51
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Andreasen MF, Telving R, Birkler RID, Schumacher B, Johannsen M. A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 183:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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52
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Hosseiny Davarani SS, Fakhari AR, Fumani NS, Kalate-bojdi M. Electrochemical synthesis of new benzodifurans. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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53
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Blaazer A, Smid P, Kruse C. Structure-Activity Relationships of Phenylalkylamines as Agonist Ligands for 5-HT2AReceptors. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1299-309. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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54
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Schultz DM, Prescher JA, Kidd S, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE, Monte A. 'Hybrid' benzofuran-benzopyran congeners as rigid analogs of hallucinogenic phenethylamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6242-51. [PMID: 18467103 PMCID: PMC2601679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalkylamines that possess conformationally rigidified furanyl moieties in place of alkoxy arene ring substituents have been shown previously to possess the highest affinities and agonist functional potencies at the serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor among this chemical class. Further, affinity declines when both furanyl rings are expanded to the larger dipyranyl ring system. The present paper reports the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of 'hybrid' benzofuranyl-benzopyranyl phenylalkylamines to probe further the sizes of the binding pockets within the serotonin 5-HT(2A) agonist binding site. Thus, 4(a-b), 5(a-b), and 6 were prepared as homologs of the parent compound, 8-bromo-1-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-4-yl)-2-aminopropane 2, and their affinity, functional potency, and intrinsic activity were assessed using cells stably expressing the rat 5-HT(2A) receptor. The behavioral pharmacology of these new analogs was also evaluated in the two-lever drug discrimination paradigm. Although all of the hybrid isomers had similar, nanomolar range receptor affinities, those with the smaller furanyl ring at the arene 2-position (4a-b) displayed a 4- to 15-fold greater functional potency than those with the larger pyranyl ring at that position (5a-b). When the furan ring of the more potent agonist 4b was aromatized to give 6, a receptor affinity similar to the parent difuranyl compound 2 was attained, along with a functional potency equivalent to 2, 4a, and 4b. In drug discrimination experiments using rats trained to discriminate LSD from saline, 4b was more than two times more potent than 5b, with the latter having a potency similar to the classic hallucinogenic amphetamine 1 (DOB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601
| | - Stephanie Kidd
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Danuta Marona-Lewicka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - David E. Nichols
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Aaron Monte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601
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55
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Uccello-Barretta G, Balzano F, Pertici F, Jicsinszky L, Sicoli G, Schurig V. External vs. Internal Interactions in the Enantiodiscrimination of Fluorinated α-Amino Acid Derivatives by Heptakis[2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)]-β-cyclodextrin, a Powerful Chiral Solvating Agent for NMR Spectroscopy. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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56
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Double annulations of dihydroxy- and diacetoxy-dialkynylbenzenes. An efficient construction of benzodifurans. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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57
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Liang Z, Ma S, Yu J, Xu R. Palladium-Catalyzed Double Annulations To Construct Multisubstituted Benzodifurans. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9219-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7016263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China, and State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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58
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Fierro A, Osorio-Olivares M, Cassels BK, Edmondson DE, Sepúlveda-Boza S, Reyes-Parada M. Human and rat monoamine oxidase-A are differentially inhibited by (S)-4-alkylthioamphetamine derivatives: insights from molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5198-206. [PMID: 17521909 PMCID: PMC1949415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four enantiomerically pure (S)-4-alkylthioamphetamine derivatives were evaluated as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors using the human and rat isoforms of the enzyme. Molecular dockings were performed in order to gain insights regarding the binding mode of these inhibitors. All compounds were potent and selective MAO-A inhibitors although different rank orders of potencies were observed against the enzymes from different species. This behavior can be rationalized on the basis of different binding modes to each enzyme, as determined in silico. These findings further support the concept that MAO inhibitory activity of novel compounds, determined with enzymes from diverse mammalian species, should be considered with caution if human MAO is the final target to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Fierro
