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Moustafa AH, El-Sayed HA, El-Fattah Z Haikal AEFZ, Abd El-Hady RAA. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 2-pyridone nucleosides containing a sulfonamide moiety. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 32:221-38. [PMID: 23581715 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.775449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of 2-pyridonesulfonamide 1a,b with glycosyl/galactosyl bromide gave the corresponding glycosides 2a,b, 3a,b, 6a,b, and 7a,b, respectively. Deacetylation of the resulting glycosides gave the corresponding glycosides 4a,b, 5a,b, 8a,b, and 9a,b, respectively, in good yields. Furthermore, reaction of 2-pyridonesulfonamide 1b with lactosyl bromide gave a mixture the corresponding N, O-lactosides 10 and 11, which were deacetylated to give the corresponding glycosides 12 and 13, respectively. The structures of the new synthesized compounds were characterized by using IR, 1H, 13C NMR spectra, and microanalysis. Selected members of these compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Moustafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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52
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Renga B, Festa C, De Marino S, Di Micco S, D'Auria MV, Bifulco G, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Molecular decodification of gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre. Discovery of a new class of liver X receptor antagonists. Steroids 2015; 96:121-31. [PMID: 25668616 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The individual chemical components of commercial extract of Gymnema sylvestre, a medicinal plant used in the traditional systems of the Indian medicine for its antidiabetic and hypolipidemic properties, were isolated and evaluated for their capability to act as modulators of nuclear and membrane receptors involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis. The study disclosed for the first time that individual gymnemic acids are potent and selective antagonists for the β isoform of LXR. Indeed the above activity was shared by the most abundant aglycone gymnemagenin (10) whereas gymnestrogenin (11) was endowed with a dual LXRα/β antagonistic profile. Deep pharmacological investigation demonstrated that gymnestrogenin, reducing the expression of SREBP1c and ABCA1 in vitro, is able to decrease lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. The results of this study substantiate the use of G. sylvestre extract in LXR mediated dislypidemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Renga
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, P.zza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Di Micco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Maria Valeria D'Auria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, P.zza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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Tice CM, Noto PB, Fan KY, Zhuang L, Lala DS, Singh SB. The Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7182-205. [PMID: 24832115 DOI: 10.1021/jm500442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B. Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S. Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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54
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Gondcaille C, Genin EC, Lopez TE, Dias AMM, Geillon F, Andreoletti P, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Nury T, Lizard G, Weinhofer I, Berger J, Kase ET, Trompier D, Savary S. LXR antagonists induce ABCD2 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:259-66. [PMID: 24239766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids resulting from a beta-oxidation defect. Oxidative stress and inflammation are also key components of the pathogenesis. X-ALD is caused by mutations in the ABCDI gene, which encodes for a peroxisomal half ABC transporter predicted to participate in the entry of VLCFA-CoA into the peroxisome, the unique site of their beta-oxidation. Two homologous peroxisomal ABC transporters, ABCD2 and ABCD3 have been proven to compensate for ABCD1 deficiency when overexpressed. Pharmacological induction of these target genes could therefore represent an alternative therapy for X-ALD patients. Since LXR activation was shown to repress ABCD2 expression, we investigated the effects of LXR antagonists in different cell lines. Cells were treated with GSK(17) (a LXR antagonist recently discovered from the GlaxoSmithKline compound collection), 22(S)-hydroxycholesterol (22S-HC, another LXR antagonist) and 22R-HC (an endogenous LXR agonist). We observed up-regulation of ABCD2,ABCD3 and CTNNB1 (the gene encoding for beta-catenin, which was recently demonstrated to induce ABCD2 expression) in human HepG2 hepatoma cells and in X-ALD skin fibroblasts treated with LXR antagonists. Interestingly, induction in X-ALD fibroblasts was concomitant with a decrease in oxidative stress. Rats treated with 22S-HC showed hepatic induction of the 3 genes of interest. In human, we show by multiple tissue expression array that expression of ABCD2 appears to be inversely correlated with NR1H3 (LXRalpha) expression. Altogether, antagonists of LXR that are currently developed in the context of dyslipidemia may find another indication with X-ALD.
