Savateev A. Light as a tool in organic photocatalysis: multi‐photon excitation and chromoselective reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Markushyna
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam GERMANY
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung Department of Colloid Chemistry GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Hou L, Jing X, Huang H, Duan C. Merging Charge Transfer into Metal-Organic Frameworks to Achieve High Reduction Potentials via Multiphoton Excitation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15307-15316. [PMID: 35344330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of multiphotons to achieve high reduction potentials is a highly demanding but still challenging task for reductive cleavage of inert bonds. Herein, we report a new charge transfer approach that simultaneously excites the electron-rich dye and the radical anionic of the electron-deficient one for photocatalytic activation of aryl chlorides with high reduction potentials (Ered ≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V). Interactions between the tetraphenylbenzene-1,4,-diamine dyes in the large pores of metal-organic frameworks and the adsorbed 9,10-dicyanoanthracene partly endows charge transfer in the ground state. The first photoexcitation led to the formation charge separation pairs containing both radical cation and anion for second photon excitation. The possibility of modifying each absorption band of the two dyes independently innovated the resultant aryl radicals applied in various useful transformations, expanding multiphoton manifolds on both the dye scopes and reaction versions. A comparison of the catalytic performance between different structural patterns of metal-organic frameworks with the same ligand demonstrated that the incorporating of the organic dyes within the pores of the frameworks was essential to form charge-transfer species and accelerate the interesting chemical conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leixin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lee Y, Kwon Y, Kim Y, Yu C, Feng S, Park J, Doh J, Wannemacher R, Koo B, Gierschner J, Kwon MS. A Water-Soluble Organic Photocatalyst Discovered for Highly Efficient Additive-Free Visible-Light-Driven Grafting of Polymers from Proteins at Ambient and Aqueous Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108446. [PMID: 35032043 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering discovery of a protein bound to poly(ethylene glycol), the utility of protein-polymer conjugates (PPCs) is rapidly expanding to currently emerging applications. Photoinduced energy/electron-transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization is a very promising method to prepare structurally well-defined PPCs, as it eliminates high-cost and time-consuming deoxygenation processes due to its oxygen tolerance. However, the oxygen-tolerance behavior of PET-RAFT polymerization is not well-investigated in aqueous environments, and thereby the preparation of PPCs using PET-RAFT polymerization needs a substantial amount of sacrificial reducing agents or inert-gas purging processes. Herein a novel water-soluble and biocompatible organic photocatalyst (PC) is reported, which enables visible-light-driven additive-free "grafting-from" polymerizations of a protein in ambient and aqueous environments. Interestingly, the developed PC shows unconventional "oxygen-acceleration" behavior for a variety of acrylic and acrylamide monomers in aqueous conditions without any additives, which are apparently distinct from previously reported systems. With such a PC, "grafting-from" polymerizations are successfully performed from protein in ambient buffer conditions under green light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation, which result in various PPCs that have neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic polyacrylates, and polyacrylamides. It is believed that this PC will be widely employed for a variety of photocatalysis processes in aqueous environments, including the living cell system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yungyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyang Feng
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Byungjin Koo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Liao LL, Song L, Yan SS, Ye JH, Yu DG. Highly reductive photocatalytic systems in organic synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
67
|
Hayashi K, Griffin J, Harper KC, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Chemoselective (Hetero)Arene Electroreduction Enabled by Rapid Alternating Polarity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5762-5768. [PMID: 35347984 PMCID: PMC9216236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conventional chemical and even electrochemical Birch-type reductions suffer from a lack of chemoselectivity due to a reliance on alkali metals or harshly reducing conditions. This study reveals that a simpler avenue is available for such reductions by simply altering the waveform of current delivery, namely rapid alternating polarity (rAP). The developed method solves these issues, proceeding in a protic solvent, and can be easily scaled up without any metal additives or stringently anhydrous conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeremy Griffin