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Osorio-Olivares
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dale E. Edmondson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 USA
| | - Silvia Sepúlveda-Boza
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Reyes-Parada
- Millennium Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Beauchef 861, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago, Chile
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59
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Uccello-Barretta G, Nazzi S, Balzano F, Levkin PA, Schurig V, Salvadori P. Heptakis[2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-(L-valine-tert-butylamide-Nα-ylcarbonylmethyl)]-β-cyclodextrin: a New Multifunctional Cyclodextrin CSA for the NMR Enantiodiscrimination of Polar and Apolar Substrates. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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60
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Feng Z, Mohapatra S, Klimko PG, Hellberg MR, May JA, Kelly C, Williams G, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA. Novel benzodifuran analogs as potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists with ocular hypotensive activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2998-3002. [PMID: 17419053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 8-substituted benzodifuran analogs was prepared and evaluated for 5-HT(2A) receptor binding and activation. Several compounds containing ether and ester functionality were found to be potent agonists. Topical ocular administration of 5, 18, and 25 effectively reduced intra-ocular pressure in the hypertensive cynomolgus monkey eye in the range of 25-37%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Feng
- Alcon Research, Ltd, Research Chemistry, 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
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61
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McLean TH, Parrish JC, Braden MR, Marona-Lewicka D, Gallardo-Godoy A, Nichols DE. 1-Aminomethylbenzocycloalkanes: conformationally restricted hallucinogenic phenethylamine analogues as functionally selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5794-803. [PMID: 16970404 DOI: 10.1021/jm060656o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted analogues of the hallucinogenic phenethylamine 1 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, 2C-B) was synthesized to test several hypotheses concerning the bioactive conformation of phenethylamine ligands upon binding to the 5-HT(2A) receptor. These benzocycloalkane analogues were assayed for their receptor binding affinity and ability to activate downstream signaling pathways, and one exceptional compound was selected for testing in an in vivo drug discrimination model of hallucinogenesis. All compounds were examined in silico by virtual docking into a homology model of the 5-HT(2A) receptor. On the basis of these docking experiments, it was predicted that the R enantiomer of benzocyclobutene analogue 2 would be the most potent. Subsequent chemical resolution and X-ray crystallography confirmed this prediction, as (R)-2 proved to be equipotent to LSD in rats trained to discriminate LSD from saline. Thus, we propose that the conformation of 2 mimics the active binding conformation of the more flexible phenethylamine type hallucinogens. In addition, (R)-2 is one of the most potent and selective compounds yet discovered in the in vivo drug discrimination assay. Further, 2 was found to be a functionally selective agonist at the 5-HT(2A) receptor, having 65-fold greater potency in stimulating phosphoinositide turnover than in producing arachidonic acid release. If hallucinogenic effects are correlated with arachidonic acid production, such functionally selective 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists may lack the intoxicating properties of hallucinogens such as LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H McLean
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1333, USA
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62
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Choe HD, Jang JB, Seo PJ, Son BH. Synthesis of Substituted Benzodifuran Derivatives from Benzene Diols and α-Chloro-α-(methylthio)acetone. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2006.50.4.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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63
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McLean TH, Chambers JJ, Parrish JC, Braden MR, Marona-Lewicka D, Kurrasch-Orbaugh D, Nichols DE. C-(4,5,6-Trimethoxyindan-1-yl)methanamine: A Mescaline Analogue Designed Using a Homology Model of the 5-HT2A Receptor. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4269-74. [PMID: 16821786 DOI: 10.1021/jm060272y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A conformationally restricted analogue of mescaline, C-(4,5,6-trimethoxyindan-1-yl)-methanamine, was designed using a 5-HT(2A) receptor homology model. The compound possessed 3-fold higher affinity and potency than and efficacy equal to that of mescaline at the 5-HT(2A) receptor. The new analogue substituted fully for LSD in drug discrimination studies and was 5-fold more potent than mescaline. Resolution of this analogue into its enantiomers corroborated the docking experiments, showing the R-(+) isomer to have higher affinity and potency and to have efficacy similar to that of mescaline at the 5-HT(2A) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H McLean
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1333, USA
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64