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55
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Identification of tertiary sulfonamides as RORc inverse agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu DD, Lin W, Forman BM, Chen T. Identification of trisubstituted-pyrazol carboxamide analogs as novel and potent antagonists of farnesoid X receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2919-38. [PMID: 24775917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NRIH4) plays a major role in the control of cholesterol metabolism. This suggests that antagonizing the transcriptional activity of FXR is a potential means to treat cholestasis and related metabolic disorders. Here we describe the synthesis, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of trisubstituted-pyrazol carboxamides as novel and potent FXR antagonists. One of these novel FXR antagonists, 4j has an IC50 of 7.5 nM in an FXR binding assay and 468.5 nM in a cell-based FXR antagonistic assay. Compound 4j has no detectable FXR agonistic activity or cytotoxicity. Notably, 4j is the most potent FXR antagonist identified to date; it has a promising in vitro profile and could serve as an excellent chemical tool to elucidate the biological function of FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Yu
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Barry M Forman
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Høgmoen Åstrand OA, Gikling I, Sylte I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Rongved P, Kase ET. Development of new LXR modulators that regulate LXR target genes and reduce lipogenesis in human cell models. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Trompier D, Gondcaille C, Lizard G, Savary S. Regulation of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related gene (ABCD2): focus on oxysterols and LXR antagonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:651-5. [PMID: 24480443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the ABCD2 gene is recognized as a possible therapeutic target for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, a rare neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. Up-regulation of ABCD2 expression has indeed been demonstrated to compensate for ABCD1 deficiency, restoring peroxisomal β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids. Besides the known inducers of the ABCD2 gene (phenylbutyrate and histone deacetylase inhibitors, fibrates, dehydroepiandrosterone, thyroid hormone and thyromimetics), this review will focus on LXR antagonists and 22S-hydroxycholesterol, recently described as inducers of ABCD2 expression. Several LXR antagonists have been identified and their possible indication for neurodegenerative disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Trompier
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Catherine Gondcaille
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, France.
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59
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Loren J, Huang Z, Laffitte BA, Molteni V. Liver X receptor modulators: a review of recently patented compounds (2009 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1317-35. [PMID: 23826715 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.814640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of small molecule agonists of the liver X receptors (LXRs) has been an area of interest for over a decade, given the critical role of those receptors in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, innate immunity and lipogenesis. Many potential indications have been characterized over time including atherosclerosis, diabetes, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. However, concerns about the lipogenic effects of full LXRα/β agonists have required extensive efforts aimed at identifying LXRβ agonist with limited activity on the LXRα receptor to increase the safety margins. AREAS COVERED This review includes a summary of the LXR agonists that have reached the clinic and summarizes the patent applications for LXR modulators from September 2009 to December 2012 with emphasis on chemical matters, biological data associated with selected analogs and therapeutic indications. EXPERT OPINION As LXR agonists have the potential to be useful for many indications, the scientific community, despite setbacks due to on-target side effects, has maintained interest and devised strategies to overcome safety hurdles. While a clinical proof of concept still remains elusive, the recent advancement of compounds into the clinic highlights that acceptable safety margins in preclinical species have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 , USA +001 858 332 4736 ;
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60
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Steffensen KR, Jakobsson T, Gustafsson JÅ. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:977-90. [PMID: 23738533 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two oxysterol receptors, 'liver X receptors (LXRs)' LXRα and LXRβ, are amongst the emerging newer drug targets within the nuclear receptor family and targeting LXRs represents novel strategies needed for prevention and treatment of diseases where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of LXR biology with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signalling establishing their potential as drug targets. Recent advances of their transcriptional mechanisms in inflammatory pathways and their physiological roles in inflammation and immunity are described. EXPERT OPINION The new discoveries of LXR-regulated inflammatory pathways have ignited new promises for LXRs as drug targets. The broad physiological roles of LXRs involve a high risk of unwanted side effects. Recent insights into LXR biology of the brain indicate a highly important role in neuronal development and a clinical trial testing an LXR agonist reported adverse neurological side effects. This suggests that drug development must focus on limiting the range of LXR signalling - possibly achieved through subtype, tissue specific, promoter specific or pathway specific activation of LXRs where a successful candidate drug must be carefully studied for its effect in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden.
