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Damiano MG, Mutharasan RK, Tripathy S, McMahon KM, Thaxton CS. Templated high density lipoprotein nanoparticles as potential therapies and for molecular delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:649-62. [PMID: 22921597 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are dynamic natural nanoparticles best known for their role in cholesterol transport and the inverse correlation that exists between blood HDL levels and the risk of developing coronary heart disease. In addition, enhanced HDL-cholesterol uptake has been demonstrated in several human cancers. As such, the use of HDL as a therapeutic and as a vehicle for systemic delivery of drugs and as imaging agents is increasingly important. HDLs exist on a continuum from the secreted HDL-scaffolding protein, apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A1), to complex, spherical "mature" HDLs. Aspects of HDL particles including their size, shape, and surface chemical composition are being recognized as critical to their diverse biological functions. Here we review HDL biology; strategies for synthesizing HDLs; data supporting the clinical use and benefit of directly administered HDL; a rationale for developing synthetic methods for spherical, mature HDLs; and, the potential to employ HDLs as therapies, imaging agents, and drug delivery vehicles. Importantly, methods that utilize nanoparticle templates to control synthetic HDL size, shape, and surface chemistry are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Damiano
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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den Adel B, Daemen MJ, Poelmann RE, van der Weerd L. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Vulnerable Plaques: Is It Possible?: Retracted. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013:ATVBAHA.112.300108. [PMID: 23413424 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular resonance imaging of atherosclerosis enable to visualize atherosclerotic plaques in vivo using molecular targeted contrast agents. This offers opportunities to study atherosclerosis development and plaque vulnerability noninvasively. In this review, we discuss MRI contrast agents targeted toward atherosclerotic plaques and illustrate how these new imaging platforms could assist in our understanding of atherogenesis and atheroprogression. In particular, we highlight the challenges and limitations of the different contrast agents and hurdles for clinical application. We describe the most promising existing compounds to detect atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability. Of particular interest are the fibrin-targeted compounds that detect thrombi and, furthermore, the contrast agents targeted to integrins that allow to visualize plaque neovascularization. Moreover, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1-targeted iron oxides seem promising for early detection of atherosclerosis. These targeted MRI contrast agents, however promising and well characterized in (pre)clinical models, lack specificity for plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit den Adel
- From the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (B.d.A., R.E.P., L.v.d.W.)
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Chen W, Cormode DP, Vengrenyuk Y, Herranz B, Feig JE, Klink A, Mulder WJM, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. Collagen-specific peptide conjugated HDL nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent to evaluate compositional changes in atherosclerotic plaque regression. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 6:373-84. [PMID: 23433925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to develop magnetic resonance contrast agents based on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanoparticles to noninvasively visualize intraplaque macrophages and collagen content in mouse atherosclerotic plaques. BACKGROUND Macrophages and collagen are important intraplaque components that play central roles in plaque progression and/or regression. In a Reversa mouse model, plaque regression with compositional changes (from high macrophage, low collagen to low macrophage, high collagen) can be induced. METHODS This study labeled HDL nanoparticles with amphiphilic gadolinium chelates to enable target-specific imaging of intraplaque macrophages. To render HDL nanoparticles specific for the extracellular matrix, labeled HDL nanoparticles were functionalized with collagen-specific EP3533 peptides (EP3533-HDL) via poly(ethylene glycol) spacers embedded in the HDL lipid layers. The association of nanoparticles with collagen was examined in vitro by optical methods. The in vivo magnetic resonance efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated in a Reversa mouse model of atherosclerosis regression. Ex vivo confocal microscopy was applied to corroborate the in vivo findings and to evaluate the fate of the different HDL nanoparticles. RESULTS All nanoparticles had similar sizes (10 ± 2 nm) and longitudinal relaxivity r1 (9 ± 1 s(-1) mmol/l(-1)). EP3533-HDL showed strong association with collagen in vitro. After 28 days of plaque regression in Reversa mice, EP3533-HDL showed significantly increased (p < 0.05) in vivo magnetic resonance signal in aortic vessel walls (normalized enhancement ratio [NERw] = 85 ± 25%; change of contrast-to-noise ratio [ΔCNRw] = 17 ± 5) compared with HDL (NERw = -7 ± 23%; ΔCNRw = -2 ± 4) and nonspecific control EP3612-HDL (NERw = 4 ± 24%; ΔCNRw = 1 ± 6) at 24 h after injection. Ex vivo confocal images revealed the colocalization of EP3533-HDL with collagen. Immunohistostaining analysis confirmed the changes of collagen and macrophage contents in the aortic vessel walls after regression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the HDL nanoparticle platform can be modified to monitor in vivo plaque compositional changes in a regression environment, which will facilitate understanding plaque regression and the search for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Fidale LC, Nikolajski M, Rudolph T, Dutz S, Schacher FH, Heinze T. Hybrid Fe3O4@amino cellulose nanoparticles in organic media – Heterogeneous ligands for atom transfer radical polymerizations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 390:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fay F, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Cormode DP, Skajaa T, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanocrystal Core Lipoprotein Biomimetics for Imaging of Lipoproteins and Associated Diseases. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012; 6:45-54. [PMID: 23687557 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are natural nanoparticles composed of phospholipids and apolipoproteins that transport lipids throughout the body. As key effectors of lipid homeostasis, the functions of lipoproteins have been demonstrated to be crucial during the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore various strategies have been used to study their biology and detect them in vivo. A recent approach has been the production of lipoprotein biomimetic particles loaded with diagnostically active nanocrystals in their core. These include, but are not limited to: quantum dots, iron oxide or gold nanocrystals. Inclusion of these nanocrystals enables the utilization of lipoproteins as probes for a variety of imaging modalities (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence) while preserving their biological activity. Furthermore as some lipoproteins naturally accumulate in atherosclerotic plaque or specific tumor tissues, nanocrystal core lipoprotein biomimetics have been developed as contrast agents for early diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Fay
- Translational and Molecular Imaging, Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Geninatti Crich S, Alberti D, Orio L, Stefania R, Longo D, Aime S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles in Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents for Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Atherosclerosis. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2012; 6:11-24. [PMID: 23539505 DOI: 10.1007/s12410-012-9177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis is the number one killer in the Western world, and threatens to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is therefore paramount to develop non-invasive methods for the detection of high-risk, asymptomatic individuals before the onset of clinical symptoms or events. In the recent past, great strides have been made in the understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved in the atherosclerotic cascade down to the molecular details. This has allowed the development of contrast agents that can aid in the in vivo characterization of these processes. Gadolinium chelates are among the contrast media most commonly used in MR imaging. Originally used for MR angiography for the detection and quantification of vascular stenosis, more recently they have been applied to improve characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. In this manuscript, we will briefly review gadolinium-chelates (Gd) based contrast agents for non-invasive MR imaging of atherosclerosis. We will first describe Gd-based non-targeted FDA approved agents, used routinely in clinical practice for the evaluation of neovascularization in other diseases. Secondly, we will describe non-specific and specific targeted contrast agents, which have great potential for dissecting specific biological processes in the atherosclerotic cascade. Lastly, we will briefly compare Gd-based agents to others commonly used in MRI and to other imaging modalities.
