51
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Kasper M, Stengl A, Ochtrop P, Gerlach M, Stoschek T, Schumacher D, Helma J, Penkert M, Krause E, Leonhardt H, Hackenberger CPR. Ethynylphosphonamidates for the Rapid and Cysteine‐Selective Generation of Efficacious Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc‐André Kasper
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Stengl
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Großhadenerstr. 2 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Philipp Ochtrop
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Marcus Gerlach
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Großhadenerstr. 2 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Tina Stoschek
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Großhadenerstr. 2 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Dominik Schumacher
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Großhadenerstr. 2 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Jonas Helma
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Großhadenerstr. 2 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Martin Penkert
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Großhadenerstr. 2 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Christian P. R. Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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52
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Kasper MA, Stengl A, Ochtrop P, Gerlach M, Stoschek T, Schumacher D, Helma J, Penkert M, Krause E, Leonhardt H, Hackenberger CPR. Ethynylphosphonamidates for the Rapid and Cysteine-Selective Generation of Efficacious Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11631-11636. [PMID: 31250955 PMCID: PMC6851832 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Requirements for novel bioconjugation reactions for the synthesis of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are exceptionally high, since conjugation selectivity as well as the stability and hydrophobicity of linkers and payloads drastically influence the performance and safety profile of the final product. We report Cys‐selective ethynylphosphonamidates as new reagents for the rapid generation of efficacious ADCs from native non‐engineered monoclonal antibodies through a simple one‐pot reduction and alkylation. Ethynylphosphonamidates can be easily substituted with hydrophilic residues, giving rise to electrophilic labeling reagents with tunable solubility properties. We demonstrate that ethynylphosphonamidate‐linked ADCs have excellent properties for next‐generation antibody therapeutics in terms of serum stability and in vivo antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Kasper
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengl
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadenerstr. 2, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Philipp Ochtrop
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Gerlach
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadenerstr. 2, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tina Stoschek
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadenerstr. 2, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dominik Schumacher
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadenerstr. 2, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jonas Helma
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadenerstr. 2, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Penkert
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhadenerstr. 2, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology Department, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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53
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Fulcher JA, Tamshen K, Wollenberg AL, Kickhoefer VA, Mrazek J, Elliott J, Ibarrondo FJ, Anton PA, Rome LH, Maynard HD, Deming T, Yang OO. Human Vault Nanoparticle Targeted Delivery of Antiretroviral Drugs to Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2216-2227. [PMID: 31265254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
"Vaults" are ubiquitously expressed endogenous ribonucleoprotein nanoparticles with potential utility for targeted drug delivery. Here, we show that recombinant human vault nanoparticles are readily engulfed by certain key human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), predominately dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and activated T cells. As these cell types are the primary targets for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, we examined the utility of recombinant human vaults for targeted delivery of antiretroviral drugs. We chemically modified three different antiretroviral drugs, zidovudine, tenofovir, and elvitegravir, for direct conjugation to vaults. Tested in infection assays, drug-conjugated vaults inhibited HIV-1 infection of PBMC with equivalent activity to free drugs, indicating vault delivery and drug release in the cytoplasm of HIV-1-susceptible cells. The ability to deliver functional drugs via vault nanoparticle conjugates suggests their potential utility for targeted drug delivery against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Fulcher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Kyle Tamshen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Alexander L Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Valerie A Kickhoefer
- Department of Biological Chemistry , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Jan Mrazek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Julie Elliott
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - F Javier Ibarrondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Peter A Anton
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States.,AIDS Healthcare Foundation , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Timothy Deming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States.,Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California , United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles , California , United States.,AIDS Healthcare Foundation , Los Angeles , California , United States
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54
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Yaghoubi S, Karimi MH, Lotfinia M, Gharibi T, Mahi-Birjand M, Kavi E, Hosseini F, Sineh Sepehr K, Khatami M, Bagheri N, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M. Potential drugs used in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) architecture for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:31-64. [PMID: 31215038 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic small-molecule drugs have a major influence on the fate of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). An ideal cytotoxic agent should be highly potent, remain stable while linked to ADCs, kill the targeted tumor cell upon internalization and release from the ADCs, and maintain its activity in multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Lessons learned from successful and failed experiences in ADC development resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel highly potent small molecules. A better understanding of such small-molecule drugs is important for development of effective ADCs. The present review discusses requirements making a payload appropriate for antitumor ADCs and focuses on the main characteristics of commonly-used cytotoxic payloads that showed acceptable results in clinical trials. In addition, the present study represents emerging trends and recent advances of payloads used in ADCs currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | | | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Motahare Mahi-Birjand
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kavi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- NanoBioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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55
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Duerr C, Friess W. Antibody-drug conjugates- stability and formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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56
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Chio TI, Gu H, Mukherjee K, Tumey LN, Bane SL. Site-Specific Bioconjugation and Multi-Bioorthogonal Labeling via Rapid Formation of a Boron-Nitrogen Heterocycle. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1554-1564. [PMID: 31026151 PMCID: PMC6585445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of covalent bond formation in the presence of multiple functional groups is pertinent in the development of many next-generation bioconjugates and materials. Strategies derived from bioorthogonal chemistries are contributing greatly in that regard; however, the gain of chemoselectivity is often compromised by the slow rates of many of these existing chemistries. Recent work on a variation of the classical aldehyde/ketone condensation based on ortho-carbonylphenylboronic acids has uncovered markedly accelerated rates compared to those of the simple carbonyl counterparts. The products of these reactions are distinct, often in the form of boron-nitrogen heterocycles. In particular, we have shown that 2-formylphenylboronic acid (2fPBA), when coupled with an α-amino-hydrazide, produces a unique zwitterionic and stable 2,3,1-benzodiazaborine derivative. In this work, we apply this chemistry to generate chemically defined and functional bioconjugates, herein illustrated with immunoconjugates. We show that an antibody and a fluorophore (as payload) equipped with the relevant reactive handles undergo rapid conjugation at near-stoichiometric ratios, displaying a reaction half-life of only ∼5 min with 2 equiv of the linker payload. Importantly, the reaction can be extended to multicomponent labeling by partnering with the popular strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition and tetrazine- trans-cyclooctene (Tz-TCO) ligation. The mutual orthogonality to both of these chemistries allows simultaneous triple bioorthogonal conjugations, a rare feat thus far that will widen the scope of various multilabeling applications. Further collaboration with the Tz-TCO reaction enables rapid one-pot synthesis of a site-specific dual-payload antibody conjugate. Altogether, we envision that the 2fPBA-α-amino-hydrazide ligation will facilitate efficient assembly of diverse bioconjugates and materials, enabling access to more complex modalities via partnership with other orthogonal chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Ian Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Han Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - L. Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Susan L. Bane
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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57
