1
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Sheppard JP, Tucker KL, Davison WJ, Stevens R, Aekplakorn W, Bosworth HB, Bove A, Earle K, Godwin M, Green BB, Hebert P, Heneghan C, Hill N, Hobbs FDR, Kantola I, Kerry SM, Leiva A, Magid DJ, Mant J, Margolis KL, McKinstry B, McLaughlin MA, McNamara K, Omboni S, Ogedegbe O, Parati G, Varis J, Verberk WJ, Wakefield BJ, McManus RJ. Self-monitoring of Blood Pressure in Patients With Hypertension-Related Multi-morbidity: Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:243-251. [PMID: 31730171 PMCID: PMC7162426 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is effective when combined with co-interventions, but its efficacy varies in the presence of some co-morbidities. This study examined whether self-monitoring can reduce clinic BP in patients with hypertension-related co-morbidity. METHODS A systematic review was conducted of articles published in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to January 2018. Randomized controlled trials of self-monitoring of BP were selected and individual patient data (IPD) were requested. Contributing studies were prospectively categorized by whether they examined a low/high-intensity co-intervention. Change in BP and likelihood of uncontrolled BP at 12 months were examined according to number and type of hypertension-related co-morbidity in a one-stage IPD meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 22 trials were eligible, 16 of which were able to provide IPD for the primary outcome, including 6,522 (89%) participants with follow-up data. Self-monitoring was associated with reduced clinic systolic BP compared to usual care at 12-month follow-up, regardless of the number of hypertension-related co-morbidities (−3.12 mm Hg, [95% confidence intervals −4.78, −1.46 mm Hg]; P value for interaction with number of morbidities = 0.260). Intense interventions were more effective than low-intensity interventions in patients with obesity (P < 0.001 for all outcomes), and possibly stroke (P < 0.004 for BP control outcome only), but this effect was not observed in patients with coronary heart disease, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS Self-monitoring lowers BP regardless of the number of hypertension-related co-morbidities, but may only be effective in conditions such obesity or stroke when combined with high-intensity co-interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Sheppard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - K L Tucker
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - W J Davison
- Ageing and Stroke Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - R Stevens
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - W Aekplakorn
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand
| | - H B Bosworth
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A Bove
- Cardiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - K Earle
- Thomas Addison Diabetes Unit, St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Godwin
- Family Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | - B B Green
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - P Hebert
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C Heneghan
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N Hill
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - F D R Hobbs
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - I Kantola
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S M Kerry
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Leiva
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca, Baleares Health Services-IbSalut, Mallorca, Spain
| | - D J Magid
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - J Mant
- Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - K L Margolis
- HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - B McKinstry
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - M A McLaughlin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - K McNamara
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - S Omboni
- Clinical Research Unit, Italian Institute of Telemedicine, Varese, Italy
- Scientific Research Department of Cardiology, Science and Technology Park for Biomedicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - O Ogedegbe
- Center for Healthful Behavior Change, Division of Health and Behavior, Department of Population Health, Langone School of Medicine, New York University, New York, USA
| | - G Parati
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular, Neural and Metabolic Sciences, San Luca Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - J Varis
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - W J Verberk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht and Departments of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B J Wakefield
- Department of Veterans (VA) Health Services Research and Development Centre for Comprehensive Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), VA Medical Centre, Iowa City, USA
| | - R J McManus
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Cameron AD, Champion DJ, Kramer M, Bailes M, Barr ED, Bassa CG, Bhandari S, Bhat NDR, Burgay M, Burke-Spolaor S, Eatough RP, Flynn CML, Freire PCC, Jameson A, Johnston S, Karuppusamy R, Keith MJ, Levin L, Lorimer DR, Lyne AG, McLaughlin MA, Ng C, Petroff E, Possenti A, Ridolfi A, Stappers BW, van Straten W, Tauris TM, Tiburzi C, Wex N. The High Time Resolution Universe Pulsar Survey – XIII. PSR J1757−1854, the most accelerated binary pulsar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/sly003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Cameron
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - D J Champion
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kramer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M Bailes
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H11, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - E D Barr
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C G Bassa
- ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands
| | - S Bhandari
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - N D R Bhat
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - M Burgay
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - S Burke-Spolaor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - R P Eatough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C M L Flynn
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - P C C Freire
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Jameson
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - S Johnston
- CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - R Karuppusamy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M J Keith
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Levin
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - D R Lorimer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - A G Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M A McLaughlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, PO Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C Ng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E Petroff
- ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, the Netherlands
| | - A Possenti
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - A Ridolfi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - B W Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Center for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Alan Turing Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - W van Straten
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H39, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for All-Sky Astronomy (CAASTRO), Swinburne University of Technology, Mail H30, PO Box 218, VIC 3122, Australia
- Institute for Radio Astronomy & Space Research, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - T M Tauris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Argelander-Insitut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - C Tiburzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - N Wex
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Chatterjee S, Law CJ, Wharton RS, Burke-Spolaor S, Hessels JWT, Bower GC, Cordes JM, Tendulkar SP, Bassa CG, Demorest P, Butler BJ, Seymour A, Scholz P, Abruzzo MW, Bogdanov S, Kaspi VM, Keimpema A, Lazio TJW, Marcote B, McLaughlin MA, Paragi Z, Ransom SM, Rupen M, Spitler LG, van Langevelde HJ. A direct localization of a fast radio burst and its host. Nature 2017; 541:58-61. [PMID: 28054614 DOI: 10.1038/nature20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fast radio bursts are astronomical radio flashes of unknown physical nature with durations of milliseconds. Their dispersive arrival times suggest an extragalactic origin and imply radio luminosities that are orders of magnitude larger than those of all known short-duration radio transients. So far all fast radio bursts have been detected with large single-dish telescopes with arcminute localizations, and attempts to identify their counterparts (source or host galaxy) have relied on the contemporaneous variability of field sources or the presence of peculiar field stars or galaxies. These attempts have not resulted in an unambiguous association with a host or multi-wavelength counterpart. Here we report the subarcsecond localization of the fast radio burst FRB 121102, the only known repeating burst source, using high-time-resolution radio interferometric observations that directly image the bursts. Our precise localization reveals that FRB 121102 originates within 100 milliarcseconds of a faint 180-microJansky persistent radio source with a continuum spectrum that is consistent with non-thermal emission, and a faint (twenty-fifth magnitude) optical counterpart. The flux density of the persistent radio source varies by around ten per cent on day timescales, and very long baseline radio interferometry yields an angular size of less than 1.7 milliarcseconds. Our observations are inconsistent with the fast radio burst having a Galactic origin or its source being located within a prominent star-forming galaxy. Instead, the source appears to be co-located with a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus or a previously unknown type of extragalactic source. Localization and identification of a host or counterpart has been essential to understanding the origins and physics of other kinds of transient events, including gamma-ray bursts and tidal disruption events. However, if other fast radio bursts have similarly faint radio and optical counterparts, our findings imply that direct subarcsecond localizations may be the only way to provide reliable associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chatterjee
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - C J Law
- Department of Astronomy and Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R S Wharton
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - S Burke-Spolaor
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.,Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
| | - J W T Hessels
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.,Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G C Bower
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 645 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - J M Cordes
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - S P Tendulkar
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - C G Bassa
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - P Demorest
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - B J Butler
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA
| | - A Seymour
- Arecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612, USA
| | - P Scholz
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, PO Box 248, Penticton, British Columbia V2A 6J9, Canada