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Ding Y, Wang H, Zheng Q, Guo J, Zhang G, Wang J, Wang X, Guo H. Crystal structure of 2,6-di- tert-butyl-4-(4-chlorobenzylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one, C 21H 25ClO. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2022-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C21H25ClO, orthorhombic, Pna21 (no. 33), a = 14.152(2) Å, b = 22.112(3) Å, c = 6.0109(7) Å, V = 1880.9(4) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0586, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1227, T = 150 K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Hongying Wang
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Jiaojie Guo
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Shijiazhuang Vocational College of Technology and Information , #2 Hongqi Street, Qiaoxi District , Shijiazhuang , 050091 , China
| | - Haibo Guo
- Shijiazhuang Food and Drug Inspection Center , #16 Fuqiang Street, Yuhua District , Shijiazhuang , 050022 , China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zhao Z, Niu F, Li P, Wang H, Zhang Z, Meyer GJ, Hu K. Visible Light Generation of a Microsecond Long-Lived Potent Reducing Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7043-7047. [PMID: 35271254 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of molecular radicals can produce strong reducing agents; however, the limited lifetimes of the doublet excited states preclude many applications. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a general strategy to translate a highly energetic electron from a doublet excited state to a ZrO2 insulator, thereby increasing the lifetime by about 6 orders of magnitude while maintaining a reducing potential less than -2.4 V vs SCE. Specifically, red light excitation of a salicylic acid modified perylene diimide radical anion PDI•- anchored to a ZrO2 insulator yields a ZrO2(e-)|PDI charge separated state with an ∼10 μs lifetime in 23% yield. The ZrO2(e-)s were shown to drive CO2 → CO reduction with a Re catalyst present in micromolar concentrations. More broadly, this strategy provides new opportunities to reduce important reagents and catalysts at low concentrations through diffusional electron transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Fushuang Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Pengju Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hanqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhenghao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Park Y, Tian L, Kim S, Pabst TP, Kim J, Scholes GD, Chirik PJ. Visible-Light-Driven, Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer: Mechanistic Studies, Identification of Intermediates, and Catalyst Improvements. JACS AU 2022; 2:407-418. [PMID: 35252990 PMCID: PMC8889617 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The harvesting of visible light is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of weak chemical bonds involving hydrogen that are below the thermodynamic threshold for spontaneous H2 evolution. Piano-stool iridium hydride complexes are effective for the blue-light-driven hydrogenation of organic substrates and contra-thermodynamic dearomative isomerization. In this work, a combination of spectroscopic measurements, isotopic labeling, structure-reactivity relationships, and computational studies has been used to explore the mechanism of these stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Photophysical measurements on the iridium hydride catalysts demonstrated the generation of long-lived excited states with principally metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies with a representative substrate, anthracene revealed a diffusion-controlled dynamic quenching of the MLCT state. The triplet state of anthracene was detected immediately after the quenching events, suggesting that triplet-triplet energy transfer initiated the photocatalytic process. The key role of triplet anthracene on the post-energy transfer step was further demonstrated by employing photocatalytic hydrogenation with a triplet photosensitizer and a HAT agent, hydroquinone. DFT calculations support a concerted hydrogen atom transfer mechanism in lieu of stepwise electron/proton or proton/electron transfer pathways. Kinetic monitoring of the deactivation channel established an inverse kinetic isotope effect, supporting reversible C(sp2)-H reductive coupling followed by rate-limiting ligand dissociation. Mechanistic insights enabled design of a piano-stool iridium hydride catalyst with a rationally modified supporting ligand that exhibited improved photostability under blue light irradiation. The complex also provided improved catalytic performance toward photoinduced hydrogenation with H2 and contra-thermodynamic isomerization.