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Petrylak DP, Kantoff P, Vogelzang NJ, Mega A, Fleming MT, Stephenson JJ, Frank R, Shore ND, Dreicer R, McClay EF, Berry WR, Agarwal M, DiPippo VA, Rotshteyn Y, Stambler N, Olson WC, Morris SA, Israel RJ. Phase 1 study of PSMA ADC, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen, in chemotherapy-refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:604-613. [PMID: 30663074 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well-characterized target that is overexpressed selectively on prostate cancer cells. PSMA antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody conjugated to the microtubule disrupting agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), which is designed to specifically bind PSMA-positive cells, internalize, and then release its cytotoxic payload into the cells. PSMA ADC has demonstrated potent and selective antitumor activity in preclinical models of advanced prostate cancer. A Phase 1 study was conducted to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor effects of PSMA ADC in subjects with treatment-refractory prostate cancer. METHODS In this first-in-man dose-escalation study, PSMA ADC was administered by intravenous infusion every three weeks to subjects with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who were previously treated with docetaxel chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was to establish a maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The study also examined the pharmacokinetics of the study drug, total antibody, and free MMAE. Antitumor effects were assessed by measuring changes in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), and radiologic imaging. RESULTS Fifty-two subjects were administered doses ranging from 0.4 to 2.8 mg/kg. Subjects had a median of two prior chemotherapy regimens and prior treatment with abiraterone and/or enzalutamide. Neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy were identified as important first-cycle and late dose-limiting toxicities, respectively. The dose of 2.5 mg/kg was determined to be the MTD. Pharmacokinetics were approximately dose-proportional with minimal drug accumulation. Reductions in PSA and CTCs in subjects treated with doses of ≥1.8 mg/kg were durable and often concurrent. CONCLUSIONS In an extensively pretreated mCRPC population, PSMA ADC demonstrated acceptable toxicity. Antitumor activity was observed over dose ranges up to and including 2.5 mg/kg. The observed anti-tumor activity supported further evaluation of this novel agent for the treatment of advanced metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neal D Shore
- Carolina Urologic Research Center, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
| | - Robert Dreicer
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Edward F McClay
- California Cancer Associates for Research & Excellence, Encinitas, California
| | | | - Manish Agarwal
- Associates in Oncology and Hematology, Rockville, Maryland
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58
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Ruokonen SK, Ekholm FS, Wiedmer SK. Assessing the Interactions of Auristatin Derivatives with Mixed Phospholipid-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Aggregate Dispersions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5232-5240. [PMID: 30889955 PMCID: PMC6727603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess what properties of the pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic capillary chromatography affect the interactions between monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and hydrophilically modified structural analogues thereof with various lipophilic phases. MMAE is a widely used cytotoxic agent in antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), which are used as selective biopharmaceutical drugs in the treatment of cancers. MMAE and its derivatives are highly lipophilic, yet they fail to interact with biomimicking phosphatidylcholine-phosphatidylserine liposomes. To reveal what properties affect the interaction of the auristatin derivatives with cell plasma membrane-mimicking vesicles, capillary electrokinetic chromatography was used with four different types of micellar and vesicular pseudostationary phases: pure vesicles, mixed vesicles, mixed micelles, and pure micelles. Vesicular phases were composed of pure phospholipids [dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC)] and phospholipid-surfactant mixtures [sodium dodecyl sulfate, (SDS) with DMPC and DLPC] while the micellar phases comprised pure surfactant (SDS) and surfactant-phospholipid mixtures (SDS-DMPC and SDS-DLPC). In addition, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering were used to monitor the aggregate composition. Our data shows that the interaction between hydrophobic auristatin derivatives and hydrophobic pseudostationary phases critically depends on the type, size, and hydrogen bonding capability of the pseudostationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi-Katriina Ruokonen
- Department
of Chemistry, A. I. Virtasen
aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip S. Ekholm
- Department
of Chemistry, A. I. Virtasen
aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne K. Wiedmer
- Department
of Chemistry, A. I. Virtasen
aukio 1, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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59
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Abedi M, Cohan RA, Mahboudi F, Faramarzi MA, Fazel R, Damavandi N, Ardestani MS, Davami F. Novel trastuzumab-DM1 conjugate: Synthesis and bio-evaluation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18206-18213. [PMID: 30854662 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are now of considerable interest and are recommended for the treatment of cancers. Linkers are having a crucial role in potency and efficacy of these drugs. Herein, for the first time, we have used a water-soluble poly-ethylene glycol based linker (succinimidyl-[(N-maleimido propionamido)-diethyleneglycol] [SM(PEG)2]) for lysine amide coupling of DM1 drug to trastuzumab considering evaluation of the effect of using a hydrophilic linker on physicochemical and biological properties of the resulting conjugate in comparison to the conjugate containing succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) linker, which has a relative hydrophobic nature. The physicochemical properties of synthesized conjugates were investigated in terms of drug to antibody ratio, size variants and free drug quantities. In vitro biological activity of trastuzumab-DM1 conjugates was assessed on breast cancer cell lines expressing different levels of HER2 using binding affinity, antiproliferative, apoptosis, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. Synthesized conjugate containing hydrophilic linker, showed higher drug to antibody ratio, no aggregated form and higher cellular toxicity in comparison to SMCC bearing conjugate. Binding affinity and ADCC potential of conjugates was not affected upon the usage of hydrophilic linker. In conclusion, application of SM(PEG)2 for coupling of DM1 to trastuzumab enhance desirable characteristics of the resulting conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Abedi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Pilot Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Fazel
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Damavandi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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60
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Alves NJ. Antibody conjugation and formulation. Antib Ther 2019; 2:33-39. [PMID: 33928219 PMCID: PMC7990145 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In an era where ultra-high antibody concentrations, high viscosities, low volumes, auto-injectors and long storage requirements are already complex problems with the current unconjugated monoclonal antibodies on the market, the formulation demands for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are significant. Antibodies have historically been administered at relatively low concentrations through intravenous (IV) infusion due to their large size and the inability to formulate for oral delivery. Due to the high demands associated with IV infusion and the development of novel antibody targets and unique antibody conjugates, more accessible routes of administration such as intramuscular and subcutaneous are being explored. This review will summarize various site-specific and non-site-specific antibody conjugation techniques in the context of ADCs and the demands of formulation for high concentration clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Alves
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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61
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Hicks SW, Tarantelli C, Wilhem A, Gaudio E, Li M, Arribas AJ, Spriano F, Bordone R, Cascione L, Lai KC, Qiu Q, Taborelli M, Rossi D, Stussi G, Zucca E, Stathis A, Sloss CM, Bertoni F. The novel CD19-targeting antibody-drug conjugate huB4-DGN462 shows improved anti-tumor activity compared to SAR3419 in CD19-positive lymphoma and leukemia models. Haematologica 2019; 104:1633-1639. [PMID: 30733273 PMCID: PMC6669148 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.211011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are a novel way to deliver potent cytotoxic compounds to cells expressing a specific antigen. Four ADC targeting CD19, including SAR3419 (coltuximab ravtansine), have entered clinical development. Here, we present huB4-DGN462, a novel ADC based on the SAR3419 anti-CD19 antibody linked via sulfo-SPDB to the potent DNA-alkylating agent DGN462. huB4-DGN462 had improved in vitro anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity compared to SAR3419 across multiple B-cell lymphoma and human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. In vivo experiments using lymphoma xenografts models confirmed the in vitro data. The response of B-cell lymphoma lines to huB4-DGN462 was not correlated with CD19 expression, the presence of BCL2 or MYC translocations, TP53 inactivation or lymphoma histology. In conclusion, huB4-DGN462 is an attractive candidate for clinical investigation in patients with B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Min Li
- ImmunoGen Inc., Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Alberto J Arribas
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Bordone
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luciano Cascione
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | | | | | - Monica Taborelli
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stussi
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emanuele Zucca
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Francesco Bertoni
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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62