| | - M W Abruzzo
- Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - S Bogdanov
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - V M Kaspi
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - A Keimpema
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - T J W Lazio
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - B Marcote
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - M A McLaughlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.,Center for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
| | - Z Paragi
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
| | - S M Ransom
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - M Rupen
- National Research Council of Canada, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, PO Box 248, Penticton, British Columbia V2A 6J9, Canada
| | - L G Spitler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, Bonn D-53121, Germany
| | - H J van Langevelde
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.,Sterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, Postbus 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Toris CB, McLaughlin MA, Dworak DP, Fan S, Havens S, Zhan GL, Horan N, Prasanna G. Effects of Rho Kinase Inhibitors on Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Nonhuman Primates and Rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:355-64. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2015.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carol B. Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Douglas P. Dworak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shane Havens
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gui-Lin Zhan
- Xiamen Eye Centre, Xiamen University, Xiamne, China
| | - Nicholas Horan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, Massachusetts
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5
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Spitler LG, Scholz P, Hessels JWT, Bogdanov S, Brazier A, Camilo F, Chatterjee S, Cordes JM, Crawford F, Deneva J, Ferdman RD, Freire PCC, Kaspi VM, Lazarus P, Lynch R, Madsen EC, McLaughlin MA, Patel C, Ransom SM, Seymour A, Stairs IH, Stappers BW, van Leeuwen J, Zhu WW. A repeating fast radio burst. Nature 2016; 531:202-5. [PMID: 26934226 DOI: 10.1038/nature17168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fast radio bursts are millisecond-duration astronomical radio pulses of unknown physical origin that appear to come from extragalactic distances. Previous follow-up observations have failed to find additional bursts at the same dispersion measure (that is, the integrated column density of free electrons between source and telescope) and sky position as the original detections. The apparent non-repeating nature of these bursts has led to the suggestion that they originate in cataclysmic events. Here we report observations of ten additional bursts from the direction of the fast radio burst FRB 121102. These bursts have dispersion measures and sky positions consistent with the original burst. This unambiguously identifies FRB 121102 as repeating and demonstrates that its source survives the energetic events that cause the bursts. Additionally, the bursts from FRB 121102 show a wide range of spectral shapes that appear to be predominantly intrinsic to the source and which vary on timescales of minutes or less. Although there may be multiple physical origins for the population of fast radio bursts, these repeat bursts with high dispersion measure and variable spectra specifically seen from the direction of FRB 121102 support an origin in a young, highly magnetized, extragalactic neutron star.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Spitler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, B-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - P Scholz
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - J W T Hessels
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.,Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Bogdanov
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - A Brazier
- Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Cornell Center for Advanced Computing, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - F Camilo
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.,Square Kilometre Array South Africa, Pinelands, 7405, South Africa
| | - S Chatterjee
- Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - J M Cordes
- Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - F Crawford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604-3003, USA
| | - J Deneva
- National Research Council, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - R D Ferdman
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - P C C Freire
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, B-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - V M Kaspi
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - P Lazarus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, B-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Lynch
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 2, Green Bank, West Virginia 24944, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - E C Madsen
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - M A McLaughlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - C Patel
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - S M Ransom
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, West Virginia 22903, USA
| | - A Seymour
- Arecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, Puerto Rico 00612, USA
| | - I H Stairs
- Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - B W Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J van Leeuwen
- ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands.,Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W W Zhu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, B-53121 Bonn, Germany
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May JA, Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Chen HH, Severns BS, Kelly CR, Holt WF, Young R, Glennon RA, Hellberg MR, Dean TR. Ocular Hypotensive Response in Nonhuman Primates of (8R)-1-[(2S)-2-Aminopropyl]-8,9-dihydro-7H-pyrano[2,3-g]indazol-8-ol a Selective 5-HT2 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8818-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. May
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Najam A. Sharif
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Marsha A. McLaughlin
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Hwang-Hsing Chen
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Bryon S. Severns
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Curtis R. Kelly
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - William F. Holt
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Richard Young
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box
980540, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Richard A. Glennon
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box
980540, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Mark R. Hellberg
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
| | - Thomas R. Dean
- Ophthalmology
Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, United States
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Chen HH, Namil A, Severns B, Ward J, Kelly C, Drace C, McLaughlin MA, Yacoub S, Li B, Patil R, Sharif N, Hellberg MR, Rusinko A, Pang IH, Combrink KD. In vivo optimization of 2,3-diaminopyrazine Rho Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of glaucoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1875-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Ogundele AB, Earnest D, McLaughlin MA. In vivo comparative study of ocular vasodilation, a relative indicator of hyperemia, in guinea pigs following treatment with bimatoprost ophthalmic solutions 0.01% and 0.03%. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4:649-52. [PMID: 20689777 PMCID: PMC2915847 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this in vivo study was to compare the incidence of vasodilation in guinea pigs following topical administration of bimatoprost ophthalmic solutions 0.01% and 0.03%. Methods: The study comprised 20 guinea pigs assigned to 2 treatment groups (10 per treatment group) to receive either bimatoprost 0.01% or bimatoprost 0.03%. Animals were hand-held under 2.75 × magnification to score ocular vasodilation (a measure of hyperemia), using a scoring system developed at Alcon Research, Ltd. Following baseline ocular scoring, each animal received a 30 μL dose to the left eye of either bimatoprost 0.01% (3 μg) or bimatoprost 0.03% (9 μg). Vasodilation was again scored at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hours after dosing. Incidence of vasodilation was calculated as the percent of total eyes in each 2-hour time interval with scores ≥2. Results: The incidence of vasodilation was higher in the bimatoprost 0.01% treatment group (range, 45.0% to 60.0%) than the bimatoprost 0.03% treatment group (range, 30.0% to 52.2%) at all post-dosing time points. Conclusion: The 2 bimatoprost formulations elicited ocular vasodilation of long duration (>6 hours) in the guinea pig model, with the bimatoprost 0.01% treatment group showing a higher incidence of ocular vasodilation than the bimatoprost 0.03% treatment group. Further clinical studies would be needed to determine whether the higher incidence of vasodilation may also be attributed to the increased BAK concentration in the bimatoprost 0.01% formulation.
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9
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Feng Z, Hellberg MR, Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Williams GW, Scott D, Wallace T. Discovery of 13-oxa prostaglandin analogs as antiglaucoma agents: Synthesis and biological activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:576-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Katoli P, Drace C, Husain S, Crosson C, Toris C, Zhan GL, Camras C. Cabergoline: Pharmacology, ocular hypotensive studies in multiple species, and aqueous humor dynamic modulation in the Cynomolgus monkey eyes. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:386-97. [PMID: 18992242 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the current studies were to determine the in vitro and in vivo ocular and non-ocular pharmacological properties of cabergoline using well documented receptor binding, cell-based functional assays, and in vivo models. Cabergoline bound to native and/or human cloned serotonin-2A/B/C (5HT(2A/B/C)), 5HT(1A), 5HT(7), alpha(2B), and dopamine-2/3 (D(2/3)) receptor subtypes with nanomolar affinity. Cabergoline was an agonist at human recombinant 5HT(2), 5HT(1A) and D(2/3) receptors but an antagonist at 5HT(7) and alpha(2) receptors. In primary human ciliary muscle (h-CM) and trabecular meshwork (h-TM) cells, cabergoline stimulated phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis (EC(50)=19+/-7 nM in TM; 76 nM in h-CM) and intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) mobilization (EC(50)=570+/-83 nM in h-TM; EC(50)=900+/-320 nM in h-CM). Cabergoline-induced [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization in h-TM and h-CM cells was potently antagonized by a 5HT(2A)-selective antagonist (M-100907, K(i)=0.29-0.53 nM). Cabergoline also stimulated [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization more potently via human cloned 5HT(2A) (EC(50)=63.4+/-10.3 nM) than via 5HT(2B) and 5HT(2C) receptors. In h-CM cells, cabergoline (1 microM) stimulated production of pro-matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3 and synergized with forskolin to enhance cAMP production. Cabergoline (1 microM) perfused through anterior segments of porcine eyes caused a significant (27%) increase in outflow facility. Topically administered cabergoline (300-500 microg) in Dutch-belted rabbit eyes yielded 4.5 microMM and 1.97 microM levels in the aqueous humor 30 min and 90 min post-dose but failed to modulate intraocular pressure (IOP). However, cabergoline was an efficacious IOP-lowering agent in normotensive Brown Norway rats (25% IOP decrease with 6 microg at 4h post-dose) and in conscious ocular hypertensive cynomolgus monkeys (peak reduction of 30.6+/-3.6% with 50 microg at 3h post-dose; 30.4+/-4.5% with 500 microg at 7h post-dose). In ketamine-sedated monkeys, IOP was significantly lowered at 2.5h after the second topical ocular dose (300 microg) of cabergoline by 23% (p<0.02) and 35% (p<0.004) in normotensive and ocular hypertensive eyes, respectively. In normotensive eyes, cabergoline increased uveoscleral outflow (0.69+/-0.7 microL/min-1.61+/-0.97 microL/min, n=13; p<0.01). However, only seven of the eleven ocular hypertensive monkeys showed significantly increased uveoscleral outflow. These data indicate that cabergoline's most prominent agonist activity involves activation of 5HT(2), 5HT(1A), and D(2/3) receptors. Since 5HT(1A) agonists, 5HT(7) antagonists, and alpha(2) antagonists do not lower IOP in conscious ocular hypertensive monkeys, the 5HT(2) and dopaminergic agonist activities of cabergoline probably mediated the IOP reduction observed with this compound in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Discovery Ophthalmology Research, Alcon Research Ltd, Fort worth, TX, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Pulsar surveys offer a rare opportunity to monitor the radio sky for impulsive burst-like events with millisecond durations. We analyzed archival survey data and found a 30-jansky dispersed burst, less than 5 milliseconds in duration, located 3 degrees from the Small Magellanic Cloud. The burst properties argue against a physical association with our Galaxy or the Small Magellanic Cloud. Current models for the free electron content in the universe imply that the burst is less than 1 gigaparsec distant. No further bursts were seen in 90 hours of additional observations, which implies that it was a singular event such as a supernova or coalescence of relativistic objects. Hundreds of similar events could occur every day and, if detected, could serve as cosmological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Lorimer
- Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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12
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Feng Z, Mohapatra S, Klimko PG, Hellberg MR, May JA, Kelly C, Williams G, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA. Novel benzodifuran analogs as potent 5-HT2A receptor agonists with ocular hypotensive activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2998-3002. [PMID: 17419053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of 8-substituted benzodifuran analogs was prepared and evaluated for 5-HT(2A) receptor binding and activation. Several compounds containing ether and ester functionality were found to be potent agonists. Topical ocular administration of 5, 18, and 25 effectively reduced intra-ocular pressure in the hypertensive cynomolgus monkey eye in the range of 25-37%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Feng
- Alcon Research, Ltd, Research Chemistry, 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE AND METHODS The aim of this study was to determine the ocular pharmacological characteristics of AL-34662 (1-((S)-2-aminopropyl)-1H-indazole-6-ol), a new synthetic serotonin-2 (5-HT2) receptor-agonist ocular hypotensive agent. A variety of well-documented in vitro and in vivo procedures were utilized to study the pharmacological attributes of AL-34662. RESULTS AL-34662 exhibited a high affinity for the rat and human 5-HT2 receptor (IC50=0.8-1.5 nM) and for cloned human 5-HT2A-C receptors (IC50=3-14.5 nM). AL-34662 stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in human ciliary muscle (h-CM; EC50=289+/-80 nM) and in human trabecular meshwork (h-TM; EC50=254+/-50 nM) cells. AL-34662 also mobilized intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in h-CM (EC50=140+/-23 nM) and h-TM (EC50=38+/-8 nM) cells, being a full agonist like 5-HT itself. AL-34662's effects in the h-CM (and h-TM) cells were potently antagonized by 5-HT2A-antagonist M-100907 (IC50=1.8+/-0.7 nM), but weakly by 5-HT2B-antagonist (RS-127445 IC50>10 microM), 5-HT2B/C- antagonist (SB-242084 IC50=2.08 microM) and 5-HT2C antagonist (RS-102221 IC50>1 microM). AL-34662 caused relatively minimal ocular discomfort and hyperemia in rabbit and guinea pig eyes. It efficaciously lowered intraocular pressure (IOP) in the conscious ocular hypertensive monkey eyes (33% at 300 microg). The (R)-enantiomer (AL-34707) and the racemate (AL-34497) were less potent and/or efficacious than AL-34662 in all of these assays. CONCLUSIONS AL-34662 is a high-affinity 5-HT2 receptor agonist that potently mobilizes [Ca2+]i in h-CM and h-TM cells, and which efficaciously lowers IOP in conscious ocular hypertensive cynomolgus monkey eyes through a local effect with minimal side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Ophthalmology Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA.
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Kramer M, Stairs IH, Manchester RN, McLaughlin MA, Lyne AG, Ferdman RD, Burgay M, Lorimer DR, Possenti A, D'Amico N, Sarkissian JM, Hobbs GB, Reynolds JE, Freire PCC, Camilo F. Tests of General Relativity from Timing the Double Pulsar. Science 2006; 314:97-102. [PMID: 16973838 DOI: 10.1126/science.1132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The double pulsar system PSR J0737-3039A/B is unique in that both neutron stars are detectable as radio pulsars. They are also known to have much higher mean orbital velocities and accelerations than those of other binary pulsars. The system is therefore a good candidate for testing Einstein's theory of general relativity and alternative theories of gravity in the strong-field regime. We report on precision timing observations taken over the 2.5 years since its discovery and present four independent strong-field tests of general relativity. These tests use the theory-independent mass ratio of the two stars. By measuring relativistic corrections to the Keplerian description of the orbital motion, we find that the "post-Keplerian" parameter s agrees with the value predicted by general relativity within an uncertainty of 0.05%, the most precise test yet obtained. We also show that the transverse velocity of the system's center of mass is extremely small. Combined with the system's location near the Sun, this result suggests that future tests of gravitational theories with the double pulsar will supersede the best current solar system tests. It also implies that the second-born pulsar may not have formed through the core collapse of a helium star, as is usually assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kramer
- University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, UK.
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15
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Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Kelly CR, Xu S, Crider JY, Williams GW, Parker JL. Preclinical Pharmacology of AL-12182, a New Ocular Hypotensive 11-Oxa Prostaglandin Analog. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22:291-309. [PMID: 17076623 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.22.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine selected in vivo ocular properties of AL-12182 (5,6-dihydro-4,5-didehydro-11-deoxy-11-oxa-16-(3-chlorophenoxy)-omega-tetranor-PGF(2alpha) isopropyl ester) and the in vitro profile of its free acid, AL-12180. METHODS Previously documented radioligand binding and functional assays involving human ciliary muscle cells (h-CM), human trabecular meshwork (h-TM) and other cells, and porcine ocular arteries were utilized. For in vivo procedures, we utilized rabbits, cats, and nonhuman primates to measure hyperemia, pupil diameter, and intraocular pressure (IOP), respectively. RESULTS AL-12180 exhibited the highest affinity for the FP-receptor (K(i) = 143 +/- 36 nM) and much lower affinity for DP-, EP(3)-, IP-, and TP-receptors, and for several nonprostanoid receptors, enzymes, neurotransmitter uptake sites, ion channels, and other regulatory sites. AL-12180 activated phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis (potency, EC(50) = 13.7-42.7 nM) through the FP-receptor in a variety of cells, such as h-CM, h-TM cells, human embryonic kidney cells expressing the cloned human ciliary body FP-receptor (HEK-FP), mouse 3T3 cells, and rat vascular smooth muscle cells. AL-8810, an FP-antagonist, blocked the effects of AL-12180 in h-CM cells (IC(50) = 8.7 microM). AL-12180 also stimulated the mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) in h-TM cells (EC(50) = 111 +/- 36 nM), h-CM cells (EC(50) = 11 nM), and in host cells expressing the cloned human ciliary body FP-receptor (EC(50) = 5.9 +/- 3.1 nM). AL-12180 lacked significant agonist activity at DP-, EP(2)-, EP(4)-, IP-, and TP-receptors in cell-based assays. However, AL-12180 contracted porcine central retinal and short posterior ciliary arteries in vitro with micromolar potencies that appeared to involve TP-receptor activation. in vivo, AL-12182 elicited dose-related hyperemia in the rabbit eye, miosis in the cat eye, and ocular hypotension in the nonhuman primate eye. CONCLUSIONS AL-12180 is a relatively potent and selective FP-receptor agonist whose isopropyl ester prodrug (AL-12182) lowers IOP by as much as 40% following topical ocular dosing in a laser-induced nonhuman primate model of ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Ophthalmology Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., Fort Worth, TX 76137, USA.
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16
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Toris CB, Zhan GL, Feilmeier MR, Camras CB, McLaughlin MA. Effects of a Prostaglandin DP Receptor Agonist, AL-6598, on Aqueous Humor Dynamics in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22:86-92. [PMID: 16722794 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2006.22.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines, in 11 cynomolgus monkeys with unilateral laser-induced glaucoma, the ocular hypotensive mechanism of action of AL-6598, partial agonist at the DP and EP prostanoid receptors. In a crossover fashion, both eyes of each monkey were dosed twice daily with 25 microL of either AL-6598 0.01% or vehicle for 2 days and on the morning of the 3rd day. Measurements were made on day 3 of each treatment. Alternative treatments were separated by at least 2 weeks. Intraocular pressures (IOPs) were measured by pneumatonometry and aqueous flow and outflow facility by fluorophotometry. Uveoscleral outflow was calculated mathematically. In the normotensive eyes, compared to vehicle treatment, AL-6598 decreased IOP from 22.5 +/- 0.7 to 18.7 +/- 0.9 mmHg (P = 0.006), increased uveoscleral outflow from 0.47 +/- 0.17 to 1.22 +/- 0.17 microL/min (P = 0.03), and increased aqueous flow from 1.49 +/- 0.10 to 1.93 +/- 0.13 microL/min (P = 0.01). No measurement in AL-6598-treated hypertensive eyes was significantly different from vehicle treatment. It is concluded that AL-6598 reduces IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow in normotensive eyes of ketamine-sedated monkeys, despite an increase in aqueous flow. This effect is different from that of PGD(2), which decreases aqueous flow, and of the selective DP receptor agonist, BW245C, which increases both outflow facility and uveoscleral outflow in addition to decreasing aqueous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5840, USA.