Collapse
|
71
|
Cheng YZ, Feng Z, Zhang X, You SL. Visible-light induced dearomatization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2145-2170. [PMID: 35212320 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00311h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions provide rapid access to structurally complex three-dimensional molecules from simple aromatic compounds. Plenty of reports have demonstrated their utilities in the synthesis of natural products, medicinal chemistry, and materials science in the last decades. Recently, visible-light mediated photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to promote many kinds of transformations. The dearomatization reactions induced by visible-light have also made significant progress during the past several years. This review provides an overview of visible-light induced dearomatization reactions classified based on the manner in which aromaticity is disrupted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Asako S, Takahashi I, Kurogi T, Murakami Y, Ilies L, Takai K. Birch Reduction of Arenes Using Sodium Dispersion and DMI under Mild Conditions. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sobi Asako
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ikko Takahashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurogi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Murakami
- KOBELCO ECO-Solutions Co., Ltd., 4-78-1 Wakinohama-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0072, Japan
| | - Laurean Ilies
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Mandigma MJP, Žurauskas J, MacGregor CI, Edwards LJ, Shahin A, d'Heureuse L, Yip P, Birch DJS, Gruber T, Heilmann J, John MP, Barham JP. An organophotocatalytic late-stage N–CH3 oxidation of trialkylamines to N-formamides with O2 in continuous flow. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1912-1924. [PMID: 35308839 PMCID: PMC8849051 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an organophotocatalytic, N–CH3-selective oxidation of trialkylamines in continuous flow. Based on the 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) core, a new catalyst (DCAS) was designed with solubilizing groups for flow processing. This allowed O2 to be harnessed as a sustainable oxidant for late-stage photocatalytic N–CH3 oxidations of complex natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients bearing functional groups not tolerated by previous methods. The organophotocatalytic gas–liquid flow process affords cleaner reactions than in batch mode, in short residence times of 13.5 min and productivities of up to 0.65 g per day. Spectroscopic and computational mechanistic studies showed that catalyst derivatization not only enhanced solubility of the new catalyst compared to poorly-soluble DCA, but profoundly diverted the photocatalytic mechanism from singlet electron transfer (SET) reductive quenching with amines toward energy transfer (EnT) with O2. An N–CH3-selective trialkylamine oxidation to N-formamides is reported in continuous flow using gaseous O2. A novel, enhanced-solubility dicyanoanthracene organophotocatalyst switched the photochemical mechanism from electron to energy transfer.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark John P. Mandigma
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Žurauskas
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Callum I. MacGregor
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lee J. Edwards
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ahmed Shahin
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - Ludwig d'Heureuse
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philip Yip
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - David J. S. Birch
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthew P. John
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Dearomative spirocyclization via visible-light-induced reductive hydroarylation of non-activated arenes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
78
|
Nayek N, Karmakar P, Mandal M, Karmakar I, Brahmachari G. Photochemical and electrochemical regioselective cross-dehydrogenative C(sp 2)–H sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[ a]phenazin-5-ols. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The essence of photo- and electrochemistry: sulfenylation and selenylation of substituted benzo[a]phenazin-5-ols through cross-dehydrogenative C(sp2)–H functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayana Nayek
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Pintu Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Mullicka Mandal
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan-731 235, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Wan Y, Liu Q, Wu H, Zhang Z, Zhang G. 2,11-Dimethoxyldipyridopurinone as an efficient reducing visible-light photocatalyst for organic transformations. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