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Hartimath SV, El-Sayed A, Makhlouf A, Bernhard W, Gonzalez C, Hill W, Parada AC, Barreto K, Geyer CR, Fonge H. Therapeutic potential of nimotuzumab PEGylated-maytansine antibody drug conjugates against EGFR positive xenograft. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1031-1044. [PMID: 30800216 PMCID: PMC6383682 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimotuzumab is a humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) monoclonal antibody. We have developed antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) with nimotuzumab conjugated to PEGylated-maytansine (PEG6-DM1). We generated conjugates with low (nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low: DAR = 3.5) and high (nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High: DAR = 7.3) drug to antibody ratios (DAR). Quality control was performed using UV spectrophotometry, size exclusion HPLC, bioanalyzer, biolayer interferometry (BLI), and flow cytometry in EGFR-positive DLD-1, MDA-MB-468 (high density EGFR), and HT-29 (very low EGFR density) cells. Control antibody drug conjugates were developed using a human anti-maltose binding protein (MBP) antibody. BLI showed that the binding of nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low and nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High was slightly but significantly affected by conjugation of the drug (nimotuzumab KD 0.89 ± 0.02 nM < nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low KD 1.94 ± 0.02 nM < nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High KD 3.75 ± 0.03 nM). In vitro cytotoxicity was determined following incubation of cells with the immunoconjugates and IC50 values were determined. Nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low and nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High were used to treat EGFR positive KRAS mutant DLD-1 colorectal cancer xenograft. DLD-1 cells were transduced with a red fluorescent protein (iRFP702) to allow the use of near infrared imaging (NIR) for tumor response monitoring. In vitro potency correlated with the number of drugs on antibody, with nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High showing higher activity than nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low. Three doses (15 mg/kg) of the ADCs prolonged the survival of DLD-1-iRFP-702 tumor bearing mice as monitored by NIR. Nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low resulted in 4/6 complete cure while nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High resulted in 2/5 complete cure. The novel ADCs were very effective in a colorectal cancer model in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh V Hartimath
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.,Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), the Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5C4, Canada
| | - Ayman El-Sayed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Amal Makhlouf
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.,Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), the Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5C4, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, 12411, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wendy Bernhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Wayne Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | | | - Kris Barreto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Clarence Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.,Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), the Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5C4, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
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63
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Hartimath SV, Alizadeh E, Solomon VR, Chekol R, Bernhard W, Hill W, Parada AC, Barreto K, Geyer CR, Fonge H. Preclinical Evaluation of 111In-Labeled PEGylated Maytansine Nimotuzumab Drug Conjugates in EGFR-Positive Cancer Models. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1103-1110. [PMID: 30655327 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.220095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) is overexpressed in most cancers of epithelial origin. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) with PEGylated-maytansine (PEG-DM1) show promise in vitro and in vivo. However, in vivo biodistribution data for ADCs with PEG-DM1 have not been reported. Development of methods to understand the real-time in vivo behavior of these ADCs is needed to move these compounds to the clinic. Methods: Here we have used noninvasive small-animal SPECT/CT imaging and ex vivo biodistribution to understand the in vivo behavior of PEG6-DM1 ADCs. We developed nimotuzumab ADCs conjugated to PEG6-DM1. We generated immunoconjugates with low (nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low) and high (nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High) drug-to-antibody ratios. The drug-to-antibody of nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low and nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High was 3.5 and 7.3, respectively. Quality control was performed using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, bioanalyzer, biolayer interferometry, and flow cytometry in EGFR-positive DLD-1 cells. These immunoconjugates were conjugated with DOTA and radiolabeled with 111In. The in vitro binding and internalization rates of 111In-nimotuzumab, 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low, and 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High were characterized. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and imaging characteristics were evaluated in normal and DLD-1 tumor-bearing mice. Results: Flow cytometry and biolayer interferometry showed a trend toward decreasing EGFR affinity with increasing number of PEG6-DM1 on the antibody. Despite the lower overall cellular binding of the PEG6-DM1 radioimmunoconjugates, internalization was higher for PEG6-DM1 ADCs than for the non-PEGylated ADC in the following order: 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High > 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low > 111In-nimotuzumab. Nuclear uptake of 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High was 4.4-fold higher than 111In-nimotuzumab. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution showed that 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High had the slowest blood and whole-body clearance rate. Uptake in DLD-1 tumors of 111In-nimotuzumab was similar to 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low but was significantly higher than for 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High. Tumor-to-background ratios for 111In-nimotuzumab and 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-Low were higher than for 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High. Conclusion: The results show that conjugation of multiple PEG6-DM1 reduces the affinity for EGFR in vitro. However, the reduced affinity is counteracted by the high internalization rate of constructs with PEG6-DM1 ADCs in vitro. The decreased affinity resulted in low tumor uptake of 111In-nimotuzumab-PEG6-DM1-High, with a slow overall whole-body clearance rate. These data provide insights for evaluating the pharmacokinetics and normal -tissue toxicity and in determining dosing rate of PEGylated ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddesh V Hartimath
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Elahe Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Viswas Raja Solomon
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Rufael Chekol
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Wendy Bernhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Wayne Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | | | - Kris Barreto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Clarence Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada .,Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital (RUH), Saskatoon SK, Canada
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64
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Bauzon M, Drake PM, Barfield RM, Cornali BM, Rupniewski I, Rabuka D. Maytansine-bearing antibody-drug conjugates induce in vitro hallmarks of immunogenic cell death selectively in antigen-positive target cells. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1565859. [PMID: 30906660 PMCID: PMC6422391 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1565859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncology treatment has been revolutionized by the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs, which enable 20-40% of patients to generate anti-tumor immune responses. Combination treatment approaches with chemotherapeutic drugs may enable responses in the remaining patient cohorts. In this regard, a handful of drugs are promising due to their ability to induce immunogenic cell death in target cells. However, these agents are systemically delivered and indiscriminately cytotoxic to proliferating cells. By contrast, antibody-drug conjugates can selectively deliver a cytotoxic payload to a tumor, sparing most healthy cells. The ability of antibody-drug conjugates to induce immunogenic cell death in target cells has not yet been determined, although preclinical in vivo studies suggest this possibility. Here, we describe for the first time production of the in vitro hallmarks of immunogenic cell death - ecto-calreticulin and secreted ATP and HMGB1 protein - by cells in response to treatment with antibody-drug conjugates bearing a maytansine payload.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, Emeryville, CA, USA
- CONTACT David Rabuka Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
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65
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Hydrophilic Monomethyl Auristatin E Derivatives as Novel Candidates for the Design of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. SEPARATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/separations6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising state-of-the-art biopharmaceutical drugs for selective drug-delivery applications and the treatment of diseases such as cancer. The idea behind the ADC technology is remarkable as it combines the highly selective targeting capacity of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing ability of potent cytotoxic agents. The continuous development of improved ADCs requires systematic studies on the nature and effects of warhead modification. Recently, we focused on the hydrophilic modification of monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), the most widely used cytotoxic agent in current clinical trial ADCs. Herein, we report on the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) for studying the hydrophobic character of modified MMAE derivatives. Our data reveal a connection between the hydrophobicity of the modified warheads as free molecules and their cytotoxic activity. In addition, MMAE-trastuzumab ADCs were constructed and evaluated in preliminary cytotoxic assays.
