51
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Wu S, Kaur J, Karl TA, Tian X, Barham JP. Synthetische molekulare Photoelektrochemie: neue synthetische Anwendungen, mechanistische Einblicke und Möglichkeiten zur Skalierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangze Wu
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Xianhai Tian
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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52
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Tsuzaki M, Ando S, Ishizuka T. Etherification via Aromatic Substitution on 1,3-Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1357-1365. [PMID: 34978825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a method for etherification via aromatic substitution at the ipso-position of an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) that exists at the meta-position of another EWG. To heighten the reactivity of the substitution reaction, we added a t-BuOK solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to a mixture of an aromatic substrate, an alcoholic nucleophile, and 18-crown-6-ether in dimethylformamide (DMF), which proved to be a particularly effective sequence. Under the conditions we established, aromatic substrates that are difficult to use for substitution reactions such as aryl fluorides activated with either a bromide or a chloride substituent were aptly converted to corresponding ether products at 25 °C. This reaction would potentially be useful to link an alcohol to an additional functional group through further chemical transformations via the use of a residual bromide or chloride substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shin Ando
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Tadao Ishizuka
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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53
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Wang X, Gao Y, Chen Y, Sun H, Li C, Pang C, Gao Y, Zhang X, Cheng R, Xu H, Wang J. Transition Metal‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Aryl Secondary and Primary Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds in Open Air. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Wang
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Huilin Sun
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Caicui Li
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Chaohai Pang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Analysis and Test Center Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Haikou 571101 China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Ruijing Cheng
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
| | - Huanjun Xu
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources Hainan University Haikou 570228 China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Science Qiongtai Normal University Haikou 571127 China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry College of Pharmacy Harbin Medical University Harbin 150081 China
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54
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Reckziegel A, Battistella B, Werncke G. On the Synthesis of a T‐shaped Imido Nickel Silylamide and Elusive Trigonal Amido Nickel Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Battistella
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Gunnar Werncke
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Fachbereich Chemie Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg GERMANY
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55
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Bugaenko DI, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Transition metal-free cross-coupling reactions with the formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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56
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Cai C, Zhou RS. C–H Amination of Nitro Azaheterocyclic Compounds by Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1672-7285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractVarious nitro azaheterocyclic compounds were subjected to C–H amination by vicarious nucleophilic substitution with 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine (ATA). The aminated products were characterized by NMR, mass spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The substrates examined gave moderate to excellent yields (30–88%) and showed good regioselectivities. This protocol offers the advantages of mild conditions, a short reaction time (2–4 hours), and an inexpensive, commercially available, and less-toxic amination reagent; moreover, no additional catalyst or reagent is needed. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed.
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57
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Daliran S, Oveisi AR, Peng Y, López-Magano A, Khajeh M, Mas-Ballesté R, Alemán J, Luque R, Garcia H. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-, covalent-organic framework (COF)-, and porous-organic polymers (POP)-catalyzed selective C–H bond activation and functionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7810-7882. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes the state-of-the-art of C–H active transformations over crystalline and amorphous porous materials as new emerging heterogeneous (photo)catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Daliran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, 98615-538 Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Oveisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, 98615-538 Zabol, Iran
| | - Yong Peng
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Magano
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Módulo 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mostafa Khajeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, 98615-538 Zabol, Iran
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Módulo 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Módulo 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, EdificioMarie Curie (C-3), CtraNnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
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58
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Heredia MD, Puiatti M, Rossi RA, Budén ME. Visible light mediated synthesis of 6 H-benzo[ c]chromenes: transition-metal-free intramolecular direct C-H arylation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:228-239. [PMID: 34889351 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01673c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic approach towards the 6H-benzo[c]chromene ring under visible light and transition-metal-free conditions has been developed. Benzochromenes are synthesized from the corresponding (2-halobenzyl) phenyl ethers or (2-halophenyl) benzyl ethers using KOtBu in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at room temperature (rt) and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source. This methodology replaces the use of ligands or additives, high temperatures and toxic solvents. The photostimulated reaction exhibits very good tolerance to different functional groups and 5H-dibenzo[c,f]chromenes are also effectively obtained. An electron donor-acceptor complex formed by the dimsyl anion and (2-halobenzyl) phenyl ethers was found and it induces the ET as the initial step in the photocyclization reaction. Furthermore, in order to explain the regiochemical outcome of this reaction, a theoretical analysis was performed using DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela D Heredia
