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Tasso M, Giovanelli E, Zala D, Bouccara S, Fragola A, Hanafi M, Lenkei Z, Pons T, Lequeux N. Sulfobetaine-Vinylimidazole Block Copolymers: A Robust Quantum Dot Surface Chemistry Expanding Bioimaging's Horizons. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11479-11489. [PMID: 26505527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term inspection of biological phenomena requires probes of elevated intra- and extracellular stability and target biospecificity. The high fluorescence and photostability of quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles contributed to foster their promise as bioimaging tools that could overcome limitations associated with traditional fluorophores. However, QDs' potential as a bioimaging platform relies upon a precise control over the surface chemistry modifications of these nano-objects. Here, a zwitterion-vinylimidazole block copolymer ligand was synthesized, which regroups all anchoring groups in one compact terminal block, while the rest of the chain is endowed with antifouling and bioconjugation moieties. By further application of an oriented bioconjugation approach with whole IgG antibodies, QD nanobioconjugates were obtained that display outstanding intra- and extracellular stability as well as biorecognition capacity. Imaging the internalization and intracellular dynamics of a transmembrane cell receptor, the CB1 brain cannabinoid receptor, both in HEK293 cells and in neurons, illustrates the breadth of potential applications of these nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tasso
- LPEM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8213, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emerson Giovanelli
- LPEM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8213, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Diana Zala
- Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bouccara
- LPEM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8213, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Fragola
- LPEM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8213, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Hanafi
- SIMM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 7615, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zsolt Lenkei
- Brain Plasticity Unit, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8249, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Pons
- LPEM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8213, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lequeux
- LPEM, ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University , CNRS UMR 8213, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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53
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Wang W, Ji X, Kapur A, Zhang C, Mattoussi H. A multifunctional polymer combining the imidazole and zwitterion motifs as a biocompatible compact coating for quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14158-72. [PMID: 26465679 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a set of multicoordinating imidazole- and zwitterion-based ligands suited for surface functionalization of quantum dots (QDs). The polymeric ligands are built using a one-step nucleophilic addition reaction between poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) and distinct amine-containing functionalities. This has allowed us to introduce several imidazole anchoring groups along the polymer chain for tight coordination to the QD surface and a controllable number of zwitterion moieties for water solubilization. It has also permitted the introduction of reactive and biomolecular groups for further conjugation and targeting. The QDs capped with these new ligands exhibit excellent long-term colloidal stability over a broad range of pH, toward excess electrolyte, in cell-growth media, and in the presence of natural reducing agents such as glutathione. These QDs are also resistant to the oxidizing agent H2O2. More importantly, by the use of zwitterion moieties as the hydrophilic block, this polymer design provides QDs with a thin coating and compact overall dimensions. These QDs are easily self-assembled with full size proteins expressed with a polyhistidine tag via metal-histidine coordination. Additionally, the incorporation of amine groups allows covalent coupling of the QDs to the neurotransmitter dopamine. This yields redox-active QD platforms that can be used to track pH changes and detect Fe ions and cysteine through charge-transfer interactions. Finally, we found that QDs cap-exchanged with folic acid-functionalized ligands could effectively target cancer cells, where folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis of QDs into living cells was time- and concentration-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xin Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Anshika Kapur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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54
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Recent advances in chemical functionalization of nanoparticles with biomolecules for analytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8627-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Banerjee A, Grazon C, Nadal B, Pons T, Krishnan Y, Dubertret B. Fast, Efficient, and Stable Conjugation of Multiple DNA Strands on Colloidal Quantum Dots. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1582-9. [PMID: 25992903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for covalent conjugation of DNA to polymer coated quantum dots (QDs) is investigated in detail. This method is fast and efficient: up to 12 DNA strands can be covalently conjugated per QD in optimized reaction conditions. The QD-DNA conjugates can be purified using size exclusion chromatography and the QDs retain high quantum yield and excellent stability after DNA coupling. We explored single-stranded and double-stranded DNA coupling, as well as various lengths. We show that the DNA coupling is most efficient for short (15 mer) single-stranded DNA. The DNA coupling has been performed on QDs emitting at four different wavelengths, as well as on gold nanoparticles, suggesting that this technique can be generalized to a wide range of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusuya Banerjee