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McLaughlin MA, Lyne AG, Lorimer DR, Kramer M, Faulkner AJ, Manchester RN, Cordes JM, Camilo F, Possenti A, Stairs IH, Hobbs G, D'Amico N, Burgay M, O'Brien JT. Transient radio bursts from rotating neutron stars. Nature 2006; 439:817-20. [PMID: 16482150 DOI: 10.1038/nature04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The radio sky is relatively unexplored for transient signals, although the potential of radio-transient searches is high. This was demonstrated recently by the discovery of a previously unknown type of source, varying on timescales of minutes to hours. Here we report a search for radio sources that vary on much shorter timescales. We found eleven objects characterized by single, dispersed bursts having durations between 2 and 30 ms. The average time intervals between bursts range from 4 min to 3 h with radio emission typically detectable for <1 s per day. From an analysis of the burst arrival times, we have identified periodicities in the range 0.4-7 s for ten of the eleven sources, suggesting origins in rotating neutron stars. Despite the small number of sources detected at present, their ephemeral nature implies a total Galactic population significantly exceeding that of the regularly pulsing radio pulsars. Five of the ten sources have periods >4 s, and the rate of change of the pulse period has been measured for three of them; for one source, we have inferred a high magnetic field strength of 5 x 10(13) G. This suggests that the new population is related to other classes of isolated neutron stars observed at X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McLaughlin
- Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK11 9DL, UK.
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May JA, Dantanarayana AP, Zinke PW, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA. 1-((S)-2-Aminopropyl)-1H-indazol-6-ol: A Potent Peripherally Acting 5-HT2 Receptor Agonist with Ocular Hypotensive Activity. J Med Chem 2005; 49:318-28. [PMID: 16392816 DOI: 10.1021/jm050663x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT(2) receptor agonists have been identified as a potential new class of agents for the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The initially reported tryptamine analogues displayed either poor solution stability, potent central nervous system activity, or both of these undesirable characteristics and were unacceptable for clinical evaluation. A series of 1-(2-aminopropyl)-1H-indazole analogues was synthesized and evaluated for their suitability for consideration as clinical candidates. 1-((S)-2-Aminopropyl)-1H-indazol-6-ol (9) was identified as a peripherally acting potent 5-HT(2) receptor agonist (EC(50) = 42.7 nM, E(max) = 89%) with high selectivity for the 5-HT(2) receptors relative to other serotonergic receptor subtypes and other families of receptors and has significantly greater solution stability than alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine. Additionally, 9 potently lowers intraocular pressure in conscious ocular hypertensive monkeys (-13 mmHg, 33%); this reduction appears to be through a local rather than a centrally mediated effect. Compound 9 appears to be an excellent 5-HT(2) receptor agonist for conducting further studies directed toward a clinical proof-of-concept study for this class of ocular hypotensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A May
- Ophthalmology Discovery Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, USA.
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Gaensler BM, Kouveliotou C, Gelfand JD, Taylor GB, Eichler D, Wijers RAMJ, Granot J, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Lyubarsky YE, Hunstead RW, Campbell-Wilson D, van der Horst AJ, McLaughlin MA, Fender RP, Garrett MA, Newton-McGee KJ, Palmer DM, Gehrels N, Woods PM. An expanding radio nebula produced by a giant flare from the magnetar SGR 1806–20. Nature 2005; 434:1104-6. [PMID: 15858566 DOI: 10.1038/nature03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are 'magnetars', a small class of slowly spinning neutron stars with extreme surface magnetic fields, B approximately 10(15) gauss (refs 1 , 2 -3). On 27 December 2004, a giant flare was detected from the magnetar SGR 1806-20 (ref. 2), only the third such event recorded. This burst of energy was detected by a variety of instruments and even caused an ionospheric disturbance in the Earth's upper atmosphere that was recorded around the globe. Here we report the detection of a fading radio afterglow produced by this outburst, with a luminosity 500 times larger than the only other detection of a similar source. From day 6 to day 19 after the flare from SGR 1806-20, a resolved, linearly polarized, radio nebula was seen, expanding at approximately a quarter of the speed of light. To create this nebula, at least 4 x 10(43) ergs of energy must have been emitted by the giant flare in the form of magnetic fields and relativistic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Gaensler
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanism by which travoprost, a prodrug of a prostaglandin F2alpha analog, reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in cynomolgus monkey eyes. METHODS One eye each of 12 monkeys was treated with laser burns to the trabecular meshwork to elevate IOP. At least 4 months later (Baseline Day), IOP was measured by pneumatonometry (9:00 AM and 11:45 AM), and aqueous flow and outflow facility were determined by a fluorophotometric method. Uveoscleral outflow was calculated. Both eyes were treated with travoprost 0.004% at 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM for two days and at 9:30 AM on the third day (Treatment Day), when measurements were repeated as on Baseline Day. Statistical analyses were performed using two-tailed, paired t tests. RESULTS On Treatment Day compared with Baseline Day, IOP in hypertensive eyes was reduced at 2.25 hours (25.8 +/- 11.2 vs 33.7 +/- 13.2 mm Hg; mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM]; P = 0.02) and 16 hours (26.3 +/- 10.2 vs 35.1 +/- 13.6 mm Hg; P = 0.02) after treatment. The increase in uveoscleral outflow was not significant. In normotensive eyes, IOP was reduced at 2.25 hours (19.0 +/- 3.7 vs 23.0 +/- 4.0 mm Hg; P = 0.03) and 16 hours (20.7 +/- 5.4 vs 23.4 +/- 5.3 mm Hg; P = 0.01) after treatment, and uveoscleral outflow was significantly (P = 0.02) increased (1.02 +/- 0.43 vs 0.35 +/- 0.72 microL/min). CONCLUSION Travoprost reduces IOP in normotensive monkey eyes by increasing uveoscleral outflow. The IOP reduction in hypertensive eyes is probably via the same mechanism, although the increased uveoscleral drainage did not reach statistical significance. Travoprost had no effect on aqueous flow or outflow facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5840, USA.
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Glennon RA, Bondarev ML, Khorana N, Young R, May JA, Hellberg MR, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA. Beta-oxygenated analogues of the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6034-41. [PMID: 15537358 DOI: 10.1021/jm040082s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptors represents a novel approach to lowering intraocular pressure. Because 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor agonists might also produce undesirable central effects should sufficient quantities enter the brain, attempts were made to identify 5-HT(2) serotonin receptor agonists with reduced propensity to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. 1-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropan-1-ol (6), an analogue of the 5-HT(2) serotonin receptor agonist 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOB; 1a) bearing a benzylic hydroxyl group, was identified as a candidate structure. Of the four optical isomers of 6, the 1R,2R-isomer (6d; K(i) = 0.5 nM) was found to bind at 5-HT(2A) receptors with an affinity similar to that of R(-)DOB (K(i) = 0.2 nM). Like R(-)DOB, 6d behaved as a partial agonist (efficacy ca. 50%) in a 5-HT(2)-mediated calcium mobilization assay. However, in an in vivo test of central action (i.e., stimulus generalization with rats as subjects), 6d was >15 times less potent than R(-)DOB. O-Methylation of 6d (i.e., 7d; 5-HT(2A) K(i) = 0.3 nM) resulted in an agent that behaved as a full (93% efficacy) agonist. Intraocular administration of 300 microg of 6d and 7d to ocular hypertensive monkeys was shown to reduce intraocular pressure by 20-27%. Given the route of administration (i.e., topical), and concentrations necessary to reduce intraocular pressure, compounds such as 6d should demonstrate minimal central effects at potentially useful therapeutic doses and offer useful leads for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Glennon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Box 980540, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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Selliah RD, Hellberg MR, Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Williams GW, Scott DA, Earnest D, Haggard KS, Dean WD, Delgado P, Gaines MS, Conrow RE, Klimko PG. AL-12182, a novel 11-oxa prostaglandin analog with topical ocular hypotensive activity in the monkey. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4525-8. [PMID: 15357985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 06/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 11-oxa prostaglandin analogs was evaluated for FP receptor binding and activation. Several compounds having aryloxy-terminated lower chains were found to be potent agonists. Topical ocular dosing of AL-12182, the isopropyl ester prodrug of the potent agonist 13, lowered intraocular pressure in the monkey by 40% accompanied by minimal conjunctival hyperemia in the rabbit. AL-12182 was synthesized on multigram scale starting with D-sorbitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Selliah
- Alcon Research, Ltd, Pharmaceutical Products Research, 6201 South Freeway, MS R2-39 Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
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23
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Lyne AG, Burgay M, Kramer M, Possenti A, Manchester RN, Camilo F, McLaughlin MA, Lorimer DR, D'Amico N, Joshi BC, Reynolds J, Freire PCC. A Double-Pulsar System: A Rare Laboratory for Relativistic Gravity and Plasma Physics. Science 2004; 303:1153-7. [PMID: 14716022 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The clocklike properties of pulsars moving in the gravitational fields of their unseen neutron-star companions have allowed unique tests of general relativity and provided evidence for gravitational radiation. We report here the detection of the 2.8-second pulsar J0737-3039B as the companion to the 23-millisecond pulsar J0737-3039A in a highly relativistic double neutron star system, allowing unprecedented tests of fundamental gravitational physics. We observed a short eclipse of J0737-3039A by J0737-3039B and orbital modulation of the flux density and the pulse shape of J0737-3039B, probably because of the influence of J0737-3039A's energy flux on its magnetosphere. These effects will allow us to probe magneto-ionic properties of a pulsar magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Observatory, University of Manchester, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, UK.
