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Pedan V, Fischer N, Rohn S. An online NP-HPLC-DPPH method for the determination of the antioxidant activity of condensed polyphenols in cocoa. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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High-molecular-weight cocoa procyanidins possess enhanced insulin-enhancing and insulin mimetic activities in human primary skeletal muscle cells compared to smaller procyanidins. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 39:48-58. [PMID: 27816760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucose metabolism is a primary hallmark of metabolic disease (i.e., diabetes, obesity, etc.). Complementary nonpharmaceutical strategies are needed to prevent and/or ameliorate dysregulation of glucose metabolism and prevent progression from normoglycemia to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes across the lifespan. Cocoa compounds, particularly the procyanidins, have shown promise for improving insulin sensitivity and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cocoa procyanidins exert these functions remain poorly understood. Furthermore, cocoa procyanidins exhibit size diversity, and evidence suggests that procyanidin bioactivity and size may be related. Here, we show that a procyanidin-rich cocoa extract elicits an antidiabetic effect by stimulating glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake, independent of insulin. Cocoa procyanidins did not appear to act via stimulation of AMPK or CaMKII activities. Additionally, in the presence of insulin, glycogen synthesis and AKT phosphorylation were affected. These mechanisms of action are most pronounced in response to oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins. These results demonstrate (1) specific mechanisms by which cocoa procyanidins improve glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and (2) that larger procyanidins appear to possess enhanced activities. These mechanistic insights suggest specific strategies and biological contexts that may be exploited to maximize the antidiabetic benefits of cocoa procyanidins.
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53
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Goula AM, Thymiatis K, Kaderides K. Valorization of grape pomace: Drying behavior and ultrasound extraction of phenolics. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brglez Mojzer E, Knez Hrnčič M, Škerget M, Knez Ž, Bren U. Polyphenols: Extraction Methods, Antioxidative Action, Bioavailability and Anticarcinogenic Effects. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070901. [PMID: 27409600 PMCID: PMC6273793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Being secondary plant metabolites, polyphenols represent a large and diverse group of substances abundantly present in a majority of fruits, herbs and vegetables. The current contribution is focused on their bioavailability, antioxidative and anticarcinogenic properties. An overview of extraction methods is also given, with supercritical fluid extraction highlighted as a promising eco-friendly alternative providing exceptional separation and protection from degradation of unstable polyphenols. The protective role of polyphenols against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, UV light, plant pathogens, parasites and predators results in several beneficial biological activities giving rise to prophylaxis or possibly even to a cure for several prevailing human diseases, especially various cancer types. Omnipresence, specificity of the response and the absence of or low toxicity are crucial advantages of polyphenols as anticancer agents. The main problem represents their low bioavailability and rapid metabolism. One of the promising solutions lies in nanoformulation of polyphenols that prevents their degradation and thus enables significantly higher concentrations to reach the target cells. Another, more practiced, solution is the use of mixtures of various polyphenols that bring synergistic effects, resulting in lowering of the required therapeutic dose and in multitargeted action. The combination of polyphenols with existing drugs and therapies also shows promising results and significantly reduces their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Brglez Mojzer
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Maša Knez Hrnčič
- Laboratory of Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Škerget
- Laboratory of Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory of Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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Teixeira N, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Updating the research on prodelphinidins from dietary sources. Food Res Int 2016; 85:170-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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56
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Chakotiya AS, Chawla R, Thakur P, Tanwar A, Narula A, Grover SS, Goel R, Arora R, Sharma RK. In vitro bactericidal activity of promising nutraceuticals for targeting multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nutrition 2016; 32:890-7. [PMID: 27083519 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the bactericidal activity of nutraceuticals against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nutritionally valued herbs were screened on the basis of a matrix modeling approach and molecular docking based validation analysis. METHODS The database of 38 herbs developed earlier using fuzzy logic based scoring analysis was subjected to molecular docking based validation. The molecular docking (Hex 6.12) analyses of predominant phytoligands (∼10 per herb) against exoenzyme S of P. aeruginosa filtered potent herbs were selected. The preauthenticated bacterial inoculum (10(8) CFU/mL) was added to the sterile nutrient broth impregnated with standardized aqueous-alcoholic herbal extracts (1-1600 μg/mL). After overnight incubation at 37°C, antibacterial activity was evaluated in terms of minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations. RESULTS Five herbs were selected on the basis of fuzzy set scoring, an herbal informatics model, and validation analysis based on energy of docking (i.e., Evalue of 380) phytoligands with maximum scoring obtained by Glycyrrhiza glabra. Among the 5 nutraceuticals, G. glabra showed maximum bactericidal activity significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Amikacin, a standard antibiotic, which was in consonance with in silico bioprospection. Zingiber officinale, despite a low Evalue, showed considerably higher inhibition attributed to its higher flavonoid content as compared to other herbs. CONCLUSION G. glabra (licorice), a flavoring agent; Z. officinale (ginger), a condiment; and Mentha piperita (mint), a fragrance component, showed significant therapeutic potential against multidrug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh Chakotiya
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Raman Chawla
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Thakur
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Tanwar
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Alka Narula
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Grover
- Department of Microbiology, National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Goel