- †Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8213, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Brice Nadal
- ‡Nexdot, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Pons
- †Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8213, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yamuna Krishnan
- §E305A, Physical Sciences Division, Gordon Centre for Integrative Science, 929 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637 United States
| | - Benoit Dubertret
- †Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 8213, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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56
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Wang W, Kapur A, Ji X, Safi M, Palui G, Palomo V, Dawson PE, Mattoussi H. Photoligation of an amphiphilic polymer with mixed coordination provides compact and reactive quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5438-51. [PMID: 25797052 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new set of multicoordinating polymers as ligands that combine two distinct metal-chelating groups, lipoic acid and imidazole, for the surface functionalization of QDs. These ligands combine the benefits of thiol and imidazole coordination to reduce issues of thiol oxidation and weak binding affinity of imidazole. The ligand design relies on the introduction of controllable numbers of lipoic acid and histamine anchors, along with hydrophilic moieties and reactive functionalities, onto a poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) chain via a one-step nucleophilic addition reaction. We further demonstrate that this design is fully compatible with a novel and mild photoligation strategy to promote the in situ ligand exchange and phase transfer of hydrophobic QDs to aqueous media under borohydride-free conditions. Ligation with these polymers provides highly fluorescent QDs that exhibit great long-term colloidal stability over a wide range of conditions, including a broad pH range (3-13), storage at nanomolar concentration, under ambient conditions, in 100% growth media, and in the presence of competing agents with strong reducing property. We further show that incorporating reactive groups in the ligands permits covalent conjugation of fluorescent dye and redox-active dopamine to the QDs, producing fluorescent platforms where emission is controlled/tuned by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) or pH-dependent charge transfer (CT) interactions. Finally, the polymer-coated QDs have been coupled to cell-penetrating peptides to facilitate intracellular uptake, while subsequent cytotoxicity tests show no apparent decrease in cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Anshika Kapur
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xin Ji
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Malak Safi
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Goutam Palui
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Valle Palomo
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Philip E Dawson
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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57
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Lowe S, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Connal LA. Antibiofouling polymer interfaces: poly(ethylene glycol) and other promising candidates. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights antibiofouling polymer interfaces with emphasis on the latest developments using poly(ethylene glycol) and the design new polymeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lowe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
| | | | - Luke A. Connal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
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58
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Palui G, Aldeek F, Wang W, Mattoussi H. Strategies for interfacing inorganic nanocrystals with biological systems based on polymer-coating. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:193-227. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A representative set of nanocrystals made of semiconductors, Au and iron oxide, surface-capped with polymer ligands presenting various metal-coordinating groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Palui
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Fadi Aldeek
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Wentao Wang
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Florida State University
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Tallahassee
- USA
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59
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Sitbon G, Bouccara S, Tasso M, Francois A, Bezdetnaya L, Marchal F, Beaumont M, Pons T. Multimodal Mn-doped I-III-VI quantum dots for near infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging: from synthesis to in vivo application. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9264-72. [PMID: 24980473 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02239d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive multimodal contrast agents is a key issue to provide better global, multi-scale images for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Here we present the synthesis of Zn-Cu-In-(S, Se)/Zn(1-x)Mn(x)S core-shell quantum dots (QDs) that can be used as markers for both near-infrared fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We first present the synthesis of Zn-Cu-In-(S, Se) cores coated with a thick ZnS shell doped with various proportions of Mn. Their emission wavelengths can be tuned over the NIR optical window suitable for deep tissue imaging. The incorporation of manganese ions (up to a few thousand ions per QD) confers them a paramagnetic character, as demonstrated by structural analysis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. These QDs maintain their optical properties after transfer to water using ligand exchange. They exhibit T1-relaxivities up to 1400 mM(-1) [QD] s(-1) at 7 T and 300 K. We finally show that these QDs are suitable multimodal in vivo probes and demonstrate MRI and NIR fluorescence detection of regional lymph nodes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Sitbon
- LPEM, PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231, Paris Cedex 5, France.