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61
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Ignatova ID, Angdisen J, Moran E, Schulman IG. Differential regulation of gene expression by LXRs in response to macrophage cholesterol loading. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1036-47. [PMID: 23686114 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to precisely control gene expression in response to intracellular and extracellular signals plays an important role in both normal physiology and in pathological settings. For instance, the accumulation of excess cholesterol by macrophages initiates a genetic response mediated by the liver X receptors (LXRs)-α (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), which facilitates the transport of cholesterol out of cells to high-density lipoprotein particles. Studies using synthetic LXR agonists have also demonstrated that macrophage LXR activation simultaneously induces a second network of genes that promotes fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis that may support the detoxification of excess free cholesterol by storage in the ester form. We now show that treatment of human THP-1 macrophages with endogenous or synthetic LXR ligands stimulates both transcriptional and posttranscriptional pathways that result in the selective recruitment of the LXRα subtype to LXR-regulated promoters. Interestingly, when human or mouse macrophages are loaded with cholesterol under conditions that mimic the development of atherogenic macrophage foam cells, a selective LXR response is generated that induces genes mediating cholesterol transport but does not coordinately regulate genes involved in fatty acid synthesis. The gene-selective response to cholesterol loading occurs, even in the presence of LXRα binding to the promoter of the gene encoding the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, the master transcriptional regulator of fatty acid synthesis. The ability of promoter bound LXRα to recruit RNA polymerase to the sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c promoter, however, appears to be ligand selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena D Ignatova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, PO Box 800735, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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62
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Griffett K, Solt LA, El-Gendy BEDM, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. A liver-selective LXR inverse agonist that suppresses hepatic steatosis. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:559-67. [PMID: 23237488 DOI: 10.1021/cb300541g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver, which often accompanies obesity and type 2 diabetes, frequently leads to a much more debilitating hepatic disease including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current pharmacological therapies lack conclusive efficacy and thus treatment options are limited. Novel therapeutics that suppress either hepatic lipogenesis and/or hepatic inflammation may be useful. Here, we describe the development of the first selective synthetic LXR inverse agonist (SR9238) and demonstrate that this compound effectively suppresses hepatic lipogenesis, inflammation, and hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis. SR9238 displays high potency for both LXRα and LXRβ (40-200 nM IC50) and was designed to display liver specificity so as to avoid potential side effects due to suppression of LXR in the periphery. Unexpectedly, treatment of diet-induced obese mice with SR9238 suppressed plasma cholesterol levels. These data indicate that liver-selective LXR inverse agonists may hold utility in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | - Laura A. Solt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Burris
- The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458,
United States
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63
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Watanabe M, Uesugi M. Small-molecule inhibitors of SREBP activation – potential for new treatment of metabolic disorders. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00177f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Solt LA, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. LXR-mediated inhibition of CD4+ T helper cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46615. [PMID: 23029557 PMCID: PMC3460920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TH17 cells, which require the expression of both retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors α and γt (RORαand RORγt) for full differentiation and function, have been implicated as major effectors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We recently demonstrated that the Liver X Receptor (LXR) agonist, T0901317 (T09), also displays high-affinity RORα and RORγ inverse activity, potentially explaining its effectiveness in various TH17-mediated autoimmune disease models. However, recent studies suggest that in conjunction with the RORs, LXR mediates a negative regulatory effect on TH17 cell differentiation. Since T09 acts on both LXRs and RORs, it presents as a valuable tool to understand how compounds with mixed pharmacology affect potential pathological cell types. Therefore, using T09, we investigated the mechanism by which the LXRs and RORs affect TH17 cell differentiation and function. Here we demonstrate that T09 activity at RORα and γ, not LXR, is facilitating the inhibition of TH17 cell differentiation and function. We also demonstrate that LXR activity inhibits the differentiation and function of TH1, TH2 and iTreg cells. Finally, T09 inhibited T cell proliferation and induced cell death. These data help explain much of the efficacy of T09 in inflammatory models and suggest that the generation of synthetic ligands with graded, combined LXR and ROR activity may hold utility in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases where targeting both TH17 and TH1 cells is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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65