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66
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Xie K, Song S, Zhou L, Wan J, Qiao Y, Wang M, Xie H, Zhou L, Zheng S, Wang H. Revival of a potent therapeutic maytansinoid agent using a strategy that combines covalent drug conjugation with sequential nanoparticle assembly. Int J Pharm 2018; 556:159-171. [PMID: 30553007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Maytansine and its related analogues are a class of highly potent anti-proliferation agents that have failed to be exploited as clinical drugs for human therapy due to unacceptable systemic toxicity. Here, we delineate a novel strategy that combines rational drug conjugation with subsequent nanoparticle assembly to systemically deliver this highly potent and toxic drug. To demonstrate this concept, we covalently coupled the thiolated maytansine derivative, the DM1 agent, to amphiphilic block co-polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-block-polylactide (PLA), in varying molecular weights to generate two prodrug constructs (i.e., PEG2K-PLA2K-DM1 and PEG2K-PLA4K-DM1) via the maleimide-thiol reaction. The resulting two constructs are amenable to self-assembly in aqueous solutions and are systemically injectable for preclinical studies. In vivo evaluations indicate that PEG-PLA-DM1 conjugate-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) display substantially reduced drug toxicity compared to the free drug forms and NPs that physically encapsulate DM1. Furthermore, following systemic administration, these nanodrugs produced superior therapeutic efficacy over free DM1 in a colon tumor xenograft-bearing mouse model. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the conjugation of toxic drugs to assembling copolymers enables the alleviation of cancer drug toxicity and effective delivery of anticancer drugs. Thus, this DM1-formulated platform represents a new generation of nanotherapeutics that are available for further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Shanshan Song
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Liqian Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Jianqin Wan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Yiting Qiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
| | - Hangxiang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
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67
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Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Potent biopharmaceuticals to target solid and hematological cancers- an overview. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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68
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Ursuegui S, Schneider JP, Imbs C, Lauvoisard F, Dudek M, Mosser M, Wagner A. Expedient synthesis of trifunctional oligoethyleneglycol-amine linkers and their use in the preparation of PEG-based branched platforms. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8579-8584. [PMID: 30375605 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We designed a convergent synthesis pathway that provides access to trifunctional oligoethyleneglycol-amine (OEG-amine) linkers. By applying the reductive coupling of a primary azide to bifunctional OEG-azide precursors, the corresponding symmetrical dialkylamine bearing two homo-functional end chain groups and a central nitrogen was obtained. These building blocks bear minimal structural perturbation compared to the native OEG backbone which makes them attractive for biomedical applications. The NMR investigations of the mechanism process reveal the formation of nitrile and imine intermediates which can react with the reduced free amine form. Additionally, these trifunctional OEG-amine linkers were employed in a coupling reaction to afford branched multifunctional PEG dendrons which are molecularly defined. These discrete PEG-based dendrons (n = 16, 18 and 36) could be useful for numerous applications where multivalency is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ursuegui
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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69
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Dethe DH, Srivastava A, Dherange BD, Kumar BV. Unsymmetrical Disulfide Synthesis through Photoredox Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya H. Dethe
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Aparna Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - B. Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kanpur 208016 India
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70
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Buecheler JW, Winzer M, Tonillo J, Weber C, Gieseler H. Impact of Payload Hydrophobicity on the Stability of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2656-2664. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob W. Buecheler
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Winzer
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jason Tonillo
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Discovery and Development Technologies, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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71
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Dan N, Setua S, Kashyap VK, Khan S, Jaggi M, Yallapu MM, Chauhan SC. Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Chemistry to Clinical Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020032. [PMID: 29642542 PMCID: PMC6027311 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the major therapeutic options for cancer treatment. Chemotherapy is often associated with a low therapeutic window due to its poor specificity towards tumor cells/tissues. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) technology may provide a potentially new therapeutic solution for cancer treatment. ADC technology uses an antibody-mediated delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the tumors in a targeted manner, while sparing normal cells. Such a targeted approach can improve the tumor-to-normal tissue selectivity and specificity in chemotherapy. Considering its importance in cancer treatment, we aim to review recent efforts for the design and development of ADCs. ADCs are mainly composed of an antibody, a cytotoxic payload, and a linker, which can offer selectivity against tumors, anti-cancer activity, and stability in systemic circulation. Therefore, we have reviewed recent updates and principal considerations behind ADC designs, which are not only based on the identification of target antigen, cytotoxic drug, and linker, but also on the drug-linker chemistry and conjugation site at the antibody. Our review focuses on site-specific conjugation methods for producing homogenous ADCs with constant drug-antibody ratio (DAR) in order to tackle several drawbacks that exists in conventional conjugation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirnoy Dan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Saini Setua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Vivek K Kashyap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Sheema Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cancer Research Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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72
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Nasiri H, Valedkarimi Z, Aghebati‐Maleki L, Majidi J. Antibody‐drug conjugates: Promising and efficient tools for targeted cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nasiri
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Zahra Valedkarimi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Leili Aghebati‐Maleki
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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73
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Grygorenko OO, Biitseva AV, Zhersh S. Amino sulfonic acids, peptidosulfonamides and other related compounds. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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74
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A Polar Sulfamide Spacer Significantly Enhances the Manufacturability, Stability, and Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010012. [PMID: 31544864 PMCID: PMC6698870 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the field of targeted cancer therapy with antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), attrition rates have been high. Historically, the priority in ADC development has been the selection of target, antibody, and toxin, with little focus on the nature of the linker. We show here that a short and polar sulfamide spacer (HydraSpace™, Oss, The Netherlands) positively impacts ADC properties in various ways: (a) efficiency of conjugation; (b) stability; and (c) therapeutic index. Different ADC formats are explored in terms of drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR2, DAR4) and we describe the generation of a DAR4 ADC by site-specific attachment of a bivalent linker–payload construct to a single conjugation site in the antibody. A head-to-head comparison of HydraSpace™-containing DAR4 ADCs to marketed drugs, derived from the same antibody and toxic payload components, indicated a significant improvement in both the efficacy and safety of several vivo models, corroborated by in-depth pharmacokinetic analysis. Taken together, HydraSpace™ technology based on a polar sulfamide spacer provides significant improvement in manufacturability, stability, and ADC design, and is a powerful platform to enable next-generation ADCs with enhanced therapeutic index.
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75
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Bryden F, Martin C, Letast S, Lles E, Viéitez-Villemin I, Rousseau A, Colas C, Brachet-Botineau M, Allard-Vannier E, Larbouret C, Viaud-Massuard MC, Joubert N. Impact of cathepsin B-sensitive triggers and hydrophilic linkers onin vitroefficacy of novel site-specific antibody–drug conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1882-1889. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02780j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Promising anti-HER2 site-specific ADCs with anin vitroefficacy equivalent to Kadcyla®.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Martin
- UMR7292 GICC CNRS-Université de Tours
- Team IMT
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | | | - Eva Lles
- U1194 INSERM
- IRCM
- Team Immunociblage et radiobiologie en Oncologie
- ICM
- 34298 Montpellier
| | | | - Anaïs Rousseau
- UMR7292 GICC CNRS-Université de Tours
- Team IMT
- 37200 Tours
- France
| | - Cyril Colas
- UMR7311 ICOA CNRS-Université d'Orléans
- France
| | - Marie Brachet-Botineau
- UMR7292 GICC CNRS-Université de Tours
- Team LNOx
- Faculté de Médecine
- Bâtiment Dutrochet
- 37032 Tours
| | | | - Christel Larbouret
- U1194 INSERM
- IRCM
- Team Immunociblage et radiobiologie en Oncologie
- ICM
- 34298 Montpellier
| | | | - Nicolas Joubert
- UMR7292 GICC CNRS-Université de Tours
- Team IMT
- 37200 Tours
- France
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76
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Structural Analysis and Epitope Prediction of MHC Class-1-Chain Related Protein-A for Cancer Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 6:vaccines6010001. [PMID: 29295563 PMCID: PMC5874642 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class 1 chain-related gene sequence A is a polymorphic gene found at about 46.6 kb centromeric to HLA-B. It encodes a transmembrane protein, which is a non-classical human leukocyte antigen whose expression is normally induced by stress conditions like cancer and viral infections. The expression of MIC-A leads to the activation of NKG2D receptors of natural killer and T cells, leading to the generation of innate immune response that can easily eliminate/cleanse tumour cells and other cells that express the protein. Several bioinformatics and immunoinformatics tools were used to analyse the sequence and structure of the MIC-A protein. These tools were used in building and evaluating modelled structure of MIC-A, and to predict several antigenic determinant sites on the protein. The MIC-A protein structure generated an average antigenic propensity of 1.0289. Additionally, the hydrophilic regions on the surface of the MIC-A protein where antibodies can be attached were revealed. A total of fourteen antigenic epitopes were predicted, with six found in the transmembrane protein topology, and are predicted to play a role in the development of vaccines that can reactivate the functionalities of the MIC-A protein on the surface of cancer cells in order to elicit a desired immune response.