2,11-Dimethoxyldipyridopurinone (DP4) was demonstrated as a potent reducing visible-light PC that can efficiently catalyze three prototypic photoreactions: the redox-neutral, net oxidative and reductive reactions via oxidative-quenching mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Chen P, Zhou B, Wu P, Wang B, Ye L. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Dearomatization by Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Claisen Rearrangement: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirolactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng‐Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Long‐Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Wan Y, Wu H, Ma N, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Gao W, Zhang G. De novo design and synthesis of dipyridopurinone derivatives as visible-light photocatalysts in productive guanylation reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15988-15997. [PMID: 35024122 PMCID: PMC8672711 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Described here is the de novo design and synthesis of a series of 6H-dipyrido[1,2-e:2',1'-i]purin-6-ones (DPs) as a new class of visible-light photoredox catalysts (PCs). The synthesized DP1-5 showed their λ Abs(max) values in 433-477 nm, excited state redox potentials in 1.15-0.69 eV and -1.41 to -1.77 eV (vs. SCE), respectively. As a representative, DP4 enables the productive guanylation of various amines, including 1°, 2°, and 3°-alkyl primary amines, secondary amines, aryl and heteroaryl amines, amino-nitrile, amino acids and peptides as well as propynylamines and α-amino esters giving diversities in biologically important guanidines and cyclic guanidines. The photocatalytic efficacy of DP4 in the guanylation overmatched commonly used Ir and Ru polypyridyl complexes, and some organic PCs. Other salient merits of this method include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and versatile late-stage derivatizations that led to a derivative 81 exhibiting 60-fold better anticancer activity against Ramos cells with the IC50 of 0.086 μM than that of clinical drug ibrutinib (5.1 μM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Hao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Nana Ma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Wenjing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University 46 East of Construction Road Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Kron K, Rodriguez-Katakura A, Elhessen R, Mallikarjun Sharada S. Photoredox Chemistry with Organic Catalysts: Role of Computational Methods. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33253-33264. [PMID: 34926877 PMCID: PMC8674904 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic catalysts have the potential to carry out a wide range of otherwise thermally inaccessible reactions via photoredox routes. Early demonstrated successes of organic photoredox catalysts include one-electron CO2 reduction and H2 generation via water splitting. Photoredox systems are challenging to study and design owing to the sheer number and diversity of phenomena involved, including light absorption, emission, intersystem crossing, partial or complete charge transfer, and bond breaking or formation. Designing a viable photoredox route therefore requires consideration of a host of factors such as absorption wavelength, solvent, choice of electron donor or acceptor, and so on. Quantum chemistry methods can play a critical role in demystifying photoredox phenomena. Using one-electron CO2 reduction with phenylene-based chromophores as an illustrative example, this perspective highlights recent developments in quantum chemistry that can advance our understanding of photoredox processes and proposes a way forward for driving the design and discovery of organic catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kareesa
J. Kron
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andres Rodriguez-Katakura
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Rachelle Elhessen
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shaama Mallikarjun Sharada
- Mork
Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed coupling reaction strategy has been utilized in the synthesis of two novel BN-perylenes starting from halogenated BN-naphthalene derivatives. The molecular structures and packing modes of BN-perylenes were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray single-crystal diffraction experiments. Their photophysical properties were further investigated using UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and DFT calculations. Interestingly, the isosteric BN-insertion in perylene system resulted in stronger π-π stacking interaction both in solid and solution phases. The synthesized BN-perylenes are proved to be highly stable and thus provide a new valuable platform for novel organic materials applications which is otherwise inaccessible to date.
