51
|
Bertin A. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of DNA and Polycations as Gene Delivery Vectors. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
52
|
Robles E, Villar E, Alatorre-Meda M, Burboa MG, Valdez MA, Taboada P, Mosquera V. Effects of the hydrophobization on chitosan-insulin nanoparticles obtained by an alkylation reaction on chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
53
|
Reul R, Nguyen J, Biela A, Marxer E, Bakowsky U, Klebe G, Kissel T. Biophysical and biological investigation of DNA nano-complexes with a non-toxic, biodegradable amine-modified hyperbranched polyester. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
54
|
Ahmed M, Narain R. Intracellular delivery of DNA and enzyme in active form using degradable carbohydrate-based nanogels. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:3160-70. [PMID: 22970989 DOI: 10.1021/mp300255p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The facile encapsulation of biomolecules along with efficient formulation and storage makes nanogels ideal candidates for drug and gene delivery. So far, nanogels have not been used for the codelivery of plasmid DNA and proteins due to several limitations, including low encapsulation efficacy of biomolecule of similar charges and the size of cargo materials. In this study, temperature and pH sensitive carbohydrate-based nanogels are synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique and are studied in detail for their capacity to encapsulate and codeliver plasmid DNA and proteins. The temperature sensitive property of nanogels allows the facile encapsulation of biomaterials, while its acid-degradable profile allows the burst release of biomolecules in endosomes. Hence these materials are expected to serve as efficient vectors to deliver biomolecules of choice either alone or as codelivery system. The nanogels produced are relatively monodisperse and are around 30-40 nm in diameter at 37 °C. DNA condensation efficacy of the nanogels is dependent on the hydrophobic property of the core of the nanogels. The DNA-nanogel complexes are formed by the interaction of carbohydrate residues of nanogels with the DNA, and complexes are further stabilized with linear cationic glycopolymers. The DNA-nanogels complexes are also studied for their protein loading capacity. The degradation of the nanogels and the controlled release of DNA and proteins are then studied in vitro. Furthermore, the addition of a nontoxic, cationic glycopolymer to the nanogel-DNA complexes is found to improve the cellular uptake and hence to improve gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, 116 St and 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G6, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Samal SK, Dash M, Van Vlierberghe S, Kaplan DL, Chiellini E, van Blitterswijk C, Moroni L, Dubruel P. Cationic polymers and their therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7147-94. [PMID: 22885409 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed enormous research focused on cationic polymers. Cationic polymers are the subject of intense research as non-viral gene delivery systems, due to their flexible properties, facile synthesis, robustness and proven gene delivery efficiency. Here, we review the most recent scientific advances in cationic polymers and their derivatives not only for gene delivery purposes but also for various alternative therapeutic applications. An overview of the synthesis and preparation of cationic polymers is provided along with their inherent bioactive and intrinsic therapeutic potential. In addition, cationic polymer based biomedical materials are covered. Major progress in the fields of drug and gene delivery as well as tissue engineering applications is summarized in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Keshari Samal
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Grandinetti G, Reineke TM. Exploring the mechanism of plasmid DNA nuclear internalization with polymer-based vehicles. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2256-67. [PMID: 22715912 PMCID: PMC3601561 DOI: 10.1021/mp300142d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers are commonly used to transfect mammalian cells, but their mechanisms of DNA delivery are unknown. This study seeks to decipher the mechanism by which plasmid DNA delivered by a class of cationic polymers traffics to and enters the nucleus. While studies have been performed to elucidate the mechanism of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) import into the nuclei of mammalian cells, our objectives were to determine the effects of polymer complexation on pDNA nuclear import and the impact of polymer structure on that import. We have performed studies in whole cells and in isolated nuclei using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to characterize how polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes) are able to deliver their pDNA cargo to the nuclei of their target cells. The polymers tested herein include (i) linear poly(ethylenimine) (JetPEI), a polyamine, and (ii) two poly(glycoamidoamine)s (PGAAs), polyamines that contain carbohydrate moieties (meso-galactarate, Glycofect (G4), and L-tartarate, T4) within their repeat units. Our results indicate that, when complexed with the PGAAs, pDNA association with the nuclei was severely hampered in isolated nuclei compared to whole cells. When the pDNA was complexed with JetPEI, there was slight inhibition of pDNA-nuclear interaction in isolated nuclei compared to whole cells. However, even in the case of PEI, the amount of pDNA imported into the nucleus increases in the presence of cytosolic extract, thus indicating that intracellular components also play a role in pDNA nuclear import for all polymers tested. Interestingly, PEI and G4 exhibit the highest reporter gene expression as well as inducing higher envelope permeability compared to T4, suggesting that the ability to directly permeabilize the nuclear envelope may play a role in increasing expression efficiency. In addition, both free T4 and G4 polymers are able to cross the nuclear membrane without their pDNA cargo in isolated nuclei, indicating the possibility of different modes of nuclear association for free polymers vs polyplexes. These results yield insight to how the incorporation of carbohydrate moieties influences intracellular mechanisms and will prove useful in the rational design of safe and effective polymer-based gene delivery vehicles for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Grandinetti
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Chu DSH, Schellinger JG, Shi J, Convertine AJ, Stayton PS, Pun SH. Application of living free radical polymerization for nucleic acid delivery. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1089-99. [PMID: 22242774 DOI: 10.1021/ar200242z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene delivery can alter protein function either through the replacement of nonfunctional genes to restore cellular health or through RNA interference (RNAi) to mask mutated and harmful genes. Researchers have investigated a range of nucleic acid-based therapeutics as potential treatments for hereditary, acquired, and infectious diseases. Candidate drugs include plasmids that induce gene expression and small, interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that silence target genes. Because of their self-assembly with nucleic acids into virus-sized nanoparticles and high transfection efficiency in vitro, cationic polymers have been extensively studied for nucleic acid delivery applications, but toxicity and particle stability have limited the clinical applications of these systems. The advent of living free radical polymerization has improved the quality, control, and reproducibility of these synthesized materials. This process yields well-defined, narrowly disperse materials with designed architectures and molecular weights. As