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Roberto A Rossi
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María E Budén
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
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59
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Uçar S, Daştan A. Recent Advances in the Transition-Metal-Free Arylation of Heteroarenes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1543-3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTransition-metal-free arylation reactions have attracted considerable attention for economic and environmental reasons over the past 40 years. In recent years, much effort has been made to develop efficient transition-metal-free approaches for the arylation of heteroarenes. Covering the literature from 2015 to early 2021, this review aims to provide a thorough overview of the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of these atom-economical and environmentally benign reactions.1 Introduction2 Arylation of Pre-functionalized Heteroarenes2.1 Arylation of Heteroaryl Halides2.2 Decarboxylative Arylation of Heteroarenes3 Direct C–H Arylation of Heteroarenes3.1 C(sp2)–H Arylation3.2 C(sp3)–H Arylation4 N-Arylation of Heteroarenes5 Summary and Outlook
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60
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Greener AJ, Ubysz P, Owens-Ward W, Smith G, Ocaña I, Whitwood AC, Chechik V, James MJ. Radical-anion coupling through reagent design: hydroxylation of aryl halides. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14641-14646. [PMID: 34881017 PMCID: PMC8580057 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and development of an oxime-based hydroxylation reagent, which can chemoselectively convert aryl halides (X = F, Cl, Br, I) into phenols under operationally simple, transition-metal-free conditions is described. Key to the success of this approach was the identification of a reducing oxime anion which can interact and couple with open-shell aryl radicals. Experimental and computational studies support the proposed radical-nucleophilic substitution chain mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Patrycja Ubysz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Will Owens-Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - George Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Ivan Ocaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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61
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Kundu A, Dey D, Pal S, Adhikari D. Pyrazole-Mediated C-H Functionalization of Arene and Heteroarenes for Aryl-(Hetero)aryl Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15665-15673. [PMID: 34699216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we introduce a transition-metal-free protocol that involves a commercially available, inexpensive pyrazole molecule to conduct C-C cross-coupling reactions at room temperature via a radical pathway. Using this method, an aryldiazonium salt has been coupled to a wide range of arenes and heteroarenes including benzene, mesitylene, thiophene, furan, benzoxazole to result the corresponding biaryl products. The full reaction mechanism is elucidated along with the crystallographic probation of an active initiator species. A potassium-stabilized deprotonated pyrazole steers single-electron transfer to the substrate and behaves as an initiator for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Dhananjay Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Subhankar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar 140306, India
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62
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Kabi AK, Gujjarappa R, Roy A, Sahoo A, Musib D, Vodnala N, Singh V, Malakar CC. Transition-Metal-Free Transfer Hydrogenative Cascade Reaction of Nitroarenes with Amines/Alcohols: Redox-Economical Access to Benzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14597-14607. [PMID: 34662119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This report describes an efficient transition-metal-free process toward the transfer hydrogenative cascade reaction between nitroarenes and amines or alcohols. The developed redox-economical approach was realized using a combination of KOtBu and Et3SiH as reagents, which allows the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives via σ-bond metathesis. The reaction conditions hold well over a wide range of substrates embedded with diverse functional groups to deliver the desired products in good to excellent yields. The mechanistic proposal has been depicted on the basis of a series of control experiments, mass spectroscopic evidence which is well supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations with a feasible energy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup K Kabi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Anupam Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Abhishek Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Nagaraju Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Multi-Storey Building, HauzKhas, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401 Punjab, India
| | - Chandi C Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal - 795004, Manipur, India
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63
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Yoo HS, Yang YS, Kim SL, Son SH, Jang YH, Shin JW, Kim NJ. Syntheses of 1H-Indoles, Quinolines, and 6-Membered Aromatic N-Heterocycle-Fused Scaffolds via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Aerobic Dehydrogenation under Alkoxide-Free Conditions. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3469-3475. [PMID: 34494376 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic N-heterocycle-fused scaffolds such as indoles and quinolines are important core structures found in various bioactive natural products and synthetic compounds. Recently, various dehydrogenation methods with the help of alkoxides, known to significantly promote dihydro- or tetrahydro-heterocycles to be oxidized, were developed for the heterocycle synthesis. However, these approaches are sometimes unsuitable due to resulting undesired side reactions such as reductive dehalogenation. Herein, expedient syntheses of 1H-indoles, quinolines, and 6-membered N-heterocycle-fused scaffolds from their hydrogenated forms through palladium(II)-catalyzed aerobic dehydrogenation under alkoxide-free conditions are reported. A total of 48 compounds were successfully synthesized with a wide range of functional groups including halogens (up to 99% yield). These methodologies provide facile routes for various privileged structures possessing aromatic N-heterocycles without the help of alkoxides, in highly efficient manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seok Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Sep Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Lim Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Son