Collapse
|
84
|
Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202110491. [PMID: 34787359 PMCID: PMC9299816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two‐electron reduced forms of perylene diimides (PDIs) are luminescent closed‐shell species whose photochemical properties seem underexplored. Our proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that straightforward (single) excitation of PDI dianions with green photons provides an excited state that is similarly or more reducing than the much shorter‐lived excited states of PDI radical monoanions, which are typically accessible after biphotonic excitation with blue photons. Thermodynamically demanding photocatalytic reductive dehalogenations and reductive C−O bond cleavage reactions of lignin model compounds have been performed using sodium dithionite acts as a reductant, either in aqueous solution or in biphasic water–acetonitrile mixtures in the presence of a phase transfer reagent. Our work illustrates the concept of multi‐electron reduction of a photocatalyst by a sacrificial reagent prior to irradiation with low‐energy photons as a means of generating very reactive excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Burrows J, Kamo S, Koide K. Scalable Birch reduction with lithium and ethylenediamine in tetrahydrofuran. Science 2021; 374:741-746. [PMID: 34735232 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Shogo Kamo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Chen PF, Zhou B, Wu P, Wang B, Ye LW. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Dearomatization by Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Claisen Rearrangement: Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirolactams. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27164-27170. [PMID: 34672067 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is a novel Brønsted acid catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation/Claisen rearrangement, allowing the practical and atom-economic synthesis of a range of valuable spirolactams from readily available ynamides in generally good to excellent yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and broad substrate scope. Importantly, an unexpected dearomatization of nonactivated arenes and heteroaromatic compounds is involved in this tandem sequence. Moreover, an asymmetric version of this tandem cyclization was also achieved by efficient kinetic resolution by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. In addition, the [3,3]-rearrangement is shown to be kinetically preferred over the related [1,3]-rearrangement by theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Herrera-Luna J, Díaz DD, Jiménez MC, Pérez-Ruiz R. Highly Efficient Production of Heteroarene Phosphonates by Dichromatic Photoredox Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48784-48794. [PMID: 34615352 PMCID: PMC8630706 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new strategy to achieve efficient aerobic phosphorylation of five-membered heteraroenes with excellent yields using dichromatic photoredox catalysis in a gel-based nanoreactor is described here. The procedure involves visible aerobic irradiation (cold white LEDs) of a mixture containing the heteroarene halide, trisubstituted phospite, N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) as sacrificial agent, and catalytic amounts of 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) in the presence of an adequate gelator, which permits a faster process than at the homogeneous phase. The methodology, which operates by a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) mechanism, has been successfully applied to the straightforward and clean synthesis of a number of different heteroarene (furan, thiophene, selenophene, pyrrole, oxazole, or thioxazole) phosphonates, extending to the late-stage phosphonylation of the anticoagulant rivaroxaban. Strategically, employment of cold white light is critical since it provides both selective wavelengths for exciting first DCA (blue region) and subsequently its corresponding radical anion DCA•- (green region). The resultant strongly reducing excited agent DCA•-* is capable of even activate five-membered heteroarene halides (Br, Cl) with high reduction potentials (∼-2.7 V) to effect the C(sp2)-P bond formation. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies have supported the proposed reaction mechanism. Interestingly, the rate of product formation has been clearly enhanced in gel media because reactants can be presumably localized not only in the solvent pools but also through to the fibers of the viscoelastic gel network. This has been confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy images where a marked densification of the network has been observed, modifying its fibrillary morphology. Finally, rheological measurements have shown the resistance of the gel network to the incorporation of the reactants and the formation of the desired products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge
C. Herrera-Luna
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Bio-Orgánica
Antonio González, Universidad de
La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Universität
Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M. Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València (UPV), Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21418-21425. [PMID: 34288312 PMCID: PMC8440429 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose that electrochemical stimulation induces new photocatalytic activity from a range of structurally diverse conventional photocatalysts. These studies uncover a new electron-primed photoredox catalyst capable of promoting the reductive cleavage of strong C(sp2 )-N and C(sp2 )-O bonds. We illustrate several examples of the synthetic utility of these deeply reducing but otherwise safe and mild catalytic conditions. Finally, we employ electrochemical current measurements to perform a reaction progress kinetic analysis. This technique reveals that the improved activity of this new system is a consequence of an enhanced catalyst stability profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Chernowsky CP, Chmiel AF, Wickens ZK. Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen P. Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 1101 University Ave Madison WI 53706 USA