a result, researchers can study the effects of polymer architecture and molecular weight on transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity, which will improve the design of next-generation vectors. In this Account, we review findings from structure-function studies that have elucidated key design motifs necessary for the development of effective nucleic acid vectors. Researchers have used robust methods such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reverse addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), and ring-opening metastasis polymerization (ROMP) to engineer materials that enhance extracellular stability and cellular specificity and decrease toxicity. In addition, we discuss polymers that are biodegradable, form supramolecular structures, target specific cells, or facilitate endosomal release. Finally, we describe promising materials with a range of in vivo applications from pulmonary gene delivery to DNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. H. Chu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Joan G. Schellinger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Julie Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Grandinetti G, Smith AE, Reineke TM. Membrane and nuclear permeabilization by polymeric pDNA vehicles: efficient method for gene delivery or mechanism of cytotoxicity? Mol Pharm 2012; 9:523-38. [PMID: 22175236 PMCID: PMC3524998 DOI: 10.1021/mp200368p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the cytotoxicity mechanisms of linear PEI to two analogous polymers synthesized by our group: a hydroxyl-containing poly(l-tartaramidoamine) (T4) and a version containing an alkyl chain spacer poly(adipamidopentaethylenetetramine) (A4) by studying the cellular responses to polymer transfection. We have also synthesized analogues of T4 with different molecular weights (degrees of polymerization of 6, 12, and 43) to examine the role of molecular weight on the cytotoxicity mechanisms. Several mechanisms of polymer-induced cytotoxicity are investigated, including plasma membrane permeabilization, the formation of potentially harmful polymer degradation products during transfection including reactive oxygen species, and nuclear membrane permeabilization. We hypothesized that since cationic polymers are capable of disrupting the plasma membrane, they may also be capable of disrupting the nuclear envelope, which could be a potential mechanism of how the pDNA is delivered into the nucleus (other than nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis). Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we show that the polycations with the highest amount of protein expression and toxicity, PEI and T4(43), are capable of inducing nuclear membrane permeability. This finding is important for the field of nucleic acid delivery in that direct nucleus permeabilization could be not only a mechanism for pDNA nuclear import but also a potential mechanism of cytotoxicity and cell death. We also show that the production of reactive oxygen species is not a main mechanism of cytotoxicity, and that the presence or absence of hydroxyl groups and polymer length play a role in polyplex size and charge in addition to protein expression efficiency and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Grandinetti
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Adam E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Aliabadi HM, Landry B, Sun C, Tang T, Uludağ H. Supramolecular assemblies in functional siRNA delivery: Where do we stand? Biomaterials 2012; 33:2546-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
60
|
Routh P, Das S, Nandi AK. Polythiophene-g-poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) stabilized Au nanoparticles and its morphology tuning by RNA with variation of electronic properties. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
|
61
|
Zhou D, Li C, Hu Y, Zhou H, Chen J, Zhang Z, Guo T. PLL/pDNA/P(His-co-DMAEL) ternary complexes: assembly, stability and gene delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
62
|
Zhou D, Li C, Hu Y, Zhou H, Chen J, Zhang Z, Guo T. The effects of a multifunctional oligomer and its incorporation strategies on the gene delivery efficiency of poly(l-lysine). Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4594-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31359f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
63
|
Hemp ST, Allen MH, Green MD, Long TE. Phosphonium-containing polyelectrolytes for nonviral gene delivery. Biomacromolecules 2011; 13:231-8. [PMID: 22136386 DOI: 10.1021/bm201503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonviral gene therapy focuses intensely on nitrogen-containing macromolecules and lipids to condense and deliver DNA as a therapeutic for genetic human diseases. For the first time, DNA binding and gene transfection experiments compared phosphonium-containing macromolecules with their respective ammonium analogs. Conventional free radical polymerization of quaternized 4-vinylbenzyl chloride monomers afforded phosphonium- and ammonium-containing homopolymers for gene transfection experiments of HeLa cells. Aqueous size exclusion chromatography confirmed similar absolute molecular weights for all polyelectrolytes. DNA gel shift assays and luciferase expression assays revealed phosphonium-containing polymers bound DNA at lower charge ratios and displayed improved luciferase expression relative to the ammonium analogs. The triethyl-based vectors for both cations failed to transfect HeLa cells, whereas tributyl-based vectors successfully transfected HeLa cells similar to Superfect demonstrating the influence of the alkyl substituent lengths on the efficacy of the gene delivery vehicle. Cellular uptake of Cy5-labeled DNA highlighted successful cellular uptake of triethyl-based polyplexes, showing that intracellular mechanisms presumably prevented luciferase expression. Endocytic inhibition studies using genistein, methyl β-cyclodextrin, or amantadine demonstrated the caveolae-mediated pathway as the preferred cellular uptake mechanism for the delivery vehicles examined. Our studies demonstrated that changing the polymeric cation from ammonium to phosphonium enables an unexplored array of synthetic vectors for enhanced DNA binding and transfection that may transform the field of nonviral gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Hemp
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Prévost S, Riemer S, Fischer W, Haag R, Böttcher C, Gummel J, Grillo I, Appavou MS, Gradzielski M. Colloidal Structure and Stability of DNA/Polycations Polyplexes Investigated by Small Angle Scattering. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4272-82. [DOI: 10.1021/bm201184w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Prévost
- Stranski-Laboratorium für
Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
- Soft
Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Lise-Meitner-Campus, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Riemer
- Stranski-Laboratorium für
Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Fischer
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérémie Gummel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Grillo
- Institut Laue Langevin, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, IFF-JCNS, Lichtenbergerstraße 1, D-85747
Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für
Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des