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hu Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Shin
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
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64
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Pan L, Cooke MV, Spencer A, Laulhé S. Dimsyl Anion Enables Visible‐Light‐Promoted Charge Transfer in Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides. Adv Synth Catal 2021; 364:420-425. [PMID: 37197314 PMCID: PMC10187771 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A methodology is reported for visible-light-promoted synthesis of unsymmetrical chalcogenides enabled by dimsyl anion in the absence of transition-metals or photoredox catalysts. The cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and diaryl dichalcogenides proceeds with electron-rich, electron-poor, and heteroaromatic moieties. Mechanistic investigations using UV-Vis spectroscopy, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations, and control reactions suggest that dimsyl anion forms an electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex capable of absorbing blue light, leading to a charge transfer responsible for generation of aryl radicals from aryl halides. This previously unreported mechanistic pathway may be applied to other light-induced transformations performed in DMSO in the presence of bases and aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 United States
| | - Maria Victoria Cooke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 United States
| | - Amara Spencer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 United States
| | - Sébastien Laulhé
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN 46202 United States
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65
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Sushmita, Aggarwal T, Saini KM, Verma AK. Radical Promoted Synthesis of Furoquinolines
via
Anomalous Dakin‐Type Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Trapti Aggarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Kapil Mohan Saini
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Akhilesh K. Verma
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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66
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, de Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro-mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp 3 )-O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20817-20825. [PMID: 34165861 PMCID: PMC8518744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel example of electro-mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC) in the reductive cleavage of C(sp3 )-O bonds of phosphinated alcohols to alkyl carbanions. As well as deoxygenations, olefinations are reported which are E-selective and can be made Z-selective in a tandem reduction/photosensitization process where both steps are photoelectrochemically promoted. Spectroscopy, computation, and catalyst structural variations reveal that our new naphthalene monoimide-type catalyst allows for an intimate dispersive precomplexation of its radical anion form with the phosphinate substrate, facilitating a reactivity-determining C(sp3 )-O cleavage. Surprisingly and in contrast to previously reported photoexcited radical anion chemistries, our conditions tolerate aryl chlorides/bromides and do not give rise to Birch-type reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstr. 3193053RegensburgGermany
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67
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Cebi E, Klett J. Endohedral Mixed Aggregates: Sodium Alkoxide Cages with Organic or Inorganic Central Anions and Variable Hull. Chemistry 2021; 27:12693-12701. [PMID: 33938049 PMCID: PMC8453731 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal alkoxides are widely used in chemistry due to their Brønsted basic and nucleophilic properties. Potassium alkoxides assist alkyllithium in the metalation of hydrocarbons in Lochmann‐Schlosser‐bases. Both compounds form mixed aggregates, which enhance the thermal stability, solubility, and the basic reactivity of these mixtures. A very unusual spherical mixed alkoxy aggregate was discovered by Grützmacher et al., where a central dihydrogen phosphide anion is surrounded by a highly dynamic shell of thirteen sodium atoms and a hull of twelve tert‐butoxide groups. This structural motif can be reproduced by a reaction of trimethylsilyl compounds of methane, halogens, or pseudo‐halogens with excess sodium tert‐butoxide. A nucleophilic substitution releases the corresponding anion, which is then encapsulated by the sodium alkoxide units. The compounds are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, enabling studies of solutions by high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy and IR/Raman studies of the crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkam Cebi
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Klett
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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68
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Sung S, Wink DJ, Zadrozny JM, Driver TG. Counterion Control of
t
‐BuO‐Mediated Single Electron Transfer to Nitrostilbenes to Construct
N
‐Hydroxyindoles or Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
- College of Chemical Engineering Huaqiao University, Xiamen 668 Jimei Boulevard Xiamen Fujian 361021 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Donald J. Wink
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Joseph M. Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Tom G. Driver
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Chicago 845 W Taylor St. MC 111 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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69