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González-Gómez JC, Santana L, Uriarte E. A furan ring expansion approach to the synthesis of novel pyridazino-psoralen derivatives. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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65
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66
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Keshk EM, Abu-Hashem AA, Girges MM, Abdel-Rahman AH, Badria FA. SYNTHESIS OF BENZO[1,2-b: 5,4-b′]- DIFURANYL-TRIAZOLES, -OXADIAZOLES, -THIAZOLIDINONES, -THIADIAZOLES, AND THE USE OF DNA IN EVALUATION OF THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500490464140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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67
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Abstract
Hallucinogens (psychedelics) are psychoactive substances that powerfully alter perception, mood, and a host of cognitive processes. They are considered physiologically safe and do not produce dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in a variety of sociocultural and ritual contexts. In the 1950s, after the virtually contemporaneous discovery of both serotonin (5-HT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), early brain research focused intensely on the possibility that LSD or other hallucinogens had a serotonergic basis of action and reinforced the idea that 5-HT was an important neurotransmitter in brain. These ideas were eventually proven, and today it is believed that hallucinogens stimulate 5-HT(2A) receptors, especially those expressed on neocortical pyramidal cells. Activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors also leads to increased cortical glutamate levels presumably by a presynaptic receptor-mediated release from thalamic afferents. These findings have led to comparisons of the effects of classical hallucinogens with certain aspects of acute psychosis and to a focus on thalamocortical interactions as key to understanding both the action of these substances and the neuroanatomical sites involved in altered states of consciousness (ASC). In vivo brain imaging in humans using [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose has shown that hallucinogens increase prefrontal cortical metabolism, and correlations have been developed between activity in specific brain areas and psychological elements of the ASC produced by hallucinogens. The 5-HT(2A) receptor clearly plays an essential role in cognitive processing, including working memory, and ligands for this receptor may be extremely useful tools for future cognitive neuroscience research. In addition, it appears entirely possible that utility may still emerge for the use of hallucinogens in treating alcoholism, substance abuse, and certain psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nichols
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, USA.
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68
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Park KK, Kim SH, Park JW. Synthesis of benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran derivatives utilizing concomitant photocyclization and photo-Fries rearrangement reactions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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69
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Villalobos CA, Bull P, Sáez P, Cassels BK, Huidobro-Toro JP. 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:1167-74. [PMID: 15006903 PMCID: PMC1574890 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We recently described that several 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted phenyl)ethylamines (PEAs), including 4-I=2C-I, 4-Br=2C-B, and 4-CH(3)=2C-D analogs, are partial agonists at 5-HT(2C) receptors, and show low or even negligible intrinsic efficacy at 5-HT(2A) receptors. These results raised the proposal that these drugs may act as 5-HT(2) antagonists. 2. To test this hypothesis, Xenopus laevis oocytes were microinjected with the rat clones for 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(2C) receptors. The above-mentioned PEAs and its 4-H analog (2C-H) blocked the 5-HT-induced currents at 5-HT(2A), but not at the 5-HT(2C) receptor, revealing 5-HT(2) receptor subtype selectivity. The 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism required a 2-min preincubation to attain maximum inhibition. 3. All PEAs tested shifted the 5-HT concentration-response curves to the right and downward. Their potencies varied with the nature of the C(4) substituent; the relative rank order of their 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist potency was 2C-I>2C-B>2C-D>2C-H. 4. The present results demonstrate that in X. laevis oocytes, a series of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-substituted PEAs blocked the 5-HT(2A) but not the 5-HT(2C) receptor-mediated responses. As an alternative hypothesis, we suggest that the psychostimulant activity of the PEAs may not be exclusively associated with partial or full 5-HT(2A) receptor agonism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dimethoxyphenylethylamine/analogs & derivatives
- Dimethoxyphenylethylamine/pharmacology
- Drug Antagonism
- Microinjections
- Oocytes/drug effects
- Oocytes/metabolism
- Phenethylamines/chemistry
- Phenethylamines/classification
- Phenethylamines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/administration & dosage
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/isolation & purification
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Xenopus laevis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A Villalobos
- Departamentos de Fisiología y, Instituto Milenio MIFAB, Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología Prof. J.V. Luco, Santiago, Chile.