17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Burova TV, Grinberg NV, Tur DR, Papkov VS, Dubovik AS, Grinberg VY, Khokhlov AR. Polyplexes of poly(methylaminophosphazene): energetics of DNA melting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11582-11590. [PMID: 21830752 DOI: 10.1021/la202321t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of DNA with a synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable cationic polymer, poly(methylaminophosphazene) hydrochloride (PMAP·HCl), was investigated by high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry under conditions of strong and weak electrostatic interactions of the macroions. Thermodynamic parameters of the DNA double-helix melting were determined as a function of pH and the PMAP·HCl/DNA weight ratio. PMAP·HCL was shown to reveal two functions with respect to DNA: the polyelectrolyte function and the donor-acceptor one. The first function stabilizes the helical conformation of DNA, and the second one destabilizes it. The stabilizing effect of PMAP·HCl is of entropic origin, related to a displacement of mobile counterions from the DNA's nearest surroundings by the poly(methylaminophosphazene) charged groups. The donor-acceptor function of poly(methylaminophosphazene) dominates when its electrostatic interaction with DNA is either saturated (in the complex coacervate phase at high poly(methylaminophosphazene) concentrations) or completely suppressed (in a salt medium when the polycation carries a small charge). Under these conditions, poly(methylaminophosphazene) destabilizes DNA. It preferentially binds to the DNA coil form likely via the formation of multiple labile hydrogen bonds with the donor-acceptor groups of DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Burova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Ingle NP, Malone B, Reineke TM. Poly(glycoamidoamine)s: a broad class of carbohydrate-containing polycations for nucleic acid delivery. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:443-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
67
|
Schaffert D, Troiber C, Salcher EE, Fröhlich T, Martin I, Badgujar N, Dohmen C, Edinger D, Kläger R, Maiwald G, Farkasova K, Seeber S, Jahn-Hofmann K, Hadwiger P, Wagner E. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Sequence-Defined T-, i-, and U-Shape Polymers for pDNA and siRNA Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8986-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
68
|
Schaffert D, Troiber C, Salcher EE, Fröhlich T, Martin I, Badgujar N, Dohmen C, Edinger D, Kläger R, Maiwald G, Farkasova K, Seeber S, Jahn-Hofmann K, Hadwiger P, Wagner E. Festphasen-basierte Synthese sequenzdefinierter T-, i- und U-Form-Polymere für den pDNA- und siRNA-Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
69
|
Taori VP, Lu H, Reineke TM. Structure-activity examination of poly(glycoamidoguanidine)s: glycopolycations containing guanidine units for nucleic acid delivery. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2055-63. [PMID: 21506608 DOI: 10.1021/bm101537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we synthesized a new series of polymers known as poly(glycoamidoguanidine)s (PGAGs). These new polymer structures were synthesized by copolymerizing a carbohydrate monomer (diester; galatarate or tartarate) with a diamine incorporating guanidine or methylguanidine as a charge center to create a polyamide backbone. These materials were strategically designed and compared to our previously studied DNA delivery vehicles, poly(glycoamidoamine)s (PGAAs), which contain secondary amines as the charge groups along the polymer backbone to examine the effect of charge center type on the cellular delivery efficiency of plasmid DNA (pDNA). The guanidine moieties within the PGAGs facilitate electrostatic binding with the negatively charged phosphate backbone of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Stable polymer-pDNA complexes (polyplexes) with sizes in the range of 60-200 nm are formed at polymer/pDNA charge ratios (N/P) of 5 and above. When the PGAGs are complexed with Cy5-labeled pDNA (Cy5-pDNA) at N/P ratios of 10 and 25, between 80 and 95% of HeLa cells were positive for Cy5 fluorescence, indicating effective cellular internalization of the polyplexes. The toxicity of both PGAA and PGAG polyplexes was studied via MTT assays, and over 95% cell survival was observed at N/P ratios of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 in HeLa cells. Transgene expression was examined via luciferase assays at various N/P ratios in the absence and presence of serum. In the absence of serum, the PGAG polyplexes revealed similar transgene expression when compared to polyplexes formed with their analogous PGAA structures. In the presence of serum, one analog (Gg) consisting of galactarate copolymerized with the guanidine monomer yielded gene expression similar to the positive control, Glycofect Transfection Reagent. This new series of guanidine-containing oligomers are promising as a new design strategy to incorporate an alternative charge center type within the backbone of glycopolymer-based nucleic acid delivery vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Taori
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Allen MH, Green MD, Getaneh HK, Miller KM, Long TE. Tailoring charge density and hydrogen bonding of imidazolium copolymers for efficient gene delivery. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2243-50. [PMID: 21557603 DOI: 10.1021/bm2003303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conventional free radical polymerization with subsequent postpolymerization modification afforded imidazolium copolymers with controlled charge density and side chain hydroxyl number. Novel imidazolium-containing copolymers where each permanent cation contained one or two adjacent hydroxyls allowed precise structure-transfection efficiency studies. The degree of polymerization was identical for all copolymers to eliminate the influence of molecular weight on transfection efficiency. DNA binding, cytotoxicity, and in vitro gene transfection in African green monkey COS-7 cells revealed structure-property-transfection relationships for the copolymers. DNA gel shift assays indicated that higher charge densities and hydroxyl concentrations increased DNA binding. As the charge density of the copolymers increased, toxicity of the copolymers also increased; however, as hydroxyl concentration increased, cytotoxicity remained constant. Changing both charge density and hydroxyl levels in a systematic fashion revealed a dramatic influence on transfection efficiency. Dynamic light scattering of the polyplexes, which were composed of copolymer concentrations required for the highest luciferase expression, showed an intermediate DNA-copolymer binding affinity. Our studies supported the conclusion that cationic copolymer binding affinity significantly impacts overall transfection efficiency of DNA delivery vehicles, and the incorporation of hydroxyl sites offers a less toxic and effective alternative to more conventional highly charged copolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Allen
- Department of Chemistry,Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Jensen LB, Pavan GM, Kasimova MR, Rutherford S, Danani A, Nielsen HM, Foged C. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of PAMAM-siRNA dendriplex self-assembly: effect of dendrimer charge density. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:410-8. [PMID: 21419201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are attractive vehicles for nucleic acid delivery due to monodispersity and ease of chemical design. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the self-assembly process between small interfering RNA (siRNA) and different generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimers and to characterize the resulting structures. The generation 4 (G4) and G7 displayed equal efficiencies for dendriplex aggregate formation, whereas G1 lacked this ability. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and dynamic light scattering showed reduced average size and increased polydispersity at higher dendrimer concentration. The nanoparticle tracking analysis indicated that electrostatic complexation results in an equilibrium between differently sized complex aggregates, where the centre of mass depends on the siRNA:dendrimer ratio. Isothermal titration calorimetric data suggested a simple binding for G1, whereas a biphasic binding was evident for G4 and G7 with an initial exothermic binding and a secondary endothermic formation of larger dendriplex aggregates, followed by agglomeration. The initial binding became increasingly exothermic as the generation increased, and the values were closely predicted by molecular dynamics simulations, which also demonstrated a generation dependent differences in the entropy of binding. The flexible G1 displayed the highest entropic penalty followed by the rigid G7, making the intermediate G4 the most suitable for dendriplex formation, showing favorable charge density for siRNA binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda B Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mahon KP, Love KT, Whitehead KA, Qin J, Akinc A, Leshchiner E, Leshchiner I, Langer R, Anderson DG. Combinatorial approach to determine functional group effects on lipidoid-mediated siRNA delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1448-54. [PMID: 20715849 DOI: 10.1021/bc100041r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of RNA interference (RNAi), either in the clinic or in the laboratory, requires safe and effective delivery methods. Here, we develop a combinatorial approach to synthesize a library of delivery vectors based on two lipid-like substrates with known siRNA delivery capabilities. Members of this library have a mixture of lipid-like tails and feature appendages containing hydroxyl, carbamate, ether, or amine functional groups as well as variations in alkyl chain length and branching. Using a luciferase reporter system in HeLa cells, we studied the relationship between lipid chemical modification and delivery performance in vitro. The impact of the functional group was shown to vary depending on the overall amine content and tail number of the delivery vector. Additionally, in vivo performance was evaluated using a Factor VII knockdown assay. Two library members, each containing ether groups, were found to knock down the target protein at levels comparable to those of the parent delivery vector. These results demonstrate that small chemical changes to the delivery vector impact knockdown efficiency and cell viability both in vitro and in vivo. The work described here identifies new materials for siRNA delivery and provides new insight into the parameters for optimized chemical makeup of lipid-like siRNA delivery materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry P Mahon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Alatorre-Meda M, Taboada P, Hartl F, Wagner T, Freis M, Rodríguez JR. The influence of chitosan valence on the complexation and transfection of DNA: The weaker the DNA–chitosan binding the higher the transfection efficiency. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 82:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
74
|
Routh P, Garai A, Nandi AK. Optical and electronic properties of polyaniline sulfonic acid–ribonucleic acid–gold nanobiocomposites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13670-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20365g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
75
|
Functional Polymer Conjugates for Medicinal Nucleic Acid Delivery. POLYMERS IN NANOMEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
76
|
Turygin DS, Subat M, Arslanov VV, König B, Kalinina MA. Hydrogen-bond-guided self-assembly of nucleotides on a receptor-array surface. Chemistry 2010; 16:10560-8. [PMID: 20648485 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogen-bond-guided self-assembly of 5'-ribonucleotides bearing adenine(A), cytosine (C), uracil (U), or guanine (G) bases from aqueous solution on a lipid-like surface decorated with synthetic bis(Zn(II)-cyclen) (cyclen=1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodododecane) metal-complex receptor sites is described. The process was studied by using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. The data show that the mechanism of nucleotide binding to the 2D template is influenced by the chemistry of the bases and the pH value of the solution. In a neutral solution of pH 7.5, the process is cooperative and selective with respect to Watson-Crick pairs (A-U and C-G), which form stable double planes in accordance with the Chargaff rule. In a more acidic solution at pH 6.0, the interactions between complementary partners become non-cooperative and the surface also stabilizes mismatched and wobble pairs due to the pH-induced changes in the receptor coordination state. The results suggest that hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the self-assembly of complementary nucleotides at the lipid-like interface, and the cooperative character of the process stems from the ideal matching of the orientation and chemistry of all the interacting components with respect to each other in neutral solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Turygin
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Supramolecular Systems, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry RAS, 31 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Jensen LB, Mortensen K, Pavan GM, Kasimova MR, Jensen DK, Gadzhyeva V, Nielsen HM, Foged C. Molecular Characterization of the Interaction between siRNA and PAMAM G7 Dendrimers by SAXS, ITC, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3571-7. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina R. Kasimova
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark, and Mathematical and Physical Sciences Research Unit (SMF), University of Applied Sciences of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, 6928, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
McLendon PM, Buckwalter DJ, Davis EM, Reineke TM. Interaction of poly(glycoamidoamine) DNA delivery vehicles with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans leads to polyplex internalization in a manner not solely dependent on charge. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1757-68. [PMID: 20604555 DOI: 10.1021/mp100135n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cellular internalization is necessary for rational design of efficient polymers for DNA delivery. In this paper, we present evidence that poly(glycoamidoamine) (PGAA)-DNA complexes (polyplexes) interact with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in a manner that is not solely dependent on charge. The presence of GAGs appears to be necessary for efficient cellular uptake, as polyplex internalization was decreased in GAG-deficient CHO (pgsA-745) cells. However, uptake was nearly unaffected in cells deficient only in heparan sulfate. Internalization of PGAA polyplexes appears to be dependent on GAG sulfation in mammalian cell lines, yet the PGAA polymers are decomplexed from pDNA by high concentrations of GAGs in a charge-independent manner. This finding suggests that interactions between the carbohydrates on the polymer and GAGs may contribute to polyplex binding. Quartz crystal microbalance studies support the findings that relative PGAA polyplex-GAG binding affinities are also not completely mediated by charge. As measured by dynamic light scattering and TEM, GAGs appear to accumulate on the surface of polyplexes without disrupting them at a lower concentration, which may stimulate cellular internalization due to close interactions between the polyplexes and the GAGs. Gel electrophoresis and fluorescence measurements of an intercalating dye suggest that polyplex interaction with GAGs can induce dissociation, which could represent a potential pDNA release mechanism. These results imply that similar interactions may occur on cell surfaces, and strongly supports the hypothesis that GAGs function as cell surface receptors for polyplexes formed with PGAA vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McLendon