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Zhao Y, Zhu H, Sung S, Wink DJ, Zadrozny JM, Driver TG. Counterion Control of t-BuO-Mediated Single Electron Transfer to Nitrostilbenes to Construct N-Hydroxyindoles or Oxindoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19207-19213. [PMID: 34129257 PMCID: PMC8380450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butoxide unlocks new reactivity patterns embedded in nitroarenes. Exposure of nitrostilbenes to sodium tert-butoxide was found to produce N-hydroxyindoles at room temperature without an additive. Changing the counterion to potassium changed the reaction outcome to yield solely oxindoles through an unprecedented dioxygen-transfer reaction followed by a 1,2-phenyl migration. Mechanistic experiments established that these reactions proceed via radical intermediates and suggest that counterion coordination controls whether an oxindole or N-hydroxyindole product is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 668 Jimei Boulevard, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Donald J Wink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Joseph M Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Tom G Driver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St. MC 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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70
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Tian X, Karl TA, Reiter S, Yakubov S, Vivie‐Riedle R, König B, Barham JP. Electro‐mediated PhotoRedox Catalysis for Selective C(sp
3
)–O Cleavages of Phosphinated Alcohols to Carbanions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | | | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Joshua P. Barham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstr. 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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71
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Bai J, Wang T, Dai B, Liu Q, Yu P, Jia T. Radical Anion Promoted Chemoselective Cleavage of Csp 2-S Bond Enables Formal Cross-Coupling of Aryl Methyl Sulfones with Alcohols. Org Lett 2021; 23:5761-5765. [PMID: 34292755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel formal cross-coupling of aryl methyl sulfones and alcohols affording alkyl aryl ethers via an SRN1 pathway is developed. Two marketed antitubercular drugs were efficiently prepared employing this approach as the key step. A dimsyl-anion initiated radical chain process was revealed as the major pathway. DFT calculations indicate that the formation of a radical anion via nucleophilic addition of alkoxide to the aryl radical is the key step in determining the observed chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Tianxin Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Botao Dai
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Taibai North Road 229, Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, P.R. China
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Tiezheng Jia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
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72
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Semeniuchenko V, Sharif S, Day J, Chandrasoma N, Pietro WJ, Manthorpe J, Braje WM, Organ MG. (DiMeIHept Cl)Pd: A Low-Load Catalyst for Solvent-Free (Melt) Amination. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10343-10359. [PMID: 34254799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(DiMeIHeptCl)Pd, a hyper-branched N-aryl Pd NHC catalyst, has been shown to be efficient at performing amine arylation reactions in solvent-free ("melt") conditions. The highly lipophilic environment of the alkyl chains flanking the Pd center serves as lubricant to allow the complex to navigate through the paste-like environment of these mixtures. The protocol can be used on a multi-gram scale to make a variety of aniline derivatives, including substrates containing alcohol moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Semeniuchenko
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sepideh Sharif
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Day
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Nalin Chandrasoma
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - William J Pietro
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Manthorpe
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Wilfried M Braje
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Neuroscience Discovery Research, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Michael G Organ
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
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73
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Dub PA, Tkachenko NV. Mechanism of Potassium tert-Butoxide-Catalyzed Ketones Hydrogenation in the Solution Phase. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5726-5737. [PMID: 34184903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of ketones homogeneous hydrogenation with t-BuOK in tert-butanol is currently portrayed as the one proceeding via a six-membered [2 + 2 + 2] cyclic transition state involving the H2 molecule, the base, and a ketone. However, the concerted nature of the reaction is inconsistent with a number of experimental observations. Here we reanalyze available experimental data and revise the mechanism of this paradigmatic reaction based on the static and dynamic density functional theory (DFT) calculations in solution phase. In contrast to the gas-phase profile where the overall reaction occurs in two elementary steps, there are three consecutive steps in solution: cleavage of the H-H bond in basic tert-butanol to afford potassium hydride, addition of potassium hydride across the C═O bond of a ketone through the rate-determining transition state, and rapid product formation through K/H exchange. Potassium hydride is therefore an important intermediate of the catalytic process. The free energy profile for the prophetic ester homogeneous hydrogenation with t-BuOK in tert-butanol is also computed herein. The reaction seems to be kinetically possible, but slightly harsher conditions need to be applied, consistent with rate-determining nature of the potassium hydride addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Dub
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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74
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Deng G, Duan S, Wang J, Chen Z, Liu T, Chen W, Zhang H, Yang X, Walsh PJ. Transition-metal-free allylation of 2-azaallyls with allyl ethers through polar and radical mechanisms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3860. [PMID: 34162867 PMCID: PMC8222226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allylation of nucleophiles with highly reactive electrophiles like allyl halides can be conducted without metal catalysts. Less reactive electrophiles, such as allyl esters and carbonates, usually require a transition metal catalyst to facilitate the allylation. Herein, we report a unique transition-metal-free allylation strategy with allyl ether electrophiles. Reaction of a host of allyl ethers with 2-azaallyl anions delivers valuable homoallylic amine derivatives (up to 92%), which are significant in the pharmaceutical industry. Interestingly, no deprotonative isomerization or cyclization of the products were observed. The potential synthetic utility and ease of operation is demonstrated by a gram scale telescoped preparation of a homoallylic amine. In addition, mechanistic studies provide insight into these C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Tongqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China.