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Kanwar RK, Chaudhary R, Tsuzuki T, Kanwar JR. Emerging engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes for targeted MRI of atherosclerotic plaque macrophages. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:735-49. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to present at all stages of atherosclerotic lesion/plaque development, which often progresses silently for decades, before the occurrence of acute clinical events. Rupture of mature complex plaques with ongoing inflammation can lead to thrombosis, and many adverse acute clinical events such as stroke, myocardial infarction and/or sudden coronary death. Among new-generation noninvasive imaging modalities, molecular MRI with target-specific novel nanoparticulate contrast agents has shown great promise for the visualization of atherosclerosis at the molecular and cellular level in both animals and humans. Considering the key role macrophages play in atherosclerotic inflammation from lesion initiation to plaque rupture, this article reviews the recently engineered magnetic nanoparticulate probes targeting macrophages, their phagocytic activities, surface receptors and molecular products such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. The usefulness of some of these probes as multimodal and drug monitoring agents is also reviewed along with the challenges and future perspectives of the present developments for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder K Kanwar
- Nanomedicine–Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences & Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Australia
| | - Rajneesh Chaudhary
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Takuya Tsuzuki
- Nanomaterials, Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine–Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (LIMBR), Centre for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Biosciences & Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Australia
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Karimi MA, Hatefi-Mehrjardi A, Mohammadi SZ, Mohadesi A, Mazloum-Ardakani M, Nezhad MRH, Kabir AA. Solid phase extraction of trace amounts of Pb(II) in opium, heroin, lipstick, plants and water samples using modified magnetite nanoparticles prior to its atomic absorption determination. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ye Y, Kong T, Yu X, Wu Y, Zhang K, Wang X. Enhanced nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensing with reduced graphene oxide/ferroferric oxide nanocomposites. Talanta 2012; 89:417-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Co-Condensed Gadolinium Chelates for Multimodal Imaging. NANOMATERIALS 2011; 2:1-14. [PMID: 24527205 PMCID: PMC3920552 DOI: 10.3390/nano2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) contrast agents have been synthesized using a co-condensation method to incorporate two different Gd3+ complexes at very high loadings (15.5-28.8 wt %). These MSN contrast agents, with an MCM-41 type pore structure, were characterized using a variety of methods including SEM and TEM, nitrogen adsorption measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), direct current plasma (DCP) spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The magnetic resonance (MR) relaxivities of these contrast agents were determined using a 3 T MR scanner. The r1 relaxivities of these nanoparticles range from 4.1 to 8.4 mM-1s-1 on a per Gd basis. Additionally, the MSN particles were functionalized with an organic fluorophore and cancer cell targeting peptide to allow for demonstration of both the optical and MR contrast enhancing capabilities in vitro.
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Ding N, Lu Y, Lee RJ, Yang C, Huang L, Liu J, Xiang G. Folate receptor-targeted fluorescent paramagnetic bimodal liposomes for tumor imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2513-20. [PMID: 22072885 PMCID: PMC3205144 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE Receptor-targeted delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents can lead to enhanced efficacy for both. Multimodality imaging offers unique advantages over traditional single modality imaging. Tumor marker folate receptor (FR)-targeted fluorescent paramagnetic bimodal liposomes were synthesized to co-deliver paramagnetic and fluorescence agents for magnetic resonance (MR) and optical bimodal imaging contrast enhancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fluorescent and paramagnetic bimodal liposomes were synthesized with a mean diameter of 136 nm and a low polydispersity index. The liposomes incorporated folate-PEG(3350)-CHEMS for FR targeting, Gd(III)[N,N-Bis-stearylamidomethyl-N'-amidomethyl]diethylenetriamine tetraacetic acid (Gd-DTPA-BSA) for MR contrast, and calcein for fluorescence. To determine the specificity and efficiency of delivery, the liposomes were evaluated in FR-positive KB and HeLa cells and FR-negative A549 cells, which were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS FR-specific and efficient cellular uptake of the FR-targeted bimodal liposomes was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and by FCM. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of KB cells treated with FR-targeted liposomes was 45× that of cells treated with nontargeted liposomes, and 18× that of cells treated with FR-targeted liposomes and excess folic acid (FA). The MFI of HeLa cells treated with targeted liposomes was 33× that of nontargeted liposomes, and was 16× that of the mixture of targeted liposomes and free FA. In contrast, the MFI of A549 cells treated with FR-targeted liposomes was nearly the same as those treated with nontargeted liposomes. The T(1)-weighted MR images of HeLa and KB cells incubated with FR-targeted liposomes had much higher signal intensity than those treated with nontargeted liposomes or free Gd-DTPA. Furthermore, the FR-targeting effect could be blocked by excess free FA. CONCLUSION FR-targeted fluorescent paramagnetic bimodal liposomes provided a novel platform for bimodal tumor imaging and theranostic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Sriram R, Lagerstedt JO, Petrlova J, Samardzic H, Kreutzer U, Xie H, Kaysen GA, Desreux JF, Thonon D, Jacques V, Van Loan M, Rutledge JC, Oda MN, Voss JC, Jue T. Imaging apolipoprotein AI in vivo. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:916-24. [PMID: 21264979 PMCID: PMC3726305 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Coronary disease risk increases inversely with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. The measurement of the biodistribution and clearance of HDL in vivo, however, has posed a technical challenge. This study presents an approach to the development of a lipoprotein MRI agent by linking gadolinium methanethiosulfonate (Gd[MTS-ADO3A]) to a selective cysteine mutation in position 55 of apo AI, the major protein of HDL. The contrast agent targets both liver and kidney, the sites of HDL catabolism, whereas the standard MRI contrast agent, gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-bismethylamide (GdDTPA-BMA, gadodiamide), enhances only the kidney image. Using a modified apolipoprotein AI to create an HDL contrast agent provides a new approach to investigate HDL biodistribution, metabolism and regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Sriram
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jitka Petrlova
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Haris Samardzic