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24
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Burgay M, D'Amico N, Possenti A, Manchester RN, Lyne AG, Joshi BC, McLaughlin MA, Kramer M, Sarkissian JM, Camilo F, Kalogera V, Kim C, Lorimer DR. An increased estimate of the merger rate of double neutron stars from observations of a highly relativistic system. Nature 2003; 426:531-3. [PMID: 14654834 DOI: 10.1038/nature02124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The merger of close binary systems containing two neutron stars should produce a burst of gravitational waves, as predicted by the theory of general relativity. A reliable estimate of the double-neutron-star merger rate in the Galaxy is crucial in order to predict whether current gravity wave detectors will be successful in detecting such bursts. Present estimates of this rate are rather low, because we know of only a few double-neutron-star binaries with merger times less than the age of the Universe. Here we report the discovery of a 22-ms pulsar, PSR J0737-3039, which is a member of a highly relativistic double-neutron-star binary with an orbital period of 2.4 hours. This system will merge in about 85 Myr, a time much shorter than for any other known neutron-star binary. Together with the relatively low radio luminosity of PSR J0737-3039, this timescale implies an order-of-magnitude increase in the predicted merger rate for double-neutron-star systems in our Galaxy (and in the rest of the Universe).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burgay
- Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Astronomia, via Ranzani 1, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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25
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Abstract
This study examines the mechanisms by which brinzolamide reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy rabbits and in monkeys with unilateral ocular hypertension. Intraocular pressures were measured by pneumatonometry and aqueous flow was determined by fluorophotometry before and after three twice-daily drops of 1% brinzolamide to both eyes per monkey and after similar treatment to one eye per rabbit. In monkeys, outflow facility was determined by fluorophotometry and uveoscleral outflow was calculated. In rabbits, outflow facility was determined by two-level constant pressure infusion and uveoscleral outflow was measured by an intracameral tracer technique. Compared with contralateral vehicle-treated rabbit eyes, IOP was reduced in brinzolamide-treated eyes by 2.5 +/- 1.9 mmHg (mean +/- standard deviation; p =.006) at four hours after the second dose. Aqueous flow was reduced by 0.50 +/- 0.65 microl/min (p =.02). This effect was found in rabbits previously treated with brinzolamide but not in naive rabbits. Treated hypertensive eyes of monkeys had a reduction in IOP of 7.3 +/- 8.8 mmHg (p = 0.01) and aqueous flow of 0.69 +/- 1.10 microL/min (p = 0.05) when compared with baseline. Brinzolamide did not affect outflow facility or uveoscleral outflow in either rabbits or monkeys. It is concluded that, in normotensive eyes of rabbits and hypertensive eyes of monkeys, brinzolamide reduces IOP by reducing aqueous flow and not by affecting aqueous humor drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5145, USA.
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26
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May JA, Chen HH, Rusinko A, Lynch VM, Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA. A novel and selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist with ocular hypotensive activity: (S)-(+)-1-(2-aminopropyl)-8,9-dihydropyrano[3,2-e]indole. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4188-95. [PMID: 12954071 DOI: 10.1021/jm030205t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonists have recently been shown to be effective in lowering intraocular pressure in nonhuman primates and represent a potential new class of antiglaucoma agents. As part of an effort to identify new selective agonists at this receptor, we have found that (S)-(+)-1-(2-aminopropyl)-8,9-dihydropyrano[3,2-e]indole (AL-37350A, 11) has high affinity and selectivity (>1000-fold) for the 5-HT(2) receptor relative to other 5-HT receptors. More specifically, 11 is a potent agonist at the 5-HT2A receptor (EC50 = 28.6 nM, E(max) = 103%) that is comparable to serotonin. Evaluation of 11 in conscious ocular hypertensive cynomolgus monkeys showed this compound to be efficacious in reducing intraocular pressure (13.1 mmHg, -37%). Thus, 11 is a potent full agonist with selectivity for the 5-HT2 receptor and is anticipated to serve as a useful tool in exploring the role of the 5-HT2 receptor and its effector system in controlling intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A May
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Ophthalmic Products Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, USA.
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27
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May JA, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA, Hellberg MR, Dean TR. Evaluation of the ocular hypotensive response of serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor ligands in conscious ocular hypertensive cynomolgus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:301-9. [PMID: 12676887 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.049528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Published investigations of serotonin-1A (5-hydroxytryptamine1A; 5-HT1A) receptor agonists and serotonin-2A (5-hydroxytryptamine2A; 5-HT2A) receptor antagonists in nonprimate species provide conflicting results with regard to their intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy. Thus, their therapeutic utility in the treatment of human glaucoma has been confusing. We evaluated the effect of selected 5-HT1A agonists and 5-HT2A receptor antagonists on intraocular pressure in a nonhuman primate model, the conscious cynomolgus monkey with laser-induced ocular hypertension. Neither selective 5-HT1A agonists [e.g., R-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin and flesinoxan] nor selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonists [e.g., R-(+)-alpha-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinemethanol (M-100907) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-N-[6-[(2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)oxy]-3-pyridinyl]-1H-indole-1-carboxamide (SB-242084)] lowered intraocular pressure in the primate model following topical ocular administration. However, compounds that function as agonists at both the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors were found to effectively lower intraocular pressure in the model: 5-hydroxy-alpha-methyltryptamine, 5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine, 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (bufotenine), and 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Furthermore, the selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist R-(-)-1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane lowered intraocular pressure in the primate model, demonstrating a pharmacological response associated with activation of the 5-HT2 receptor. These observations suggest that compounds that function as efficient agonists at 5-HT2 receptors should be considered as potential agents for the control of intraocular pressure in the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A May
- Ophthalmic Products Research, Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Ft. Worth, TX 76134, USA.
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28
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Hellberg MR, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA, DeSantis L, Dean TR, Kyba EP, Bishop JE, Klimko PG, Zinke PW, Selliah RD, Barnes G, DeFaller J, Kothe A, Landry T, Sullivan EK, Andrew R, Davis AA, Silver L, Bergamini MVW, Robertson S, Weiner AL, Sallee VL. Identification and characterization of the ocular hypotensive efficacy of travoprost, a potent and selective FP prostaglandin receptor agonist, and AL-6598, a DP prostaglandin receptor agonist. Surv Ophthalmol 2002; 47 Suppl 1:S13-33. [PMID: 12204698 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity studies that led to the identification of travoprost, a highly selective and potent FP prostaglandin analog, and AL-6598, a DP prostaglandin analog, are detailed. In both series, the 1-alcohol analogs are very effective and are thought to be acting as prodrugs for the biologically active carboxylic acids. The efficacy of amide prodrugs depends on the degree of substitution and the size of the substituents. Selected compounds are profiled in vitro and in vivo preclinically. Clinical studies show that travoprost 0.004% (isopropyl ester) provided intraocular pressure control superior to timolol 0.5% when used as monotherapy in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In clinical studies, AL-6598 0.01% provided a sustained intraocular pressure reduction with q.d. application; b.i.d. provided greater intraocular pressure control. The acute and, apparently, conjunctival hyperemia associated with topical ocular AL-6598 can be attenuated while maintaining intraocular pressure-lowering efficacy by formulating with brimonidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hellberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Alcon Research Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA.