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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75
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Zhou J, Jiang B, Fujihira Y, Zhao Z, Imai T, Shibata N. Catalyst-free carbosilylation of alkenes using silyl boronates and organic fluorides via selective C-F bond activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3749. [PMID: 34145264 PMCID: PMC8213744 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24031-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A regioselective carbosilylation of alkenes has emerged as a powerful strategy to access molecules with functionalized silylated alkanes, by incorporating silyl and carbon groups across an alkene double bond. However, to the best of our knowledge, organic fluorides have never been used in this protocol. Here we disclose the catalyst-free carbosilylation of alkenes using silyl boronates and organic fluorides mediated by tBuOK. The main feature of this transformation is the selective activation of the C-F bond of an organic fluoride by the silyl boronate without undergoing potential side-reactions involving C-O, C-Cl, heteroaryl-CH, and even CF3 groups. Various silylated alkanes with tertiary or quaternary carbon centers that have aromatic, hetero-aromatic, and/or aliphatic groups at the β-position are synthesized in a single step from substituted or non-substituted aryl alkenes. An intramolecular variant of this carbosilylation is also achieved via the reaction of a fluoroarene with a ω-alkenyl side chain and a silyl boronate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bingyao Jiang
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yamato Fujihira
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanori Imai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
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76
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Visible-light-induced chemoselective reactions of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with alkylboronic acids under air/N2 atmosphere. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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77
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Pan L, Elmasry J, Osccorima T, Cooke MV, Laulhé S. Photochemical Regioselective C(sp 3)-H Amination of Amides Using N-Haloimides. Org Lett 2021; 23:3389-3393. [PMID: 33856220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free regioselective C(sp3)-H amination of amides using N-haloimides in the presence of lithium tert-butoxide and visible light is presented herein. This photoexcited approach is straightforward, and it aminates a wide variety of amides under mild conditions without the use of photocatalysts, external radical initiators, or oxidants. A halogen-bonded intermediate between the tert-butoxide base and the N-haloimide is proposed to be responsible for the increased photoreactivity. Calculations show that the formation of this electron donor-acceptor complex presents an exergonic energy profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Joseph Elmasry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Tomas Osccorima
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Maria Victoria Cooke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Sébastien Laulhé
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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78
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79
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Claus AR, Goulart TAC, Back DF, Zeni G. Potassium
tert
‐Butoxide‐Catalyzed Synthesis of
α
‐Methylene‐
β
‐Lactams from Propiolamides. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica R. Claus
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Tales A. C. Goulart
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Davi F. Back
- Laboratório de Materiais Inorgânicos CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade, Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
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80
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81
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Bains AK, Ankit Y, Adhikari D. Pyrenedione-Catalyzed α-Olefination of Nitriles under Visible-Light Photoredox Conditions. Org Lett 2021; 23:2019-2023. [PMID: 33688742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a combination of pyrenedione (PD) and KOtBu to achieve facile alcohol dehydrogenation under visible-light excitation, where aerobic oxygen is utilized as the terminal oxidant. The resulting carbonyl compound can be easily converted to vinyl nitriles in a single-pot reaction, at 60 °C in 6-8 h. This environmentally benign, organocatalytic approach has distinct advantages over transition-metal-catalyzed α-olefination of nitriles, which often operate at a significantly higher temperature for an extended reaction time.
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82
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Feofanov M, Akhmetov V, Takayama R, Amsharov K. Catalyst-Free Synthesis of O-Heteroacenes by Ladderization of Fluorinated Oligophenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5199-5203. [PMID: 32924244 PMCID: PMC7986400 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A novel catalyst-free approach to benzoannulated oxygen-containing heterocycles from fluorinated oligophenylenes is reported. Unlike existing methods, the presented reaction does not require an oxygen-containing precursor and relies on an external oxygen source, potassium tert-butoxide, which serves as an O2- synthon. The radical nature of the reaction facilitates nucleophilic substitution even in the presence of strong electron-donating groups and enables de-tert-butylation required for the complete annulation. Also demonstrated is the applicability of the method to introduce five-, six-, and seven-membered rings containing oxygen, whereas multiple annulations also open up a short synthetic path to ladder-type O-heteroacenes and oligodibenzofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NuernbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyOrganic Chemistry IINikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Institute of ChemistryOrganic ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Strasse 206120HalleGermany
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NuernbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyOrganic Chemistry IINikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Institute of ChemistryOrganic ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Strasse 206120HalleGermany
| | - Ryo Takayama
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NuernbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyOrganic Chemistry IINikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-NuernbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyOrganic Chemistry IINikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
- Institute of ChemistryOrganic ChemistryMartin-Luther-University Halle-WittenbergKurt-Mothes-Strasse 206120HalleGermany
- South Ural State Universitypr. Lenina 76454080ChelyabinskRussia
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83