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Office of DG (LS), Defence Research and Development Organisation, DRDO Bhawan, Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Division of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
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Neilson AP, O'Keefe SF, Bolling BW. High-Molecular-Weight Proanthocyanidins in Foods: Overcoming Analytical Challenges in Pursuit of Novel Dietary Bioactive Components. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2015; 7:43-64. [PMID: 26735794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are an abundant but complex class of polyphenols found in foods and botanicals. PACs are polymeric flavanols with a variety of linkages and subunits. Connectivity and degree of polymerization (DP) determine PAC bioavailability and bioactivity. Current quantitative and qualitative methods may ignore a large percentage of dietary PACs. Subsequent correlations between intake and activity are hindered by a lack of understanding of the true PAC complexity in many foods. Additionally, estimates of dietary intakes are likely inaccurate, as nutrient databank values are largely based on standards from cocoa (monomers to decamers) and blueberries (mean DP of 36). Improved analytical methodologies are needed to increase our understanding of the biological roles of these complex compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060; ,
| | - Sean F O'Keefe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060; ,
| | - Bradley W Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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58
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Le Bourvellec C, Bureau S, Renard CMGC, Plenet D, Gautier H, Touloumet L, Girard T, Simon S. Cultivar and Year Rather than Agricultural Practices Affect Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Apple Fruit. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141916. [PMID: 26618711 PMCID: PMC4664253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biotic and abiotic parameters affect the metabolites involved in the organoleptic and health value of fruits. It is therefore important to understand how the growers' decisions for cultivar and orchard management can affect the fruit composition. Practices, cultivars and/or year all might participate to determine fruit composition. To hierarchize these factors, fruit weight, dry matter, soluble solids contents, titratable acidity, individual sugars and organics acids, and phenolics were measured in three apple cultivars ('Ariane', 'Melrose' and 'Smoothee') managed under organic, low-input and conventional management. Apples were harvested at commercial maturity in the orchards of the cropping system experiment BioREco at INRA Gotheron (Drôme, 26) over the course of three years (2011, 2012 and 2013). The main factors affecting primary and secondary metabolites, in both apple skin and flesh, were by far the cultivar and the yearly conditions, while the management system had a very limited effect. When considering the three cultivars and the year 2011 to investigate the effect of the management system per se, only few compounds differed significantly between the three systems and in particular the total phenolic content did not differ significantly between systems. Finally, when considering orchards grown in the same pedoclimatic conditions and of the same age, instead of the usual organic vs. conventional comparison, the effect of the management system on the apple fruit quality (Fruit weight, dry matter, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, individual sugars, organic acids, and phenolics) was very limited to non-significant. The main factors of variation were the cultivar and the year of cropping rather than the cropping system. More generally, as each management system (e.g. conventional, organic…) encompasses a great variability of practices, this highlights the importance of accurately documenting orchard practices and design beside the generic type of management in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Le Bourvellec
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UMR Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvie Bureau
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UMR Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon, France
| | - Catherine M. G. C. Renard
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UMR Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon, France
| | - Daniel Plenet
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
| | - Hélène Gautier
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
| | - Line Touloumet
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UMR Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Avignon, France
| | - Thierry Girard
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UE695 Recherches Intégrées, Domaine de Gotheron, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Marcel lès-Valence, France
| | - Sylvaine Simon
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
- UE695 Recherches Intégrées, Domaine de Gotheron, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saint-Marcel lès-Valence, France
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Kaderides K, Goula AM, Adamopoulos KG. A process for turning pomegranate peels into a valuable food ingredient using ultrasound-assisted extraction and encapsulation. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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60
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Anand J, Upadhyaya B, Rawat P, Rai N. Biochemical characterization and pharmacognostic evaluation of purified catechins in green tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars of India. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:285-294. [PMID: 28324294 PMCID: PMC4434414 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea (GT) is derived from the leaves of Camellia sinensis implicated in a wide range of health attributes. In the present comprehensive study, methanolic, acetone and aqueous extract of leaves of C. sinensis var. sinensis [Kashmir (KW), Uttarakhand (IP & PN)] and C. sinensis var. assamica (Assam, AT) were explored for their phytoconstituents. Solvent extracts of GT cultivars showed rich presence of phytoconstituents in comparison with aqueous extracts. The methanolic extract of AT and acetone extract of KW showed highest total phenol content (18.32 ± 0.357 mg of GAE equivalent/g of sample) and total flavonoid content (29.25 ± 0.015 mg of catechin equivalent/g of sample), respectively. All the cultivars revealed higher free radical scavenging activity in the range of 73.80 ± 0.152 to 82.40 ± 0.004 % confirming antioxidant potentials. The HPLC analysis of purified residue procured from solvent partitioning depicted AT with highest concentration of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) i.e., 154.7 ± 4.949 mg/g followed by Kashmir and Uttarakhand GT cultivars. The present study revealed that Assam GT could be a potent herbal candidate with multiple nutraceutical applications. However, significant investigation of the cultivars is to be done to further explore the EGCg-dependent activity of GT for herbal drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigisha Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India
| | - Bhagwati Upadhyaya
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Pramod Rawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India
| | - Nishant Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, India.