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Gao H, Elsabahy M, Giger EV, Li D, Prud'homme RE, Leroux JC. Aminated linear and star-shape poly(glycerol methacrylate)s: synthesis and self-assembling properties. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:889-95. [PMID: 20201490 DOI: 10.1021/bm901241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, polyglycerols and their structurally related analogs have received considerable attention in the biomedical field. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) is a versatile polymer because its pendant epoxide groups can be opened with different functional groups to generate poly(glycerol methacrylate)s (PGOHMA) derivatives. In this work, linear and star-shape PGMAs were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and then functionalized with four different amines by ring-opening addition. This resulted in the formation of polyglycerol-like polymers having both hydroxyl and amine moieties and different water-solubility. The water-insoluble polymers could form pH-sensitive nanoassemblies, while the soluble derivatives efficiently complexed a short strand polynucleotide. The aminated polyglycerol interacted more avidly with the oligonucleotide than the control poly(ethyleneimine), and high transfection efficacy could be obtained with the linear derivative. Such polymers could find practical applications for the delivery of drugs and nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Utsuno K, Uludag H. Thermodynamics of polyethylenimine-DNA binding and DNA condensation. Biophys J 2010; 99:201-7. [PMID: 20655848 PMCID: PMC2895367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, polyethylenimine (PEI) binding to DNA was examined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Two types of binding modes were found to describe the interactions between these polyelectrolytes in buffers and in water. One type of binding involves PEI binding to the DNA groove because the enthalpy change of this binding mode is positive, and PEI is deprotonated to bind to DNA. Another likely binding mode involves external binding of PEI to the DNA phosphate backbone, accompanied with DNA condensation. The enthalpy change is negative and PEI is protonated when it binds to DNA in this mode. The intrinsic enthalpy change of first binding mode is 1.1 kJ/mol and -0.88 kJ/mol for the second binding mode. This result implies that the PEI is rearranged from the groove to the phosphate backbone of DNA when DNA is condensed. The mechanism of DNA condensation caused by PEI is discussed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniharu Utsuno
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Science and Engineering for Materials, Tomakomai National College of Technology, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hasan Uludag
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Alatorre-Meda M, Taboada P, Krajewska B, Willemeit M, Deml A, Klösel R, Rodríguez JR. DNA−Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Complexation and Transfection Efficiency. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:9356-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1016856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alatorre-Meda
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| | - Pablo Taboada
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| | - Barbara Krajewska
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| | - Markus Willemeit
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| | - Alexander Deml
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| | - Roland Klösel
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| | - Julio R. Rodríguez
- Grupo de Nanomateriales y Materia Blanda, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Grupo de Física de Coloides y Polímeros, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 3, Poland; and Biontex Laboratories GmbH, D-82152
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Mukherjee P, Dawn A, Nandi AK. Biomolecular hybrid of poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) and double stranded DNA: optical and conductivity properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11025-11034. [PMID: 20499876 DOI: 10.1021/la101215v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new biomolecular hybrid of poly(3-thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA) and double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ds-DNA) is prepared. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images exhibit fibrillar network morphology making a nanostructured self-assembly of PTAA-DNA hybrid. The confocal fluorescence image of PTAA shows green fluorescence exhibiting agglomeration in the pure state but the spreading of green fluorescence over the network superstructure in the hybrids indicating the immobilization of PTAA on DNA surfaces. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicate hydrogen bonding between -COOH groups of PTAA and P=O groups of Na-DNA. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra denote that DNA conformation remains unaltered during hybrid preparation. A blue shift of the pi-pi* absorption peak of PTAA in the hybrid solutions occurs with aging time. The photoluminescence intensity in the hybrid solution increases with a concomitant blue shift of the emission peak with aging time, and it is faster with increased DNA concentration. Possible reasons of different optical behavior are discussed in the light of duplex and triplex hybrid formation. Dynamic light scattering study indicates an increased particle size of PTAA with addition of DNA favoring the hybrid particles to remain in solution. The dc-conductivity of the hybrids decreases from that of PTAA with an increase of Na-DNA concentration, and the current (I)-voltage (V) curves indicate a semiconducting nature of the hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Mukherjee
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700 032, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Influence of hydroxyl groups on the biological properties of cationic polymethacrylates as gene vectors. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2658-65. [PMID: 20097315 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study poly(aminoethyl methacrylate) (PAEMA), poly(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PAHPMA), poly(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PAEAEMA) and poly(3-(2-aminoethylamino) 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PAEAHPMA) were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization to evaluate the effect of hydroxyl groups on the relative properties of cationic polymeric gene vectors. The results of heparin displacement assays showed that PAHPMA possessed a stronger binding capacity than PAEMA. PAHPMA/DNA complexes and PAEAHPMA/DNA complexes had lower zeta potentials than those of PAEMA and PAEAEMA. MTT assay results indicated that PAHPMA and PAEAHPMA exhibited obviously lower cytotoxicities than PAEMA and PAEAEMA. Subsequently, in vitro gene transfection studies in 293T cells without serum showed that PAHPMA exhibited a lower transfection efficiency than PAEMA and PAEAHPMA/DNA complexes possessed a similar transfection efficiency to PAEAEMA/DNA complexes. Moreover, PAHPMA and PAEAHPMA retained similar transfection efficiencies in DMEM with 10% serum, but PAEMA and PAEAEMA showed slightly lower transfection efficiencies than in the absence of serum. The reason for these phenomena might be attributed to the introduction of hydroxyl groups into PAHPMA and PAEAHPMA, i.e. the existence of hydroxyl groups might increase the binding capacity to DNA and at the same time decrease the surface charge of the polymer/DNA complexes due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the polymers and DNA. Therefore, a lower zeta potential and stronger binding ability may result in a lower gene transfection efficiency. This effect of hydroxyl groups decreased with increasing amino group density on the polymer.