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29
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Hellberg MR, Conrow RE, Sharif NA, McLaughlin MA, Bishop JE, Crider JY, Dean WD, DeWolf KA, Pierce DR, Sallee VL, Selliah RD, Severns BS, Sproull SJ, Williams GW, Zinke PW, Klimko PG. 3-Oxa-15-cyclohexyl prostaglandin DP receptor agonists as topical antiglaucoma agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2031-49. [PMID: 11937363 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of prostaglandin DP agonists containing a 3-oxa-15-cyclohexyl motif was synthesized and evaluated in several in vitro and in vivo biological assays. The reference compound ZK 118.182 (9beta-chloro-15-cyclohexyl-3-oxa-omega-pentanor PGF(2alpha)) is a potent full agonist at the prostaglandin DP receptor. Saturation of the 13,14 olefin affords AL-6556, which is less potent but is still a full agonist. Replacement of the 9-chlorine with a hydrogen atom or inversion of the carbon 15 stereochemistry also reduces affinity. In in vivo studies ZK 118.182 lowers intraocular pressure (IOP) upon topical application in the ocular hypertensive monkey. Ester, 1-alcohol, and selected amide prodrugs of the carboxylic acid enhance in vivo potency, presumably by increasing bioavailability. The clinical candidate AL-6598, the isopropyl ester prodrug of AL-6556, produces a maximum 53% drop in monkey IOP with a 1 microg dose (0.003% w/w) using a twice-daily dosing regime. Synthetically, AL-6598 was accessed from known intermediate 1 using a novel key sequence to install the cis allyl ether in the alpha chain, involving a selective Swern oxidative desilylation of a primary silyl ether in the presence of a secondary silyl ether. In this manner, 136 g of AL-6598 was synthesized under GMP conditions for evaluation in phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hellberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Alcon Research, Ltd., Pharmaceutical Products Research, 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
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30
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Pang IH, Moll H, McLaughlin MA, Knepper PA, De Santis L, Epstein DL, Clark AF. Ocular hypotensive and aqueous outflow-enhancing effects of AL-3037A (sodium ferri ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Exp Eye Res 2001; 73:815-25. [PMID: 11846512 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2001.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AL-3037A (Sodium ferri ethylenediaminetetraacetate), a novel compound shown to stimulate the degradation of glycosaminoglycans, was evaluated for its effects on aqueous humor outflow and intraocular pressure (IOP) in four experimental models. Its effect on outflow facility was assessed in bovine and human ocular perfusion organ cultures. Its IOP effect was tested in normotensive and dexamethasone-induced ocular hypertensive rabbits. In bovine eyes, perfusion with AL-3037A (0.1% w/v, 2.3 m M) significantly increased the outflow facility well above the normal 'wash-out' effect. At 30 min after perfusion, the outflow facility of drug-treated eyes increased by 26.0+/-2.8% (mean +/- S.E.(M.), n = 8), significantly higher than the 12.1 +/- 2.8% increase in vehicle-treated eyes. This difference sustained throughout the study period (2 hr). The compound also enhanced aqueous outflow in perfused human anterior segments. In non-glaucomatous eyes, it produced a small decrease in IOP (15.4 +/- 4.6%, n = 17), but in tissues derived from glaucoma patients, bolus administration of 3 mg (7 micromol) of AL-3037A lowered the IOP by 52-68% (n = 2) lasting for at least 3 hr. This outflow-enhancing effect of AL-3037A in ex vivo studies was confirmed by in vivo results. In normotensive rabbits, oral (50 mg kg(-1)), intravenous (10 mg kg(-1)), or topical (2 mg; 50 microl of 4% w/v solution) administration of AL-3037A produced maximum reduction of IOP, when compared to vehicle-treated animals, by 34.7+/-3.5% (n = 10), 22.0 +/- 4.6% (n = 10), and 21.6 +/-4.5% (n = 10), respectively. In dexamethasone induced ocular hypertensive rabbits, topical application of the compound (0.5 mg; 25 microl of 2% w/v solution) reduced IOP significantly by 19.2+/- 0.4% (n = 7) at 3 hr after dosing. Importantly, the IOP lowering effect of AL-3037A did not diminish even after repeated treatments in consecutive days. Thus, in the four study models across three animal species, AL-3037A was demonstrated to be an efficacious ocular hypotensive compound whose effect is most likely mediated by augmentation of the aqueous outflow. Its proposed action on the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans may provide a new and unique mechanism for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Pang
- Alcon Research, Ltd, 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA
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31
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Abstract
A simple analytical procedure using FT-NIR and multivariate techniques for the rapid determination of individual sugars in fruit juices was evaluated. Different NIR detection devices and sample preparation methods were tested by using model solutions to determine their analytical performance. Aqueous solutions of sugar mixtures (glucose, fructose, and sucrose; 0-8% w/v) were used to develop a calibration model. Direct measurements were made by transflection using a reflectance accessory, by transmittance using a 0.5-mm cell, and by reflectance using a fiberglass paper filter. FT-NIR spectral data were transformed to the second derivative. Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to create calibration models that were cross-validated (leave-one-out approach). The prediction ability of the models was evaluated on fruit juices and compared with HPLC and standard enzymatic techniques. The PLSR loading spectra showed characteristic absorption bands for the different sugars. Models generated from transmittance spectra gave the best performance with standard error of prediction (SEP) <0.10% and R(2) of 99.9% that accurately and precisely predicted the sugar levels in juices, whereas lower precision was obtained with models generated from reflectance spectra. FT-NIR spectroscopy allowed for the rapid ( approximately 3 min analysis time), accurate and non-destructive analysis of sugars in juices and could be applied in quality control of beverages or to monitor for adulteration or contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rodriguez-Saona
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), 200 C St. SW, Washington, DC 20204, USA
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32
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Hellberg MR, Sallee VL, McLaughlin MA, Sharif NA, Desantis L, Dean TR, Zinke PW. Preclinical efficacy of travoprost, a potent and selective FP prostaglandin receptor agonist. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001; 17:421-32. [PMID: 11765147 DOI: 10.1089/108076801753266802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Travoprost is the isopropyl ester prodrug of a high affinity, selective FP prostaglandin full receptor agonist. In contrast to travoprost acid's high affinity and efficacy at the FP receptor, there is only sub-micromolar affinity for the DP, EP1, EP3, EP4, IP, and TP receptors. Travoprost produced a lower incidence of ocular irritation than PGF20 isopropyl ester at a dose of 1 microg in the New Zealand albino (NZA) rabbit. Topical ocular application of travoprost produced a marked miotic effect in cats following doses of 0.01, 0.03 and 0.1 microg. In the ocular hypertensive monkey, b.i.d. application of 0.1 and 0.3 microg of travoprost afforded peak reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) of 22.7% and 28.6%, respectively. Topical application of travoprost was well tolerated in rabbits, cats and monkeys, causing no ocular irritation or discomfort at doses up to 1 microg. Travoprost is a promising ocular hypotensive prostaglandin FP derivative that has the ocular hypotensive efficacy of PGF2alpha isopropyl ester but with less severe ocular side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hellberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Glaucoma Research, Alcon Research Ltd., Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Habitual exercise provides numerous health benefits to the older adult. While dynamic aerobic activities increase stamina and lung capacity, isometric or resistance training improves muscle strength and endurance. Long-term benefits of continued exercise include a decreased risk of death from heart disease, enhanced balance and mobility, a decreased risk of diabetes, and an improvement in depressive symptoms. While the hazards of exercise relate predominantly to extremes of intensity and duration, all older adults should consult with a physician before beginning a new activity program. A prescription for exercise should include both aerobic and resistance training components, and frequent follow-up to improve adherence is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Karani
- Department of Geriatrics and Adult Development, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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34
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Hannan EL, Magaziner J, Wang JJ, Eastwood EA, Silberzweig SB, Gilbert M, Morrison RS, McLaughlin MA, Orosz GM, Siu AL. Mortality and locomotion 6 months after hospitalization for hip fracture: risk factors and risk-adjusted hospital outcomes. JAMA 2001; 285:2736-42. [PMID: 11386929 DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.21.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hip fracture is a common clinical problem that leads to considerable mortality and disability. A need exists for a practical means to monitor and improve outcomes, including function, for patients with hip fracture. OBJECTIVES To identify and compare the importance of significant prefracture predictors of functional status and mortality at 6 months for patients hospitalized with hip fracture and to compare risk-adjusted outcomes for hospitals providing initial care. DESIGN Prospective study with data obtained from medical records and through structured interviews with patients and proxies. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 571 adults aged 50 years or older with hip fracture who were admitted to 4 New York, NY, metropolitan hospitals between August 1997 and August 1998. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In-hospital and 6-month mortality; locomotion at 6 months; and adverse outcomes at 6 months, defined as death or needing assistance to ambulate, compared by hospital, adjusting for patient risk factors. RESULTS The in-hospital mortality rate was 1.6%. At 6 months, the mortality rate was 13.5%, and another 12.8% needed total assistance to ambulate. Laboratory values were strong predictors of mortality but were not significantly associated with locomotion. Age and prefracture residence at a nursing home were significant predictors of locomotion (P =.02 for both) but were not significantly associated with mortality. Adjustment for baseline characteristics either substantially augmented or diminished interhospital differences in outcomes. Two hospitals had 1 outcome (functional status or mortality) that was significantly worse than the overall mean while the other outcome was nonsignificantly better than average. CONCLUSIONS Mortality and functional status ideally should be considered both together and individually to distinguish effects limited to one or the other outcome. Hospital performance for these 2 measures may differ substantially after adjustment, probably because different processes of care are important to each outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Hannan
- Department of Health Policy, Management, and Behavior, University at Albany-State University of New York, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144-3456, USA
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35
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McLaughlin MA. The aging heart. State-of-the-art prevention and management of cardiac disease. Geriatrics (Basel) 2001; 56:45-9; quiz 50. [PMID: 11417374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal aging heart undergoes pathophysiologic changes that over time undermine cardiac structure and function. In older persons, declining cardiac function can be accelerated or exacerbated by chronic diseases such as hypertension or heart failure. The convergence of normal alterations and distinct cardiovascular conditions--disorders of rhythm, disorders of the organ itself, and vascular disease--compound the challenge of clinical management. This task is becoming somewhat less complex as new information emerges from clinical studies seeking more effective approaches to preventing and managing myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction.
