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Use of magnetic folate-dextran-retinoic acid micelles for dual targeting of doxorubicin in breast cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:680712. [PMID: 24381941 PMCID: PMC3870081 DOI: 10.1155/2013/680712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymer of folate-conjugated dextran/retinoic acid (FA/DEX-RA) was self-assembled into micelles by direct dissolution method. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with oleic acid (OA) were prepared by hydrothermal method and encapsulated within the micelles. Doxorubicin HCl was loaded in the magnetic micelles. The characteristics of the magnetic micelles were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The crystalline state of OA-coated MNPs and their heat capacity were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods, respectively. The iron content of magnetic micelles was determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to test the protein binding of magnetic micelles. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin loaded magnetic micelles was studied on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells using MTT assay and their quantitative cellular uptake by fluorimetry method. TEM results showed the MNPs in the hydrophobic core of the micelles. TGA results confirmed the presence of OA and FA/DEX-RA copolymer on the surface of MNPs and micelles, respectively. The magnetic micelles showed no significant protein bonding and reduced the IC50 of the drug to about 10 times lower than the free drug.
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52
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Yhee JY, Lee SJ, Lee S, Song S, Min HS, Kang SW, Son S, Jeong SY, Kwon IC, Kim SH, Kim K. Tumor-targeting transferrin nanoparticles for systemic polymerized siRNA delivery in tumor-bearing mice. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1850-60. [PMID: 24107100 DOI: 10.1021/bc400226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin (TF) is widely used as a tumor-targeting ligand for the delivery of anticancer drugs because the TF receptor is overexpressed on the surface of various fast-growing cancer cells. In this article, we report on TF nanoparticles as an siRNA delivery carrier for in vivo tumor-specific gene silencing. To produce siRNA carrying TF nanoparticles (NPs), both TF and siRNA were chemically modified with sulfhydryl groups that can build up self-cross-linked siRNA-TF NPs. Self-polymerized 5'-end thiol-modified siRNA (poly siRNA, psi) and thiolated transferrin (tTF) were spontaneously cross-linked to form stable NPs (psi-tTF NPs) under optimized conditions, and they could be reversibly degraded to release functional monomeric siRNA molecules under reductive conditions. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of TF induced rapid tumor-cell-specific uptake of the psi-tTF NPs, and the internalized NPs resulted in a downregulation of the target protein in red-fluorescent-protein-expressing melanoma cancer cells (RFP/B16F10) with negligible cytotoxicity. After systemic administration, the psi-tTF NPs showed marked accumulation at the tumor, leading to successful target-gene silencing in vivo. This psi-tTF NP system provided a safe and effective strategy for in vivo systemic siRNA delivery for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Yhee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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53
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Soudy R, Chen C, Kaur K. Novel peptide-doxorubucin conjugates for targeting breast cancer cells including the multidrug resistant cells. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7564-73. [PMID: 24028446 DOI: 10.1021/jm400647r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of chemotherapeutic doxorubucin (Dox) in cancer treatment is limited by two main factors, nonspecific toxicity and the emergence of tumor resistance. To overcome these hurdles, in this study peptide-Dox conjugates were prepared. A decapeptide 18-4a (NH₂-WxEAAYQkFL-CONH₂) [corrected] with high specificity for breast cancer cells and improved proteolytic stability was conjugated to Dox to give peptide-Dox ester (1) and amide (2) conjugates. Cell uptake studies showed that the conjugates were 6-10 times selective for breast cancerous cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435) over noncancerous cells (HUVECs and MCF-10A). Conjugate 1 displayed similar toxicity as free Dox toward the breast cancerous cells and was about 40 times less toxic toward the noncancerous cells and 4-fold more toxic toward the Dox resistant MDA-MB-435-MDR cells than the free Dox. These data suggest that conjugate 1 can be used as a potential prodrug for improving the therapeutic index of Dox and potentially many other cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Soudy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
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54
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Tros de Ilarduya C, Düzgüneş N. Delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids via transferrin and transferrin receptors: lipoplexes and other carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1583-91. [PMID: 24050263 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.837447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overexpression of transferrin (Tf) receptors on cancer cells renders them a useful target for the delivery of small-molecule drugs and nucleic acid therapeutics to these cells. This approach could alleviate the non-target effects of the drugs. AREAS COVERED The function of the Tf receptor, the development of Tf-lipid-DNA complexes (Tf lipoplexes), therapeutic use of lipoplexes and polymer-DNA complexes (poylplexes), and the therapeutic use of Tf-lipoplexes and anti-Tf-receptor antibody-lipoplexes are outlined. The literature search for this review was based primarily on the terms 'lipoplexes,' 'lipopolyplexes' 'transferrin,' 'transferrin receptor,' and 'gene therapy.' However, the review was not intended to be comprehensive. EXPERT OPINION Complexes of Tf with cationic liposomes and nucleic acids, or liposomes with covalently attached Tf or anti-transferrin receptor antibodies have been used for the delivery of therapeutic genes, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, and short interfering RNA. Although such targeted nonviral delivery vehicles may benefit from further enhancement of their efficacy, current achievements at the cell culture and animal model level should be translated into clinical applications, restricted initially to localized delivery into accessible tissues to avoid potential systemic side-effects and non-target delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Tros de Ilarduya
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology , Pamplona , Spain
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55
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Yewale C, Baradia D, Vhora I, Misra A. Proteins: emerging carrier for delivery of cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1429-48. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.805200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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56
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Singh N, Watts S, Joshi SC, Singh RV. Pesticidal and antifertility activities of triorganogermanium(IV) complexes synthesized using a green chemical approach. Appl Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Singh
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302 004 India
| | - Sheenam Watts
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302 004 India
| | - Suresh C. Joshi
- Department of Zoology; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302 004 India
| | - Ran V. Singh
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302 004 India
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57
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Posypanova GA, Makarov VA, Savvateeva MV, Bereznikova AV, Severin ES. The receptor binding fragment of alpha-fetoprotein is a promising new vector for the selective delivery of antineoplastic agents. J Drug Target 2013; 21:458-65. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.765441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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58