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ulrike Kreutzer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hongtao Xie
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - George A. Kaysen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jean F. Desreux
- Coordination and Radiochemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - David Thonon
- Coordination and Radiochemistry, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Martha Van Loan
- Nutrition Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John C. Rutledge
- Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael N. Oda
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - John C. Voss
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Jue
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Sharif F, Lohan DG, Wijns W. Non-invasive detection of vulnerable coronary plaque. World J Cardiol 2011; 3:219-29. [PMID: 21860703 PMCID: PMC3158870 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v3.i7.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical coronary stenoses have been shown to contribute to only a minority of acute coronary syndromes and sudden cardiac death. Autopsy studies have identified a subgroup of high-risk patients with disrupted vulnerable plaque and modest stenosis. Consequently, a clinical need exists to develop methods to identify these plaques prospectively before disruption and clinical expression of disease. Recent advances in invasive and non-invasive imaging techniques have shown the potential to identify these high-risk plaques. Non-invasive imaging with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and positron emission tomography holds the potential to differentiate between low- and high-risk plaques. There have been significant technological advances in non-invasive imaging modalities, and the aim is to achieve a diagnostic sensitivity for these technologies similar to that of the invasive modalities. Molecular imaging with the use of novel targeted nanoparticles may help in detecting high-risk plaques that will ultimately cause acute myocardial infarction. Moreover, nanoparticle-based imaging may even provide non-invasive treatments for these plaques. However, at present none of these imaging modalities are able to detect vulnerable plaque nor have they been shown to definitively predict outcome. Further trials are needed to provide more information regarding the natural history of high-risk but non-flow-limiting plaque to establish patient specific targeted therapy and to refine plaque stabilizing strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Sharif
- Faisal Sharif, Department of Cardiology, Regional Hospital Galway, and Regenerative Medicine Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, County Galway, Ireland
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Cyrus T, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Nanotechnology in interventional cardiology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:82-95. [PMID: 21748858 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-grade atherosclerotic stenoses are reduced to zero or minimal residual stenosis grades by a single or a series of balloon angioplasties. Currently, stents are implanted to prevent immediate vascular recoil and elution of an antimitotic drug from the stent struts minimizes restenosis. An unwanted side-effect of this drug elution is delayed re-endothelialization which requires treatment with two anti-platelet drugs, in many cases for a minimum of 1 year to prevent acute in-stent thrombosis. Advances in stent design and drug elution technology, now in its fourth generation, have not abated this issue. Nanotechnology-based local drug delivery has the potential to achieve restenosis prevention while not impeding endothelial healing. Molecularly targeted drugs can be aimed to specifically bind to epitopes in the injured media and adventitia. Thus, endothelial healing may progress unhindered. To prevent restenosis, this technology may be used with bare metal or biodegradable stents. In this article novel nanoparticulate agents will be compared regarding their potential to deliver drugs to molecular targets within the vascular wall. Potential molecular targets, targeting mechanisms, drug-delivery propensities, and biocompatibility will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Cyrus
- Division of Cardiology, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Tardif JC, Lesage F, Harel F, Romeo P, Pressacco J. Imaging Biomarkers in Atherosclerosis Trials. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 4:319-33. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.110.962001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.-C.T.), Radiology (J.P.), Nuclear Medicine (F.H.), and Pathology (P.R.) and the Research Center (F.L.), Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Lesage
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.-C.T.), Radiology (J.P.), Nuclear Medicine (F.H.), and Pathology (P.R.) and the Research Center (F.L.), Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Harel
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.-C.T.), Radiology (J.P.), Nuclear Medicine (F.H.), and Pathology (P.R.) and the Research Center (F.L.), Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Romeo
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.-C.T.), Radiology (J.P.), Nuclear Medicine (F.H.), and Pathology (P.R.) and the Research Center (F.L.), Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josephine Pressacco
- From the Departments of Medicine (J.-C.T.), Radiology (J.P.), Nuclear Medicine (F.H.), and Pathology (P.R.) and the Research Center (F.L.), Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bakry R, Rainer M, Huck C, Bonn G. Protein profiling for cancer biomarker discovery using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and infrared imaging: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ryan RO. Nanobiotechnology applications of reconstituted high density lipoprotein. J Nanobiotechnology 2010; 8:28. [PMID: 21122135 PMCID: PMC3004818 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays a fundamental role in the Reverse Cholesterol Transport pathway. Prior to maturation, nascent HDL exist as disk-shaped phospholipid bilayers whose perimeter is stabilized by amphipathic apolipoproteins. Methods have been developed to generate reconstituted (rHDL) in vitro and these particles have been used in a variety of novel ways. To differentiate between physiological HDL particles and non-natural rHDL that have been engineered to possess additional components/functions, the term nanodisk (ND) is used. In this review, various applications of ND technology are described, such as their use as miniature membranes for solubilization and characterization of integral membrane proteins in a native like conformation. In other work, ND harboring hydrophobic biomolecules/drugs have been generated and used as transport/delivery vehicles. In vitro and in vivo studies show that drug loaded ND are stable and possess potent biological activity. A third application of ND is their use as a platform for incorporation of amphiphilic chelators of contrast agents, such as gadolinium, used in magnetic resonance imaging. Thus, it is demonstrated that the basic building block of plasma HDL can be repurposed for alternate functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Ryan
- Center for Prevention of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr, Way, Oakland CA 94609, USA.