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60
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Pombo García K, Zarschler K, Barbaro L, Barreto JA, O'Malley W, Spiccia L, Stephan H, Graham B. Zwitterionic-coated "stealth" nanoparticles for biomedical applications: recent advances in countering biomolecular corona formation and uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2516-29. [PMID: 24687857 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles represent highly promising platforms for the development of imaging and therapeutic agents, including those that can either be detected via more than one imaging technique (multi-modal imaging agents) or used for both diagnosis and therapy (theranostics). A major obstacle to their medical application and translation to the clinic, however, is the fact that many accumulate in the liver and spleen as a result of opsonization and scavenging by the mononuclear phagocyte system. This focused review summarizes recent efforts to develop zwitterionic-coatings to counter this issue and render nanoparticles more biocompatible. Such coatings have been found to greatly reduce the rate and/or extent of non-specific adsorption of proteins and lipids to the nanoparticle surface, thereby inhibiting production of the "biomolecular corona" that is proposed to be a universal feature of nanoparticles within a biological environment. Additionally, in vivo studies have demonstrated that larger-sized nanoparticles with a zwitterionic coating have extended circulatory lifetimes, while those with hydrodynamic diameters of ≤5 nm exhibit small-molecule-like pharmacokinetics, remaining sufficiently small to pass through the fenestrae and slit pores during glomerular filtration within the kidneys, and enabling efficient excretion via the urine. The larger particles represent ideal candidates for use as blood pool imaging agents, whilst the small ones provide a highly promising platform for the future development of theranostics with reduced side effect profiles and superior dose delivery and image contrast capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Pombo García
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, PF 510119, Dresden, 01314, Germany
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61
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Li X, Li W, Yang Q, Gong X, Guo W, Dong C, Liu J, Xuan L, Chang J. Rapid and quantitative detection of prostate specific antigen with a quantum dot nanobeads-based immunochromatography test strip. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6406-14. [PMID: 24761826 DOI: 10.1021/am5012782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Convenient and fast testing using an immunochromatography test strip (ICTS) enables rapid yes/no decisions regarding a disease to be made. However, the fundamental limitations of an ICTS, such as a lack of quantitative and sensitive analysis, severely hampers its application in reliable medical testing for the early detection of cancer. Herein, we overcame these limitations by integrating an ICTS with quantum dot nanobeads (QD nanobeads), which were fabricated by encapsulating QDs within modified poly(tert-butyl acrylate-co-ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) and served as a robust signal-generating reagent for the ICTS. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was used as a model analyte to demonstrate the performance of the QD nanobeads-based ICTS platform. Under optimized conditions, the concentration of PSA could be determined within 15 min with high sensitivity and specificity using only 40 μL of sample. The detection limit was enhanced by ∼12-fold compared with that of an ICTS that used QDs encapsulated by commercial 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (QDs@MUA) as the signal-generating reagent. At the same time, the possible clinical utility of this approach was demonstrated by measurements recorded from PSA-positive patient specimens. Our data suggest that the QD nanobeads-based ICTS platform is not only rapid and low-cost but also highly sensitive and specific for use in quantitative point-of-care diagnostics; thus, it holds promise for becoming a part of routine medical testing for the early cancer of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Engineering, Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials , Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
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62
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Bouccara S, Fragola A, Giovanelli E, Sitbon G, Lequeux N, Pons T, Loriette V. Time-gated cell imaging using long lifetime near-infrared-emitting quantum dots for autofluorescence rejection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:051208. [PMID: 24395624 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.5.051208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging is a promising technique for the detection of individual cell migration. Its sensitivity is, however, limited by a high tissue autofluorescence and a poor visible light penetration depth. In order to solve this problem, the fluorescence signal peak wavelength should lie in an absorption and diffusion free region and should be distinguishable, either spectrally or temporally, from the autofluorescence background. We present, here, the synthesis and characterization of low toxicity Zn-Cu-In-Se/ZnS core/shell quantum dots. Their fluorescence emission wavelength peaks around 800 nm, where the absorption and scattering of tissues are minimal. They are coated with a new ligand, which yields small, stable, and bright individual probes in the live cell cytoplasm, even 48 h after the labeling. Furthermore, these near-infrared-emitting quantum dots have a long fluorescence lifetime component (around 150 ns) compared to autofluorescence (<5 ns). Taking the advantage of this property and coupling these probes to a time-gated detection, we demonstrate efficiently the discrimination between the signal and short lifetime fluorescence such as the autofluorescence. This technique is supported by a method we developed, to massively stain cells that preserves the quantum dot stability and brightness for 48 h.