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Jiao X, Kopecky DJ, Fisher B, Piper DE, Labelle M, McKendry S, Harrison M, Jones S, Jaen J, Shiau AK, Escaron P, Danao J, Chai A, Coward P, Kayser F. Discovery and optimization of a series of liver X receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5966-70. [PMID: 22901900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The present report describes our efforts to convert an existing LXR agonist into an LXR antagonist using a structure-based approach. A series of benzenesulfonamides was synthesized based on structural modification of a known LXR agonist and was determined to be potent dual liver X receptor (LXR α/β) ligands. Herein we report the identification of compound 54 as the first reported LXR antagonist that is suitable for pharmacological in vivo evaluation in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianYun Jiao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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66
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von Grafenstein S, Mihaly-Bison J, Wolber G, Bochkov VN, Liedl KR, Schuster D. Identification of novel liver X receptor activators by structure-based modeling. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1391-400. [PMID: 22489742 PMCID: PMC3360526 DOI: 10.1021/ci300096c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. Activators of LXRs are of high pharmacological interest as LXRs regulate cholesterol, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism as well as inflammatory processes. On the basis of different X-ray crystal structures, we established a virtual screening workflow for the identification of novel LXR modulators. A two-step screening concept to identify active compounds included 3D-pharmacophore filters and rescoring by shape alignment. Eighteen virtual hits were tested in vitro applying a reporter gene assay, where concentration-dependent activity was proven for four novel lead structures. The most active compound 10, a 1,4-naphthochinone, has an estimated EC₅₀ of around 5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin
Luise Strasse 2 + 4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Valery N. Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology
and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic
and Theoretical Chemistry/Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer-Aided Molecular Design
(CAMD) Group and CMBI, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck,
Austria
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67
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Jakobsson T, Treuter E, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR. Liver X receptor biology and pharmacology: new pathways, challenges and opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:394-404. [PMID: 22541735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are master regulators of transcriptional programs that integrate the homeostatic control of almost all biological processes. Their direct mode of ligand regulation and genome interaction is at the core of modern pharmacology. The two liver X receptors LXRα and LXRβ are among the emerging newer drug targets within the NR family. LXRs are best known as nuclear oxysterol receptors and physiological regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism that also act in an anti-inflammatory way. Because LXRs control diverse pathways in development, reproduction, metabolism, immunity and inflammation, they have potential as therapeutic targets for diseases as diverse as lipid disorders, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent insights into LXR signaling suggest future targeting strategies aiming at increasing LXR subtype and pathway selectivity. This review discusses the current status of our understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signaling that constitute the potential of LXRs as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jakobsson
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
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68
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Viennois E, Mouzat K, Dufour J, Morel L, Lobaccaro JM, Baron S. Selective liver X receptor modulators (SLiMs): what use in human health? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:129-41. [PMID: 21907760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXR) are members of the nuclear receptor family. As activated transcription factors, their putative association with human diseases makes them promising pharmacological targets because of the large potential to develop ligands. LXR are mainly considered as intracellular cholesterol "sensors" whose activation leads to decreased plasma cholesterol. They also modulate numerous physiological functions: fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, glucose homeostasis, steroidogenesis, immunity, and neurological homeostasis. LXR-deficiency in mouse results in several phenotypes mimicking pathological conditions in humans. This review will be focused on the various natural and synthetic LXR agonists and antagonists. Putative clinical targets including atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, skin disorders, and cancer will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Viennois
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Reza Massah A, Sayadi S, Ebrahimi S. A green, mild and efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of sulfonamides from thiols and disulfides in water. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20418e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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70
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Nelson ER, DuSell CD, Wang X, Howe MK, Evans G, Michalek RD, Umetani M, Rathmell JC, Khosla S, Gesty-Palmer D, McDonnell DP. The oxysterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, links cholesterol metabolism to bone homeostasis through its actions on the estrogen and liver X receptors. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4691-705. [PMID: 21933863 PMCID: PMC3230052 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and age-related bone loss are important public health concerns. Therefore, there is a high level of interest in the development of medical interventions and lifestyle changes that reduce the incidence of osteoporosis and age-related bone loss. Decreased bone mineral density is associated with high cholesterol, and patients on statins have increased bone mineral densities, strongly implicating cholesterol as a negative regulator of bone homeostasis. In this study, using both molecular and pharmacological approaches, we have been able to demonstrate that the primary cholesterol metabolite, 27-hydroxycholesterol, through its actions on both estrogen receptors and liver X receptors, decreases osteoblast differentiation and enhances osteoclastogenesis, resulting in increased bone resorbtion in mice. Induction of the short heterodimer partner protein by estrogens in osteoblasts can attenuate the liver X receptor-mediated actions of 27-hydroxycholesterol in bone. These data establish a mechanistic link between cholesterol and bone quality, highlight an unexpected target of estrogens in osteoblasts, and define a signaling axis, the therapeutic exploitation of which is likely to yield novel antiosteoporotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Nelson