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Rieth AJ, Gonzalez MI, Kudisch B, Nava M, Nocera DG. How Radical Are "Radical" Photocatalysts? A Closed-Shell Meisenheimer Complex Is Identified as a Super-Reducing Photoreagent. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14352-14359. [PMID: 34432978 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Super-reducing excited states have the potential to activate strong bonds, leading to unprecedented photoreactivity. Excited states of radical anions, accessed via reduction of a precatalyst followed by light absorption, have been proposed to drive photoredox transformations under super-reducing conditions. Here, we investigate the radical anion of naphthalene monoimide as a photoreductant and find that the radical doublet excited state has a lifetime of 24 ps, which is too short to facilitate photoredox activity. To account for the apparent photoreactivity of the radical anion, we identify an emissive two-electron reduced Meisenheimer complex of naphthalene monoimide, [NMI(H)]-. The singlet excited state of [NMI(H)]- is a potent reductant (-3.08 V vs Fc/Fc+), is long-lived (20 ns), and its emission can be dynamically quenched by chloroarenes to drive a radical photochemistry, establishing that it is this emissive excited state that is competent for reported C-C and C-P coupling reactivity. These results provide a mechanistic basis for photoreactivity at highly reducing potentials via singlet excited state manifolds and lays out a clear path for the development of exceptionally reducing photoreagents derived from electron-rich closed-shell anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Rieth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Miguel I Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bryan Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Matthew Nava
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetic Molecular Photoelectrochemistry: New Frontiers in Synthetic Applications, Mechanistic Insights and Scalability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202107811. [PMID: 34478188 PMCID: PMC9303540 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC) is receiving increasing attention as a new frontier for the generation and handling of reactive intermediates. PEC permits selective single‐electron transfer (SET) reactions in a much greener way and broadens the redox window of possible transformations. Herein, the most recent contributions are reviewed, demonstrating exciting new opportunities, namely, the combination of PEC with other reactivity paradigms (hydrogen‐atom transfer, radical polar crossover, energy transfer sensitization), scalability up to multigram scale, novel selectivities in SET super‐oxidations/reductions and the importance of precomplexation to temporally enable excited radical ion catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Tobias A Karl
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Xianhai Tian
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Joshua Philip Barham
- Universitat Regensburg, Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040, Regensburg, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Toriumi N, Yamashita K, Iwasawa N. Metal-Free Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrodefluorination of Fluoroarenes Utilizing Amide Solvent as Reductant. Chemistry 2021; 27:12635-12641. [PMID: 34190366 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free photoredox-catalyzed hydrodefluorination of fluoroarenes was achieved by using N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-para-phenylenediamine (1) as a strong photoreduction catalyst. This reaction was applicable not only to electron-rich monofluoroarenes but also to polyfluoroarenes to afford non-fluorinated arenes. The experimental mechanistic studies indicated that the amide solvent NMP plays an important role for regeneration of the photocatalyst, enabling additive-free photoreduction catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Xu J, Cao J, Wu X, Wang H, Yang X, Tang X, Toh RW, Zhou R, Yeow EKL, Wu J. Unveiling Extreme Photoreduction Potentials of Donor-Acceptor Cyanoarenes to Access Aryl Radicals from Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13266-13273. [PMID: 34428911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the seminal work of Zhang in 2016, donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based fluorophores, such as 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN), have been widely applied in photoredox catalysis and used as excellent metal-free alternatives to noble metal Ir- and Ru-based photocatalysts. However, all the reported photoredox reactions involving this chromophore family are based on harnessing the energy from a single visible light photon, with a limited range of redox potentials from -1.92 to +1.79 V vs SCE. Here, we document the unprecedented discovery that this family of fluorophores can undergo consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (ConPET) to achieve very high reduction potentials. One of the newly synthesized catalysts, 2,4,5-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-6-(ethyl(phenyl)amino)isophthalonitrile (3CzEPAIPN), possesses a long-lived (12.95 ns) excited radical anion form, 3CzEPAIPN•-*, which can be used to activate reductively recalcitrant aryl chlorides (Ered ≈ -1.9 to -2.9 V vs SCE) under mild conditions. The resultant aryl radicals can be engaged in synthetically valuable aromatic C-B, C-P, and C-C bond formation to furnish arylboronates, arylphosphonium salts, arylphosphonates, and spirocyclic cyclohexadienes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Jilei Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Xiaona Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Ren Wei Toh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, P. R. China