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61
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Cardioprotection by Phytochemicals via Antiplatelet Effects and Metabolism Modulations. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 73:369-379. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-015-0612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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62
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Wu Y, Tan H, Meng F, Wang YS, Li M, Zhao L, Liu L, Qian Y, Gao L, Xia T. Analysis of accumulation patterns and preliminary study on the condensation mechanism of proanthocyanidins in the tea plant [Camellia sinensis]. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8742. [PMID: 25735226 PMCID: PMC4348662 DOI: 10.1038/srep08742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, proanthocyanidins were qualitatively and quantitatively identified using hydrolysis and thiolysis assays, NP-HPLC, HPLC-ESI-MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques in different organs of tea plants. The results showed that in leaves, the tri-hydroxyl, cis- and galloylated flavan-3-ols were the main monomeric catechins units, and (epi)catechin was found to be the major unit of polymeric flavan-3-ols when the degree of polymerization was greater than five. In roots, the PAs were found to be abundant, and epicatechin formed the predominant extension unit of oligomeric and polymeric PAs. In order to understand the mechanism of proanthocyanidins polymerization, auto-condensation of the flavan-3-ols was investigated. The results showed that the same trimers (m/z 865) were detected in the extracts of tea plants and in the non-enzymatic in vitro assay, in weak acid as well as weak alkaline solutions at room temperature, when the substrates used were either procyanidin B2 and monomeric flavan-3-ols (epicatechin or catechin), or only procyanidin B2. This suggested that procyanidin B2 not only released carbocation as electrophilic upper units, but also could be used as nucleophilic lower units directly itself, to form the procyanidin trimer in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yahui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huarong Tan
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yun Sheng Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingzhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yumei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Li W, Liu J, Guan R, Chen J, Yang D, Zhao Z, Wang D. Chemical characterization of procyanidins from Spatholobus suberectus and their antioxidative and anticancer activities. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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64
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Kammerer DR, Kammerer J, Valet R, Carle R. Recovery of polyphenols from the by-products of plant food processing and application as valuable food ingredients. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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65
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Zhou HC, Tam NFY, Lin YM, Ding ZH, Chai WM, Wei SD. Relationships between degree of polymerization and antioxidant activities: a study on proanthocyanidins from the leaves of a medicinal mangrove plant Ceriops tagal. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107606. [PMID: 25313980 PMCID: PMC4196849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins from the leaves of a medicinal mangrove plant, Ceriops tagal, were purified and fractionated on Sephadex LH-20 columns. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), reversed/normal high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDT-TOF MS) analysis showed that the tannins were predominantly B-type procyanidins with minor A-type linkages, galloyl and glucosyl substitutions, and a degree of polymerization (DP) up to 33. Thirteen subfractions of the procyanidins were successfully obtained by a modified fractionation method, and their antioxidant activities were investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. All these subfractions exhibited potent antioxidant activities, and eleven of them showed significantly different mean DP (mDP) ranging from 1.43±0.04 to 31.77±1.15. Regression analysis demonstrated that antioxidant activities were positively correlative with mDP when around mDP <10, while dropped and then remained at a level similar to mDP = 5 with around 95 µg ml−1 for DPPH scavenging activity and 4 mmol AAE g−1 for FRAP value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Futian-CityU Mangrove R&D Centre, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (HCZ); (NFYT)
| | - Nora Fung-yee Tam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Futian-CityU Mangrove R&D Centre, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (HCZ); (NFYT)
| | - Yi-Ming Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Ding
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei-Ming Chai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu-Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Oral Administration of Highly Oligomeric Procyanidins of Jatoba Reduces the Severity of Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:1781-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.80074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Chen XX, Feng HL, Ding YM, Chai WM, Xiang ZH, Shi Y, Chen QX. Structure characterization of proanthocyanidins from Caryota ochlandra Hance and their bioactivities. Food Chem 2014; 155:1-8. [PMID: 24594146 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) from Caryota ochlandra fruit pericarp and fruit flesh were characterized by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance, high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques. The fruit pericarp and flesh PAs were complex mixtures of homo- and heteropolymers of B-type procyanidins and prodelphinidins both with degrees of polymerization up to dodecamer. Their antioxidant and antityrosinase activities were investigated. The fruit pericarp PAs exhibited potent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 142.86 ± 1.53 and 80.51 ± 0.4 μg/ml for DPPH and ABTS free-radical scavenging assays; with FRAP value of 373.09 ± 5.02 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight. Furthermore, the fruit pericarp PAs had antityrosinase activity while the fruit flesh PAs could be oxidized by tyrosinase. The structure and antioxidant activities of the C. ochlandra fruit PAs together with their effects on tyrosinase activity would lay scientific foundation for their utilization in food and nutrition industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Chen
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui-Ling Feng
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Mei Ding
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei-Ming Chai
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Xiang
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Vasantha Rupasinghe H, Nair SV, Robinson RA. Chemopreventive Properties of Fruit Phenolic Compounds and Their Possible Mode of Actions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63281-4.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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69
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Identification of antioxidant components and fatty acid profiles of the leaves and fruits from Averrhoa carambola. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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70
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Ito C, Oki T, Yoshida T, Nanba F, Yamada K, Toda T. Characterisation of proanthocyanidins from black soybeans: isolation and characterisation of proanthocyanidin oligomers from black soybean seed coats. Food Chem 2013; 141:2507-12. [PMID: 23870988 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidin oligomers (dimers to tetramers) were isolated from black soybean seed coats, using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The isolated oligomers consisted of only (-)-epicatechin units, which were linked through either 4β→8 or 4β→6 (B-type) bonds. Procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, and cinnamtannin A2 were identified as the main compounds of the proanthocyanidin dimers, trimers, and tetramers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Ito
- Department of Research and Development, Fujicco. Co. Ltd., 6-13-4 Minatojima-nakamachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8558, Japan.
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71
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Afonso J, Passos CP, Coimbra MA, Silva CM, Soares-da-Silva P. Inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) on the activity of angiotensin I converting enzyme. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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72
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Neutral sugar side chains of pectins limit interactions with procyanidins. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 99:527-36. [PMID: 24274539 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between seven hairy regions of pectins, rhamnogalacturonans II and arabinogalactan-proteins and procyanidins with different average degrees of polymerization, low (DP9) and high (DP30), were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry and absorption analysis to study the impact of neutral sugar side chains of pectins on these associations. Associations between pectic fractions and procyanidins involved hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. No difference in association constants between various hairy regions and procyanidins DP9 was found. Nevertheless, arabinan chains showed lower association constants, and hairy regions of pectins with only monomeric side chains showed higher association with procyanidin DP30. Only very low affinities were obtained with rhamnogalacturonans II and arabinogalactan-proteins. Aggregation could be observed only with the procyanidins of DP30 and the protein-rich arabinogalactan-protein. Associations were obtained at both degrees of polymerization of the procyanidins, but differed depending on neutral sugar composition and the structure of pectic fractions.