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Bear R. Synthesis of Gemcitabine-(C 4- amide)-[anti-HER2/ neu] Utilizing a UV-Photoactivated Gemcitabine Intermediate: Cytotoxic Anti-Neoplastic Activity against Chemotherapeutic-Resistant Mammary Adenocarcinoma SKBr-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 26225216 DOI: 10.4236/jct.2012.325089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a pyrimidine nucleoside analog that becomes triphosphorylated intracellularly where it competitively inhibits cytidine incorporation into DNA strands. Another mechanism-of-action of gemcitabine (diphosphorylated form) involves irreversible inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase thereby preventing deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Functioning as a potent chemotherapeutic gemcitabine promote decreases in neoplastic cell proliferation and apoptosis which is frequently found to be effective for the treatment of several leukemias and a wide spectrum of carcinomas. A brief plasma half-life in part due to rapid deamination and chemotherapeutic-resistance restricts the utility of gemcit-abine in clinical oncology. Selective "targeted" delivery of gemcitabine represents a potential molecular strategy for simultaneously prolonging its plasma half-life and minimizing innocient tissues and organ systems exposure to chemotherapy. The molecular design and an organic chemistry based synthesis reaction is described that initially generates a UV-photoactivated gemcitabine intermediate. In a subsequent phase of the synthesis method the UV-photoactivated gemcitabine intermediate is covalently bonded to a monoclonal immunoglobulin yielding an end-product in the form of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu]. Analysis by SDS-PAGE/chemiluminescent auto-radiography did not detect evidence of gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] polymerization or degradative fragmentation while cell-ELISA demonstrated retained binding-avidity for HER2/neu trophic membrane receptor complexes highly over-expressed by chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3). Compared to chemotherapeutic-resistant mammary adenocarcinoma (SKBr-3), the covalent immunochemotherapeutic, gemcitabine-(C4-amide)-[anti-HER2/neu] is anticipated to exert greater levels of cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency against other neoplastic cell types like pancreatic carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cervical epitheliod carcinoma, or leukemia/lymphoid neoplastic cell types based on their reported sensitivity to gemcitabine and gemcitabine covalent conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Oktibbeha County, USA
| | - Toni Jones
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Oktibbeha County, USA
| | - Ryan Bear
- Wise Center, Mississippi State University, Oktibbeha County, USA
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59
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Güntepe F, Saraçoğlu H, Çalışkan N, Yüksektepe Ç, Cukurovali A. Synthesis, molecular and crystal structure analysis of 2-bromo-4-chloro-6-{[4-(3-methyl-3-phenyl-cyclobutyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-hydrazonomethyl}-phenol by experimental methods and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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60
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Chang HP, Chen JY, Zhong PS, Chang YH, Liang M. Synthesis and characterization of a new polymer–drug conjugate with pH-induced activity. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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61
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Wu L, Wu J, Zhou Y, Tang X, Du Y, Hu Y. Enhanced antitumor efficacy of cisplatin by tirapazamine-transferrin conjugate. Int J Pharm 2012; 431:190-6. [PMID: 22531857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Combination of tirapazamine (TPZ) with cisplatin has been studied extensively in clinical trial for tumor therapy. However, in phase III clinical trial, the combination therapy did not show overall survival improvement in patients. To decrease the side effects and increase the efficacy of the combination therapy, TPZ was conjugated with transferrin (Tf-G-TPZ) for targeted delivery and co-administered with cisplatin. In vitro toxicity study showed that the combination of Tf-G-TPZ with cisplatin induced substantially higher cytotoxicity of tumor cells than the combination of TPZ and cisplatin. After Tf-G-TPZ was intravenously injected into tumor-bearing mice, its total accumulation in tumor was 2.3 fold higher than that of the unmodified TPZ, suggesting transferrin-mediated target delivery of TPZ into the tumor tissue. With the increased accumulation of Tf-G-TPZ in tumor, the synergistic anti-tumor effects of Tf-G-TPZ and cisplatin were also enhanced as showed by the 53% tumor inhibition rate. Meanwhile, the side effects such as body weight lost were not significantly increased. Therefore, Tf-G-TPZ holds great promise to a better substitute for TPZ in the combination therapy with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
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62
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Indira Chandran V, Matesic L, Locke JM, Skropeta D, Ranson M, Vine KL. Anti-cancer activity of an acid-labile N-alkylisatin conjugate targeting the transferrin receptor. Cancer Lett 2012; 316:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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63
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Krishnamoorthy P, Sathyadevi P, Butorac RR, Cowley AH, Bhuvanesh NSP, Dharmaraj N. Copper(i) and nickel(ii) complexes with 1 : 1 vs. 1 : 2 coordination of ferrocenyl hydrazone ligands: Do the geometry and composition of complexes affect DNA binding/cleavage, protein binding, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities? Dalton Trans 2012; 41:4423-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11938b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Yousef TA, Abu El-Reash GM, Rakha TH, El-Ayaan U. First row transition metal complexes of (E)-2-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)-2-oxo-N-phenylacetamide complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 83:271-278. [PMID: 21925933 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and chromium(III) complexes of (E)-2-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl)-2-oxo-N-phenylacetamide were synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal (TG and DTA) analyses, IR, UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectra as well as magnetic moment. Mononuclear complexes are obtained with 1:1 molar ratio except [Mn(HOS)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] and [Co(OS)(2)](H(2)O)(2) complexes which are obtained with 1:2 molar ratios. The IR spectra of ligand and metal complexes reveal various modes of chelation. The ligand behaves as a monobasic bidentate one and coordination occurs via the enolic oxygen atom and azomethine nitrogen atom. The ligand behaves also as a monobasic tridentate one and coordination occurs through the carbonyl oxygen atom, azomethine nitrogen atom and the hydroxyl oxygen. Moreover, the ligand behaves as a dibasic tridentate and coordination occurs via the enolic oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and the hydroxyl oxygen atoms. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment measurements reveal that all complexes possess octahedral geometry except the copper complexes possesses a square planar geometry. From the modeling studies, the bond length, bond angle, HOMO, LUMO and dipole moment had been calculated to confirm the geometry of the ligands and their investigated complexes. The thermal studies showed the type of water molecules involved in metal complexes as well as the thermal decomposition of some metal complexes. The protonation constant of the ligand and the stability constant of metal complexes were determined pH-metrically in 50% (v/v) dioxane-water mixture at 298 K and found to be consistent with Irving-Williams order. Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these compounds against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherechia coli and Candida albicans were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Yousef
- Department of Toxic and Narcotic Drug, Forensic Medicine, Mansoura Laboratory, Medicolegal Organization, Ministry of Justice, Egypt.