Collapse
|
84
|
Edinger D, Wagner E. Bioresponsive polymers for the delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:33-46. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Edinger
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LMU University, Butenandtstrasse 5‐13, D‐81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LMU University, Butenandtstrasse 5‐13, D‐81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Prevette LE, Lynch ML, Reineke TM. Amide Spacing Influences pDNA Binding of Poly(amidoamine)s. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:326-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900824g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Prevette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, The Procter & Gamble Company, Corporate Research Division, Miami Valley Laboratories, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45252-1038, and Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Matthew L. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, The Procter & Gamble Company, Corporate Research Division, Miami Valley Laboratories, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45252-1038, and Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, The Procter & Gamble Company, Corporate Research Division, Miami Valley Laboratories, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45252-1038, and Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Tsoi M, Do TT, Tang V, Aguilera JA, Perry CC, Milligan JR. Characterization of condensed plasmid DNA models for studying the direct effect of ionizing radiation. Biophys Chem 2010; 147:104-10. [PMID: 20096988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the changes in physical properties of aqueous solutions of the plasmid pUC18 that take place on the addition of the cationic oligopeptide penta-arginine. An increase in sedimentation rate and static light scattering, and changes in the nucleic acid CD spectrum all suggest that this ligand acts to condense the plasmid. Dynamic light scattering suggests the hydrodynamic radii of the condensate particles are a few micrometers, ca. 50-fold larger than that of the monomeric plasmid. Condensation of the plasmid also produces a ca. 100-fold decrease in the strand break yield produced by gamma irradiation. This extensive protection against reactive intermediates in the bulk of the solution implies that condensed plasmid DNA may offer a model system with which to study the direct effect of ionizing radiation (ionization of the DNA itself). The use of peptide ligands as condensing agents in this application is attractive because the derivatives of several amino acids (particularly tryptophan and tyrosine) have been shown to modify the radiation chemistry of DNA extensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Tsoi
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Sizovs A, McLendon PM, Srinivasachari S, Reineke TM. Carbohydrate polymers for nonviral nucleic acid delivery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 296:131-90. [PMID: 21504102 PMCID: PMC4096969 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates have been investigated and developed as delivery vehicles for shuttling nucleic acids into cells. In this review, we present the state of the art in carbohydrate-based polymeric vehicles for nucleic acid delivery, with the focus on the recent successes in preclinical models, both in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric scaffolds based on the natural polysaccharides chitosan, hyaluronan, pullulan, dextran, and schizophyllan each have unique properties and potential for modification, and these results are discussed with the focus on facile synthetic routes and favorable performance in biological systems. Many of these carbohydrates have been used to develop alternative types of biomaterials for nucleic acid delivery to typical polyplexes, and these novel materials are discussed. Also presented are polymeric vehicles that incorporate copolymerized carbohydrates into polymer backbones based on polyethylenimine and polylysine and their effect on transfection and biocompatibility. Unique scaffolds, such as clusters and polymers based on cyclodextrin (CD), are also discussed, with the focus on recent successes in vivo and in the clinic. These results are presented with the emphasis on the role of carbohydrate and charge on transfection. Use of carbohydrates as molecular recognition ligands for cell-type specific delivery is also briefly reviewed. We contend that carbohydrates have contributed significantly to progress in the field of non-viral DNA delivery, and these new discoveries are impactful for developing new vehicles and materials for treatment of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antons Sizovs
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
| | - Patrick M. McLendon
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
- Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45228, USA
| | - Sathya Srinivasachari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Nemoto Y, Borovkov A, Zhou YM, Takewa Y, Tatsumi E, Nakayama Y. Impact of Molecular Weight in Four-Branched Star Vectors with Narrow Molecular Weight Distribution on Gene Delivery Efficiency. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2293-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900283h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Nemoto
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Artificial Organs, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and Development Department, Chemical Products Development Department, Bridgestone Company
| | - Alexey Borovkov
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Artificial Organs, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and Development Department, Chemical Products Development Department, Bridgestone Company
| | - Yue-Min Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Artificial Organs, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and Development Department, Chemical Products Development Department, Bridgestone Company
| | - Yoshiaki Takewa
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Artificial Organs, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and Development Department, Chemical Products Development Department, Bridgestone Company
| | - Eisuke Tatsumi
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Artificial Organs, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and Development Department, Chemical Products Development Department, Bridgestone Company
| | - Yasuhide Nakayama
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Artificial Organs, Advanced Medical Engineering Center, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, and Development Department, Chemical Products Development Department, Bridgestone Company