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73
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Le Bourvellec C, Gouble B, Bureau S, Loonis M, Plé Y, Renard CMGC. Pink discoloration of canned pears: role of procyanidin chemical depolymerization and procyanidin/cell wall interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:6679-6692. [PMID: 23731189 DOI: 10.1021/jf4005548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
After canning, pear pieces turn occasionally from whitish-beige to pink. Conditions were set up to obtain this discoloration systematically and investigate its mechanism. Canned pears showed a significantly lower L* coordinate compared with fresh pears, and the L* coordinate of canned pears decreased with decreasing pH. The values of the a* and b* coordinates increased significantly after processing, the increase being greater for the more acidic pH values, with corresponding redder colors. After canning, polyphenol concentrations decreased significantly, mainly due to loss of procyanidins. This supported the hypothesis of conversion of procyanidins to anthocyanin-like compounds. However, no soluble product was detected at 520 nm, the characteristic wavelength of anthocyanins. When purified procyanidins were treated at 95 °C at three different pH values (2.7, 3.3, and 4.0), procyanidin concentrations decreased after treatment, the more so as the pH was lower, and a pinkish color also appeared, attributed to tannin-anthocyanidin pigment. The pink color was bound to cell walls. Extraction of the neoformed pink entities was attempted by successive solvent extractions followed by cell wall degrading enzymes. The pink color persisted in the residues, and canned pears gave significantly higher amounts of residues after solvent and enzyme treatments than fresh pears. Procyanidins were the entities responsible for the appearance of pink discoloration. However, it seems that this pink discoloration also involved the formation of strong, probably covalent, bonds to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Le Bourvellec
- INRA , UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
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74
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Nsuadi Manga F, El Khattabi C, Fontaine J, Berkenboom G, Duez P, Noyon C, Van Antwerpen P, Lami Nzunzu J, Pochet S. Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of methanolic extracts from Hymenocardia acida Tul. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:623-631. [PMID: 23411013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Congolese traditional medicine, decoctions of Hymenocardia acida root bark (HaRB) and trunk bark (HaTrB) are used for the treatment of conditions assumed to be hypertension. In this work, we propose to study the vasorelaxant effect of HaRB and HaTrB methanolic extracts on isolated rat thoracic aorta, to characterize the group of molecules responsible for the observed vasorelaxant activity, to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of these extracts and to determine the antihypertensive activity of the HaRB extract on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS The vasorelaxant effect of the HaRB and HaTrB methanolic extracts was studied on endothelium-intact aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (PE, 1μM). The mechanism of this vasorelaxant effect was investigated on endothelium-denuded vessels and on endothelium-intact aortic rings in the presence of three inhibitors: l-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (100μM), indomethacin (10μM) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (10μM). To determine the nature of the compounds responsible for the vasorelaxant activity, we carried out a fractionation of the extracts and a thiolysis of the most active fraction followed by a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) analysis. The extracts antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) colorimetric assay. In vivo anti-hypertensive activity of the HaRB extract was conducted on SHR. RESULTS HaRB and HaTrB methanolic extracts produced a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation on intact aortic rings pre-contracted with PE (1μM). The vasorelaxant responses obtained were 95.3±1.5% (5μg/ml) and 100.6±3.0% (1μg/ml), respectively. The effect was markedly attenuated by removal of endothelium or pretreatment of aortic rings with all inhibitors except indomethacin. The LC/ESI-MS analysis of the thiolysis products indicated that the fraction which caused the most important vasorelaxation (97.9±2.5% at 3μg/ml) was a mixture of procyanidins and prodelphinidins, with a predominance of procyanidins. Both extracts and all fractions from HaRB extract showed a DPPH scavenging activity, ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 quercetin-equivalents. The HaRB methanolic extract reduced the systolic blood pressure in SHR (from 214±3mmHg to 194±4mmHg) after a 5-week treatment. CONCLUSIONS The methanolic extracts of Hymenocardia acida root and trunk bark have vasorelaxant activity. The vasorelaxant effect observed is endothelium-dependent and seems mainly mediated through the NO-cGMP pathway. The COX pathway is not involved. The vasorelaxant activity appears to be due to polymeric procyanidins and prodelphinidins. These extracts also have an antioxidant effect. The extract of Hymenocardia acida root bark shows a significant but weak antihypertensive activity in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Nsuadi Manga
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/7, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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75
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Johnson MH, de Mejia EG, Fan J, Lila MA, Yousef GG. Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins from blueberry-blackberry fermented beverages inhibit markers of inflammation in macrophages and carbohydrate-utilizing enzymes in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1182-97. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois; Urbana IL USA
| | - Junfeng Fan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute; NC Research Campus; North Carolina State University; Kannapolis NC USA
| | - Gad G. Yousef
- Plants for Human Health Institute; NC Research Campus; North Carolina State University; Kannapolis NC USA
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76
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Aura AM, Mattila I, Hyötyläinen T, Gopalacharyulu P, Cheynier V, Souquet JM, Bes M, Le Bourvellec C, Guyot S, Orešič M. Characterization of microbial metabolism of Syrah grape products in an in vitro colon model using targeted and non-targeted analytical approaches. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:833-46. [PMID: 22699306 PMCID: PMC3573183 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0391-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Syrah red grapes are used in the production of tannin-rich red wines. Tannins are high molecular weight molecules, proanthocyanidins (PAs), and poorly absorbed in the upper intestine. In this study, gut microbial metabolism of Syrah grape phenolic compounds was investigated. METHODS Syrah grape pericarp was subjected to an enzymatic in vitro digestion model, and red wine and grape skin PA fraction were prepared. Microbial conversion was screened using an in vitro colon model with faecal microbiota, by measurement of short-chain fatty acids by gas chromatography (GC) and microbial phenolic metabolites using GC with mass detection (GC-MS). Red wine metabolites were further profiled using two-dimensional GC mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). In addition, the effect of PA structure and dose on conversion efficiency was investigated by GC-MS. RESULTS Red wine exhibited a higher degree of C1-C3 phenolic acid formation than PA fraction or grape pericarp powders. Hydroxyphenyl valeric acid (flavanols and PAs as precursors) and 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (anthocyanin as a precursor) were identified from the red wine metabolite profile. In the absence of native grape pericarp or red wine matrix, the isolated PAs were found to be effective in the dose-dependent inhibition of microbial conversions and short-chain fatty acid formation. CONCLUSIONS Metabolite profiling was complementary to targeted analysis. The identified metabolites had biological relevance, because the structures of the metabolites resembled fragments of their grape phenolic precursors or were in agreement with literature data.