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Feofanov M, Akhmetov V, Takayama R, Amsharov K. Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of O‐Heteroacenes by Ladderization of Fluorinated Oligophenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Feofanov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Vladimir Akhmetov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Ryo Takayama
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Organic Chemistry II Nikolaus-Fiebiger Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
- South Ural State University pr. Lenina 76 454080 Chelyabinsk Russia
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84
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Bergès J, Zaid Y, Tlili A, Sotiropoulos J, Taillefer M. Transition‐Metal‐Free Matsuda‐Heck Type Cross‐Coupling and Mechanistic Evidence for a Radical Mechanism. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bergès
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 34296 Montpellier France
| | - Yassir Zaid
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 34296 Montpellier France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS – UMR CNRS 5246) CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon Université Lyon 1 1 Rue victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | | | - Marc Taillefer
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM 34296 Montpellier France
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85
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Zhang L, Liu Z, Tian X, Zi Y, Duan S, Fang Y, Chen W, Jing H, Yang L, Yang X. Transition-Metal-Free C(sp 3)-H Coupling of Cycloalkanes Enabled by Single-Electron Transfer and Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2021; 23:1714-1719. [PMID: 33591768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a unique transition-metal-free C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling of cycloalkanes at room temperature. Unactivated cycloalkanes and 2-azaallyls underwent the combination process of single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to deliver a wide variety of cycloalkane-functionalized products. This expedient approach enables C(sp3)-H/C(sp3)-H coupling of cycloalkanes under mild conditions without transition metals, initiators, and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.,Faculty of Chemical and Environment Sciences, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, P. R. China
| | - Xun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yujin Zi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shengzu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry & Environment, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Hong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- School of Chemistry & Environment, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, and School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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86
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Chung H, Kim J, González-Montiel GA, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Lee HG. Modular Counter-Fischer-Indole Synthesis through Radical-Enolate Coupling. Org Lett 2021; 23:1096-1102. [PMID: 33415986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A single-electron transfer mediated modular indole formation reaction from a 2-iodoaniline derivative and a ketone has been developed. This transition-metal-free reaction shows a broad substrate scope and unconventional regioselectivity trends. Moreover, important functional groups for further transformation are tolerated under the reaction conditions. Density functional theory studies reveal that the reaction proceeds by metal coordination, which converts a disfavored 5-endo-trig cyclization to an accessible 7-endo-trig process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Chung
- Department of Chemistry. College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry. College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisela A González-Montiel
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Hong Geun Lee
- Department of Chemistry. College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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87
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Braidi N, Buffagni M, Ghelfi F, Parenti F, Gennaro A, Isse AA, Bedogni E, Bonifaci L, Cavalca G, Ferrando A, Longo A, Morandini I. ARGET ATRP of styrene in EtOAc/EtOH using only Na2CO3 to promote the copper catalyst regeneration. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1866434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Braidi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mirko Buffagni
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Franco Ghelfi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Parenti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Armando Gennaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Abdirisak A. Isse
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Bedogni
- “Claudio Buonerba” Research Center, Plant of Mantova, Versalis (Eni) S.p.A., Mantova, Italy
| | - Luisa Bonifaci
- “Claudio Buonerba” Research Center, Plant of Mantova, Versalis (Eni) S.p.A., Mantova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Cavalca
- “Claudio Buonerba” Research Center, Plant of Mantova, Versalis (Eni) S.p.A., Mantova, Italy
| | - Angelo Ferrando
- “Claudio Buonerba” Research Center, Plant of Mantova, Versalis (Eni) S.p.A., Mantova, Italy
| | - Aldo Longo
- “Claudio Buonerba” Research Center, Plant of Mantova, Versalis (Eni) S.p.A., Mantova, Italy
| | - Ida Morandini
- “Claudio Buonerba” Research Center, Plant of Mantova, Versalis (Eni) S.p.A., Mantova, Italy
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88
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Panetti GB, Carroll PJ, Gau MR, Manor BC, Schelter EJ, Walsh PJ. Synthesis of an elusive, stable 2-azaallyl radical guided by electrochemical and reactivity studies of 2-azaallyl anions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4405-4410. [PMID: 34163704 PMCID: PMC8179533 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04822d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The super electron donor (SED) ability of 2-azaallyl anions has recently been discovered and applied to diverse reactivity, including transition metal-free cross-coupling and dehydrogenative cross-coupling processes. Surprisingly, the redox properties of 2-azaallyl anions and radicals have been rarely studied. Understanding the chemistry of elusive species is the key to further development. Electrochemical analysis of phenyl substituted 2-azaallyl anions revealed an oxidation wave at E 1/2 or E pa = -1.6 V versus Fc/Fc+, which is ∼800 mV less than the reduction potential predicted (E pa = -2.4 V vs. Fc/Fc+) based on reactivity studies. Investigation of the kinetics of electron transfer revealed reorganization energies an order of magnitude lower than commonly employed SEDs. The electrochemical study enabled the synthetic design of the first stable, acyclic 2-azaallyl radical. These results indicate that the reorganization energy should be an important design consideration for the development of more potent organic reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace B Panetti
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Michael R Gau
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Brian C Manor
