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Xue S, Liu J, Qing X, Wang C. Brönsted acid-mediated annulations of 1-cyanocyclopropane-1-carboxylates with arylhydrazines: efficient strategy for the synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A diversity-oriented synthesis of 1H-pyrazole derivatives via Brönsted acid-promoted annulations of 1-cyanocyclopropane-1-carboxylates with arylhydrazines has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- P. R. China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- P. R. China
| | - Xushun Qing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- P. R. China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- P. R. China
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52
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Ozcan L, Xu X, Deng SX, Ghorpade DS, Thomas T, Cremers S, Hubbard B, Serrano-Wu MH, Gaestel M, Landry DW, Tabas I. Treatment of Obese Insulin-Resistant Mice With an Allosteric MAPKAPK2/3 Inhibitor Lowers Blood Glucose and Improves Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes 2015; 64:3396-405. [PMID: 26068544 PMCID: PMC4587644 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide, and new treatment strategies are needed. We recently discovered that obesity activates a previously unknown pathway that promotes both excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) and defective insulin signaling in hepatocytes, leading to exacerbation of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in obesity. At the hub of this new pathway is a kinase cascade involving calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPKAPK2/3 (MK2/3). Genetic-based inhibition of these kinases improves metabolism in obese mice. Here, we report that treatment of obese insulin-resistant mice with an allosteric MK2/3 inhibitor, compound (cmpd) 28, ameliorates glucose homeostasis by suppressing excessive HGP and enhancing insulin signaling. The metabolic improvement seen with cmpd 28 is additive with the leading T2D drug, metformin, but it is not additive with dominant-negative MK2, suggesting an on-target mechanism of action. Allosteric MK2/3 inhibitors represent a potentially new approach to T2D that is highly mechanism based, has links to human T2D, and is predicted to avoid certain adverse effects seen with current T2D drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Shi-Xian Deng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Tiffany Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Serge Cremers
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Matthias Gaestel
- Department of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
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53
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Guan HP, Yang X, Lu K, Wang SP, Castro-Perez JM, Previs S, Wright M, Shah V, Herath K, Xie D, Szeto D, Forrest G, Xiao JC, Palyha O, Sun LP, Andryuk PJ, Engel SS, Xiong Y, Lin S, Kelley DE, Erion MD, Davis HR, Wang L. Glucagon receptor antagonism induces increased cholesterol absorption. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:2183-95. [PMID: 26373568 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m060897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon and insulin have opposing action in governing glucose homeostasis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), plasma glucagon is characteristically elevated, contributing to increased gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia. Therefore, glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonism has been proposed as a pharmacologic approach to treat T2DM. In support of this concept, a potent small-molecule GCGR antagonist (GRA), MK-0893, demonstrated dose-dependent efficacy to reduce hyperglycemia, with an HbA1c reduction of 1.5% at the 80 mg dose for 12 weeks in T2DM. However, GRA treatment was associated with dose-dependent elevation of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c). The current studies investigated the cause for increased LDL-c. We report findings that link MK-0893 with increased glucagon-like peptide 2 and cholesterol absorption. There was not, however, a GRA-related modulation of cholesterol synthesis. These findings were replicated using structurally diverse GRAs. To examine potential pharmacologic mitigation, coadministration of ezetimibe (a potent inhibitor of cholesterol absorption) in mice abrogated the GRA-associated increase of LDL-c. Although the molecular mechanism is unknown, our results provide a novel finding by which glucagon and, hence, GCGR antagonism govern cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Guan
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Ku Lu
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Sheng-Ping Wang
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Jose M Castro-Perez
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Stephen Previs
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Michael Wright
- Late Stage In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Vinit Shah
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Dan Xie
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Daphne Szeto
- Late Stage In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Gail Forrest
- Late Stage In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Jing Chen Xiao
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Oksana Palyha
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Paula J Andryuk
- Clinical Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065
| | - Samuel S Engel
- Clinical Research Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Songnian Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - David E Kelley
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Mark D Erion
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Harry R Davis
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
| | - Liangsu Wang
- Departments of Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033
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54
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Yang DH, Zhou CH, Liu Q, Wang MW. Landmark studies on the glucagon subfamily of GPCRs: from small molecule modulators to a crystal structure. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1033-42. [PMID: 26279155 PMCID: PMC4561977 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucagon subfamily of class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been proposed to be a crucial drug target for the tretmaent of type 2 diabetes. The challenges associated with determining the crystal structures of class B GPCRs relate to their large amino termini and the lack of available small molecule ligands to stabilize the receptor proteins. Following our discovery of non-peptidic agonists for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that have therapeutic effects, we initiated collaborative efforts in structural biology and recently solved the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the human glucagon receptor (GCGR) 7-transmembrane domain, providing in-depth information about the underlying signaling mechanisms. In this review, some key milestones in this endeavor are highlighted, including discoveries of small molecule ligands, their roles in receptor crystallization, conformational changes in transmembrane domains (TMDs) upon activation and structure-activity relationship analyses.