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65
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Daniels TR, Bernabeu E, Rodríguez JA, Patel S, Kozman M, Chiappetta DA, Holler E, Ljubimova JY, Helguera G, Penichet ML. The transferrin receptor and the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents against cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:291-317. [PMID: 21851850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional cancer therapy can be successful in destroying tumors, but can also cause dangerous side effects. Therefore, many targeted therapies are in development. The transferrin receptor (TfR) functions in cellular iron uptake through its interaction with transferrin. This receptor is an attractive molecule for the targeted therapy of cancer since it is upregulated on the surface of many cancer types and is efficiently internalized. This receptor can be targeted in two ways: 1) for the delivery of therapeutic molecules into malignant cells or 2) to block the natural function of the receptor leading directly to cancer cell death. SCOPE OF REVIEW In the present article we discuss the strategies used to target the TfR for the delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells. We provide a summary of the vast types of anti-cancer drugs that have been delivered into cancer cells employing a variety of receptor binding molecules including Tf, anti-TfR antibodies, or TfR-binding peptides alone or in combination with carrier molecules including nanoparticles and viruses. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Targeting the TfR has been shown to be effective in delivering many different therapeutic agents and causing cytotoxic effects in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The extensive use of TfR for targeted therapy attests to the versatility of targeting this receptor for therapeutic purposes against malignant cells. More advances in this area are expected to further improve the therapeutic potential of targeting the TfR for cancer therapy leading to an increase in the number of clinical trials of molecules targeting this receptor. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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66
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Development of efficient acid cleavable multifunctional prodrugs derived from dendritic polyglycerol with a poly(ethylene glycol) shell. J Control Release 2011; 151:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yoon DJ, Liu CT, Quinlan DS, Nafisi PM, Kamei DT. Intracellular trafficking considerations in the development of natural ligand-drug molecular conjugates for cancer. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1235-51. [PMID: 21350890 PMCID: PMC3069328 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed receptors, characteristic of many cancers, have been targeted by various researchers to achieve a more specific treatment for cancer. A common approach is to use the natural ligand for the overexpressed receptor as a cancer-targeting agent which can deliver a chemically or genetically conjugated toxic molecule. However, it has been found that the therapeutic efficacy of such ligand-drug molecular conjugates can be limited, since they naturally follow the intracellular trafficking pathways of the endogenous ligands. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the intracellular trafficking properties of these ligands can lead to novel design criteria for engineering ligands to be more effective drug carriers. This review presents a few commonly used ligand/receptor systems where intracellular trafficking considerations can potentially improve the therapeutic efficacy of the ligand-drug molecular conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Christina T. Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Devin S. Quinlan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Parsa M. Nafisi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Daniel T. Kamei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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68
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Han L, Huang R, Li J, Liu S, Huang S, Jiang C. Plasmid pORF-hTRAIL and doxorubicin co-delivery targeting to tumor using peptide-conjugated polyamidoamine dendrimer. Biomaterials 2011; 32:1242-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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69
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Coyne CP, Jones T, Pharr T. Synthesis of a covalent gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic and its cytotoxic anti-neoplastic activity against chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:67-76. [PMID: 21169024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gemcitabine is a potent chemotherapeutic that exerts cytotoxic activity against several leukemias and a wide spectrum of carcinomas. A brief plasma half-life in part due to rapid deamination and chemotherapeutic-resistance frequently limit the utility of gemcitabine in clinical oncology. Selective 'targeted' delivery of gemcitabine represents a potential molecular strategy for simultaneously prolonging its plasma half-life and minimizing exposure of innocent tissues and organ systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gemcitabine was combined in molar excess with N-[p-maleimidophenyl]-isocyanate (PMPI) so that the isocyanate moiety of PMPI which exclusively reacts with hydroxyl groups preferentially created a carbamate covalent bond at the terminal C(5)-methylhydroxy group of gemcitabine. Monoclonal immunoglobulin with binding-avidity specifically for HER2/neu was thiolated with 2-iminothiolane at the terminal ε-amine group of lysine amino acid residues. The gemcitabine-(carbamate)-PMPI intermediate with a maleimide moiety that exclusively reacts with reduced sulfhydryl groups was then combined with thiolated anti-HER2/neu monoclonal immunoglobulin. Western-blot analysis was utilized to delineate the molecular weight profile for gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] while cell binding characteristics were determined by cell-ELISA utilizing SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma which highly over-expresses HER2/neu receptors. Cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] between the gemcitabine-equivalent concentrations of 10(-12) and 10(-6)M was determined utilizing vitality staining analysis of chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma. RESULTS Gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] was synthesized at a molar incorporation index of 1:1.1 (110%) and had a molecular weight of 150kDa that was indistinguishable from reference control immunoglobulin fractions. Cell-ELISA detected progressive increases in SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma associated immunoglobulin with corresponding increases in covalent gemcitabine immunochemotherapeutic concentrations. The in vitro cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency of gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] was approximately 20% and 32% at 10(-7) and 10(-6)M (gemcitabine-equivalent concentrations) after a 182-h incubation period. DISCUSSION The investigations describes for the first time a methodology for synthesizing a gemcitabine anti-HER2/neu immunochemotherapeutic by creating a covalent bond structure between the C(5)-methylhydroxy group of gemcitabine and thiolated lysine amino acid residues of monoclonal antibody or other biologically active protein fractions. Gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] possessed binding-avidity at HER2/neu receptors highly over-expressed by chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma. Alternatively, gemcitabine can be covalently linked at its C(5)-methylhydroxy group to monoclonal immunoglobulin fractions that possess binding-avidity for other receptors and membrane complexes uniquely highly over-expressed by a variety of neoplastic cell types. Compared to chemotherapeutic-resistant SKBr-3 mammary carcinoma, gemcitabine-(carbamate)-[anti-HER2/neu] immunochemotherapeutic is anticipated to exert higher levels of cytotoxic anti-neoplastic potency against other neoplastic cell types like pancreatic carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cervical epithelioid carcinoma, or leukemia/lymphoid neoplastic cell types based on their reportedly greater sensitivity to gemcitabine and gemcitabine covalent conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Coyne
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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70