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pan B, Wu J, Pan B, Lv L, Zhang W, Xiao L, Wang X, Tao X, Zheng S. Development of polymer-based nanosized hydrated ferric oxides (HFOs) for enhanced phosphate removal from waste effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2009; 43:4421-9. [PMID: 19615711 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate originated from industrial effluents is one of the key factors responsible for eutrophication of the receiving waterways especially in the developing countries such as China. In the current study we proposed a novel process to immobilize nanoparticulate hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) within a macroporous anion exchange resin D-201, and obtained a hybrid adsorbent (HFO-201) for enhanced phosphate removal from aqueous system. The resulting HFO-201 possesses two types of adsorption sites for phosphate removal, the ammonium groups bound to the D-201 matrix and the loaded HFO nanoparticles. The coexisting sulfate anion strongly competes for ammonium groups, which bind phosphate through electrostatic interaction. However, it does not pose any noticeable effect on phosphate adsorption by the loaded HFO nanoparticles, which is driven by the formation of the inner-sphere complexes. Batch adsorption experiments also indicated that HFO-201 exhibits a little higher capacity for phosphate than the commercially available phosphate-specific adsorbent ArsenX(np), which possesses similar structure of HFO-201 and is produced by another patented technique. Fixed-bed column tests indicate that phosphate retention by HFO-201 from the synthetic waters results in the significant decrease of P from 2mg/L to less than 0.01 mg/L, with the treatment capacity of approximately 700 bed volume (BV) per run, while that for D-201 was less than 200 BV under otherwise identical conditions. Such satisfactory performance of the hybrid adsorbent is mainly attributed to the specific affinity of HFO toward phosphate as well as the Donnan membrane effect exerted by the anion exchanger support D-201. Moreover, the exhausted HFO-201 was amenable to efficient in situ regeneration with a binary NaOH-NaCl solution for repeated use without any significant capacity loss. Similar satisfactory results were also observed by using a phosphate-containing industrial effluent as the feeding solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Casé AH, Picola IPD, Zaniquelli MED, Fernandes JC, Taboga SR, Winnik FM, Tiera MJ. Physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles formed between DNA and phosphorylcholine substituted chitosans. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 336:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
91
|
Routh P, Mukherjee P, Dawn A, Nandi AK. Self assembly of poly(o-methoxy aniline) with RNA and RNA/DNA hybrids: physical properties and conformational change of poly(o-methoxy aniline). Biophys Chem 2009; 143:145-53. [PMID: 19482408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular hybrids of a conducting polymer [poly(o-methoxy aniline) (POMA)] and RNA are prepared at the three different compositions by mixing aqueous solutions of diethyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, ammonium salt of RNA (type IX from Torula Yeast) and POMA (ES, emeraldine salt; doping level [Cl]/[N]=0.52). A slow increase of pH up to 30 h of aging occurs in the mixture till it levels up. The TEM micrographs indicate a fibrillar network structure in all the hybrid compositions (POMA: RNA=1:3, 1:1, 3:1, by weight). In the complexes three types of supramolecular interactions, viz. (i) electrostatic, (ii) H-bonding and (iii) pi-pi interactions, are evident from the FTIR spectroscopy. The CD spectra indicate a small distortion of A-RNA conformation towards its B form during the hybrid formation. Time and temperature dependent UV-vis spectral studies indicate a slow red shift of the pi-band to polaron band transition peak (lambda(max)) for the uncoiling of the POMA (P) chain on the RNA (R) surface. The repulsive interaction between the radical cations of POMA (ES) absorbed on the RNA surface is attributed to the conformational change causing the uncoiling of POMA chain. UV-vis spectral study indicates that the uncoiling and attachment of POMA on RNA surface is much faster than that on DNA (D). In POMA-RNA-DNA (PRD) hybrid solutions slower red shift of lambda(max) indicates more disordered array of the phosphate groups than that in PR and PD systems. The conductivity values of the PR hybrids (10(-)(6) S/cm(-1)) are three orders higher than that of RNA, rendering the PR hybrids to be useful for fabricating good biosensors. In the PRD hybrids conductivity decreases by two orders than those of PR and PD hybrids suggesting a disorder arrangement of POMA chains in the PRD hybrids. The I-V characteristic curves of the PR and PRD hybrids indicate a semiconducting nature of the hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Routh
- Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Ma PL, Lavertu M, Winnik FM, Buschmann MD. New Insights into Chitosan−DNA Interactions Using Isothermal Titration Microcalorimetry. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1490-9. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900097s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lian Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. 6079 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, P.O. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. 6079 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, P.O. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Françoise M. Winnik
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. 6079 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, P.O. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michael D. Buschmann
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. 6079 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada, and Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, P.O. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Bromberg L, Raduyk S, Hatton TA, Concheiro A, Rodriguez-Valencia C, Silva M, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Guanidinylated Polyethyleneimine−Polyoxypropylene−Polyoxyethylene Conjugates as Gene Transfection Agents. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1044-53. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900119t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Bromberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Svetlana Raduyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cosme Rodriguez-Valencia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maite Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0376, and Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, and Instituto de Ortopedia y Banco de Tejidos Musculoesqueléticos, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15872-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Layman JM, Ramirez SM, Green MD, Long TE. Influence of Polycation Molecular Weight on Poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-Mediated DNA Delivery In Vitro. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1244-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bm9000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Layman
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Sean M. Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Matthew D. Green
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Dominak LM, Keating CD. Macromolecular crowding improves polymer encapsulation within giant lipid vesicles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13565-71. [PMID: 18980360 DOI: 10.1021/la8028403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of macromolecular crowding on encapsulation efficiency of fluorescently labeled poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran polymers within individual giant lipid vesicles (GVs). Low concentrations of the fluorescently labeled polymers (82 nM to 186 pM) were mixed with varying concentrations of nonfluorescent polymers that served as crowding agents during vesicle formation by gentle hydration. Encapsulation efficiency of the fluorescently labeled polymers in individual GVs (EEind) was determined via confocal fluorescence microscopy. EEind for high molecular weight polymers (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran 500 and 2000 kDa) increased substantially in the presence of several weight percent unlabeled PEG or dextran. For example, when 0.24 microM FITC dextran 500 kDa was encapsulated, addition of 3% PEG 8 kDa improved the mean concentration in the GVs from 0.14 microM (+/-50%) to 0.24 microM (+/-12%). Light scattering data indicate reduced hydrodynamic radii for polymers as a function of increasing polymer concentration, suggesting that the improvements in EEind result from polymer condensation due to macromolecular crowding. Polymeric cosolutes did not significantly impact EEind for lower molecular weight polymers (e.g., Alexa Fluor 488-PEG 20 kDa), which already encapsulated efficiently (EEind to approximately 1). However, for both the higher and lower molecular weight labeled polymers, cosolutes led to improved uniformity in EEind for vesicles within a batch. Methods for improving the value and homogeneity of EEind for polymeric solutes in lipid vesicles are important in a variety of applications, including the use of vesicles as microreactors and as vehicles for drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Dominak