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Lee SJ, Bae JY, Cho CW. Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of ChiralN-Substituted Pyrazoles by Aza-Michael Reaction. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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56
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Lin S, Zhang F, Jiang G, Qureshi SA, Yang X, Chicchi GG, Tota L, Bansal A, Brady E, Trujillo M, Salituro G, Miller C, Tata JR, Zhang BB, Parmee ER. A novel series of indazole-/indole-based glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4143-7. [PMID: 26303893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel, potent series of glucagon receptor antagonists (GRAs) was discovered. These indazole- and indole-based compounds were designed on an earlier pyrazole-based GRA lead MK-0893. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were focused on the C3 and C6 positions of the indazole core, as well as the benzylic position on the N-1 of indazole. Multiple potent GRAs were identified with excellent in vitro profiles and good pharmacokinetics in rat. Among them, GRA 16d was found to be orally active in blunting glucagon induced glucose excursion in an acute glucagon challenge model in glucagon receptor humanized (hGCGR) mice at 1, 3 and 10mg/kg (mpk), and significantly lowered acute glucose levels in hGCGR ob/ob mice at 3 mpk dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnian Lin
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sajjad A Qureshi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gary G Chicchi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Laurie Tota
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Alka Bansal
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Edward Brady
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Maria Trujillo
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Corey Miller
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - James R Tata
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Bei B Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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57
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Sammons MF, Lee ECY. Recent progress in the development of small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4057-64. [PMID: 26271588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine hormone glucagon stimulates hepatic glucose output via its action at the glucagon receptor (GCGr) in the liver. In the diabetic state, dysregulation of glucagon secretion contributes to abnormally elevated hepatic glucose output. The inhibition of glucagon-induced hepatic glucose output via antagonism of the GCGr using small-molecule ligands is a promising mechanism for improving glycemic control in the diabetic state. Clinical data evaluating the therapeutic potential of small-molecule GCGr antagonists is currently emerging. Recently disclosed clinical data demonstrates the potential efficacy and possible therapeutic limitations of small-molecule GCGr antagonists. Recent pre-clinical work on the development of GCGr antagonists is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Sammons
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Esther C Y Lee
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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58
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Available drugs partially attenuate the hyperglycemia characteristic of diabetes. However, successful approaches to treat the root cause or to cure or prevent diabetes remain elusive. Drug discovery and development programs continue to focus on mechanisms that impact specific symptoms of diabetes. In 2014, programs were discontinued for a variety of reasons and these discontinued programs are discussed herein. AREAS COVERED A search of discontinued products in the metabolic area for 2014 identified mostly compounds that were being developed to treat diabetes (mostly type 2 diabetes). Candidates were identified through the use of PharmaProjects. The author also sought information using Google, PubMed, HighWire and ClinicalTrials.gov. The discontinued development programs that were identified were not numerous as in previous years and so they are presented here without segregation into categories. EXPERT OPINION In general, the specific reasons for the discontinuation of these programs have not been clearly disclosed. In some cases, business considerations are given, whereas in others, there are specific safety issues that emerged which were not expected from nonclinical experience. In the final analysis, it is clear that all of these programs have been discontinued because the evidence does not favor the type of efficacy and risk:benefit ratio that justifies additional expenditures. There remains a clear need for precise addressable mechanisms to affect the root causes of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, LLC , 161 E. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI , USA
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60
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Haydl AM, Xu K, Breit B. Regio- and Enantioselective Synthesis of N-Substituted Pyrazoles by Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition to Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7149-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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61
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Haydl AM, Xu K, Breit B. Regio- and Enantioselective Synthesis of N-Substituted Pyrazoles by Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition to Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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62
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Filipski KJ. Small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists: a patent review (2011 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:819-30. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1032250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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63