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77
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Watrelot AA, Le Bourvellec C, Imberty A, Renard CMGC. Interactions between Pectic Compounds and Procyanidins are Influenced by Methylation Degree and Chain Length. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:709-18. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301796y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aude A. Watrelot
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et
Qualité des Produits d’Origine
Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
- Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité
et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale,
F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Carine Le Bourvellec
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et
Qualité des Produits d’Origine
Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
- Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité
et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale,
F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherches
sur les Macromolécules Végétales, CERMAV-CNRS (affiliated with Université
de Grenoble), B.P. 53, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine M. G. C. Renard
- INRA, UMR408 Sécurité et
Qualité des Produits d’Origine
Végétale, F-84000 Avignon, France
- Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR408 Sécurité
et Qualité des Produits d’Origine Végétale,
F-84000 Avignon, France
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78
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Zardo DM, Silva KM, Guyot S, Nogueira A. Phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of the principal apples produced in Brazil. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:611-20. [PMID: 23360097 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.763909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the phenols of the Gala, Fuji and Golden Delicious varieties, which make up 95% of Brazilian production. The phenolic profiles (whole fruit) were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography, total phenols were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method and antioxidant capacity by the FRAP method (whole fruit, skin, pulp and centre). The Golden Delicious had the highest phenol content (408 mg/fruit) compared to Fuji (194 mg/fruit) and Gala (162 mg/fruit), and the antioxidant capacity of the Golden Delicious was 2.5 and 3.6 times higher than that found in the Fuji and Gala, respectively. The phenolic profile for the three varieties showed 5-caffeoylquinic acid, ( - )-epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and phloridzin as major components with procyanidins as the predominant class and quercetin as the minority. The consumption of apple pulp may provide 48-78% of the antioxidant capacity; however, if the peel is ingested, it may increase to 79-89%. The type of apple variety and the parts ingested are factors that must be taken into consideration in consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danianni Marinho Zardo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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79
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Analysis of A-Type and B-Type Highly Polymeric Proanthocyanidins and Their Biological Activities as Nutraceuticals. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/352042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins have a series of heteroflavan-3-ols, (+)-catechin/(−)-epicatechin units, which are linked through a single B-type linkage and a doubly linked A-type linkage. Recently, we have performed the structural characterization of seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut and fruits of blueberry and cranberry. The molecular sizes of them were higher in the order of blueberry > cranberry > seed shells of the Japanese horse chestnut between the respective fractions. For the analysis of terminal and extension units in those proanthocyanidins, the isolated fractions were subjected to the thiolytic cleavage of the B-type linkages using 1-dodecanethiol, and the resulting degradation products were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. These analyses provided fast and good resolution of the degradation products and revealed higher proportions of A-type linkages compared with B-type linkages in both isolated fractions in the order of the seed shells > cranberry > blueberry. Moreover, the isolated fractions with higher molecular sizes and those more abundant in the proportions of A-type linkages were found to be more effective in the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. The results suggest that A-type highly polymeric proanthocyanidins are promising for the attenuation of lipid digestion as dietary supplements.
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80
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Le Bourvellec C, Watrelot AA, Ginies C, Imberty A, Renard CMGC. Impact of processing on the noncovalent interactions between procyanidin and apple cell wall. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9484-9494. [PMID: 22861056 DOI: 10.1021/jf3015975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins can bind cell wall material in raw product, and it could be supposed that the same mechanism of retention of procyanidins by apple cell walls takes place in cooked products. To evaluate the influence of cell wall composition and disassembly during cooking on the cell walls' capacity to interact with procyanidins, four cell wall materials differing in their protein contents and physical characteristics were prepared: cell wall with proteins, cell wall devoid of protein, and two processed cell walls differing by their drying method. Protein contents varied from 23 to 99 mg/g and surface areas from 1.26 to 3.16 m(2)/g. Apple procyanidins with an average polymerization degree of 8.7 were used. The adsorption of apple procyanidins on solid cell wall material was quantified using the Langmuir isotherm formulation. The protein contents in cell wall material had no effect on procyanidin/cell wall interactions, whereas modification of the cell wall material by boiling, which reduces pectin content, and drying decreased the apparent affinity and increased the apparent saturation levels when constants were expressed relative to cell wall weight. However, boiling and drying increased apparent saturation levels and had no effect on apparent affinity when the same data were expressed per surface units. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicated strong affinity (K(a) = 1.4 × 10(4) M(-1)) between pectins solubilized by boiling and procyanidins. This study higllights the impact of highly methylated pectins and drying, that is, composition and structure of cell wall in the cell wall/procyanidin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Le Bourvellec
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, INRA, Avignon, France.