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Bjelić S, Jelesarov I. A survey of the year 2007 literature on applications of isothermal titration calorimetry. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:289-312. [PMID: 18729242 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the energetic principles of binding affinity and specificity is a central task in many branches of current sciences: biology, medicine, pharmacology, chemistry, material sciences, etc. In biomedical research, integral approaches combining structural information with in-solution biophysical data have proved to be a powerful way toward understanding the physical basis of vital cellular phenomena. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a valuable experimental tool facilitating quantification of the thermodynamic parameters that characterize recognition processes involving biomacromolecules. The method provides access to all relevant thermodynamic information by performing a few experiments. In particular, ITC experiments allow to by-pass tedious and (rarely precise) procedures aimed at determining the changes in enthalpy and entropy upon binding by van't Hoff analysis. Notwithstanding limitations, ITC has now the reputation of being the "gold standard" and ITC data are widely used to validate theoretical predictions of thermodynamic parameters, as well as to benchmark the results of novel binding assays. In this paper, we discuss several publications from 2007 reporting ITC results. The focus is on applications in biologically oriented fields. We do not intend a comprehensive coverage of all newly accumulated information. Rather, we emphasize work which has captured our attention with originality and far-reaching analysis, or else has provided ideas for expanding the potential of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Bjelić
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Yin M, Ding K, Gropeanu RA, Shen J, Berger R, Weil T, Müllen K. Dendritic Star Polymers for Efficient DNA Binding and Stimulus-Dependent DNA Release. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3231-8. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800797j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Yin
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Radu A. Gropeanu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, Department of Entomology, Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 10094 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Prevette LE, Lynch ML, Kizjakina K, Reineke TM. Correlation of amine number and pDNA binding mechanism for trehalose-based polycations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:8090-8101. [PMID: 18605743 DOI: 10.1021/la800120q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycopolymers with repeat units comprised of the disaccharide trehalose and an oligoamine of increasing amine have been previously synthesized by our group and shown to efficiently deliver pDNA (plasmid DNA) to HeLa cells while remaining relatively nontoxic. Complexes formed between the most amine-dense of these polycations and pDNA were also found to be relatively stable in serum and have low aggregation, which is desirable for in vivo gene delivery. To lend insight into these interesting results, this study was aimed at investigating the binding strength and mechanism of interaction between these macromolecules, via isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and ethidium bromide exclusion assays. The size of these pDNA-polymer complexes, or polyplexes, at various states of formation was determined through light scattering and zeta-potential measurements. Varying degrees of pDNA secondary structure change occurred upon interaction with the polymers, as evidenced by circular dichroism spectra through increasing molar ratios of polymer amine to DNA phosphate, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results demonstrated stronger electrostatic binding with the phosphate backbone with the least amine-dense of the series. It was concluded that, depending on the number of secondary amines in the repeat unit, these polymers interact with pDNA via different mechanisms with varying extents of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. These differing mechanisms may affect the ability of trehalose to serve as a deterrent against aggregation in serum conditions and lend insight into the roles of polymer-pDNA binding during the complex transfection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Prevette
- University of Cincinnati, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Zintchenko A, Philipp A, Dehshahri A, Wagner E. Simple modifications of branched PEI lead to highly efficient siRNA carriers with low toxicity. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1448-55. [PMID: 18553894 DOI: 10.1021/bc800065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer carriers like PEI which proved their efficiency in DNA delivery were found to be far less effective for the applications with siRNA. In the current study, we generated a number of nontoxic derivates of branched PEI through modification of amines by ethyl acrylate, acetylation of primary amines, or introduction of negatively charged propionic acid or succinic acid groups to the polymer structure. The resulting products showed high efficiency in siRNA-mediated knockdown of target gene. In particular, succinylation of branched PEI resulted in up to 10-fold lower polymer toxicity in comparison to unmodified PEI. Formulations of siRNA with succinylated PEI were able to induce remarkable knockdown (80% relative to untreated cells) of target luciferase gene at the lowest tested siRNA concentration of 50 nM in Neuro2ALuc cells. The polyplex stability assay revealed that the efficiency of formulations which are stable in physiological saline is independent of the affinity of siRNA to the polymer chain. The improved properties of modified PEI as siRNA carrier are largely a consequence of the lower polymer toxicity. In order to achieve significant knockdown of target gene, the PEI-based polymer has to be applied at higher concentrations, required most probably for sufficient accumulation and proton sponge effects in endosomes. Unmodified PEI is highly toxic at such polymer concentrations. In contrast, the far less toxic modified analogues can be applied in concentrations required for the knockdown of target genes without side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Zintchenko
- Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandstr. 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Srinivasachari S, Fichter KM, Reineke TM. Polycationic β-Cyclodextrin “Click Clusters”: Monodisperse and Versatile Scaffolds for Nucleic Acid Delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4618-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074597v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katye M. Fichter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| | - Theresa M. Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0172
| |
Collapse
|