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77
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Malik P, Phipps C, Edginton A, Blay J. Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antibody-Drug Conjugates against Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2579-2595. [PMID: 28924691 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are ushering in the next era of targeted therapy against cancer. An ADC for cancer therapy consists of a potent cytotoxic payload that is attached to a tumour-targeted antibody by a chemical linker, usually with an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 3.5-4. The theory is to deliver potent cytotoxic payloads directly to tumour cells while sparing healthy cells. However, practical application has proven to be more difficult. At present there are only two ADCs approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, in the last decade there has been an explosion of options for ADC engineering to optimize target selection, Fc receptor interactions, linker, payload and more. Evaluation of these strategies requires an understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of ADC pharmacokinetics. Development of ADCs for use in cancer further requires an understanding of tumour properties and kinetics within the tumour environment, and how the presence of cancer as a disease will impact distribution and elimination. Key pharmacokinetic considerations for the successful design and clinical application of ADCs in oncology are explored in this review, with a focus on the mechanistic determinants of distribution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Malik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Colin Phipps
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.,DMPK & Translational Modeling, Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
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78
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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79
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Tubulin Inhibitor-Based Antibody-Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081281. [PMID: 28763044 PMCID: PMC6152078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of highly potent biopharmaceutical drugs generated by conjugating cytotoxic drugs with specific monoclonal antibodies through appropriate linkers. Specific antibodies used to guide potent warheads to tumor tissues can effectively reduce undesired side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. An in-depth understanding of antibodies, linkers, conjugation strategies, cytotoxic drugs, and their molecular targets has led to the successful development of several approved ADCs. These ADCs are powerful therapeutics for cancer treatment, enabling wider therapeutic windows, improved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, and enhanced efficacy. Since tubulin inhibitors are one of the most successful cytotoxic drugs in the ADC armamentarium, this review focuses on the progress in tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs, as well as lessons learned from the unsuccessful ADCs containing tubulin inhibitors. This review should be helpful to facilitate future development of new generations of tubulin inhibitor-based ADCs for cancer therapy.
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80
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Pina A, Dal Corso A, Caruso M, Belvisi L, Arosio D, Zanella S, Gasparri F, Albanese C, Cucchi U, Fraietta I, Marsiglio A, Pignataro L, Donati D, Gennari C. Targeting Integrin αV
β3
with Theranostic RGD-Camptothecin Conjugates Bearing a Disulfide Linker: Biological Evaluation Reveals a Complex Scenario. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - A. Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Caruso
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM); CNR; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Simone Zanella
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Clara Albanese
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Ulisse Cucchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Ivan Fraietta
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Aurelio Marsiglio
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS); Via Pasteur 10 20014 Nerviano Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Milano; Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
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81
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Tumey LN, Li F, Rago B, Han X, Loganzo F, Musto S, Graziani EI, Puthenveetil S, Casavant J, Marquette K, Clark T, Bikker J, Bennett EM, Barletta F, Piche-Nicholas N, Tam A, O'Donnell CJ, Gerber HP, Tchistiakova L. Site Selection: a Case Study in the Identification of Optimal Cysteine Engineered Antibody Drug Conjugates. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 19:1123-1135. [PMID: 28439809 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the antibody drug conjugate (ADC) community continues to shift towards site-specific conjugation technology, there is a growing need to understand how the site of conjugation impacts the biophysical and biological properties of an ADC. In order to address this need, we prepared a carefully selected series of engineered cysteine ADCs and proceeded to systematically evaluate their potency, stability, and PK exposure. The site of conjugation did not have a significant influence on the thermal stability and in vitro cytotoxicity of the ADCs. However, we demonstrate that the rate of cathepsin-mediated linker cleavage is heavily dependent upon site and is closely correlated with ADC hydrophobicity, thus confirming other recent reports of this phenomenon. Interestingly, conjugates with high rates of cathepsin-mediated linker cleavage did not exhibit decreased plasma stability. In fact, the major source of plasma instability was shown to be retro-Michael mediated deconjugation. This process is known to be impeded by succinimide hydrolysis, and thus, we undertook a series of mutational experiments demonstrating that basic residues located nearby the site of conjugation can be a significant driver of succinimide ring opening. Finally, we show that total antibody PK exposure in rat was loosely correlated with ADC hydrophobicity. It is our hope that these observations will help the ADC community to build "design rules" that will enable more efficient prosecution of next-generation ADC discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nathan Tumey
- Binghamton University, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York, 13902-6000, USA.