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Fischer NO, Infante E, Ishikawa T, Blanchette CD, Bourne N, Hoeprich PD, Mason PW. Conjugation to nickel-chelating nanolipoprotein particles increases the potency and efficacy of subunit vaccines to prevent West Nile encephalitis. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1018-22. [PMID: 20509624 DOI: 10.1021/bc100083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Subunit antigens are attractive candidates for vaccine development, as they are safe, cost-effective, and rapidly produced. Nevertheless, subunit antigens often need to be adjuvanted and/or formulated to produce products with acceptable potency and efficacy. Here, we describe a simple method for improving the potency and efficacy of a recombinant subunit antigen by its immobilization on nickel-chelating nanolipoprotein particles (NiNLPs). NiNLPs are membrane mimetic nanoparticles that provide a delivery and presentation platform amenable to binding any recombinant subunit immunogens featuring a polyhistidine tag. A His-tagged, soluble truncated form of the West Nile virus (WNV) envelope protein (trE-His) was immobilized on NiNLPs. Single inoculations of the NiNLP-trE-His produced superior anti-WNV immune responses and provided significantly improved protection against a live WNV challenge compared to mice inoculated with trE-His alone. These results have broad implications in vaccine development and optimization, as NiNLP technology is well-suited to many types of vaccines, providing a universal platform for enhancing the potency and efficacy of recombinant subunit immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Fischer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Abstract
Targeted nanoparticles have the potential to improve drug delivery efficiencies by more than two orders of magnitude, from the ~ 0.1% which is common today. Most pharmacologically agents on the market today are small drug molecules, which diffuse across the body’s blood-tissue barriers and distribute not only into the lesion, but into almost all organs. Drug actions in the non-lesion organs are an inescapable part of the drug delivery principle, causing “side-effects” which limit the maximally tolerable doses and result in inadequate therapy of many lesions. Nanoparticles only cross barriers by design, so side-effects are not built into their mode of operation. Delivery rates of almost 90% have been reported. This review examines the significance of these statements and checks how far they need qualification. What type of targeting is required? Is a single targeting sufficient? What new types of clinical challenge, such as immunogenicity, might attend the use of targeted nanoparticles?
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71
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Vuorela T, Catte A, Niemelä PS, Hall A, Hyvönen MT, Marrink SJ, Karttunen M, Vattulainen I. Role of lipids in spheroidal high density lipoproteins. PLoS Comput Biol 2010; 6:e1000964. [PMID: 21060857 PMCID: PMC2965744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the structure and dynamics of spherical high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles through coarse-grained multi-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations. We simulate both a lipid droplet without the apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and the full HDL particle including two apoA-I molecules surrounding the lipid compartment. The present models are the first ones among computational studies where the size and lipid composition of HDL are realistic, corresponding to human serum HDL. We focus on the role of lipids in HDL structure and dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the assembly of lipids and the influence of lipid-protein interactions on HDL properties. We find that the properties of lipids depend significantly on their location in the particle (core, intermediate region, surface). Unlike the hydrophobic core, the intermediate and surface regions are characterized by prominent conformational lipid order. Yet, not only the conformations but also the dynamics of lipids are found to be distinctly different in the different regions of HDL, highlighting the importance of dynamics in considering the functionalization of HDL. The structure of the lipid droplet close to the HDL-water interface is altered by the presence of apoA-Is, with most prominent changes being observed for cholesterol and polar lipids. For cholesterol, slow trafficking between the surface layer and the regimes underneath is observed. The lipid-protein interactions are strongest for cholesterol, in particular its interaction with hydrophobic residues of apoA-I. Our results reveal that not only hydrophobicity but also conformational entropy of the molecules are the driving forces in the formation of HDL structure. The results provide the first detailed structural model for HDL and its dynamics with and without apoA-I, and indicate how the interplay and competition between entropy and detailed interactions may be used in nanoparticle and drug design through self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vuorela
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrea Catte
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Center for Computational and Structural Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Anette Hall
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Siewert-Jan Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland
- MEMPHYS–Center of Biomembrane Physics, Physics Department, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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72
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Chen W, Cormode DP, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for vascular and cardiac diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 3:146-161. [PMID: 20967875 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nanoparticle contrast agents for molecular imaging have made magnetic resonance imaging a promising modality for noninvasive visualization and assessment of vascular and cardiac disease processes. This review provides a description of the various nanoparticles exploited for imaging cardiovascular targets. Nanoparticle probes detecting inflammation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis may provide tools for assessing the risk of progressive vascular dysfunction and heart failure. The utility of nanoparticles as multimodal probes and/or theranostic agents has also been investigated. Although clinical application of these nanoparticles is largely unexplored, the potential for enhancing disease diagnosis and treatment is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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73
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te Boekhorst BCM, Bovens SM, van de Kolk CWA, Cramer MJM, Doevendans PAFM, ten Hove M, van der Weerd L, Poelmann R, Strijkers GJ, Pasterkamp G, van Echteld CJA. The time window of MRI of murine atherosclerotic plaques after administration of CB2 receptor targeted micelles: inter-scan variability and relation between plaque signal intensity increase and gadolinium content of inversion recovery prepared versus non-prepared fast spin echo. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:939-951. [PMID: 20878972 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single fast spin echo scans covering limited time frames are mostly used for contrast-enhanced MRI of atherosclerotic plaque biomarkers. Knowledge on inter-scan variability of the normalized enhancement ratio of plaque (NER(plaque)) and relation between NER(plaque) and gadolinium content for inversion-recovery fast spin echo is limited. Study aims were: evaluation of (1) timing of MRI after intravenous injection of cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2-R) (expressed by human and mouse plaque macrophages) targeted micelles; (2) inter-scan variability of inversion-recovery fast spin echo and fast spin echo; (3) relation between NER(plaque) and gadolinium content for inversion-recovery fast spin echo and fast spin echo. Inversion-recovery fast spin echo/fast spin echo imaging was performed before and every 15 min up to 48 h after injection of CB2-R targeted or control micelles using several groups of mice measured in an interleaved fashion. NER(plaque) (determined on inversion-recovery fast spin echo images) remained high (∼2) until 48 h after injection of CB2-R targeted micelles, whereas NER(plaque) decreased after 36 h in the control group. The inter-scan variability and relation between NER(plaque) and gadolinium (assessed with inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry) were compared between inversion-recovery fast spin echo and fast spin echo. Inter-scan variability was higher for inversion-recovery fast spin echo than for fast spin echo. Although gadolinium and NER(plaque) correlated well for both techniques, the NER of plaque was higher for inversion-recovery fast spin echo than for fast spin echo. In mice injected with CB2-R targeted micelles, NER(plaque) can be best evaluated at 36-48 h post-injection. Because NER(plaque) was higher for inversion-recovery fast spin echo than for fast spin echo, but with high inter-scan variability, repeated inversion-recovery fast spin echo imaging and averaging of the obtained NER(plaque) values is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C M te Boekhorst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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74