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Han L, Huang R, Liu S, Huang S, Jiang C. Peptide-Conjugated PAMAM for Targeted Doxorubicin Delivery to Transferrin Receptor Overexpressed Tumors. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2156-65. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100185f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Han
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shixian Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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71
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GuhaSarkar S, Banerjee R. Intravesical drug delivery: Challenges, current status, opportunities and novel strategies. J Control Release 2010; 148:147-59. [PMID: 20831887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The urinary bladder has certain unique anatomical features which enable it to form an effective barrier to toxic substances diffusing from the urine into the blood. The barrier function is due to the epithelial surface of the urinary bladder, the urothelium, which has characteristic umbrella cells, joined by tight junctions and covered by impenetrable plaques, as well as an anti-adherent mucin layer. Diseases of the urinary bladder, such as bladder carcinomas and interstitial cystitis, cause acute damage to the bladder wall and cannot be effectively treated by systemic administration of drugs. Such conditions may benefit from intravesical drug delivery (IDD), which involves direct instillation of drug into the bladder via a catheter, to attain high local concentrations of the drug with minimal systemic effects. IDD however has its limitations, since the permeability of the urothelial layer is very low and instilled drug solutions become diluted with urine and get washed out of the bladder during voiding, necessitating repeated infusions of the drug. Permeation enhancers serve to overcome these problems to some extent by using electromotive force to enhance diffusion of the drug into the bladder wall or chemical molecules, such as chitosan, dimethylsulphoxide, to temporarily disrupt the tight packing of the urothelium. Nanotechnology can be integrated with IDD to devise drug-encapsulated nanoparticles that can greatly improve chemical interactions with the urothelium and enhance penetration of drugs into the bladder wall. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, gelatin nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and magnetic particles, have been found to enhance local drug concentrations in the bladder as well as target diseased cells. Intravesical drug carriers can be further improved by using mucoadhesive biomaterials which are strongly adhered to the urothelial cell lining, thus preventing the carrier from being washed away during urine voiding. This increases the residence time of the drug at the target site and enables sustained delivery of the drug over a prolonged time span. Polymeric hydrogels, such as the temperature sensitive PEG-PLGA-PEG polymer, have been used to develop in situ gelling systems to deliver drugs into the bladder cavity. Recent advances and future prospects of biodegradable nanocarriers and in situ gels as drug delivery agents for intravesical drug delivery are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti GuhaSarkar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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72
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Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to specific group of cells offers an attractive strategy to minimize the undesirable side effects and achieve the therapeutic effect with a lower dose. Both linear and cyclic peptides have been explored as trafficking moiety due to ease of synthesis, structural simplicity, and low probability of undesirable immunogenicity. Peptides derived from sequence of cell surface proteins, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), LHRH, Bombesin, and LFA-1, have shown potent binding affinity to the target cell surface receptors. Moreover, peptides derived from ICAM-1 receptor can be internalized by the leukemic T-cells along with the conjugated moiety offering the promise to selectively treat cancers and autoimmune diseases. Systematic analyses have revealed that physicochemical properties of the drug-peptide conjugates and their mechanism of receptor-mediated cellular internalization are important controlling factors for developing a successful targeting system. This review is focused on understanding the factors involved in the development of an effective drug-peptide conjugate with an emphasis on the chemistry and biology of the conjugates. Reported results on several promising drug-peptide conjugates have been critically evaluated. The approaches and results presented here will serve as a guide to systematically approach targeted delivery of cytotoxic drug molecules using peptides for treatment of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratories, 2095 Constant Ave., Lawrence, Kansas, 66047, USA
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73
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Abstract
Targeted delivery of anticancer drugs is one of the most actively pursued goals in anticancer chemotherapy. Serum proteins such as transferrin, albumin, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) offer promise for the selective delivery of antineoplastic agents due to their accumulation in tumor tissue. Uptake of these proteins in solid tumors is mediated by a number of factors, including an increased metabolic activity of tumors, an enhanced vascular permeability of tumor blood vessels for circulating macromolecules, and a lack of a functional lymphatic drainage system in tumor tissue. At the tumor site, transferrin, low-density lipoprotein, and albumin are taken up by the tumor cell through receptor-mediated and fluid phase endocytosis, respectively. Serum protein conjugates can be designed to release the bound antitumor drug after cellular uptake of the drug conjugate. This review covers the diagnostic evidence for tumor accumulation of serum proteins and the design, development, and biological evaluation of drug conjugates with transferrin, albumin, and low-density lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kratz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Research, Tumor Biology Center, Breisacher Strasse 117, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
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Sheeja S, Mangalam NA, Prathapachandra Kurup M, Sheena Mary Y, Raju K, Varghese HT, Panicker CY. Vibrational spectroscopic studies and computational study of quinoline-2-carbaldehyde benzoyl hydrazone. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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75
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Liu JH, Cao L, Luo PG, Yang ST, Lu F, Wang H, Meziani MJ, Haque SA, Liu Y, Lacher S, Sun YP. Fullerene-conjugated doxorubicin in cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1384-9. [PMID: 20420365 DOI: 10.1021/am100037y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of fullerene with well-established drug molecules has been a representative strategy to impart fullerene-specific properties for improved formulation. However, conjugates involving fullerenes or other nanomaterials often differ significantly from the free drug molecules in cellular uptake and distributions. For the highly effective anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX), its strong absorption and fluorescence in the visible spectral region enable the tracking of DOX-containing conjugates by optical techniques. In this work, a stoimetrically and structurally well-defined fullerene-DOX conjugate was studied in terms of fluorescence microscopy, including the fluorescence imaging with two-photon excitation, to examine the uptake and distribution in human breast cancer cells. The results suggested that the conjugate was distributed mostly in the cytoplasm, significantly different from free DOX molecules (predominantly in the cell nucleus, as already reported in the literature). Mechanistic implications of the results are discussed. Also discussed are potentials of conjugated DOX species as self-labeled fluorescent probes in bioimaging and other mechanistic investigations on drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, USA
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76
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Gul M, Ocal N. Heck-type hydroarylations and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of new tricyclic hydrazones. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The C–C coupling of the new tricyclic hydrazones 3–7 with aryl and heteroaryl halides gave under reductive Heck conditions the tricyclic 1-(arylideneamino)pyrolidine-2,5-diones 8–11a, 9–11b, 10c, and 12. The [3+2] cycloadditions of 3–7 with p-chlorophenyl nitrile oxide (13) yielded the bridged isoxazoline derivatives 14–18 with potential biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Gul