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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71
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Abbassi N, Rakib EM, Hannioui A, Zouihri H. N-(2-Formyl-phen-yl)-4-meth-oxy-N-(4-meth-oxy-phenyl-sulfon-yl)benzene-sulfonamide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o3304. [PMID: 22199806 PMCID: PMC3238957 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811047192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(21)H(19)NO(7)S(2), the dihedral angles between the formyl-phenyl ring and the two meth-oxy-phenyl rings are 33.87 (9) and 41.00 (10)°. The S atoms have a distorted tetra-hedral geometry and the N atom shows a trigonally planar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0437 (13) Å] coordination. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najat Abbassi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Béni-Mellal, BP 523, Morocco
| | - El Mostapha Rakib
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Béni-Mellal, BP 523, Morocco
| | - Abdellah Hannioui
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Béni-Mellal, BP 523, Morocco
| | - Hafid Zouihri
- Laboratoires de Diffraction des Rayons X, Centre Nationale pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Rabat, Morocco
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72
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Liver X receptor α activation with the synthetic ligand T0901317 reduces lung injury and inflammation after hemorrhage and resuscitation via inhibition of the nuclear factor κB pathway. Shock 2011; 35:367-74. [PMID: 20926989 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181f7d742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor α (LXRα) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates lipid metabolism. Recently, it has been shown that activation of LXRα with synthetic ligands has anti-inflammatory effects in atherosclerosis and chemical-induced dermatitis. We investigated the effect of the LXRα agonist, T0901317, on lung inflammation in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in male rats by withdrawing blood to a goal mean arterial blood pressure of 50 mmHg. Blood pressure was maintained at this level for 3 h, at which point rats were rapidly resuscitated with shed blood. Animals were then treated with T0901317 (50 mg · kg) or vehicle i.p. and sacrificed at 1, 2, and 3 h after resuscitation. Treatment with T0901317 significantly improved the cardiac and stroke volume indices as well as the heart rate of rats during the resuscitation period as compared with vehicle-treated rats. The T0901317-treated animals showed significant improvement in the plasma level of lactate, whereas base deficit and bicarbonate levels both trended toward improvement. The T0901317-treated animals also showed lower levels of plasma cytokines and chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, TNF-α, KC, and IL-6. Lung injury and neutrophil infiltration were reduced by treatment with T0901317, as evaluated by histology and myeloperoxidase assay. At molecular analysis, treatment with T0901317 increased nuclear LXRα expression and DNA binding while also inhibiting activation of nuclear factor κB, a proinflammatory transcription factor, in the lung. Thus, our data suggest that LXRα is an important modulator of the inflammatory response and lung injury after severe hemorrhagic shock, likely through the inhibition of the nuclear factor κB pathway.
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73
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Transcriptional control of metabolic and inflammatory pathways by nuclear receptor SUMOylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:909-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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74
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Venteclef N, Jakobsson T, Steffensen KR, Treuter E. Metabolic nuclear receptor signaling and the inflammatory acute phase response. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:333-43. [PMID: 21646028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) classically refers to the rapid reprogramming of gene expression and metabolism in response to inflammatory cytokine signaling. As components of the innate immune system, hepatocyte-derived acute phase proteins (APPs) play a central role in restoring tissue homeostasis. Recently, an intriguing 'metaflammatory' facet of the APR became evident with chronically elevated APP levels being connected to metabolic syndrome disorders. The causality of these connections is unclear but could relate to adverse metabolic and inflammatory disturbances, particularly those affecting lipoprotein properties, cholesterol metabolism and atherogenesis. Here we review these aspects with an emphasis on the emerging importance of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (LXRs, LRH-1, PPARs), in conjunction with anti-inflammatory transrepression pathways, as physiological and pharmacological relevant modulators of the APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Venteclef
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
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75
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García Ruano JL, Parra A, Marzo L, Yuste F, Mastranzo VM. One-pot synthesis of sulfonamides from methyl sulfinates using ultrasound. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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