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Cormode DP, Chandrasekar R, Delshad A, Briley-Saebo KC, Calcagno C, Barazza A, Mulder WJM, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. Comparison of synthetic high density lipoprotein (HDL) contrast agents for MR imaging of atherosclerosis. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 20:937-43. [PMID: 19378935 DOI: 10.1021/bc800520d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Determining arterial macrophage expression is an important goal in the molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. Here, we compare the efficacy of two synthetic, high density lipoprotein (HDL) based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of macrophage burden. Each form of HDL was labeled with gadolinium and rhodamine to allow MRI and fluorescence microscopy. Either the 37 or 18 amino acid peptide replaced the apolipoprotein A-I in these agents, which were termed 37pA-Gd or 18A-Gd. The diameters of 37pA-Gd and 18A-Gd are 7.6 and 8.0 nm, respectively, while the longitudinal relaxivities are 9.8 and 10.0 (mM s)(-1). 37pA has better lipid binding properties. In vitro tests with J774A.1 macrophages proved the particles possessed the functionality of HDL by eliciting cholesterol efflux and were taken up in a receptor-like fashion by the cells. Both agents produced enhancements in atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E knockout mice of approximately 90% (n = 7 per agent) and are macrophage specific as evidenced by confocal microscopy on aortic sections. The half-lives of 37pA-Gd and 18A-Gd are 2.6 and 2.1 h, respectively. Despite the more favorable lipid interactions of 37pA, both agents gave similar, excellent contrast for the detection of atherosclerotic macrophages using MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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75
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Fischer NO, Blanchette CD, Segelke BW, Corzett M, Chromy BA, Kuhn EA, Bench G, Hoeprich PD. Isolation, characterization, and stability of discretely-sized nanolipoprotein particles assembled with apolipophorin-III. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11643. [PMID: 20657844 PMCID: PMC2906516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs) are discoidal, nanometer-sized particles comprised of self-assembled phospholipid membranes and apolipoproteins. NLPs assembled with human apolipoproteins have been used for myriad biotechnology applications, including membrane protein solubilization, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging. To expand the repertoire of lipoproteins for these applications, insect apolipophorin-III (apoLp-III) was evaluated for the ability to form discretely-sized, homogeneous, and stable NLPs. METHODOLOGY Four NLP populations distinct with regards to particle diameters (ranging in size from 10 nm to >25 nm) and lipid-to-apoLp-III ratios were readily isolated to high purity by size exclusion chromatography. Remodeling of the purified NLP species over time at 4 degrees C was monitored by native gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, and atomic force microscopy. Purified 20 nm NLPs displayed no remodeling and remained stable for over 1 year. Purified NLPs with 10 nm and 15 nm diameters ultimately remodeled into 20 nm NLPs over a period of months. Intra-particle chemical cross-linking of apoLp-III stabilized NLPs of all sizes. CONCLUSIONS ApoLp-III-based NLPs can be readily prepared, purified, characterized, and stabilized, suggesting their utility for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O. Fischer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Craig D. Blanchette
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Brent W. Segelke
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Michele Corzett
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Brett A. Chromy
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Kuhn
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Graham Bench
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Hoeprich
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
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76
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Roux S, Faure AC, Mandon C, Dufort S, Rivière C, Bridot JL, Mutelet B, Marquette CA, Josserand V, Le Duc G, Le Pape A, Billotey C, Janier M, Coll JL, Perriat P, Tillement O. Multifunctional gadolinium oxide nanoparticles: towards image-guided therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/iim.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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77
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Caruthers SD, Cyrus T, Winter PM, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Anti-angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 1:311-23. [PMID: 20049799 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Complementary developments in nanotechnology, genomics, proteomics, molecular biology and imaging offer the potential for early, accurate diagnosis. Molecularly-targeted diagnostic imaging agents will allow noninvasive phenotypic characterization of pathologies and, therefore, tailored treatment close to the onset. For atherosclerosis, this includes anti-angiogenic therapy with specifically-targeted drug delivery systems to arrest the development of plaques before they impinge upon the lumen. Additionally, monitoring the application and effects of this targeted therapy in a serial fashion will be important. This review covers the specific application of alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted anti-angiogenic perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in (1) the detection of molecular markers for atherosclerosis, (2) the immediate verification of drug delivery with image-based prediction of therapy outcomes, and (3) the serial, noninvasive observation of therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelton D Caruthers
- Washington University School of Medicine and Philips Medical Systems, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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78
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Modified natural nanoparticles as contrast agents for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:329-38. [PMID: 19900496 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel and effective contrast agents is one of the drivers of the ongoing improvement in medical imaging. Many of the new agents reported are nanoparticle-based. There are a variety of natural nanoparticles known, e.g. lipoproteins, viruses or ferritin. Natural nanoparticles have advantages as delivery platforms such as biodegradability. In addition, our understanding of natural nanoparticles is quite advanced, allowing their adaptation as contrast agents. They can be labeled with small molecules or ions such as Gd(3+) to act as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, (18)F to act as positron emission tomography contrast agents or fluorophores to act as contrast agents for fluorescence techniques. Additionally, inorganic nanoparticles such as iron oxide, gold nanoparticles or quantum dots can be incorporated to add further contrast functionality. Furthermore, these natural nanoparticle contrast agents can be re-routed from their natural targets via the attachment of targeting molecules. In this review, we discuss the various modified natural nanoparticles that have been exploited as contrast agents.