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81
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Pingret D, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Bourvellec CL, Renard CM, Chemat F. Lab and pilot-scale ultrasound-assisted water extraction of polyphenols from apple pomace. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Chai WM, Shi Y, Feng HL, Qiu L, Zhou HC, Deng ZW, Yan CL, Chen QX. NMR, HPLC-ESI-MS, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of condensed tannins from Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. and their bioactivities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5013-22. [PMID: 22515734 DOI: 10.1021/jf300740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The structures of the condensed tannins isolated from leaf, fruit, and stem bark of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. have been investigated with (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) coupled with thiolysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analyses. The results showed that these condensed tannins from D. regia possessed structural heterogeneity in monomer units and degree of polymerization. Propelargonidin (PP) and procyanidin (PC) were found in the leaf, fruit, and stem bark of D. regia, while prodelphinidin (PD) was found only in the leaves. The polymer chain lengths of condensed tannins from leaf and fruit organs were detected to be trimers to hexadecamers but from trimers to tridecamers for stem bark. B-type linkages were present in all these compounds. Condensed tannins from different parts of D. regia can be explored as tyrosinase inhibitors and food antioxidants because of their potent antityrosinase and antioxidant activities. The inhibitor concentration leading to 50% enzyme activity (IC(50)) was estimated to be 38 ± 1, 73 ± 2, and 54 ± 1.5 μg/mL for the condensed tannins of leaf, fruit, and stem bark. Condensed tannins extracted from stem bark exhibited the highest antioxidant activity; the DPPH scavenging activity (IC(50)) and the FRAP values were 90 ± 2 μg/mL and 5.42 ± 0.09 mmol AAE/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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83
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Bureau S, Scibisz I, Le Bourvellec C, Renard CMGC. Effect of sample preparation on the measurement of sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols in apple fruit by mid-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:3551-3563. [PMID: 22409403 DOI: 10.1021/jf204785w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were (i) to test different conditions of freezing, thawing, and grinding during sample preparation and (ii) to evaluate the possibility of using mid-infrared spectroscopy for analyzing the composition of sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols in apples. Seven commercial apple cultivars were chosen for their large variability in composition (total polyphenols from 406 to 1033 mg kg(-1) fresh weight). The different conditions of sample preparation affected only the phenolic compounds and not sugars or organic acids. The regression models of the mid-infrared spectra showed a good ability to estimate sugar and organic acid contents (R(2) ≥ 0.96), except for citric acid. Good predictions were obtained for total phenolic, flavan-3-ols, and procyanidins (R(2) ≥ 0.94) provided oxidation was avoided during sample preparation. A rapid and simple procedure was then proposed for phenolic compounds using sodium fluoride during sample homogenization at ambient temperature and freeze-drying before spectra acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Bureau
- UMR408 Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale, INRA, F-84000 Avignon, France.
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84
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Le Bourvellec C, Renard C. Interactions between Polyphenols and Macromolecules: Quantification Methods and Mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:213-48. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.499808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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85
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Falleh H, Jalleli I, Ksouri R, Boulaaba M, Guyot S, Magné C, Abdelly C. Effect of salt treatment on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of two Mesembryanthemum edule provenances. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 52:1-8. [PMID: 22305062 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mesembryanthemum edule L. is an edible and medicinal halophyte widespread in Tunisia seashore. In this study, parameters of oxidative stress, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities were comparatively investigated in two M. edule provenances (Jerba and Bizerte, respectively sampled from arid and humid bioclimatic stages). Plants were subjected to 0, 300 and 600mM NaCl treatment under glasshouse conditions. Results showed that M. edule response to salinity depends on provenance (P), salt treatment (T) and their interaction (P×T). (T) affected more significantly the oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant activities than (P) and (P×T). Conversely, (P) was much affluent for tannin polymerization degree and interaction between the two factors (P×T) was more determinants for analyzed antioxidant parameters. The higher salt tolerance of Jerba plants was associated with low levels of malondialdehyde and of electrolyte leakage mainly at 600mM NaCl. Besides, antioxidant activities of Jerba provenance, were more efficient than Bizerte. In addition, avicularin was the major phenolic in both provenances. This compound concentration increased with salinity in Jerba shoots, while it was reduced in Bizerte especially at 600mM NaCl. Overall, the higher salt tolerance of plants from Jerba provenance, and to a lower extent of those from Bizerte, may be partly related to their better capacity to limit oxidative damage when salt-challenged, and this is likely the result of redistribution in phenolic composition. Besides, abiotic factors such as salinity could be determinant in antioxidant potentiality of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanen Falleh
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, BP 901, 2050 Hammam-lif, Tunisia.