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Chemisty, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
| | - Nuket Ocal
- Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Chemisty, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
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77
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Majumdar S, Tejo BA, Badawi AH, Moore D, Krise JP, Siahaan TJ. Effect of modification of the physicochemical properties of ICAM-1-derived peptides on internalization and intracellular distribution in the human leukemic cell line HL-60. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:396-406. [PMID: 19296614 DOI: 10.1021/mp800120t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to test the hypothesis that increasing the hydrophilicity of DOX-peptide conjugates may modify their entry mechanisms into HL-60 cells from passive diffusion to receptor-mediated uptake. To test this hypothesis, the entry mechanisms and the intracellular disposition of DOX-cIBR7, DOX-PEGcIBR7, FITC-cIBR, and FITC-cIBR7 were evaluated in HL-60 cells. To increase the hydrophilicity of the peptide, the cIBR peptide (cyclo(1,12)Pen-PRGGSVLVTGC) was modified to cIBR7 peptide (cyclo(1,8)CPRGGSVC) by removing the hydrophobic residues at the C-terminus. DOX-cIBR7 conjugate, which has higher hydrophilicity than DOX-cIBR, was synthesized. Second, a hydrophilic linker (11-amino-3,6,9-trioxaundecanate linker) was incorporated between DOX and cIBR7 to generate DOX-PEGcIBR7 with higher hydrophilicity than DOX-cIBR7. As controls, FITC-cIBR and FITC-cIBR7 were used to check for any endocytic uptake process of the peptide. As previously found with DOX-cIBR, DOX-cIBR7, and DOX-PEGcIBR7, conjugates enter the cells via passive diffusion and not via the energy-dependent endocytic process. This result suggests that an increase in hydrophilicity does not influence the entry mechanism of the DOX-peptide conjugates. In contrast to the DOX-cIBR7 conjugate, the FITC-cIBR7 conjugate showed energy-dependent cellular entry into the cells and followed an endocytic pathway similar to that for dextran. Finally, the entry of DOX-cIBR7 and DOX-PEGcIBR into the cell cytosol was shown to be due to the properties of DOX and not to those of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratories, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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Kaminskas LM, Kelly BD, McLeod VM, Boyd BJ, Krippner GY, Williams ED, Porter CJH. Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Disposition of PEGylated, Methotrexate Conjugated Poly-l-lysine Dendrimers. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1190-204. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Kaminskas
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Brian D. Kelly
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Victoria M. McLeod
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Guy Y. Krippner
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia, Starpharma Holdings Ltd., Level 6, Baker Heart Research Building, Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia, and Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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79
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Emam SM, El-Saied FA, Abou El-Enein SA, El-Shater HA. Cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and hafnium(IV) complexes of N'-(furan-3-ylmethylene)-2-(4-methoxyphenylamino)acetohydrazide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:291-297. [PMID: 19010724 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and hafnium(IV) complexes of furan-2-carbaldehyde 4-methoxy-N-anilinoacetohydrazone were synthesized and characterized by elemental and thermal (TG and DTA) analyses, IR, UV-vis and (1)H NMR spectra as well as magnetic moment and molar conductivity. Mononuclear complexes are obtained with 1:1 molar ratio except complexes 3 and 9 which are obtained with 1:2 molar ratios. The IR spectra of ligand and metal complexes reveal various modes of chelation. The ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate one and coordination occurs via the carbonyl oxygen atom and azomethine nitrogen atom. The ligand behaves also as a monobasic tridentate one and coordination occurs through the enolic oxygen atom, azomethine nitrogen atom and the oxygen atom of furan ring. Moreover, the ligand behaves as a neutral tridentate and coordination occurs via the carbonyl oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and furan oxygen atoms as well as a monobasic bidentate and coordination occurs via the enolic oxygen atom and azomethine nitrogen atom. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment measurements reveal that all complexes possess octahedral geometry except the copper complex 10 possesses a square planar geometry. The thermal studies showed the type of water molecules involved in metal complexes as well as the thermal decomposition of some metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa M Emam
- Chemistry Department, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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80
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Chang C, Marszlowicz G, Waldman Z, Li P, Snook AE, Lin JE, Schulz S, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C as a biomarker for targeted imaging and therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. Biomark Med 2009; 3:33-45. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.3.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The guanylyl cyclase C (GCC) receptor posseses several well-established properties ideal for use as a biomarker in gastrointestinal malignancies. The GCC receptor is constitutively expressed in the apical membranes of the intestine and its expression is universally preserved in primary colorectal tumors and their metastases. Moreover, receptor binding is retained by GCC’s cognate ligand, the bacterial enterotoxin ST, even after conjugation to functional moieties. Selective tumor, but not gastrointestinal, uptake of ST in mice bearing GCC-expressing colon cancer xenografts demonstrates the potential of exploiting ST–GCC interaction for diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer. We expect this specific targeting provided by ST–GCC interaction to improve diagnosis, staging and management of colorectal cancer metastases, and ultimately prolong patient survival in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Glen Marszlowicz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zac Waldman
- Department of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jieru E Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephanie Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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81
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Doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate selectively overcomes multidrug resistance in leukaemia cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2008; 14:113-27. [PMID: 18850074 PMCID: PMC6275917 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-008-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic cells frequently have an increased number of transferrin receptors. Coupling transferrin to an anti-neoplastic drug has the potential to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR). The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution and action of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate (DOXTRF) in a leukaemia cell line (HL60), a multidrug-resistant leukaemia cell line (HL60ADR) and a normal tissue cell line (human fibroblasts). The intracellular accumulation of DOX and DOX-TRF was monitored by direct fluorescence. More DOX-TRF than free DOX was delivered to the tumour cells, and consecutively the levels of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis increased even in the multidrug-resistant cell line. In the normal tissue cell line, DOX-TRF did not accumulate, and therefore, the levels of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis did not increase. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. The IC50 for DOX-TRF was lower than the IC50 value for the free drug in both leukaemia cell lines. The IC50 values for the HL60 cells were 0.08 μM for DOX and 0.02 μM for DOX-TRF. The IC50 values for HL60ADR cells were 7 μM for DOX and 0.035 μM for DOX-TRF. In conclusion, DOX-TRF was able to overcome MDR in the leukaemia cell lines while having only a very limited effect on normal tissue cells.