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63
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Liu X, Huang N, Li H, Wang H, Jin Q, Ji J. Multidentate polyethylene glycol modified gold nanorods for in vivo near-infrared photothermal cancer therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5657-5668. [PMID: 24673744 DOI: 10.1021/am5001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (AuNRs), because of their strong absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light, are very suitable for in vivo photothermal therapy of cancer. However, appropriate surface modification must be performed on AuNRs before their in vivo application because of the high toxicity of their original stabilizer cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Multidentate ligands have attracted a lot of attention for modification of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) because of their high ligand affinity and multifunctionality, while the therapeutic effect of multidentate ligands modified NPs in vivo remains unexplored. Here, we modified AuNRs with a polythiol PEG-based copolymer. The multidentate PEG coated AuNRs (AuNR-PTPEGm950) showed good stabilities in high saline condition and wide pH range. And they had much stronger resistance to ligand competition of dithiothreitol (DTT) than AuNRs coated by monothiol-anchored PEG. The AuNR-PTPEGm950 had very low cytotoxicity and showed high efficacy for the ablation of cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, the AuNR-PTPEGm950 showed good stability in serum, and they had a long circulation time in blood that led to a high accumulation in tumors after intravenous injection. In vivo photothermal therapy showed that tumors were completely cured without reoccurrence by one-time irradiation of NIR laser after a single injection of these multidentate PEG modified AuNRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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64
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Jeong J, Kwon EK, Cheong TC, Park H, Cho NH, Kim W. Synthesis of multifunctional Fe₃O₄-CdSe/ZnS nanoclusters coated with lipid A toward dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:5297-5307. [PMID: 24641174 DOI: 10.1021/am500661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel route to synthesize Fe3O4-CdSe/ZnS multifunctional nanoclusters (MNCs) with excellent optical and magnetic properties and biocompatibility. The successful fabrication of highly fluorescent and magnetic MNCs is achieved via a coupling process based on a partial ligand exchange reaction at the aqueous-organic solution interface. In addition, we show that dendritic cells (DCs), the sentinel of the immune system, can uptake the MNCs without significant change in cell viability. The MNCs uptaken by the DCs can be used for imaging, tracking, and separating the DCs. Furthermore, the MNCs can be loaded with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, lipid A, via a hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction. Ex vivo labeling of DCs with the MNC-lipid A complex enhances the DC migration to draining lymph nodes and tumor antigen-specific T cell responses in vivo. Our work may contribute to the development of synthetic routes to various multifunctional nanoclusters and DC-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhoo Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University , Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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65
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Tyrakowski CM, Snee PT. A primer on the synthesis, water-solubilization, and functionalization of quantum dots, their use as biological sensing agents, and present status. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:837-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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66
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Zhan N, Palui G, Grise H, Mattoussi H. Photoligation combined with zwitterion-modified lipoic acid ligands provides compact and biocompatible quantum dots. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1199:13-31. [PMID: 25103797 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1280-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and synthesis of a series of compact ligands made of lipoic acid (LA)-based coordinating anchors and hydrophilic zwitterion groups. This ligand design is combined with a novel photoligation strategy to promote the transfer of QDs to polar and buffer media. This approach has provided hydrophilic QDs that exhibit great colloidal stability over a broad range of pHs and in the presence of cell culture media. Our photoligation strategy drastically improves previous phase transfer methods by eliminating the need for chemical reduction of the dithiolane ring using NaBH4 prior to the cap exchange, and it is adapted to several LA-based ligands. We also found that QDs stabilized with these compact zwitterionic ligands are fully compatible with metal-histidine-driven self-assembly where the protein activity is maintained after forming conjugation with the QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqian Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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67
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Lin G, Ding Z, Hu R, Wang X, Chen Q, Zhu X, Liu K, Liang J, Lu F, Lei D, Xu G, Yong KT. Cytotoxicity and immune response of CdSe/ZnS Quantum dots towards a murine macrophage cell line. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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68
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Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals with distinct photophysical properties finding applications in biology, biosensing, and optoelectronics. Polymeric coatings of QDs are used primarily to provide long-term colloidal stability to QDs dispersed in solutions and also as a source of additional functional groups used in further chemical derivatization of the nanoparticles. We review the coating methods, including multidentate and amphiphilic polymeric coatings, and grafting-to and grafting-from approaches. We highlight the most commonly used polymers and discuss how their chemical structure influences the coating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602.