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86
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Carn F, Guyot S, Baron A, Pérez J, Buhler E, Zanchi D. Structural Properties of Colloidal Complexes between Condensed Tannins and Polysaccharide Hyaluronan. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:751-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201674n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Carn
- Laboratoire Matière et
Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet,
CC 7056, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Sylvain Guyot
- INRA, UR117 Cidricoles et Biotransformation des Fruits et Légumes, F35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Alain Baron
- INRA, UR117 Cidricoles et Biotransformation des Fruits et Légumes, F35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Javier Pérez
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin
BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette,
France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Laboratoire Matière et
Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, Bâtiment Condorcet,
CC 7056, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Dražen Zanchi
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département de Chimie, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640 PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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87
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Álvarez E, Rodiño-Janeiro BK, Jerez M, Ucieda-Somoza R, Núñez MJ, González-Juanatey JR. Procyanidins from grape pomace are suitable inhibitors of human endothelial NADPH oxidase. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1386-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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88
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Fromm M, Bayha S, Carle R, Kammerer DR. Characterization and quantitation of low and high molecular weight phenolic compounds in apple seeds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1232-1242. [PMID: 22220632 DOI: 10.1021/jf204623d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic constituents of seeds of 12 different apple cultivars were fractionated by sequential extraction with aqueous acetone (30:70, v/v) and ethyl acetate after hexane extraction of the lipids. Low molecular weight phenolic compounds were individually quantitated by RP-HPLC-DAD. The contents of extractable and nonextractable procyanidins were determined by applying RP-HPLC following thiolysis and n-butanol/HCl hydrolysis, respectively. As expected, the results revealed marked differences of the ethyl acetate extracts, aqueous acetone extracts, and insoluble residues with regard to contents and mean degrees of polymerization of procyanidins. Total phenolic contents in the defatted apple seed residues ranged between 18.4 and 99.8 mg/g. Phloridzin was the most abundant phenolic compound, representing 79-92% of monomeric polyphenols. Yields of phenolic compounds significantly differed among the cultivars under study, with seeds of cider apples generally being richer in phloridzin and catechins than seeds of dessert apple cultivars. This is the first study presenting comprehensive data on the contents of phenolic compounds in apple seeds comprising extractable and nonextractable procyanidins. Furthermore, the present work points out a strategy for the sustainable and complete exploitation of apple seeds as valuable agro-industrial byproducts, in particular as a rich source of phloridzin and antioxidant flavanols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Fromm
- Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
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89
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Ma W, Baron A, Guyot S, Bouhallab S, Zanchi D. Kinetics of the formation of β-casein/tannin mixed micelles. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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90
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TAGLIAZUCCHI DAVIDE, VERZELLONI ELENA, CONTE ANGELA. THE FIRST TRACT OF ALIMENTARY CANAL AS AN EXTRACTOR. RELEASE OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM SOLID FOOD MATRICES DURING SIMULATED DIGESTION. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2011.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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91
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Le Bourvellec C, Bouzerzour K, Ginies C, Regis S, Plé Y, Renard CM. Phenolic and polysaccharidic composition of applesauce is close to that of apple flesh. J Food Compost Anal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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92
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Furuuchi R, Yokoyama T, Watanabe Y, Hirayama M. Identification and quantification of short oligomeric proanthocyanidins and other polyphenols in boysenberry seeds and juice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3738-3746. [PMID: 21391678 DOI: 10.1021/jf104976n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins and other polyphenols in the seeds and juice of boysenberry were quantitatively analyzed. Polyphenolic extracts were prepared from the waste seeds and commercial juice by chromatographic fractionation. Compositional analysis revealed that both extracts contained six polyphenolic classes: flavanol monomers, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, and flavonol glycosides. Ellagitannins were the most abundant polyphenols in both extracts. Proanthocyanidins were present as short oligomers consisting of dimeric and trimeric procyanidins and propelargonidins, with the most abundant component being procyanidin B4 in both extracts. Quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) revealed that the seeds contained a 72-fold higher amount of proanthocyanidins than the juice. These results indicate that boysenberry fruits contain short oligomeric proanthocyanidins along with flavanol monomers and the seeds represent a good source of short oligomeric proanthocyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Furuuchi
- Department of Food Science, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Akiha-ku, Niigata, Japan
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93
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Mouls L, Mazauric JP, Sommerer N, Fulcrand H, Mazerolles G. Comprehensive study of condensed tannins by ESI mass spectrometry: average degree of polymerisation and polymer distribution determination from mass spectra. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:613-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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94
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Omar MH, Mullen W, Crozier A. Identification of proanthocyanidin dimers and trimers, flavone C-Glycosides, and antioxidants in Ficus deltoidea , a malaysian herbal tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:1363-1369. [PMID: 21261251 DOI: 10.1021/jf1032729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in an aqueous infusion of leaves of Ficus deltoidea (Moraceae), a well-known herbal tea in Malaysia, were analyzed by HPLC coupled to photodiode array and fluorescence detectors and an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Following chromatography of extracts on a reversed phase C(12) column, 25 flavonoids were characterized and/or tentatively identified with the main constituents being flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins, and C-linked flavone glycosides. The proanthocyanidins were dimers and trimers comprising (epi)catechin and (epi)afzelechin units. No higher molecular weight proanthocyanidin polymers were detected. The antioxidant activity of F. deltoidea extract was analyzed using HPLC with online antioxidant detection. This revealed that 85% of the total antioxidant activity of the aqueous F. deltoidea infusion was attributable to the flavan-3-ol monomers and the proanthocyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maizatul Hasyima Omar
- Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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95
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Fogliano V, Corollaro ML, Vitaglione P, Napolitano A, Ferracane R, Travaglia F, Arlorio M, Costabile A, Klinder A, Gibson G. In vitro bioaccessibility and gut biotransformation of polyphenols present in the water-insoluble cocoa fraction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 1:S44-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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96