| | - Fengping Li
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 06379, USA
| | - Brian Rago
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06379, USA
| | - Xiaogang Han
- PKDM, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, AMA 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York, 10965, USA
| | - Sylvia Musto
- Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, New York, 10965, USA
| | - Edmund I Graziani
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06379, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Casavant
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06379, USA
| | | | - Tracey Clark
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06379, USA
| | - Jack Bikker
- International Flavors and Fragrances, 521 West 57th Street, New York, New York, 10019, USA
| | - Eric M Bennett
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 06379, USA
| | - Frank Barletta
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06379, USA
| | | | - Amy Tam
- Biomedicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 06379, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06379, USA
| | - Hans Peter Gerber
- Maverick Therapeutics, Inc, 3260 Bayshore Blvd, Brisbane, California, 94005, USA
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82
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Sun X, Ponte JF, Yoder NC, Laleau R, Coccia J, Lanieri L, Qiu Q, Wu R, Hong E, Bogalhas M, Wang L, Dong L, Setiady Y, Maloney EK, Ab O, Zhang X, Pinkas J, Keating TA, Chari R, Erickson HK, Lambert JM. Effects of Drug–Antibody Ratio on Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, Efficacy, and Tolerability of Antibody–Maytansinoid Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1371-1381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Sun
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jose F. Ponte
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Yoder
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rassol Laleau
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Coccia
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Leanne Lanieri
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Qifeng Qiu
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rui Wu
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Erica Hong
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Megan Bogalhas
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lintao Wang
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ling Dong
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yulius Setiady
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Erin K. Maloney
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Olga Ab
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jan Pinkas
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Thomas A. Keating
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ravi Chari
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hans K. Erickson
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - John M. Lambert
- ImmunoGen, Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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83
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Liu R, Chen X, Dushime J, Bogalhas M, Lazar AC, Ryll T, Wang L. The impact of trisulfide modification of antibodies on the properties of antibody-drug conjugates manufactured using thiol chemistry. MAbs 2017; 9:490-497. [PMID: 28136017 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1285478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising biotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. The careful monitoring of critical quality attributes is important for ADCs' development, manufacturing and production. In this work, the effect of the presence of a trisulfide bond in the monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugated to DM4 cytotoxic payload through a disulfide-bond linker sulfo-SPDB (sSPDB) was investigated. Three lots of antibody containing variable levels of trisulfide bonds were used. The identity and levels of trisulfide bonds were determined by liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis. The antibodies were conjugated to sSPDB-DM4 to generate ADCs. Further analysis indicated that the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) value, a critical quality attribute, slightly increased for the conjugates made from antibody containing higher levels of trisulfide bond. Also, higher fragmentation levels were observed in the conjugates with more trisulfide bond. Detailed characterization by MS revealed that a small amount of DM4 payload was directly attached to inter-chain cysteine residues by disulfide or trisulfide bonds. Overall, our investigation indicated that the trisulfide bond present in the mAb could react with DM4 during the conjugation process. Therefore, the presence of trisulfide bonds in the antibody moiety should be carefully monitored and well controlled during the development of a maytansinoid ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Liu
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Xuan Chen
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Junia Dushime
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Megan Bogalhas
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Alexandru C Lazar
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Thomas Ryll
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
| | - Lintao Wang
- a Analytical and Pharmaceutical Science Department , ImmunoGen Inc. Waltham , MA , USA
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84
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Wang YJ, Li YY, Liu XY, Lu XL, Cao X, Jiao BH. Marine Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Design Strategies and Research Progress. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E18. [PMID: 28098746 PMCID: PMC5295238 DOI: 10.3390/md15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), constructed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), linkers, and natural cytotoxins, are innovative drugs developed for oncotherapy. Owing to the distinctive advantages of both chemotherapy drugs and antibody drugs, ADCs have obtained enormous success during the past several years. The development of highly specific antibodies, novel marine toxins' applications, and innovative linker technologies all accelerate the rapid R&D of ADCs. Meanwhile, some challenges remain to be solved for future ADCs. For instance, varieties of site-specific conjugation have been proposed for solving the inhomogeneity of DARs (Drug Antibody Ratios). In this review, the usages of various natural toxins, especially marine cytotoxins, and the development strategies for ADCs in the past decade are summarized. Representative ADCs with marine cytotoxins in the pipeline are introduced and characterized with their new features, while perspective comments for future ADCs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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85
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Mendelsohn BA, Barnscher SD, Snyder JT, An Z, Dodd JM, Dugal-Tessier J. Investigation of Hydrophilic Auristatin Derivatives for Use in Antibody Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:371-381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Mendelsohn
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Stuart D. Barnscher
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Josh T. Snyder
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Zili An
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Dodd
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
| | - Julien Dugal-Tessier
- Agensys Inc. an affiliate
of Astellas Pharma Inc., 1800 Stewart
Street, Santa Monica, California 90404, United States
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86
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Yang F, Wang W, Li K, Zhao W, Dong X. Efficient one-pot construction of unsymmetrical disulfide bonds with TCCA. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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87
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Hassanzadeh F, Farzan M, Varshosaz J, Khodarahmi GA, Maaleki S, Rostami M. Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol)-based polymeric thermo-responsive nanocarriers for controlled delivery of epirubicin to hepatocellular carcinoma. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:107-118. [PMID: 28515763 PMCID: PMC5385725 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.202449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) as a novel biocompatible polymeric scaffold was surface modified by succinylation to get EVOHS and further pegylated to improve structural properties using methoxypolyethylene glycol (5000 Da) succinate (PEGS) along with targeting with retinoic acid (RA) to get final modified active and passive targeted conjugate (PEGS-EVOHS-RA) to evaluate its ability in carrying and delivery of epirubicin to hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in response to varying temperatures. In this regard, the PEGS-EVOHS-RA conjugate was prepared through the desired chemical reactions and its structure was confirmed using 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectra. The micelles were prepared from PEGS-EVOHS-RA by dialysis method. The Particle size and zeta potential were measured, and entrapment efficacy along with in vitro release efficiency in different temperatures were also studied. The structural morphology of optimized nanomicelle was studied by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. The desired final micelles were evaluated for their toxicity using MTT assay on HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines at normal (37 °C) and elevated temperature (45 °C). The results revealed that, as the hydrophilicity of micelles increased, all characteristic properties improved. Then, these micelles can be considered as potentially effective thermo responsive delivery systems for targeted delivery of cytotoxic agents to hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryam Farzan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ghadam Ali Khodarahmi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Sahar Maaleki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rostami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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88
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Ekholm FS, Pynnönen H, Vilkman A, Pitkänen V, Helin J, Saarinen J, Satomaa T. Introducing Glycolinkers for the Functionalization of Cytotoxic Drugs and Applications in Antibody-Drug Conjugation Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2501-2505. [PMID: 27786414 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising alternatives to naked antibodies for selective drug-delivery applications and treatment of diseases such as cancer. Construction of ADCs relies upon site-selective, efficient and mild conjugation technologies. The choice of a chemical linker is especially important, as it affects the overall properties of the ADC. We envisioned that hydrophilic bifunctional chemical linkers based on carbohydrates would be a useful class of derivatization agents for the construction of linker-drug conjugates and ADCs. Herein we describe the synthesis of carbohydrate-based derivatization agents, glycolinker-drug conjugates featuring the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E and an ADC based on an anti-EGFR antibody. In addition, an initial in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the individual components and the ADC is provided against EGFR-positive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S Ekholm
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Pynnönen
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Vilkman
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virve Pitkänen
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Helin
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juhani Saarinen
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Satomaa
- Glykos Finland Ltd., Viikinkaari 6, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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89
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Targeted drug delivery through the traceless release of tertiary and heteroaryl amines from antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2016; 8:1112-1119. [PMID: 27874860 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The reversible attachment of a small-molecule drug to a carrier for targeted delivery can improve pharmacokinetics and the therapeutic index. Previous studies have reported the delivery of molecules that contain primary and secondary amines via an amide or carbamate bond; however, the ability to employ tertiary-amine-containing bioactive molecules has been elusive. Here we describe a bioreversible linkage based on a quaternary ammonium that can be used to connect a broad array of tertiary and heteroaryl amines to a carrier protein. Using a concise, protecting-group-free synthesis we demonstrate the chemoselective modification of 12 complex molecules that contain a range of reactive functional groups. We also show the utility of this connection with both protease-cleavable and reductively cleavable antibody-drug conjugates that were effective and stable in vitro and in vivo. Studies with a tertiary-amine-containing antibiotic show that the resulting antibody-antibiotic conjugate provided appropriate stability and release characteristics and led to an unexpected improvement in activity over the conjugates previously connected via a carbamate.