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79
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Zhang WL, Gu X, Bai H, Yang RH, Dong CD, Liu JP. Nanostructured lipid carriers constituted from high-density lipoprotein components for delivery of a lipophilic cardiovascular drug. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:313-21. [PMID: 20214958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility of reconstituted protein-free high-density lipoprotein (HDL) being a carrier for delivering a lipophilic cardiovascular drug, Tanshinone IIA-loaded HDL-like nanostructured lipid carriers (TA-NLC) were prepared by a nanoprecipitation/solvent diffusion method. The physicochemical parameters of TA-NLC were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and stability. A novel two-step method has been employed to determine entrapment efficiency of TA-NLC. The binding properties of TA-NLC to apolipoproteins were investigated by in vitro incubation competition assay in the presence of native HDL and electrophoresis test. Phagocytosis and cytotoxicity was evaluated using mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 with TA-NLC and incubated TA-NLC with native HDL (TA-NLC-apo). The results showed that TA-NLC had an average diameter of 8.0+/-1.2 nm, zeta potential of -29.0+/-0.0 mV, drug loading of 6.17+/-0.3% and entrapment efficiency of 97.84+/-1.2%. TA-NLC were demonstrated spheres with drug incorporated in lipid core forming a shell-core structure. DSC analysis showed that TA was dispersed in NLC in an amorphous state. The incorporation of glycerol trioleate to NLC led to crystal order disturbance. Agarose gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-SPAGE) patterns indicated that TA-NLC could bind to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) specifically in vitro. Phagocytosis studies showed significant differences in uptake between TA-NLC and TA-NLC-apo and demonstrated that TA-NLC incubated with native HDL could turn endogenous by association to apolipoproteins, which cannot trigger immunological responses and could escape from recognition by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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80
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Chen W, Jarzyna PA, van Tilborg GAF, Nguyen VA, Cormode DP, Klink A, Griffioen AW, Randolph GJ, Fisher EA, Mulder WJM, Fayad ZA. RGD peptide functionalized and reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles as a versatile and multimodal tumor targeting molecular imaging probe. FASEB J 2010; 24:1689-99. [PMID: 20075195 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-139865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL), an endogenous nanoparticle, transports fat throughout the body and is capable of transferring cholesterol from atheroma in the vessel wall to the liver. In the present study, we utilized HDL as a multimodal nanoparticle platform for tumor targeting and imaging via nonspecific accumulation and specific binding to angiogenically activated blood vessels. We reconstituted HDL (rHDL) with amphiphilic gadolinium chelates and fluorescent dyes. To target angiogenic endothelial cells, rHDL was functionalized with alphavbeta3-integrin-specific RGD peptides (rHDL-RGD). Nonspecific RAD peptides were conjugated to rHDL nanoparticles as a control (rHDL-RAD). It was observed in vitro that all 3 nanoparticles were phagocytosed by macrophages, while alphavbeta3-integrin-specific rHDL-RGD nanoparticles were preferentially taken up by endothelial cells. The uptake of nanoparticles in mouse tumors was evaluated in vivo using near infrared (NIR) and MR imaging. All nanoparticles accumulated in tumors but with very different accumulation/binding kinetics as observed by NIR imaging. Moreover, confocal microscopy revealed rHDL-RGD to be associated with tumor endothelial cells, while rHDL and rHDL-RAD nanoparticles were mainly found in the interstitial space. This study demonstrates the ability to reroute HDL from its natural targets to tumor blood vessels and its potential for multimodal imaging of tumor-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology and Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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81
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Beilvert A, Cormode DP, Chaubet F, Briley-Saebo KC, Mani V, Mulder WJM, Vucic E, Toussaint JF, Letourneur D, Fayad ZA. Tyrosine polyethylene glycol (PEG)-micelle magnetic resonance contrast agent for the detection of lipid rich areas in atherosclerotic plaque. Magn Reson Med 2010; 62:1195-201. [PMID: 19780153 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vulnerable or high-risk atherosclerotic plaques often exhibit large lipid cores and thin fibrous caps that can lead to deadly vascular events when they rupture. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-micelles that incorporate a gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) amphiphile were used as an MR contrast agent. In an approach inspired by lipoproteins, the micelles were functionalized with tyrosine residues, an aromatic, lipophilic amino acid, to reach the lipid-rich areas of atherosclerotic plaque in a highly efficient manner. These micelles were applied to apolipoprotein E(-/-) (ApoE(-/-)) mice as a model of atherosclerosis. The abdominal aortas of the animals were imaged using T(1)-weighted (T(1)W) high-resolution MRI at 9.4T before and up to 48 h after the administration of the micelles. PEG-micelles modified with 15% tyrosine residues yielded a significant enhancement of the abdominal aortic wall at 6 and 24 h postinjection (pi) as compared to unmodified micelles. Fluorescence microscopy on histological sections of the abdominal aorta showed a correlation between lipid-rich areas and the distribution of the functionalized contrast agent in plaque. Using a simple approach, we demonstrated that lipid-rich areas in atherosclerotic plaque of ApoE(-/-) mice can be detected by MRI using Gd-DTPA micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beilvert
- INSERM U698, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, CHU X. Bichat, University Paris 7, Paris, France
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82
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Recent developments and new perspectives on imaging of atherosclerotic plaque: role of anatomical, cellular and molecular MRI part III. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26:447-57. [PMID: 20058083 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-009-9566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque disruption accounts for the major part of cardiovascular mortality and the risk of disruption appears to depend on plaque composition. Carotid plaques in patients, scheduled for endarterectomy, have been successfully characterised with MRI. MRI has the advantage of combining information about morphology and function. Unfortunately, the tortuosity and size of the coronary arteries, and the respiratory and cardiac motion hinder the in vivo characterisation of human coronary plaque. In addition to plaque composition several molecular markers of the different processes involved in atherosclerosis, such as integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and fibrin seem to correlate with risk of plaque rupture and clinical outcome. These molecular markers can be targeted with antibodies coupled to carriers, which are loaded with gadolinium for detection (molecular MRI). Several cellular/molecular MRI studies in animal models and some in human patients have been conducted with varying levels of success. The advent of clinical high field magnets, the development of contrast agent carriers with high relaxivity and the development of relatively new MR contrast techniques appear to be promising in the field of plaque imaging. Future MRI studies will have to focus on the molecular target of the atherosclerotic process, which has the highest prognostic value with regard to acute coronary syndromes and on the most suitable contrast agent to visualize that target.