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Gea A, Stringano E, Brown RH, Mueller-Harvey I. In situ analysis and structural elucidation of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) tannins for high-throughput germplasm screening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:495-503. [PMID: 21175139 DOI: 10.1021/jf103609p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid thiolytic degradation and cleanup procedure was developed for analyzing tannins directly in chlorophyll-containing sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ) plants. The technique proved suitable for complex tannin mixtures containing catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and epigallocatechin flavan-3-ol units. The reaction time was standardized at 60 min to minimize the loss of structural information as a result of epimerization and degradation of terminal flavan-3-ol units. The results were evaluated by separate analysis of extractable and unextractable tannins, which accounted for 63.6-113.7% of the in situ plant tannins. It is of note that 70% aqueous acetone extracted tannins with a lower mean degree of polymerization (mDP) than was found for tannins analyzed in situ. Extractable tannins had between 4 and 29 lower mDP values. The method was validated by comparing results from individual and mixed sample sets. The tannin composition of different sainfoin accessions covered a range of mDP values from 16 to 83, procyanidin/prodelphinidin (PC/PD) ratios from 19.2/80.8 to 45.6/54.4, and cis/trans ratios from 74.1/25.9 to 88.0/12.0. This is the first high-throughput screening method that is suitable for analyzing condensed tannin contents and structural composition directly in green plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Gea
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, 1 Earley Gate, Post Office Box 236, Reading RG6 6AT, United Kingdom
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97
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Scioneaux AN, Schmidt MA, Moore MA, Lindroth RL, Wooley SC, Hagerman AE. Qualitative variation in proanthocyanidin composition of Populus species and hybrids: genetics is the key. J Chem Ecol 2010; 37:57-70. [PMID: 21116841 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9887-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The literature on proanthocyanidins (tannins) in ecological systems is dominated by quantitative studies. Despite evidence that the qualitative characteristics (subunit type, polymer chain length) of these complex polyphenolics are important determinants of biological activity, little is known about genetic and environmental controls on the type of proanthocyanidins produced by plants. We tested the hypothesis that genetics, season, developmental stage, and environment determine proanthocyanidin qualitative characteristics by using four Populus "cross types" (narrowleaf [P. angustifolia], Fremont [P. fremontii], F1 hybrids, and backcrosses to narrowleaf). We used thiolysis and HPLC analysis to characterize the proanthocyanidins, and found that genetics strongly control composition. The narrowleaf plants accumulate mixed procyanidin/prodelphinidins with average composition epicatechin(11)-epigallocatechin(8)-catechin(2)-catechin((terminal)). Backcross genotypes produce mixed procyanidin/prodelphinidins similar to narrowleaf, while Fremont makes procyanidin dimers, and the F1 plants contain procyanidin heptamers. Less striking effects were noted for genotype × environment, while season and developmental zone had little effect on proanthocyanidin composition or chain length. We discuss the metabolic and ecological consequences of differences in condensed tannin qualitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Scioneaux
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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98
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Arranz S, Silván JM, Saura-Calixto F. Nonextractable polyphenols, usually ignored, are the major part of dietary polyphenols: A study on the Spanish diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1646-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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99
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Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules 2010; 15:7313-52. [PMID: 20966876 PMCID: PMC6259146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15107313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1728] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolics are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants. Plant polyphenols have drawn increasing attention due to their potent antioxidant properties and their marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases such as cancer. In the last few years, the identification and development of phenolic compounds or extracts from different plants has become a major area of health- and medical-related research. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on phenolic extraction, purification, analysis and quantification as well as their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of phenolics in-vitro and in-vivo animal models are viewed, including recent human intervention studies. Finally, possible mechanisms of action involving antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity as well as interference with cellular functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dai
- Four Tigers LLC, 1501 Bull Lea Road, Suite 105, Lexington, Kentucky 40511 USA; (J.D.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | - Russell J. Mumper
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-919-966-1271; Fax: +1-919-966-6919
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100
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Coq S, Souquet JM, Meudec E, Cheynier V, Hättenschwiler S. Interspecific variation in leaf litter tannins drives decomposition in a tropical rain forest of French Guiana. Ecology 2010; 91:2080-91. [PMID: 20715630 DOI: 10.1890/09-1076.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tannins are believed to be particularly abundant in tropical tree foliage and are mainly associated with plant herbivore defense. Very little is known of the quantity, variation, and potential role of tannins in tropical leaf litter. Here we report on the interspecific variability of litter condensed tannin (CT) concentration among 16 co-occurring tropical rain forest tree species of French Guiana and explore the functional significance of variable litter CT concentration for litter decomposition. We compared some classical methods in the ecological literature to a method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), coupled with CT degradation by phloroglucinolysis. The same litter was allowed to decompose in the field in the presence or absence of soil fauna. We found large interspecific differences in the average polymerization degree (2.7 to 21.3, for non-extractable CT) and concentration of litter CT (0-3.7% dry mass, for total CT) determined by HPLC, which did not correlate with Folin total phenolics but correlated reasonably well with acid butanol CT. The concentration and polymerization degree of HPLC-determined CT were the only variables of the multitude of measured initial litter quality parameters that explained a significant amount of variation in litter mass loss among species, irrespective of animal presence. However, animal presence increased mean litter mass loss by a factor of 1.5, and the fauna effect on decomposition was best explained by a negative correlation with total HPLC CT and by a positive correlation with hemicellulose. Our results suggest that the commonly used acid butanol assay yields a reliable estimate of interspecific variation in CT concentration. However, the chemical structure of CTs, such as the polymerization degree, adds important information for the understanding of the functional role of CTs in litter decomposition. We conclude that the wide variation in structure and concentration of leaf litter CTs among tropical tree species is an important driver of decomposition in this nutrient-poor Amazonian rain forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Coq
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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