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36
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Low NH, McLaughlin MA, Page SW, Canas BJ, Brause AR, Low NH. Identification of hydrolyzed inulin syrup and high-fructose corn syrup in apple juice by capillary gas chromatography: PVM 4:1999. J AOAC Int 2001; 84:486-92. [PMID: 11324615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A peer-verified, gas chromatographic (GC) method is presented for the identification of hydrolyzed inulin syrup (HIS) and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in apple juice. The procedure involves determining the Brix value of the apple juice or apple juice concentrate and preparing a dilution of the test sample to 5.5 degrees Brix. A 100 microL aliquot of the 5.5 degrees Brix test solution is then freeze-dried in a GC autosampler vial. The sugars in the freeze-dried residue are converted to trimethylsilyl derivatives, by the addition of an appropriate silylation reagent, and the vial is heated at 75 degrees C for 30 min. After derivatization, the solution is introduced into a gas chromatograph where the analytes are separated on a 30 m, 0.25 mm id DB-5 column. The method can use hydrogen, helium, or nitrogen as the carrier gas. The analytes and marker compounds are measured by use of a flame ionization detecone of the 2 syrups at 2 levels. Dilution was ascertained by the presence of retrograde sugar markers found in the 2 sugar syrups. All 3 laboratories involved in the study were able to identify the correct diluent in the blind, randomly coded, apple juice test portions. The levels of dilution in the test portions were 0, 6.9% (HIS), 16.0% (HIS), 8.1% (HFCS), and 17.0% (HFCS). No false positive results were reported. Quantitative conclusions can be drawn when the same syrup is used for dilution and as a reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Low
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Sciences, Saskatoon, Canada
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37
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McLaughlin MA. Thoughts on vaccination protocols. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1458-9. [PMID: 11128530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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38
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Toris CB, Zhan GL, Wang YL, Zhao J, McLaughlin MA, Camras CB, Yablonski ME. Aqueous humor dynamics in monkeys with laser-induced glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2000; 16:19-27. [PMID: 10673127 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2000.16.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determines the effects of laser-induced glaucoma on aqueous humor dynamics of 18 cynomolgus monkeys. Baseline measurements of 12 monkeys included intraocular pressure (IOP) by pneumatonometry, aqueous flow by fluorophotometry and outflow facility by tonography. Beginning 4 to 14 days later, the trabecular meshwork of one eye was treated repeatedly with laser photocoagulation until elevated IOP was induced. Thirty-six to 75 days after the last laser treatment, all measurements were repeated. Between 1.7 and 11.4 years after laser treatment, the same 12 monkeys plus 6 additional monkeys underwent IOP and aqueous flow measurements. In addition, outflow facility was determined with fluorophotometry, and uveoscleral outflow was both calculated (n=18) and measured with an intracameral tracer (n=7). In glaucoma eyes compared to control eyes (n=12), IOP was increased (p<0.04) by at least 8 mmHg at Time 1 (1 to 3 months) or Time 2 (3 to 4 years) after laser treatment; aqueous flow was reduced (p=0.0007) by 46% at Time 1 but returned to baseline levels at Time 2; tonographic outflow facility was reduced (p=0.0008) by 71% at Time 1. In lasered eyes compared to control eyes, fluorophotometric outflow facility was reduced (p=0.0008; n=18) by 63%, and uveoscleral outflow was increased (p<0.05), whether calculated or measured with tracers at least 1 year after laser treatment. The increased IOP in monkeys with laser-induced glaucoma was caused by a sustained reduction in outflow facility. The uveoscleral outflow increase was not enough to prevent the rise in IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-5540, USA.
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Williams RG, McLaughlin MA, Eulenberg B, Hurm M, Nendaz MR. The Patient Findings Questionnaire: one solution to an important standardized patient examination problem. Acad Med 1999; 74:1118-1124. [PMID: 10536634 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199910000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the Patient Findings Questionnaire (PFQ) and compare its scores and pass/fail decisions with those obtained from standardized patient (SP) examination checklists. METHOD Checklists and PFQs were used to assess data acquisition by 790 second-year medical students. PFQs were composed of multiple-choice items designed to determine whether examines had acquired key historical patient information. RESULTS At the item level, the two measurement methods yielded the same decisions about data acquisition on 88% of observed occasions. Most discrepancies (74%) involved SPs rating examinees as having elicited information when the examinee was unable to answer the associated PFQ item. At the test level, the two instruments yielded the same pass/fail decision on a large majority of occasions. CONCLUSIONS The PFQ and checklist yielded similar data acquisition scores and decisions at the item and test levels. Replacement of the checklist with the PFQ should result in examinees' behaving in a way more consistent with recommended interviewing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Williams
- Department of Medical Education (M/C 591), University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA.