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70
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Chambers JJ, Parrish JC, Jensen NH, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Marona-Lewicka D, Nichols DE. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a series of geometrically constrained 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2003; 46:3526-35. [PMID: 12877591 DOI: 10.1021/jm030064v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In studies of the SAR of phenethylamine-type serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor agonists, substituted conformationally constrained tetrahydronaphthofurans were designed to investigate the optimal conformation of the 2-aminoethyl moiety. These compounds were tested using in vitro assays for affinity at 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(2C) receptors. The benzofuran-containing analogues, 6a and 6b, had significantly higher affinity for the 5-HT receptors tested than did the benzodihydrofuran-containing compounds, 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b. The most potent compound (8-bromo-6-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-3H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furan-5-yl)aminomethane, 6b, had K(i) values for displacement of [(125)I]-DOI from 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) cloned rat receptors of 2.6 and 1.1 nM, respectively. Despite their high affinity, the compounds of this naphthofuran series lacked high intrinsic activity at the 5-HT(2A) receptor as measured using the phosphoinositide hydrolysis assay. The most potent compound in vitro, 6b, was tested in the two-lever drug discrimination assay in rats trained to discriminate LSD from saline, and failed to substitute, a result typical for compounds with low intrinsic activity. Thus, although conformational constraint has led to high-affinity 5-HT(2A) ligands with partial agonist activity, all of the spatial and steric properties of the ligand necessary for full receptor activation have not yet been identified.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Cells, Cultured
- Discrimination Learning/drug effects
- Furans/chemical synthesis
- Furans/chemistry
- Furans/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemical synthesis
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/chemistry
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology
- Inositol Phosphates/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology
- Male
- Molecular Conformation
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/chemical synthesis
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Chambers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1333, USA
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71
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Osorio-Olivares M, Rezende MC, Sepúlveda-Boza S, Cassels BK, Baggio RF, Muñoz-Acevedo JC. A two-step method for the preparation of homochiral cathinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(03)00317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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72
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Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Watts VJ, Barker EL, Nichols DE. Serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor-coupled phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 signaling pathways have different receptor reserves. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304:229-37. [PMID: 12490596 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.042184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NIH3T3 cells stably expressing the rat 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT 2A) receptor (5500 fmol/mg) were used to explore further the capacity of structurally distinct ligands to elicit differential signaling through the phospholipase C (PLC) or phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) signal transduction pathways. Initial experiments were designed to verify that 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated PLA 2 activation in NIH3T3 cells is independent from, and not a subsequent result of, 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated PLC activation. In addition, we also explored the extent of receptor reserve for the endogenous ligand, 5-HT, for both PLC and PLA 2 activation. Finally, we employed structurally diverse ligands from the tryptamine, phenethylamine, and ergoline families of 5-HT 2A receptor agonists to test the hypothesis of agonist-directed trafficking of 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated PLC and PLA 2 activation. To measure agonist-induced pathway activation, we determined the potency and intrinsic activity of each compound to activate either the PLA 2 pathway or the PLC pathway. The results showed that a larger receptor reserve exists for 5-HT-induced PLA 2 activation than for 5-HT-induced PLC activation. Furthermore, the data support the hypothesis of agonist-directed trafficking in NIH3T3-5HT 2A cells because structurally distinct ligands were able to induce preferential activation of the PLC or PLA 2 signaling pathway. From these data we conclude that structurally distinct ligands can differentially regulate 5-HT 2A receptor signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Kurrasch-Orbaugh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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73