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90
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Tsuchikama K, An Z. Antibody-drug conjugates: recent advances in conjugation and linker chemistries. Protein Cell 2016; 9:33-46. [PMID: 27743348 PMCID: PMC5777969 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a humanized or human monoclonal antibody conjugated with highly cytotoxic small molecules (payloads) through chemical linkers, is a novel therapeutic format and has great potential to make a paradigm shift in cancer chemotherapy. This new antibody-based molecular platform enables selective delivery of a potent cytotoxic payload to target cancer cells, resulting in improved efficacy, reduced systemic toxicity, and preferable pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) and biodistribution compared to traditional chemotherapy. Boosted by the successes of FDA-approved Adcetris® and Kadcyla®, this drug class has been rapidly growing along with about 60 ADCs currently in clinical trials. In this article, we briefly review molecular aspects of each component (the antibody, payload, and linker) of ADCs, and then mainly discuss traditional and new technologies of the conjugation and linker chemistries for successful construction of clinically effective ADCs. Current efforts in the conjugation and linker chemistries will provide greater insights into molecular design and strategies for clinically effective ADCs from medicinal chemistry and pharmacology standpoints. The development of site-specific conjugation methodologies for constructing homogeneous ADCs is an especially promising path to improving ADC design, which will open the way for novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
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91
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Li W, Prabakaran P, Chen W, Zhu Z, Feng Y, Dimitrov DS. Antibody Aggregation: Insights from Sequence and Structure. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5030019. [PMID: 31558000 PMCID: PMC6698864 DOI: 10.3390/antib5030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are the fastest-growing biological therapeutics with important applications ranging from cancers, autoimmunity diseases and metabolic disorders to emerging infectious diseases. Aggregation of mAbs continues to be a major problem in their developability. Antibody aggregation could be triggered by partial unfolding of its domains, leading to monomer-monomer association followed by nucleation and growth. Although the aggregation propensities of antibodies and antibody-based proteins can be affected by the external experimental conditions, they are strongly dependent on the intrinsic antibody properties as determined by their sequences and structures. In this review, we describe how the unfolding and aggregation susceptibilities of IgG could be related to their cognate sequences and structures. The impact of antibody domain structures on thermostability and aggregation propensities, and effective strategies to reduce aggregation are discussed. Finally, the aggregation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as related to their sequence/structure, linker payload, conjugation chemistry and drug-antibody ratio (DAR) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Yang Feng
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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92
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Puthenveetil S, Loganzo F, He H, Dirico K, Green M, Teske J, Musto S, Clark T, Rago B, Koehn F, Veneziale R, Falahaptisheh H, Han X, Barletta F, Lucas J, Subramanyam C, O'Donnell CJ, Tumey LN, Sapra P, Gerber HP, Ma D, Graziani EI. Natural Product Splicing Inhibitors: A New Class of Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1880-8. [PMID: 27412791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable ongoing work to identify new cytotoxic payloads that are appropriate for antibody-based delivery, acting via mechanisms beyond DNA damage and microtubule disruption, highlighting their importance to the field of cancer therapeutics. New modes of action will allow a more diverse set of tumor types to be targeted and will allow for possible mechanisms to evade the drug resistance that will invariably develop to existing payloads. Spliceosome inhibitors are known to be potent antiproliferative agents capable of targeting both actively dividing and quiescent cells. A series of thailanstatin-antibody conjugates were prepared in order to evaluate their potential utility in the treatment of cancer. After exploring a variety of linkers, we found that the most potent antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) were derived from direct conjugation of the carboxylic acid-containing payload to surface lysines of the antibody (a "linker-less" conjugate). Activity of these lysine conjugates was correlated to drug-loading, a feature not typically observed for other payload classes. The thailanstatin-conjugates were potent in high target expressing cells, including multidrug-resistant lines, and inactive in nontarget expressing cells. Moreover, these ADCs were shown to promote altered splicing products in N87 cells in vitro, consistent with their putative mechanism of action. In addition, the exposure of the ADCs was sufficient to result in excellent potency in a gastric cancer xenograft model at doses as low as 1.5 mg/kg that was superior to the clinically approved ADC T-DM1. The results presented herein therefore open the door to further exploring splicing inhibition as a potential new mode-of-action for novel ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Sylvia Musto
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | - Robert Veneziale
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10977, United States
| | - Hadi Falahaptisheh
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10977, United States
| | | | | | - Judy Lucas
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | | | | | - Puja Sapra
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Hans Peter Gerber
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Oncology-Rinat Research & Development, Pfizer , 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
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93
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Thomas A, Teicher BA, Hassan R. Antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:e254-e262. [PMID: 27299281 PMCID: PMC6601617 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are monoclonal antibodies conjugated to cytotoxic agents. They use antibodies that are specific to tumour cell-surface proteins and, thus, have tumour specificity and potency not achievable with traditional drugs. Design of effective antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy requires selection of an appropriate target, a monoclonal antibody against the target, potent cytotoxic effector molecules, and conjugation of the monoclonal antibody to cytotoxic agents. Substantial advances in all these aspects in the past decade have resulted in regulatory approval of ado-trastuzumab emtansine and brentuximab vedotin for clinical use. Several promising antibody-drug conjugates are now in late-phase clinical testing. Ongoing efforts are focused on identifying better targets, more effective cytotoxic payloads, and further improvements in antibody-drug linker technology. Improved understanding of the mechanistic basis of antibody-drug conjugate activity will enable design of rational combination therapies with other agents, including immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beverly A Teicher
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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94
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Miller ML, Fishkin NE, Li W, Whiteman KR, Kovtun Y, Reid EE, Archer KE, Maloney EK, Audette CA, Mayo MF, Wilhelm A, Modafferi HA, Singh R, Pinkas J, Goldmacher V, Lambert JM, Chari RVJ. A New Class of Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Potent DNA Alkylating Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1870-8. [PMID: 27216304 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The promise of tumor-selective delivery of cytotoxic agents in the form of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) has now been realized, evidenced by the approval of two ADCs, both of which incorporate highly cytotoxic tubulin-interacting agents, for cancer therapy. An ongoing challenge remains in identifying potent agents with alternative mechanisms of cell killing that can provide ADCs with high therapeutic indices and favorable tolerability. Here, we describe the development of a new class of potent DNA alkylating agents that meets these objectives. Through chemical design, we changed the mechanism of action of our novel DNA cross-linking agent to a monofunctional DNA alkylator. This modification, coupled with linker optimization, generated ADCs that were well tolerated in mice and demonstrated robust antitumor activity in multiple tumor models at doses 1.5% to 3.5% of maximally tolerated levels. These properties underscore the considerable potential of these purpose-created, unique DNA-interacting conjugates for broadening the clinical application of ADC technology. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1870-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Li
- ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
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95
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Abstract
Receptor-targeted drug delivery has been extensively explored for active targeting. However, the scarce clinical applications of such delivery systems highlight the implicit hurdles in development of such systems. These hurdles begin with lack of knowledge of differential expression of receptors, their accessibility and identification of newer receptors. Similarly, ligand-specific challenges range from proper choice of ligand and conjugation chemistry, to release of drug/delivery system from ligand. Finally, nanocarrier systems, which offer improved loading, biocompatibility and reduced premature degradation, also face multiple challenges. This review focuses on understanding these challenges, and means to overcome such challenges to develop efficient, targeted drug-delivery systems.
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96
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Akkapeddi P, Azizi SA, Freedy AM, Cal PMSD, Gois PMP, Bernardes GJL. Construction of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates using site-selective protein chemistry. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2954-2963. [PMID: 29997785 PMCID: PMC6005007 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00170j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic chemotherapy, the current standard of care for the treatment of cancer, is rarely curative and is often accompanied by debilitating side effects. Targeted drug delivery stands as an alternative to chemotherapy, with the potential to improve upon its low efficacy and systemic toxicity. Among targeted therapeutic options, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as the most promising. These conjugates represent a new class of biopharmaceuticals that selectively deliver potent cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells, sparing healthy tissue throughout the body. Despite this promise, early heterogenous ADCs suffered from stability, pharmacokinetic, and efficacy issues that hindered clinical development. Recent advances in antibody engineering, linkers for drug-release, and chemical site-selective antibody conjugation have led to the creation of homogenous ADCs that have proven to be more efficacious than their heterogeneous predecessors both in vitro and in vivo. In this minireview, we focus on and discuss recent advances in chemical site-selective modification strategies for the conjugation of drugs to antibodies and the resulting potential for the development of a new generation of homogenous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Allyson M Freedy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina , Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Professor Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW Cambridge , UK .