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40
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Luo X, Christie NA, McLaughlin MA, Belcastro R, Sedlackova L, Cabacungan J, Freeman BA, Tanswell AK. H2O2 mediates O2 toxicity in cultured fetal rat distal lung epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:1357-68. [PMID: 10401598 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown which of the reactive oxygen species is primarily responsible for the cytotoxicity of 95% O2 for rat distal fetal lung epithelial cells in vitro. Incubation of cells with 25 U/ml polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated SOD and 50 U/ml PEG-catalase, but not PEG-SOD or SOD mimics alone, significantly reduced 95% O2-mediated cytotoxicity. Liposome-entrapped catalase, without SOD, also significantly reduced 95% O2-mediated cytotoxicity. Increased formation of lipid hydroperoxides, as assessed by the formation of 8-isoprostane and aldehydes, was attenuated by both 100 microM Trolox, a vitamin E analogue, and by 5 microM U74389G, an amino steroid. Trolox, but not U74389G, prevented an increase in cell-derived H2O2, hydroxyl radical and 95% O2-mediated cytotoxicity. An increase in hydroxyl radical formation, but not cell death, observed in 95% O2, was prevented by 0.1 microM phenanthrolene, a cell permeant iron chelator. DNA extracts of rat distal fetal lung epithelial cells maintained under serum-free conditions had an electrophoretic pattern consistent with some degree of apoptosis. However, no increase in laddering was seen with exposure to 95% O2. These data are consistent with hydrogen peroxide, but not lipid hydroperoxides or hydroxyl radical, being a critical effector of O2-mediated necrotic cell death in distal lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Luo
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with a hemorrhagic disorder of unknown cause that responds to treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. METHODS We studied a newly described receptor for fibrinolytic proteins, annexin II, in cells from patients with APL or other leukemias. We examined initial rates of in vitro generation of plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in the presence of APL cells that did or did not have the characteristic translocation of APL, t(15;17). We also determined the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on the expression of annexin II and the generation of cell-surface plasmin. RESULTS The expression of annexin II, as detected by a fluorescein-tagged antibody, was greater on leukemic cells from patients with APL than on other types of leukemic cells (mean fluorescence intensity, 6.9 and 2.9, respectively; P<0.01). The t(15;17)-positive APL cells stimulated the generation of cell-surface, t-PA-dependent plasmin twice as efficiently as the t(15;17)-negative cells. This increase in plasmin was blocked by an anti-annexin II antibody and was induced by transfection of t(15;17)-negative cells with annexin II complementary DNA. The t(15;17)-positive APL cells contained abundant messenger RNA for annexin II, which disappeared through a transcriptional mechanism after treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. CONCLUSIONS Abnormally high levels of expression of annexin II on APL cells increase the production of plasmin, a fibrinolytic protein. Overexpression of annexin II may be a mechanism for the hemorrhagic complications of APL.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Annexin A2/drug effects
- Annexin A2/genetics
- Annexin A2/immunology
- Annexin A2/metabolism
- Antibodies/physiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Fibrinolysin/biosynthesis
- Fibrinolysis/drug effects
- Fibrinolysis/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Disorders/etiology
- Humans
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/complications
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Menell
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Nora LM, McLaughlin MA, Fosson SE, Jacob SK, Schmidt JL, Witzke D. Does exposure to gender discrimination and sexual harassment impact medical students' specialty choices and residency program selections? Acad Med 1996; 71:S22-S24. [PMID: 8940924 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199610000-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Nora
- Office of Academic Affairs, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40536-0084, USA
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Abstract
The authors studied whether grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) would learn referential English vocalizations if training lacked full social interaction with humans. In previous studies, grey parrots learned human vocalizations most readily when training simultaneously demonstrated the meaning (full reference) and function (full contextual applicability) of the utterance and actively engaged the subject in learning (full interaction). Those studies, however, did not contrast effects of limited and full interaction or examine how interaction affects contextual applicability. Because an important factor in child language acquisition is joint attention-the social interaction between caretaker and human infant concerning objects and actions in their environment-the authors contrasted training in which joint attention was present or absent (i.e., full vs. limited interaction) and found that 2 parrots did not learn in the absence of joint attention but did learn English labels when full interaction was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Pepperberg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
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McLaughlin MA, Fuster V. The three mechanisms for coronary artery disease progression: insights into future management. Mt Sinai J Med 1995; 62:265-74. [PMID: 7565849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of atherosclerotic progression have been well elucidated during the last few years. Basic experimental and clinical information has helped define the three stages of progression. In this review we outline the pathologic and clinical differences between slow, rapid, and intermediate progression. The eight morphologically different lesions (types I, II, III, IV, Va, Vb, Vc, and VI) in their various stages are defined. The relationship between specific type of lesion and chronic endothelial injury, cardiac risk factors, and increased vascular permeability to lipids is noteworthy. In regard to the acute coronary syndromes, the fate of plaque rupture and our understanding of "passive" vs. "active" rupture are defined. In addition to the phenomenon of plaque rupture, the thrombogenicity of atherosclerotic plaques in the genesis of coronary syndromes is described. The combination of plaque disruption and a high thrombogenic risk profile--including local and systemic factors--is vital to understanding the genesis of the acute coronary syndromes. In approaching the use of these new insights to arrest or reverse the atherosclerotic process, it is essential to remember that the disease process starts early in life and takes many years to progress to the symptomatic stage. The future holds promise for the development of preventive strategies to halt the progression of coronary disease--the number one killer in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McLaughlin
- Department of Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McLaughlin
- Medical Student Programs, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Il 60612
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46
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Abstract
Microcalorimetry has been used to determine enthalpy changes for the hydrolysis of a series of oligosaccharides. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to determine the extents of reaction and to check for any possible side reactions. The enzyme glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase was used to bring about the following hydrolysis reactions: (A) maltose(aq) + H2O(liq) = 2D-glucose(aq); (B) maltotriose(aq) + 2H2O(liq) = 3D-glucose(aq); (C) maltotetraose(aq) + 3H2O(liq) = 4D-glucose(aq); (D) maltopentaose(aq) + 4H2O(liq) = 5D-glucose(aq); (E) maltohexaose(aq) + 5H2O(liq) = 6D-glucose(aq); (F) maltoheptaose(aq) + 6H2O(liq) = 7D-glucose(aq); (G) amylose(aq) + nH2O(liq) = (n + 1) D-glucose(aq); and (H) panose(aq) + 2H2O(liq) = 3D-glucose(aq); (J) isomaltotriose(aq) + 2H2O(liq) = 3D-glucose(aq). The enzyme beta-fructofuranosidase was used for the reactions: (K) raffinose(aq) + H2O(liq) = alpha-D-melibiose(aq) + D-fructose(aq); and (L) stachyose(aq) + H2O(liq) = o-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----6)- alpha-o-D-galactopyranosyl-(1----6)-alpha-D-glucopyranose + D-fructose(aq). The results of the calorimetric measurements (298.15 K, 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.44-6.00) are: delta H0A = -4.55 +/- 0.10, delta H0B = -9.03 +/- 0.10, delta H0C = -13.79 +/- 0.15, delta H0D = -18.12 +/- 0.10, delta H0E = -22.40 +/- 0.15, delta H0F = -26.81 +/- 0.20, delta H0H = 1.46 +/- 0.40, delta H0J = 11.4 +/- 2.0, delta H0K = -15.25 +/- 0.20, and delta H0L = -14.93 +/- 0.20 kJ mol-1. The enthalpies of hydrolysis of two different samples of amylose were 1062 +/- 20 and 2719 +/- 100 kJ mol-1, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Goldberg
- Chemical Thermodynamics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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McLaughlin MA, Gay ML. Differentiation of dietary fiber sources by chemical characterization. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 270:295-310. [PMID: 1964015 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5784-1_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A McLaughlin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Food Chemistry and Technology, Washington, DC 20204
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McLaughlin MA. Monitoring the quality of contracted therapy services provided by a vendor: a model for home health services. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1988; 14:40-4. [PMID: 3127772 DOI: 10.1016/s0097-5990(16)30186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many home health care agencies contract with outside vendors to provide some services, such as occupational and physical therapy. The agency, however, must assure the quality of these contracted services. Rush Home Health Service has developed a system for monitoring the quality of care provided by a vendor of rehabilitation services. The system focuses on seven aspects of care provided by the vendor: referral response time, contract therapists' records, visit attempts, timeliness of documentation, presence of required documentation, content of documentation, and the quality of care (goals reached, continuity of care, and patient satisfaction).
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Lauber JK, McLaughlin MA, Chiou GC. Timolol and pilocarpine are hypotensive in light-induced avian glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 1985; 20:147-52. [PMID: 4052863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two antiglaucoma drugs were tested on Hubbard chicks with light-induced avian glaucoma (LIAG). This animal model for open-angle glaucoma was further assessed by a novel method for monitoring aqueous inflow and outflow simultaneously. When the chicks were 8 to 9 weeks of age the preglaucomatous eyes were significantly enlarged (p less than 0.001), weighing a mean of 3.37 g, compared with 2.59 g for a group of normal eyes, but the intraocular pressure (IOP) was slightly lower in the former (13.79 v. 16.46 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). At this age the aqueous outflow was markedly reduced (to 0.70 v. 2.47 microL/min; p less than 0.05), but no change in aqueous inflow could be demonstrated. By 18 to 20 weeks the glaucomatous eyes were further enlarged (mean weight 4.67 v. 3.76 g; p less than 0.001) and hypertensive (mean IOP 29.85 v. 22.27 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). Timolol elicited a 29% to 33% reduction in the IOP at 8 to 9 weeks in both groups of eyes. At 18 to 20 weeks it reduced the IOP of the glaucomatous eyes to normal values but caused a less marked reduction in the normal eyes. Pilocarpine elicited an initial sharp rise in the IOP but was ultimately hypotensive, causing about a 33% decrease from the preinfusion IOP, in both young and adult birds.
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Abstract
Open-angle glaucoma is treated primarily with drugs, some of which have been used clinically for years. These drugs include: 1) cholinergic agonists that increase aqueous humor outflow, 2) adrenergic agonists and antagonist that affect both aqueous humor formation and outflow, and 3) carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that decrease aqueous humor formation. Several new classes of drugs are being tested for efficacy and mechanism of action. They include: 1) the D-isomer of timolol that reduces aqueous humor formation without producing adrenergic blockade, 2) dopaminergic agonists and antagonists, including bromocriptine and butyrophenones that reduce intraocular pressure, and 3) cannabinoids that reduce aqueous humor formation and increase outflow. In addition, several other types of drugs, such as prostaglandins, diuretics, Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors, and adenyl cyclase stimulators are just now beginning to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McLaughlin
- Institute of Ocular Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station
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