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82
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Visser CC, Voorwinden LH, Harders LR, Eloualid M, van Bloois L, Crommelin DJA, Danhof M, de Boer AG. Coupling of Metal Containing Homing Devices to Liposomes via a Maleimide Linker: Use of TCEP to Stabilize Thiol-groups without Scavenging Metals. J Drug Target 2008; 12:569-73. [PMID: 15621682 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400010689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes for drug delivery are often prepared with maleimide groups on the distal end of PEG to enable coupling of homing devices, such as antibodies, or other proteins. EDTA is used to stabilize the thiol group in the homing device for attachment to the maleimide. However, when using a homing device that contains a metal, EDTA inactivates this by scavenging of the metal. Holo-transferrin (Tf) containing two iron atoms (Fe(3+)), has a much higher affinity for the Tf receptor than apo-Tf (which does not contain any Fe(3+)). To couple Tf to a liposome, the introduction of a thiol group is necessary. During this process, by using N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA), followed by 2-3 h coupling to the liposomes, Fe(3+) is scavenged by EDTA. This causes a decreased affinity of Tf for its receptor, resulting in a decreased targeting efficiency of the liposomes. Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) hydrochloride is a sulfhydryl reductant that is often used in protein biochemistry. We found that TCEP (0.01 mM) does not scavenge Fe(3+) from Tf and is able to protect thiol groups for the coupling to maleimide. Furthermore, TCEP does not interfere with the maleimide coupling itself. In this communication, we describe the preparation of liposomes, focussing on the coupling of Tf to the maleimide linker at the distal end of PEG, without loosing Fe(3+) from Tf. This method can be applied to other metal-containing homing devices as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine C Visser
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Division of Pharmacology, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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83
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Drevs J, Hofmann I, Marme D, Unger C, Kratz F. In Vivo and In Vitro Efficacy of an Acid-Sensitive Albumin Conjugate of Adriamycin Compared to the Parent Compound in Murine Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/107175499267002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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84
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Karkan D, Pfeifer C, Vitalis TZ, Arthur G, Ujiie M, Chen Q, Tsai S, Koliatis G, Gabathuler R, Jefferies WA. A unique carrier for delivery of therapeutic compounds beyond the blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2469. [PMID: 18575595 PMCID: PMC2424243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic intervention in many neurological diseases is thwarted by the physical obstacle formed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that excludes most drugs from entering the brain from the blood. Thus, identifying efficacious modes of drug delivery to the brain remains a “holy grail” in molecular medicine and nanobiotechnology. Brain capillaries, that comprise the BBB, possess an endogenous receptor that ferries an iron-transport protein, termed p97 (melanotransferrin), across the BBB. Here, we explored the hypothesis that therapeutic drugs “piggybacked” as conjugates of p97 can be shuttled across the BBB for treatment of otherwise inoperable brain tumors. Approach Human p97 was covalently linked with the chemotherapeutic agents paclitaxel (PTAX) or adriamycin (ADR) and following intravenous injection, measured their penetration into brain tissue and other organs using radiolabeled and fluorescent derivatives of the drugs. In order to establish efficacy of the conjugates, we used nude mouse models to assess p97-drug conjugate activity towards glioma and mammary tumors growing subcutaneously compared to those growing intracranially. Principal Findings Bolus-injected p97-drug conjugates and unconjugated p97 traversed brain capillary endothelium within a few minutes and accumulated to 1–2% of the injected by 24 hours. Brain delivery with p97-drug conjugates was quantitatively 10 fold higher than with free drug controls. Furthermore, both free-ADR and p97-ADR conjugates equally inhibited the subcutaneous growth of gliomas growing outside the brain. Evocatively, only p97-ADR conjugates significantly prolonged the survival of animals bearing intracranial gliomas or mammary tumors when compared to similar cumulated doses of free-ADR. Significance This study provides the initial proof of concept for p97 as a carrier capable of shuttling therapeutic levels of drugs from the blood to the brain for the treatment of neurological disorders, including classes of resident and metastatic brain tumors. It may be prudent, therefore, to consider implementation of this novel delivery platform in various clinical settings for therapeutic intervention in acute and chronic neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl Pfeifer
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy Z. Vitalis
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gavin Arthur
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Maki Ujiie
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Qingqi Chen
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sam Tsai
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gerrasimo Koliatis
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reinhard Gabathuler
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilfred A. Jefferies
- Department of Medical Genetics, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, the Michael Smith Laboratories and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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85
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Fouda MFR, Abd-Elzaher MM, Shakdofa MM, El-Saied FA, Ayad MI, El Tabl AS. Synthesis and characterization of a hydrazone ligand containing antipyrine and its transition metal complexes. J COORD CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00958970701795714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad F. R. Fouda
- a Inorganic Chemistry Department , National Research Center , Dokki P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mokhles M. Abd-Elzaher
- a Inorganic Chemistry Department , National Research Center , Dokki P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamad M. Shakdofa
- a Inorganic Chemistry Department , National Research Center , Dokki P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fathy A. El-Saied
- b Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohammed I. Ayad
- b Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Abdou S. El Tabl
- b Faculty of Science , Department of Chemistry , El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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86
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Abstract
Colloidal drug delivery systems have been providing alternative formulation approaches for problematic drug candidates, and improved delivery for existing compounds for decades. Colloidal systems for drug delivery have all evolved down a similar pathway, almost irrespective of the delivery system, from conception, to the use of safer excipients, PEGylation for passive targeting and attachment of ligands for active targeting. The recent emergence of truly biologically interactive systems represents the latest step forward in colloidal delivery systems. In this article, the maturation pathway and recent advances for the major classes of colloidal delivery systems are reviewed, and the paper poses the question of whether the nanotechnology boom will create a revolution in colloidal delivery, or just the next natural stage in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Boyd