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Eric J Schelter
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA USA
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89
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K Bains A, Ankit Y, Adhikari D. Bioinspired Radical-Mediated Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of N-Heterocycles under Visible Light. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:324-329. [PMID: 33210460 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A redox-active iminoquinone motif connected with π-delocalized pyrene core has been reported that can perform efficient two-electron oxidation of a class of substrates. The design of the molecule was inspired by the organic redox cofactor topaquinone (TPQ), which executes amine oxidation in the enzyme, copper amine oxidase. Easy oxidation of both primary and secondary alcohols happened in the presence of catalytic KOtBu, which could reduce the ligand backbone to its iminosemiquinonate form under photoinduced conditions. Moreover, this easy oxidation of alcohols under aerobic condition could be elegantly extended to multi-component, one-pot coupling for the synthesis of quinoline and pyrimidine. This organocatalytic approach is very mild (70 °C, 8 h) compared to a multitude of transition-metal catalysts that have been used to prepare these heterocycles. A detailed mechanistic study proves the intermediacy of the iminosemiquinonate-type radical and a critical hydrogen atom transfer step to be involved in the dehydrogenation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen K Bains
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and research (IISER)-Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Yadav Ankit
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and research (IISER)-Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and research (IISER)-Mohali, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
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90
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Scheide MR, Nicoleti CR, Martins GM, Braga AL. Electrohalogenation of organic compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2578-2602. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we target sp, sp2 and sp3 carbon fluorination, chlorination, bromination and iodination reactions using electrolysis as a redox medium. Mechanistic insights and substrate reactivity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R. Scheide
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Celso R. Nicoleti
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Guilherme M. Martins
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC
- Florianópolis
- Brazil
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91
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Patel RI, Sharma S, Sharma A. Cyanation: a photochemical approach and applications in organic synthesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the photocatalytic cyanation strategies to construct C(sp2)–CN, C(sp3)–CN and X–CN (X = N, S) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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92
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Liu X, Sotiropoulos JM, Taillefer M. An alternative mode to activate alcohols: application to the synthesis of N-heteroarene derivatives. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00930c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of primary alcohols in the presence of KOtBu/DMF allowed the synthesis of N-heteroarenes via the alkylation of the C(sp3)–H bond of methyl azaarenes. A mechanism involving the formation of an alkyl formate intermediate is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Marc Taillefer
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
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93
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Li JK, Zhou B, Tian YC, Jia C, Xue XS, Zhang FG, Ma JA. Potassium Acetate-Catalyzed Double Decarboxylative Transannulation To Access Highly Functionalized Pyrroles. Org Lett 2020; 22:9585-9590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chen Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunman Jia
- Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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94
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Shan XH, Yang B, Qu JP, Kang YB. CuSO 4-Catalyzed dual annulation to synthesize O, S or N-containing tetracyclic heteroacenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4063-4066. [PMID: 32162642 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, CuSO4 is utilized as a practical redox catalyst for tandem dual annulation in the synthesis of indole-fused tetracyclic heteroacenes, which are important skeletons in both medicinal chemistry and materials chemistry. The preparation of such skeletons in a convenient and efficient manner is in high demand. This method realizes the modular synthesis of benzofuro-, benzothieno-, and indoloindoles from abundant feedstocks such as 2-halobenzyl halides and nitrile derivatives in up to 99% yields, providing a rapid access to diverse indole-fused heteroacenes with biological or optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Huan Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yan-Biao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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95
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96
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Madasu J, Shinde S, Das R, Patel S, Shard A. Potassium tert-butoxide mediated C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond forming reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8346-8365. [PMID: 33020791 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01382j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Potassium tertiary butoxide (KOtBu) mediated constructions of C-C, C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds are reviewed with special emphasis on their synthetic applications. KOtBu can be used to perform reactions already known to be carried out using transition metals, but it has advantages in terms of environmental congruence and economic cost. KOtBu is widely employed in organic synthesis to mediate the construction of C-C, C-O, C-N, C-S and miscellaneous bonds in good to excellent yields. Synthetic uses of KOtBu in coupling, alkylation, arylation, α-phenylation, cyclization, Heck-type, annulation, photo-arylation, aromatic-substitution, amidation, and silylation reactions are summarized and discussed. The mechanisms through which KOtBu carries out a specific reaction are also discussed. One of the goals of this review is to attract the attention of chemists as to the benefits of using KOtBu as an environmentally benign alternative to transition metals and its applications in the construction of chemical bonds with predominant importance in organic synthesis. This review completely covers the synthetic protocols that have been performed using KOtBu in the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Madasu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.
| | - Shital Shinde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.
| | - Rudradip Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India.