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Nichols DE, Frescas S, Marona-Lewicka D, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM. Lysergamides of isomeric 2,4-dimethylazetidines map the binding orientation of the diethylamide moiety in the potent hallucinogenic agent N,N-diethyllysergamide (LSD). J Med Chem 2002; 45:4344-9. [PMID: 12213075 DOI: 10.1021/jm020153s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysergic acid amides were prepared from (R,R)-(-)-, (S,S)-(+)-, and cis-2,4-dimethyl azetidine. The dimethylazetidine moiety is considered here to be a rigid analogue of diethylamine, and thus, the target compounds are all conformationally constrained analogues of the potent hallucinogenic agent, N,N-diethyllysergamide, LSD-25. Pharmacological evaluation showed that (S,S)-(+)-2,4-dimethylazetidine gave a lysergamide with the highest LSD-like behavioral activity in the rat two lever drug discrimination model that was slightly more potent than LSD itself. This same diastereomer also had the highest affinity and functional potency at the rat serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptor, the presumed target for hallucinogenic agents, and a receptor affinity profile in a panel of screens that was most similar to that of LSD itself. Both cis- and the (R,R)-trans-dimethylazetidines gave lysergamides that were less potent in all relevant assays. The finding that the S,S-dimethylazetidine gave a lysergamide with pharmacology most similar to LSD indicates that the N,N-diethyl groups of LSD optimally bind when they are oriented in a conformation distinct from that observed in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. The incorporation of isomeric dialkylazetidines into other biologically active molecules may be a useful strategy to model the active conformations of dialkylamines and dialkylamides.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Azetidines/chemical synthesis
- Azetidines/chemistry
- Azetidines/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Discrimination Learning/drug effects
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Hallucinogens/chemistry
- Hallucinogens/pharmacology
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/chemistry
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Stereoisomerism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nichols
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Chambers JJ, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Nichols DE. Translocation of the 5-alkoxy substituent of 2,5-dialkoxyarylalkylamines to the 6-position: effects on 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1997-9. [PMID: 12113827 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Positional modification of 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine analogues has been studied. Specifically, the 5-alkoxy substituent was translocated to the 6-position of the phenyl nucleus. Methoxy groups were also constrained by incorporation into appended dihydrofuran and furan rings. 2,6-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine had an approximately 3-fold lower affinity for the 5-HT(2A) receptor compared to the parent 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM). The rigid compound based on the 2,3,5,6-tetrahydrobenzo[1,2-b;5,4-b']difuran nucleus and the aromatic analogue containing the benzo[1,2-b;5,4-b']difuran nucleus possessed an approximate 7- and 27-fold increase in affinity, respectively, compared to 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, the non-rigid, positional isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Chambers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1333, USA
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Chambers JJ, Nichols DE. A homology-based model of the human 5-HT2A receptor derived from an in silico activated G-protein coupled receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2002; 16:511-20. [PMID: 12510883 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021275430021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A homology-based model of the 5-HT2A receptor was produced utilizing an activated form of the bovine rhodopsin (Rh) crystal structure. In silico activation of the Rh structure was accomplished by isomerization of the 11-cis-retinal (1) chromophore, followed by constrained molecular dynamics to relax the resultant high energy structure. The activated form of Rh was then used as a structural template for development of a human 5-HT2A receptor model. Both the 5-HT2A receptor and Rh are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) super-family. The resulting homology model of the receptor was then used for docking studies of compounds representing a cross-section of structural classes that activate the 5-HT2A receptor, including ergolines, tryptamines, and amphetamines. The ligand/receptor complexes that ensued were refined and the final binding orientations were observed to be compatible with much of the data acquired through both diversified ligand design and site directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Chambers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1333, USA
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Chapter 5.3 Five-membered ring systems: Furans and benzofurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(02)80009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 1. Promise and progress of central G-protein coupled receptor modulators for obesity treatments. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(02)37002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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