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy - Monash University, 381 Royal Pde, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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87
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Ganta S, Devalapally H, Shahiwala A, Amiji M. A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. J Control Release 2008; 126:187-204. [PMID: 18261822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1533] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has shown tremendous promise in target-specific delivery of drugs and genes in the body. Although passive and active targeted-drug delivery has addressed a number of important issues, additional properties that can be included in nanocarrier systems to enhance the bioavailability of drugs at the disease site, and especially upon cellular internalization, are very important. A nanocarrier system incorporated with stimuli-responsive property (e.g., pH, temperature, or redox potential), for instance, would be amenable to address some of the systemic and intracellular delivery barriers. In this review, we discuss the role of stimuli-responsive nanocarrier systems for drug and gene delivery. The advancement in material science has led to design of a variety of materials, which are used for development of nanocarrier systems that can respond to biological stimuli. Temperature, pH, and hypoxia are examples of "triggers" at the diseased site that could be exploited with stimuli-responsive nanocarriers. With greater understanding of the difference between normal and pathological tissues and cells and parallel developments in material design, there is a highly promising role of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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88
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89
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Majumdar S, Kobayashi N, Krise JP, Siahaan TJ. Mechanism of Internalization of an ICAM-1-Derived Peptide by Human Leukemic Cell Line HL-60: Influence of Physicochemical Properties on Targeted Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:749-58. [PMID: 17680719 DOI: 10.1021/mp0700458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-mediated targeted delivery offers an attractive strategy for selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells. In this work, we have investigated the mechanism of internalization of cIBR peptide [cyclo(1,12)PenPRGGSVLVTGC] that is conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and doxorubicin (DOX) to give FITC-cIBR and DOX-cIBR conjugates, respectively. Internalization mechanisms of FITC-cIBR and DOX-cIBR were studied in LFA-1-expressing cells (HL-60) and LFA-1-deficient cells (HUVEC) under the following conditions: (a) at two different temperatures (4 and 37 degrees C), (b) in the presence of ATP-depleting agents (sodium azide and 2-deoxy- d-glucose), and (c) in the presence of a microtubule-disrupting agent (nocodazole). At 37 degrees C, FITC-cIBR was internalized by HL-60 cells and located in the endosomes; however, it was not internalized by LFA-1-deficient HUVEC. Incubation of FITC-cIBR at 4 degrees C or in the presence of nocodazole inhibited its endocytosis in HL-60 cells. The ATP inhibitors inhibited the internalization of FITC-cIBR but maintained its binding to cell surface receptors. In contrast, DOX-cIBR was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of LFA-1-expressing HL-60 cells following incubation at 37 degrees C. No inhibitory processes could block the entry or change the distribution pattern of DOX-cIBR into HL-60 cells, suggesting that DOX-cIBR uptake was not mediated by receptors such as LFA-1. DOX-cIBR was still found inside HUVEC, but with a distribution pattern somewhat different from that in HL-60 cells. The major entry mechanism of DOX-cIBR could be via passive diffusion because DOX-cIBR has an octanol/water distribution coefficient (Log D) of 1.15. Thus, DOX-cIBR is more lipophilic than FITC-cIBR with a Log D of 0.57. Therefore, the change in the hydrophobicity of the conjugate may alter the mechanism of entry of DOX-cIBR compared to that of FITC-cIBR. This study suggests that alteration of the physicochemical properties of drug-peptide conjugates can change the mode of uptake from receptor-mediated uptake to passive diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Simons Research Laboratories, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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90
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Dreis S, Rothweiler F, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Kreuter J, Langer K. Preparation, characterisation and maintenance of drug efficacy of doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2007; 341:207-14. [PMID: 17478065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles represent promising drug carrier systems. Binding of cytostatics to HSA nanoparticles may diminish their toxicity, optimise their body distribution and/or may overcome multidrug resistance. In the present study, doxorubicin-loaded HSA nanoparticle preparations were prepared. Doxorubicin was loaded to the HSA nanoparticles either by adsorption to the nanoparticles' surfaces or by incorporation into the particle matrix. Both loading strategies resulted in HSA nanoparticles of a size range between 150nm and 500nm with a loading efficiency of 70-95%. The influence on cell viability of the resulting nanoparticles was investigated in two different neuroblastoma cell lines. The anti-cancer effects of the drug-loaded nanoparticles were increased in comparison to doxorubicin solution. Based on these result a standard protocol for the preparation of doxorubicin-loaded HSA nanoparticles for further antitumoural studies was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dreis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter Niederursel, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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91
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Du H, Xiang J, Zhang Y, Tang Y. A spectroscopic and molecular modeling study of sinomenine binding to transferrin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1701-4. [PMID: 17275294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sinomenine, an herbal ingredient isolated from Sinomenium acutum, is used for the amelioration of arthritis. It has been found that this molecule could bind to human serum transferrin (Tf), the iron (III) transport protein in the blood, by using fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and molecular modeling methods. The results provide possible usage of transferrin to transport sinomenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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92
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Garattini S. Pharmacokinetics in cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2006; 43:271-82. [PMID: 17174548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Garattini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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93
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Chen Q, Sowa DA, Cai J, Gabathuler R. Synthesis of Doxorubicin Conjugates Through Hydrazone Bonds to Melanotransferrin P97. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120021827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Chen
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
| | - Damian A. Sowa
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
| | - Jianlin Cai
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
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94
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Chen Q, Sowa DA, Cai J, Gabathuler R. Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of Doxorubicin Conjugates Through Its Amino Group to Melanotransferrin P97. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120021829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Chen