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97
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Tiwari MK, Yadav L, Chaudhary S. [2,3‐Bis‐(2‐pyridyl) pyrazine] as an Efficient Organocatalyst for the Direct C
(sp
2
)
‐H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes/Heteroarenes
via
C−H Bond Activation. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Lalit Yadav
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Department of Chemistry Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur Jawaharlal Nehru Marg Jaipur 302017 India
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98
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Mandigma MJP, Domański M, Barham JP. C-Alkylation of alkali metal carbanions with olefins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7697-7723. [PMID: 32785363 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C-Alkylations of alkali metal carbanions with olefins, first reported five decades ago, is a class of reaction undergoing a resurgence in organic synthesis in recent years. As opposed to expectations from classical chemistry and transition metal-catalysis, here olefins behave as closed-shell electrophiles. Reactions range from highly reactive alkyllithiums giving rise to anionic polymerization, to moderately reactive alkylpotassium or alkylsodium compounds that give rise to defined, controlled and bimolecular chemistry. This review presents a brief historical overview on C-alkylation of alkali metal carbanions with olefins (typically mediated by KOtBu and KHMDS), highlights contemporary applications and features developing mechanistic understanding, thereby serving as a platform for future studies and the widespread use of this class of reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark John P Mandigma
- Universität Regensburg, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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99
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Korth HG. Comment on "Persistent Room-Temperature Radicals from Anionic Naphthalimides: Spin Pairing and Supramolecular Chemistry" and on "Persistent Radical Pairs between N-Substituted Naphthalimide and Carbanion Exhibit pKa-Dependent UV/Vis Absorption". Chemistry 2020; 26:12747-12750. [PMID: 32935360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
EPR spectroscopic evidence for intramolecular electron transfer in anionic N-substituted naphthalimides to yield persistent diradical anions and intermolecular electron transfer from a variety of carbanions to 6-bromo-N-phenyl-naphthalimide to yield persistent radical-radical anion pairs was recently claimed in two papers by Zhang et al. In this comment, it is shown that the EPR spectra published in both papers do not agree with the proposed triplet-state species. Rather, the spectra are due to various doublet-state radicals, deriving from minor side reactions. The misinterpretations invalidate the general conclusions of the papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Korth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
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100
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Frühwirt P, Knoechl A, Pillinger M, Müller SM, Wasdin PT, Fischer RC, Radebner J, Torvisco A, Moszner N, Kelterer AM, Griesser T, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Chemistry of Acylgermanes: Triacylgermenolates Represent Valuable Building Blocks for the Synthesis of a Variety of Germanium-Based Photoinitiators. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15204-15217. [PMID: 32993291 PMCID: PMC7581296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The formation of
a stable triacylgermenolate 2 as
a decisive intermediate was achieved by using three pathways. The
first two methods involve the reaction of KOtBu or
alternatively potassium with tetraacylgermane 1 yielding 2 via one electron transfer. The mechanism involves the formation
of radical anions (shown by EPR). This reaction is highly efficient
and selective. The third method is a classical salt metathesis reaction
toward 2 in nearly quantitative yield. The formation
of 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis
measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. We demonstrate the potential of this intermediate by introducing
new types of Ge-based photoinitiators 4b–4f. The UV–vis absorption spectra of 4b–4f show considerably increased band intensities
due to the presence of eight or more chromophores. Moreover, compounds 4d–4f show absorption tailing up to 525
nm. The performance of these photoinitiators is demonstrated by spectroscopy
(time-resolved EPR, laser flash photolysis (LFP), photobleaching (UV–vis))
and photopolymerization experiments (photo-DSC measurements). Triacylgermenolate 2 was
obtained by using
KOtBu or alternatively potassium. The mechanism involves
the formation of radical anions (shown by EPR). The one-pot synthetic
protocol produces 2 in >95% yield, as confirmed by
NMR
spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. This was demonstrated by introducing new types of Ge-based
photoinitiators 4b−4f. Their performance
was analyzed by sophisticated spectroscopic methods and photopolymerization
experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefanie M Müller
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstraße 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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