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69
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Knittel F, Gravel E, Cassette E, Pons T, Pillon F, Dubertret B, Doris E. On the characterization of the surface chemistry of quantum dots. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5075-5078. [PMID: 24111602 DOI: 10.1021/nl402192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of ligands with the surface of quantum dots (QD) was studied using tritiated oleic acid as an ultrasensitive reporter. The use of labeled oleic acid not only permitted to quantify the number of ligands attached to the surface of QDs of various sizes but also enabled the investigation of the relative affinity of different ligand types for the nanocrystal's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Knittel
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage, CEA, iBiTecS , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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70
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Sun H, Zhang F, Wei H, Yang B. The effects of composition and surface chemistry on the toxicity of quantum dots. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6485-6494. [PMID: 32261324 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, researchers have paid much attention to the toxicity of QDs because of their rapidly increasing application in biomedicine. Recent investigations have indicated that QDs have influences on biological systems at the cellular, subcellular, and protein levels during the processes of imaging and therapeutic applications. The toxicity of QDs is related to their composition, surface functionality, size, shape, and charge, etc. among which composition and surface modification are two important elements. This feature article mainly concentrates on the latest developments in reducing QD toxicity by manipulating their composition and surface modification. Besides the cadmium-based QDs, the assessment of toxicity in vitro and in vivo for other QDs such as carbon dots, graphene QDs, silicon QDs, Ag2Se QDs, CuInS2@ZnS, InP QDs, hybrid QDs of carbon and CdSe@ZnS, etc., is generalized. Each kind of QD has its own advantages. Cadmium-based QDs have broad UV excitation, narrow emission and bright photoluminescence (PL), while cadmium-free ones present low toxicity. In fact, a lot of investigations show that the toxicity of QDs is dose dependent, whatever the composition. Consequently, surface modification becomes very important to reduce toxicity and simultaneously impart biocompatibility, stability, and specificity to QDs. Therefore, the functionalization of QDs with inorganic shells (e.g., CdSe@ZnS, CdSe@SiO2), polymers, bio- or natural macromolecules is summarized. Future research work should concentrate on preparing novel QDs with appropriate surface modification and investigating the long-term influence of QDs on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination in vivo, especially for cadmium-free QDs such as carbon-based QDs, Ag2Se QDs, CuInS2@ZnS QDs and InP QDs, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhu Sun
- College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P.R. China
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71
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Liu X, Huang N, Wang H, Li H, Jin Q, Ji J. The effect of ligand composition on the in vivo fate of multidentate poly(ethylene glycol) modified gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8370-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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72
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Zhan N, Palui G, Safi M, Ji X, Mattoussi H. Multidentate zwitterionic ligands provide compact and highly biocompatible quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13786-95. [PMID: 24003892 DOI: 10.1021/ja405010v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic functional semiconductor nanocrystals that are also compact provide greatly promising platforms for use in bioinspired applications and are thus highly needed. To address this, we designed a set of metal coordinating ligands where we combined two lipoic acid groups, bis(LA)-ZW, (as a multicoordinating anchor) with a zwitterion group for water compatibility. We further combined this ligand design with a new photoligation strategy, which relies on optical means instead of chemical reduction of the lipoic acid, to promote the transfer of CdSe-ZnS QDs to buffer media. In particular, we found that the QDs photoligated with this zwitterion-terminated bis(lipoic) acid exhibit great colloidal stability over a wide range of pHs, to an excess of electrolytes, and in the presence of growth media and reducing agents, in addition to preserving their optical and spectroscopic properties. These QDs are also stable at nanomolar concentrations and under ambient conditions (room temperature and white light exposure), a very promising property for fluorescent labeling in biology. In addition, the compact ligands permitted metal-histidine self-assembly between QDs photoligated with bis(LA)-ZW and two different His-tagged proteins, maltose binding protein and fluorescent mCherry protein. The remarkable stability of QDs capped with these multicoordinating and compact ligands over a broad range of conditions and at very small concentrations, combined with the compatibility with metal-histidine conjugation, could be very useful for a variety of applications, ranging from protein tracking and ligand-receptor binding to intracellular sensing using energy transfer interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqian Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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73
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Stojanović Z, Otoničar M, Lee J, Stevanović MM, Hwang MP, Lee KH, Choi J, Uskoković D. The solvothermal synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals and the preparation of hybrid poly(l-lactide)–polyethyleneimine magnetic particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 109:236-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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74