| | - Edwin K L Yeow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117545 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Morofuji T, Nagai S, Chitose Y, Abe M, Kano N. Protonation-Enhanced Reactivity of Triplet State in Dearomative Photocycloaddition of Quinolines to Olefins. Org Lett 2021; 23:6257-6261. [PMID: 34324819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular dearomative cycloaddition of acidified bicyclic azaarenes with olefins was recently reported. We report here the crucial role of the acid in the dearomative photocycloaddition of quinolines to olefins. Experimental and theoretical results show that the key role of the protonation of quinolines is not to promote the energy transfer but to enhance the reactivity of the triplet state of quinolines toward olefins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morofuji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Shota Nagai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Youhei Chitose
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Naokazu Kano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro‐mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp
3
)–O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Chmiel AF, Williams OP, Chernowsky CP, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Non-innocent Radical Ion Intermediates in Photoredox Catalysis: Parallel Reduction Modes Enable Coupling of Diverse Aryl Chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10882-10889. [PMID: 34255971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a photocatalytic system that elicits potent photoreductant activity from conventional photocatalysts by leveraging radical anion intermediates generated in situ. The combination of an isophthalonitrile photocatalyst and sodium formate promotes diverse aryl radical coupling reactions from abundant but difficult to reduce aryl chloride substrates. Mechanistic studies reveal two parallel pathways for substrate reduction both enabled by a key terminal reductant byproduct, carbon dioxide radical anion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyah F Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Oliver P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Colleen P Chernowsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
von Wolff N, Robert M. Taming Electron Transfers: From Breaking Bonds to Creating Molecules. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2095-2106. [PMID: 34235842 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electron is the ultimate redox reagent to build and reshape molecular structures. Understanding and controlling the parameters underlying dissociative electron transfer (DET) reactivity and its coupling with proton transfer is crucial for combining selectivity, kinetics and energy efficiency in molecular chemistry. Reactivity understanding and mechanistic elements in DET processes are traced back and key examples of current research efforts are presented, demonstrating a large variety of applications. The involvement of DET pathways indeed encompasses a broad range of processes such as photoredox catalysis, CO2 reduction and alcohol oxidation. Interplay between these experimental examples and fundamental mechanistic study provides a powerful path to the understanding of driving force-rate relationships, which is crucial for the development of future generations of energy efficient catalytic schemes in redox organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas von Wolff
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Électrocimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Marc Robert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Électrocimie Moléculaire, CNRS, F-75006, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Day JI, Grotjahn S, Senaweera S, Koenig B, Weaver Iii JD. Defluorodearomatization: A Photocatalytic Birch-Like Reduction That Enables C-C Bond Formation and Provides Access to Unnatural Cannabinoids. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7928-7945. [PMID: 34076434 PMCID: PMC8716186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of discovery chemistry, polyfluorination remains a synthetic challenge despite its ability to provide useful characteristics, such as a reduction in the number of hydrogen bond donors and metabolic stability. Coupling a reversal of this methodology with photocatalysis has been demonstrated to allow the rapid synthesis of previously difficult or impossible targets by starting with fluorines everywhere and selectively removing or functionalizing them. Herein, we demonstrate a novel method to synthesize 1,4-cyclohexadienes through a dearomative photocatalytic C-C coupling reaction. This allows for access to materials that are orthogonal to the selectivity of the Birch reaction and are more functional-group-tolerant. The reaction also allows the efficient synthesis of polyfluorinated cannabinoids. While the yields are modest, the access to the new chemical space provided by the reaction is unprecedented by any means. The trifluorinated analog of THC, 1-deoxy-1,2,4-trifluoro-THC, is synthesized, demonstrating the importance of discovery chemistry and the ability to explore otherwise unknown structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon I Day
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Science, 74078 Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Sascha Grotjahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sameera Senaweera
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 7-158 Phillips Wangensteen Building, 516 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Burkhard Koenig
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jimmie D Weaver Iii
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, 107 Physical Science, 74078 Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| |
Collapse
|