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
| | - Damian A. Sowa
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
| | - Jianlin Cai
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
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95
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Chen Q, Sowa DA, Gabathuler R. Synthesis of Doxorubicin Conjugates Through 14-Hydroxy Group to Melanotransferrin P97. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-120021828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Chen
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
| | - Damian A. Sowa
- a Biomarin Pharmaceutical Inc. , Novato, California, USA
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96
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Daniels TR, Delgado T, Helguera G, Penichet ML. The transferrin receptor part II: targeted delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:159-76. [PMID: 16920030 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditional anti-cancer treatments consist of chemotherapeutic drugs that effectively eliminate rapidly dividing tumor cells. However, in many cases chemotherapy fails to eliminate the tumor and even when chemotherapy is successful, its systemic cytotoxicity often results in detrimental side effects. To overcome these problems, many laboratories have focused on the design of novel therapies that exhibit tumor specific toxicity. The transferrin receptor (TfR), a cell membrane-associated glycoprotein involved in iron homeostasis and cell growth, has been explored as a target to deliver therapeutics into cancer cells due to its increased expression on malignant cells, accessibility on the cell surface, and constitutive endocytosis. The TfR can be targeted by direct interaction with conjugates of its ligand transferrin (Tf) or by monoclonal antibodies specific for the TfR. In this review we summarize the strategies of targeting the TfR in order to deliver therapeutic agents into tumor cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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97
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Rodrigues PCA, Roth T, Fiebig HH, Unger C, Mülhaupt R, Kratz F. Correlation of the acid-sensitivity of polyethylene glycol daunorubicin conjugates with their in vitro antiproliferative activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4110-7. [PMID: 16546396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol conjugates with linkers of varying acid-sensitivity were prepared by reacting five maleimide derivatives of daunorubicin containing an amide bond (1) or acid-sensitive carboxylic hydrazone bonds (2-5) with alpha-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-thiopropionic acid amide (MW 20000) or alpha,omega-bis-thiopropionic acid amide poly(ethylene glycol) (MW 20000). The polymer drug derivatives were designed to release daunorubicin inside the tumor cell by acid-cleavage of the hydrazone bond after uptake of the conjugate by endocytosis. In subsequent cell culture experiments, the order of antitumor activity of the PEG daunorubicin conjugates correlated with their acid-sensitivity as determined by HPLC (cell lines: BXF T24 bladder carcinoma and LXFL 529L lung cancer cell line; assay: propidium iodide fluorescence assay). The acid-sensitivity of the link between PEG and daunorubicin is therefore an important parameter for in vitro efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C A Rodrigues
- Tumor Biology Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Clinical Research, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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98
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Le Sann C. Maleimide spacers as versatile linkers in the synthesis of bioconjugates of anthracyclines. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:357-67. [PMID: 16741584 DOI: 10.1039/b600666n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Le Sann
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, David Keir Building, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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99
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Reményi J, Csík G, Kovács P, Reig F, Hudecz F. The effect of the structure of branched polypeptide carrier on intracellular delivery of daunomycin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:280-9. [PMID: 16500616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 11/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The conjugate of acid labile cis-aconityl-daunomycin (cAD) with branched chain polypeptide, poly[Lys(Glui-DL-Alam)] (EAK) was very effective against L1210 leukemia in mice. However, Dau attached to a polycationic polypeptide, poly[Lys(Seri-DL-Alam)] (SAK) exhibited no in vivo antitumor effect. In order to understand this difference we have performed comparative in vitro studies to dissect properties related to interaction with the whole body (e.g., biodistribution) from those present at cellular or even molecular level. We report here (a) the kinetics of acid-induced Dau liberation, (b) interaction with DPPC phospholipid bilayer, (c) in vitro cytotoxic effect on different tumor cells, and (d) intracellular distribution in HL-60 cells of polycationic (cAD-SAK) and amphoteic (cAD-EAK) conjugates. Fluorescence properties of the two conjugates are also reported. Our findings demonstrate that the kinetics of the drug release, intracellular distribution and in vitro cytotoxic effect are rather similar, while the effect on DPPC phospholipid bilayer and fluorescence properties of the two conjugates are not the same. We also found that the in vitro cytotoxicity is cell line dependent. These observations suggest that the structure of the polypeptide carrier could have marked influence on drug uptake related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Reményi
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, Budapest 112, POB 32 H-1518, Hungary
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100
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Furgeson DY, Dreher MR, Chilkoti A. Structural optimization of a “smart” doxorubicin–polypeptide conjugate for thermally targeted delivery to solid tumors. J Control Release 2006; 110:362-369. [PMID: 16303202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A thermoresponsive, genetically engineered, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) containing a C-terminal cysteine residue was synthesized and purified by inverse transition cycling (ITC) and conjugated to doxorubicin (Dox) molecules through four different pH-sensitive, maleimide-activated, hydrazone linkers. The efficiency of Dox activation, conjugation ratios to ELP and biophysical characterization-hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and the temperature transition kinetics-of the ELP-Dox conjugates and pH-mediated release of Dox were quantified in this study. Conjugation ratios of the maleimide-activated Dox to the thiol group of a unique cysteine in the ELP were close to unity. The Rh of the conjugate increased as the linker length between the ELP backbone and Dox was increased. The linker structure and length had little effect on the Tt of the ELP-Dox conjugates, as all conjugates exhibited Tt's that were similar to the native ELP. However, the ELP-Dox conjugates with longer linkers exhibited slower transition kinetics compared to the ELP-Dox conjugates with shorter linkers. The highest release of the ELP-Dox conjugate by cleavage of the hydrazone bond at pH 4 was nearly 80% over 72 h and was exhibited by the conjugate with the shortest linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Y Furgeson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, United States
| | - Matthew R Dreher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, United States
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, United States.
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