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Schmidtke C, Pöselt E, Ostermann J, Pietsch A, Kloust H, Tran H, Schotten T, Bastús NG, Eggers R, Weller H. Amphiphilic, cross-linkable diblock copolymers for multifunctionalized nanoparticles as biological probes. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7433-7444. [PMID: 23831679 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01520c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) play an increasingly important role in biological labeling and imaging applications. However, preserving their useful properties in an aqueous biological environment remains challenging, even more as NPs therein have to be long-time stable, biocompatible and nontoxic. For in vivo applications, size control is crucial in order to route excretion pathways, e.g. renal clearance vs. hepato-biliary accumulation. Equally necessary, cellular and tissue specific targeting demands suitable linker chemistry for surface functionalization with affinity molecules, like peptides, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleotides. Herein, we report a three stage encapsulation process for NPs comprised of (1) a partial ligand exchange by a multidentate polyolefinic amine ligand, PI-N3, (2) micellar encapsulation with a precisely tuned amphiphilic diblock PI-b-PEG copolymer, in which the PI chains intercalate to the PI-N3 prepolymer and (3) radical cross-linking of the adjacent alkenyl bonds. As a result, water-soluble NPs were obtained, which virtually maintained their primal physical properties and were exceptionally stable in biological media. PEG-terminal functionalization of the diblock PI-b-PEG copolymer with numerous functional groups was mostly straightforward by chain termination of the living anionic polymerization (LAP) with the respective reagents. More complex affinity ligands, e.g. carbohydrates or biotin, were introduced in a two-step process, prior to micellar encapsulation. Advantageously, this pre-assembly approach opens up rapid access to precisely tuned multifunctional NPs, just by using mixtures of diverse functional PI-b-PEG polymers in a combinatorial manner. All constructs showed no toxicity from 0.001 to 1 μM (particle concentration) in standard WST and LDH assays on A549 cells, as well as only marginal unspecific cellular uptake, even in serum-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmidtke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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75
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Wegner KD, Lanh PT, Jennings T, Oh E, Jain V, Fairclough SM, Smith JM, Giovanelli E, Lequeux N, Pons T, Hildebrandt N. Influence of luminescence quantum yield, surface coating, and functionalization of quantum dots on the sensitivity of time-resolved FRET bioassays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2881-2892. [PMID: 23496235 DOI: 10.1021/am3030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In clinical diagnostics, homogeneous time-resolved (TR) FRET immunoassays are used for fast and highly sensitive detection of biomarkers in serum samples. The most common immunoassay format is based on europium chelate or cryptate donors and allophycocyanin acceptors. Replacing europium donors with terbium complexes and the acceptors with QDs offers large photophysical advantages for multiplexed diagnostics, because the Tb-complex can be used as FRET donor for QD acceptors of different colors. Water-soluble and biocompatible QDs are commercially available or can be synthesized in the laboratory using many available recipes from the literature. Apart from the semiconductor material composition, an important aspect of choosing the right QD for TR-FRET assays is the thickness of the QD coating, which will influence the photophysical properties and long-term stability as well as the donor-acceptor distance and FRET efficiency. Here we present a detailed time-resolved spectroscopic study of three different QDs with an emission maximum around 605 nm for their application as FRET acceptors (using a common Tb donor) in TR-bioassays: (i) Invitrogen/Life Technologies Qdot605, (ii) eBioscience eFluorNC605 and iii) ter-polymer stabilized CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs synthesized in our laboratories. All FRET systems are very stable and possess large Förster distances (7.4-9.1 nm), high FRET efficiencies (0.63-0.80) and low detection limits (0.06-2.0 pM) within the FRET-bioassays. Shapes, sizes and the biotin/QD ratio of the biocompatible QDs could be determined directly in the solution phase bioassays at subnanomolar concentrations. Both commercial amphiphilic polymer/lipid encapsulated QDs and self-made ligand-exchanged QDs provide extremely low detection limits for highly sensitive TR-FRET bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- K David Wegner
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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76
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Zhan N, Palui G, Grise H, Tang H, Alabugin I, Mattoussi H. Combining ligand design with photoligation to provide compact, colloidally stable, and easy to conjugate quantum dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:2861-2869. [PMID: 23421991 DOI: 10.1021/am302788q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and synthesis of two compact multicoordinating (lipoic acid-appended) zwitterion ligands for the capping of luminescent quantum dots, QDs. This design is combined with a novel and easy to implement photoligation strategy to promote the in situ ligand exchange and transfer of the QDs to buffer media. This method involves the irradiation of the native hydrophobic nanocrystals in the presence of the ligands, which promotes in situ cap exchange and phase transfer of the QDs, eliminating the need for a chemical reduction of the dithiolane groups. Applied to the present LA-zwitterion ligands, this route has provided QDs with high photoluminescence yields and excellent colloidal stability over a broad range of conditions, including acidic and basic pH, in the presence of growth media and excess salt conditions. The small lateral extension of the capping layer allowed easy conjugation of the QDs to globular proteins expressing a terminal polyhistidine tag, where binding is promoted by metal-affinity interactions between the accessible Zn-rich surface and imidazoles in the terminal tag of the proteins. The ability to carry out conjugation in acidic as well as basic conditions opens up the possibility to use such self-assembled QD-protein conjugates in various biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqian Zhan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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