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97
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Singh R, Setiady YY, Ponte J, Kovtun YV, Lai KC, Hong EE, Fishkin N, Dong L, Jones GE, Coccia JA, Lanieri L, Veale K, Costoplus JA, Skaletskaya A, Gabriel R, Salomon P, Wu R, Qiu Q, Erickson HK, Lambert JM, Chari RVJ, Widdison WC. A New Triglycyl Peptide Linker for Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) with Improved Targeted Killing of Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1311-20. [PMID: 27197308 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A triglycyl peptide linker (CX) was designed for use in antibody -: drug conjugates (ADC), aiming to provide efficient release and lysosomal efflux of cytotoxic catabolites within targeted cancer cells. ADCs comprising anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM) and anti-EGFR antibodies with maytansinoid payloads were prepared using CX or a noncleavable SMCC linker (CX and SMCC ADCs). The in vitro cytotoxic activities of CX and SMCC ADCs were similar for several cancer cell lines; however, the CX ADC was more active (5-100-fold lower IC50) than the SMCC ADC in other cell lines, including a multidrug-resistant line. Both CX and SMCC ADCs showed comparable MTDs and pharmacokinetics in CD-1 mice. In Calu-3 tumor xenografts, antitumor efficacy was observed with the anti-EpCAM CX ADC at a 5-fold lower dose than the corresponding SMCC ADC in vivo Similarly, the anti-EGFR CX ADC showed improved antitumor activity over the respective SMCC conjugate in HSC-2 and H1975 tumor models; however, both exhibited similar activity against FaDu xenografts. Mechanistically, in contrast with the charged lysine-linked catabolite of SMCC ADC, a significant fraction of the carboxylic acid catabolite of CX ADC could be uncharged in the acidic lysosomes, and thus diffuse out readily into the cytosol. Upon release from tumor cells, CX catabolites are charged at extracellular pH and do not penetrate and kill neighboring cells, similar to the SMCC catabolite. Overall, these data suggest that CX represents a promising linker option for the development of ADCs with improved therapeutic properties. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1311-20. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Dong
- ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rui Wu
- ImmunoGen, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts
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98
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Schumacher D, Hackenberger CPR, Leonhardt H, Helma J. Current Status: Site-Specific Antibody Drug Conjugates. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:100-7. [PMID: 27003914 PMCID: PMC4891387 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), a promising class of cancer biopharmaceuticals, combine the specificity of therapeutic antibodies with the pharmacological potency of chemical, cytotoxic drugs. Ever since the first ADCs on the market, a plethora of novel ADC technologies has emerged, covering as diverse aspects as antibody engineering, chemical linker optimization and novel conjugation strategies, together aiming at constantly widening the therapeutic window for ADCs. This review primarily focuses on novel chemical and biotechnological strategies for the site-directed attachment of drugs that are currently validated for 2nd generation ADCs to promote conjugate homogeneity and overall stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schumacher
- Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jonas Helma
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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99
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Kern JC, Cancilla M, Dooney D, Kwasnjuk K, Zhang R, Beaumont M, Figueroa I, Hsieh S, Liang L, Tomazela D, Zhang J, Brandish PE, Palmieri A, Stivers P, Cheng M, Feng G, Geda P, Shah S, Beck A, Bresson D, Firdos J, Gately D, Knudsen N, Manibusan A, Schultz PG, Sun Y, Garbaccio RM. Discovery of Pyrophosphate Diesters as Tunable, Soluble, and Bioorthogonal Linkers for Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1430-45. [PMID: 26745435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to examine the utility of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) beyond oncology indications, a novel pyrophosphate ester linker was discovered to enable the targeted delivery of glucocorticoids. As small molecules, these highly soluble phosphate ester drug linkers were found to have ideal orthogonal properties: robust plasma stability coupled with rapid release of payload in a lysosomal environment. Building upon these findings, site-specific ADCs were made between this drug linker combination and an antibody against human CD70, a receptor specifically expressed in immune cells but also found aberrantly expressed in multiple human carcinomas. Full characterization of these ADCs enabled procession to in vitro proof of concept, wherein ADCs 1-22 and 1-37 were demonstrated to afford potent, targeted delivery of glucocorticoids to a representative cell line, as measured by changes in glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene mRNA levels. These activities were found to be antibody-, linker-, and payload-dependent. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the notion that lysosomal trafficking and enzymatic linker cleavage are required for activity and that the utility for the pyrophosphate linker may be general for internalizing ADCs as well as other targeted delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Maribel Beaumont
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Isabel Figueroa
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - SuChun Hsieh
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Linda Liang
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Daniela Tomazela
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Jeffrey Zhang
- Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc. , Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Beck
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Juhi Firdos
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Nick Knudsen
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | - Ying Sun
- Ambrx , San Diego, California 92121, United States
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100
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Hamblett KJ, Jacob AP, Gurgel JL, Tometsko ME, Rock BM, Patel SK, Milburn RR, Siu S, Ragan SP, Rock DA, Borths CJ, O'Neill JW, Chang WS, Weidner MF, Bio MM, Quon KC, Fanslow WC. SLC46A3 Is Required to Transport Catabolites of Noncleavable Antibody Maytansine Conjugates from the Lysosome to the Cytoplasm. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5329-40. [PMID: 26631267 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) target cytotoxic drugs to antigen-positive cells for treating cancer. After internalization, ADCs with noncleavable linkers are catabolized to amino acid-linker-warheads within the lysosome, which then enter the cytoplasm by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that a lysosomal transporter was responsible for delivering noncleavable ADC catabolites into the cytoplasm. To identify candidate transporters, we performed a phenotypic shRNA screen with an anti-CD70 maytansine-based ADC. This screen revealed the lysosomal membrane protein SLC46A3, the genetic attenuation of which inhibited the potency of multiple noncleavable antibody-maytansine ADCs, including ado-trastuzumab emtansine. In contrast, the potencies of noncleavable ADCs carrying the structurally distinct monomethyl auristatin F were unaffected by SLC46A3 attenuation. Structure-activity experiments suggested that maytansine is a substrate for SLC46A3. Notably, SLC46A3 silencing led to relative increases in catabolite concentrations in the lysosome. Taken together, our results establish SLC46A3 as a direct transporter of maytansine-based catabolites from the lysosome to the cytoplasm, prompting further investigation of SLC46A3 as a predictive response marker in breast cancer specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison P Jacob
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse L Gurgel
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mark E Tometsko
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brooke M Rock
- Amgen Inc., Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sonal K Patel
- Amgen Inc., Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert R Milburn
- Amgen Inc., Small Molecule Purification and Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Sophia Siu
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Discovery, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Dan A Rock
- Amgen Inc., Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher J Borths
- Amgen Inc., Small Molecule Purification and Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Wesley S Chang
- Amgen Inc., Clinical Immunology, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Matthew M Bio
- Amgen Inc., Small Molecule Purification and Process Development, Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Kim C Quon
- Amgen Inc., Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Seattle, Washington
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