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83
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Yoon YS, Lee BI, Lee KS, Heo H, Lee JH, Byeon SH, Lee IS. Fabrication of a silica sphere with fluorescent and MR contrasting GdPO4 nanoparticles from layered gadolinium hydroxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:3654-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b927570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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84
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McAteer MA, Akhtar AM, von zur Muhlen C, Choudhury RP. An approach to molecular imaging of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular inflammation using microparticles of iron oxide. Atherosclerosis 2009; 209:18-27. [PMID: 19883911 PMCID: PMC2839076 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly evolving field of molecular imaging promises important advances in the diagnosis, characterization and pharmacological treatment of vascular disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a modality that is well suited to vascular imaging as it can provide anatomical, structural and functional data on the arterial wall. Its capabilities are further enhanced by the use of a range of increasingly sophisticated contrast agents that target specific molecules, cells and biological processes. This article will discuss one such approach, using microparticles of iron oxide (MPIO). MPIO have been shown to create highly conspicuous contrast effects on T2*-weighted MR images. We have developed a range of novel ligand-conjugated MPIO for molecular MRI of endothelial adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and P-selectin expressed in vascular inflammation, as well as activated platelet thrombosis. This review discusses the application of ligand-targeted MPIO for in vivo molecular MRI in a diverse range of vascular disease models including acute vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury and ischemic stroke. The exceptionally conspicuous contrast effects of ligand-conjugated MPIO provide a versatile and sensitive tool for quantitative vascular molecular imaging that could refine diagnosis and measure response to treatment. The potential for clinical translation of this new class of molecular contrast agent for clinical imaging of vascular syndromes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A. McAteer
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +44 (0) 1865 234647/234663; fax: +44 (0) 1865 234681.
| | | | | | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +44 (0) 1865 234647/234663; fax: +44 (0) 1865 234681.
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85
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Skajaa T, Cormode DP, Falk E, Mulder WJM, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. High-density lipoprotein-based contrast agents for multimodal imaging of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:169-76. [PMID: 19815819 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipoproteins, natural nanoparticles, have a well-recognized biological role and are highly suitable as a platform for delivering imaging agents. The ease with which both the exterior and interior of the particles can be modified permits the creation of multifunctional nanoparticles for imaging as well as the delivery of therapeutics. Importantly, their endogenous nature may make them biocompatible and biodegradable and allows them to avoid the recognition of the reticuloendothelial system. In particular, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are of interest, because of their small size they can easily cross the endothelium and penetrate the underlying tissue. We summarize here the progress in establishing HDL as a vector for delivering a variety of diagnostically active materials to vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in mouse models of atherosclerosis. By loading various types of image-enhancing compounds into either the core or surface of HDL, they can be visualized by different imaging modalities (MRI, CT, optical). By rerouting of HDL away from plaque macrophages, imaging of biological processes in diseases besides atherosclerosis may also be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torjus Skajaa
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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86
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Cormode DP, Frias JC, Ma Y, Chen W, Skajaa T, Briley-Saebo K, Barazza A, Williams KJ, Mulder WJ, Fayad ZA, Fisher EA. HDL as a contrast agent for medical imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 4:493-500. [PMID: 20352038 DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced MRI of atherosclerosis can provide valuable additional information on a patient's disease state. As a result of the interactions of HDL with atherosclerotic plaque and the flexibility of its reconstitution, it is a versatile candidate for the delivery of contrast-generating materials to this pathogenic lesion. We herein discuss the reports of HDL modified with gadolinium to act as an MRI contrast agent for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, HDL has been modified with fluorophores and nanocrystals, allowing it to act as a contrast agent for fluorescent imaging techniques and for computed tomography. Such modified HDL has been found to be macrophage specific, and, therefore, can provide macrophage density information via noninvasive MRI. As such, modified HDL is currently a valuable contrast agent for probing preclinical atherosclerosis. Future developments may allow the application of this particle to further diseases and pathological or physiological processes in both preclinical models as well as in patients.