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Grover S, Dhanjal JK, Goyal S, Grover A, Sundar D. Computational identification of novel natural inhibitors of glucagon receptor for checking type II diabetes mellitus. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15 Suppl 16:S13. [PMID: 25521597 PMCID: PMC4290642 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-s16-s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction of the small peptide hormone glucagon with glucagon receptor (GCGR) stimulates the release of glucose from the hepatic cells during fasting; hence GCGR performs a significant function in glucose homeostasis. Inhibiting the interaction between glucagon and its receptor has been reported to control hepatic glucose overproduction and thus GCGR has evolved as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. RESULTS In the present study, a large library of natural compounds was screened against 7 transmembrane domain of GCGR to identify novel therapeutic molecules that can inhibit the binding of glucagon with GCGR. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the dynamic behaviour of the docked complexes and the molecular interactions between the screened compounds and the ligand binding residues of GCGR were analysed in detail. The top scoring compounds were also compared with already documented GCGR inhibitors- MK-0893 and LY2409021 for their binding affinity and other ADME properties. Finally, we have reported two natural drug like compounds PIB and CAA which showed good binding affinity for GCGR and are potent inhibitor of its functional activity. CONCLUSION This study contributes evidence for application of these compounds as prospective small ligand molecules against type II diabetes. Novel natural drug like inhibitors against the 7 transmembrane domain of GCGR have been identified which showed high binding affinity and potent inhibition of GCGR.
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64
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Hasegawa F, Niidome K, Migihashi C, Murata M, Negoro T, Matsumoto T, Kato K, Fujii A. Discovery of furan-2-carbohydrazides as orally active glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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DeMong D, Dai X, Hwa J, Miller M, Lin SI, Kang L, Stamford A, Greenlee W, Yu W, Wong M, Lavey B, Kozlowski J, Zhou G, Yang DY, Patel B, Soriano A, Zhai Y, Sondey C, Zhang H, Lachowicz J, Grotz D, Cox K, Morrison R, Andreani T, Cao Y, Liang M, Meng T, McNamara P, Wong J, Bradley P, Feng KI, Belani J, Chen P, Dai P, Gauuan J, Lin P, Zhao H. The Discovery of N-((2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)methyl)-4-((R)-1-((5r,8R)-8-(tert-butyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-oxo-1,4-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-1-yl)-4,4-dimethylpentyl)benzamide (SCH 900822): A Potent and Selective Glucagon Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2601-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401858f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duane DeMong
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xing Dai
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joyce Hwa
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sue-Ing Lin
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ling Kang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew Stamford
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Wong
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian Lavey
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Kozlowski
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bhuneshwari Patel
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Aileen Soriano
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ying Zhai
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christopher Sondey
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jean Lachowicz
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Grotz
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Richard Morrison
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Teresa Andreani
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Cao
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mark Liang
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tao Meng
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul McNamara
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jesse Wong
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prudence Bradley
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kung-I Feng
- Discovery
and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New
Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jitendra Belani
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Ping Chen
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Peng Dai
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Jolicia Gauuan
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - Peishan Lin
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
| | - He Zhao
- Medicinal
Chemistry Department, AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, P.O. Box 15098, Albany, New York 12212-5098, United States
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66
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Identification of a novel conformationally constrained glucagon receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:839-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tao YX, Liang XF. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Glucose Homeostasis and Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 121:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800101-1.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Li Z, Wu L, Zhang T, Huang Z, Qiu G, Zhou Z, Jin L. N-2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde acylhydrazone–Fe(iii) complex: synthesis, crystal structure and its efficient and selective N-methylation. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:7554-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The n-acylhydrazone–Fe(iii) complexes permit ligand's amide N to be easily methylated and suppress the O-methylation side reactions of phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lamei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Qiu
- College of Pharmacy
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education
- South-Central University for Nationalities
- Wuhan, P. R. China
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Heng BC, Aubel D, Fussenegger M. An overview of the diverse roles of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the pathophysiology of various human diseases. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1676-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Guzman-Perez A, Pfefferkorn JA, Lee EC, Stevens BD, Aspnes GE, Bian J, Didiuk MT, Filipski KJ, Moore D, Perreault C, Sammons MF, Tu M, Brown J, Atkinson K, Litchfield J, Tan B, Samas B, Zavadoski WJ, Salatto CT, Treadway J. The design and synthesis of a potent glucagon receptor antagonist with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as a candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3051-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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71
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Irwin N, Franklin ZJ, O'Harte FPM. desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] and desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon: long-acting peptide-based PEGylated and acylated glucagon receptor antagonists with potential antidiabetic activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 709:43-51. [PMID: 23562625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is hormone secreted from the pancreatic alpha-cells that is involved in blood glucose regulation. As such, antagonism of glucagon receptor signalling represents an exciting approach for treating diabetes. To harness these beneficial metabolic effects, two novel glucagon analogues, desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] and desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon, has been evaluated for potential glucagon receptor antagonistic properties. Both novel peptides were completely resistant to enzymatic breakdown and significantly (P<0.05 to P<0.001) inhibited glucagon-mediated elevations of cAMP production in glucagon receptor transfected cells. Similarly, desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] and desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon effectively antagonised glucagon-induced increases of insulin secretion from BRIN BD11 cells. When administered acutely to normal, high fat fed or ob/ob mice, both analogues had no significant effects on overall blood glucose or plasma insulin levels when compared to saline treated controls. However, desHis¹Glu⁹-glucagon-[mPEG] significantly (P<0.05) annulled glucagon-induced increases in blood glucose and plasma insulin levels in normal mice and had similar non-significant tendencies in high fat and ob/ob mice. In addition, desHis¹Glu⁹(Lys³⁰PAL)-glucagon effectively (P<0.05 to P<0.001) antagonised glucagon-mediated elevations of blood glucose levels in high fat fed and ob/ob mice, but was less efficacious in normal mice. Further studies confirmed the significant persistent glucagon receptor antagonistic properties of both novel enzyme-resistant analogues 4h post administration in normal mice. These studies emphasise the potential of longer-acting peptide-based glucagon receptor antagonists, and particularly acylated versions, for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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Mu J, Qureshi SA, Brady EJ, Muise ES, Candelore MR, Jiang G, Li Z, Wu MS, Yang X, Dallas-Yang Q, Miller C, Xiong Y, Langdon RB, Parmee ER, Zhang BB. Anti-diabetic efficacy and impact on amino acid metabolism of GRA1, a novel small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185367 PMCID: PMC3501516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is implicated in the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia. Antagonism of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) thus represents a potential approach to diabetes treatment. Herein we report the characterization of GRA1, a novel small-molecule GCGR antagonist that blocks glucagon binding to the human GCGR (hGCGR) and antagonizes glucagon-induced intracellular accumulation of cAMP with nanomolar potency. GRA1 inhibited glycogenolysis dose-dependently in primary human hepatocytes and in perfused liver from hGCGR mice, a transgenic line of mouse that expresses the hGCGR instead of the murine GCGR. When administered orally to hGCGR mice and rhesus monkeys, GRA1 blocked hyperglycemic responses to exogenous glucagon. In several murine models of diabetes, acute and chronic dosing with GRA1 significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations and moderately increased plasma glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1. Combination of GRA1 with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor had an additive antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic mice. Hepatic gene-expression profiling in monkeys treated with GRA1 revealed down-regulation of numerous genes involved in amino acid catabolism, an effect that was paralleled by increased amino acid levels in the circulation. In summary, GRA1 is a potent glucagon receptor antagonist with strong antihyperglycemic efficacy in preclinical models and prominent effects on hepatic gene-expression related to amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mu
- Discovery and Preclinical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, United States of America.
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Cuny T, Guerci B, Cariou B. New avenues for the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes: An update. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2012; 73:459-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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