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87
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Briley-Saebo KC, Geninatti-Crich S, Cormode DP, Barazza A, Mulder WJM, Chen W, Giovenzana GB, Fisher EA, Aime S, Fayad ZA. High-relaxivity gadolinium-modified high-density lipoproteins as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6283-9. [PMID: 19361222 PMCID: PMC2688742 DOI: 10.1021/jp8108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing desire to produce high-relaxivity, Gd-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. These may allow for lower doses to be used, which is especially important in view of the current safety concerns surrounding Gd in patients. Here we report the synthesis of a high-relaxivity MRI contrast agent, by incorporating Gd-chelating lipids that coordinate two water molecules into high-density lipoprotein (q = 2 HDL). We compared the properties of q = 2 HDL with those of an analogous HDL particle labeled with Gd-chelating lipids that coordinate only one water molecule (q = 1 HDL). We found that the q = 2 HDL possessed an elevated r(1) of 41 mM(-1) s(-1) compared to 9 mM(-1) s(-1) for q = 1 HDL at 20 MHz, but the q = 2 HDL exhibited high R(2)* values at high fields, precluding imaging above 128 MHz. While carrying out this investigation we observed that enlarged, disrupted particles were formed when the synthesis was carried out above the lipid critical micelle concentration (cmc), indicating the importance of synthesis below the cmc when modifying lipoproteins in this manner. The high relaxivity of q = 2 HDL means it will be an efficacious contrast agent for future MR imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessandra Barazza
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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88
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Guildford AL, Poletti T, Osbourne LH, Di Cerbo A, Gatti AM, Santin M. Nanoparticles of a different source induce different patterns of activation in key biochemical and cellular components of the host response. J R Soc Interface 2009; 6:1213-21. [PMID: 19324665 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2009.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate materials are produced by industrial processing or engineered for specific biomedical applications. In both cases, their contact with the human body may lead to adverse reactions. Most of the published papers so far have focused on the cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles (NPs). Instead, the present in vitro study investigates the effect of different types of NP on key components of the host response such as clot formation and the inflammatory cells. The different NPs were pre-conditioned with platelet-rich human plasma for 30 min and then incubated with the blood mononuclear cells for 20 hours. The potential of the different NPs to induce clot formation, platelet activation and monocyte/macrophage differentiation was assessed by morphological analysis, immunocytochemistry and biochemical assays. The data showed that nanoparticulate materials based on antimony, silver and nickel were capable of promoting the polymerization of fibrin and the aggregation and fragmentation of platelets, leading to a moderately activated monocyte phenotype. This process was more pronounced in the case of antimony- and silver-based NPs that share a similar size and round-shaped morphology. Conversely, NPs of cobalt, titanium and iron appeared to stimulate cells to acquire a macrophage phenotype able to secrete higher levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Therefore, the present study provides clear indications about the subtle and adverse effects that the invasion of these materials may produce in the cardiovascular system and in vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Guildford
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Lee
- From the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- From the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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90
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Chen W, Vucic E, Leupold E, Mulder WJM, Cormode DP, Briley-Saebo KC, Barazza A, Fisher EA, Dathe M, Fayad ZA. Incorporation of an apoE-derived lipopeptide in high-density lipoprotein MRI contrast agents for enhanced imaging of macrophages in atherosclerosis. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2009; 3:233-42. [PMID: 19072768 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is becoming a pivotal diagnostic method to identify and characterize vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. We previously reported a reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticle platform enriched with Gd-based amphiphiles as a plaque-specific MR imaging contrast agent. Further modification can be accomplished by inserting targeting moieties into this platform to potentially allow for improved intraplaque macrophage uptake. Since studies have indicated that intraplaque macrophage density is directly correlated to plaque vulnerability, modification of the rHDL platform may allow for better detection of vulnerable plaques. In the current study we incorporated a carboxyfluoresceine-labeled apolipoprotein E-derived lipopeptide, P2fA2, into rHDL. The in vitro macrophage uptake and in vivo MR efficacy were demonstrated using murine J774A.1 macrophages and the apolipoprotein E knock-out (apoE(-/-)) mouse model of atherosclerosis. The in vitro studies indicated enhanced association of murine macrophages to P2fA2 enriched rHDL (rHDL-P2A2) nanoparticles, relative to rHDL, using optical techniques and MR imaging. The in vivo studies showed a more pronounced and significantly higher signal enhancement of the atherosclerotic wall 24 h after the 50 micromol Gd/kg injection of rHDL-P2A2 relative to administration of rHDL. The normalized enhancement ratio for atherosclerotic wall of rHDL-P2A2 contrast agent injection was 90%, while that of rHDL was 53% 24 h post-injection. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that rHDL-P2A2 nanoparticles co-localized primarily with intraplaque macrophages. The results of the current study confirm the hypothesis that intraplaque macrophage uptake of rHDL may be enhanced by the incorporation of the P2fA2 peptide into the modified HDL particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Imaging Science Laboratories, Departments of Radiology and Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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91
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Sosnovik DE, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. Magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging: agents, techniques and cardiovascular applications. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 103:122-30. [PMID: 18324368 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-008-0710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are playing an increasingly important role in cardiovascular molecular imaging. These agents are superparamagnetic and consist of a central core of iron-oxide surrounded by a carbohydrate or polymer coat. The size, physical properties and pharmacokinetics of MNP make them highly suited to cellular and molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaque and myocardial injury. MNP have a sensitivity in the nanomolar range and can be detected with T1, T2, T2*, off resonance and steady state free precession sequences. Targeted imaging with MNP is being actively explored and can be achieved through either surface modification or through the attachment of an affinity ligand to the nanoparticle. First generation MNP are already in clinical use and second generation agents, with longer blood half lives, are likely to be approved for routine clinical use in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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92
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Lee BI, Lee KS, Lee JH, Lee IS, Byeon SH. Synthesis of colloidal aqueous suspensions of a layered gadolinium hydroxide: a potential MRI contrast agent. Dalton Trans 2009:2490-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b823172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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93
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Cormode DP, Skajaa T, van Schooneveld MM, Koole R, Jarzyna P, Lobatto ME, Calcagno C, Barazza A, Gordon RE, Zanzonico P, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanocrystal core high-density lipoproteins: a multimodality contrast agent platform. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3715-23. [PMID: 18939808 PMCID: PMC2629801 DOI: 10.1021/nl801958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) is an important natural nanoparticle that may be modified for biomedical imaging purposes. Here we developed a novel technique to create unique multimodality HDL mimicking nanoparticles by incorporation of gold, iron oxide, or quantum dot nanocrystals for computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and fluorescence imaging, respectively. By including additional labels in the corona of the particles, they were made multifunctional. The characteristics of these nanoparticles, as well as their in vitro and in vivo behavior, revealed that they closely mimic native HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
| | - Torjus Skajaa
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Århus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 9, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
| | - Matti M. van Schooneveld
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Koole
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jarzyna
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
| | - Mark E. Lobatto
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
| | - Alessandra Barazza
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029
| | - Pat Zanzonico
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program and the NYU Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, Smilow 8 522 First Ave., New York, NY 10016
| | - Zahi A. Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, Tel: 212-241-6858, Fax: 240-368-8096, ,
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94
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Mulder WJM, Cormode DP, Hak S, Lobatto ME, Silvera S, Fayad ZA. Multimodality nanotracers for cardiovascular applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5 Suppl 2:S103-11. [PMID: 18641599 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Targeted imaging and therapeutics is becoming a field of prime importance in the study and treatment of cardiovascular disease; it promises to enable early diagnosis, promote improved understanding of pathology, and offer a way to improve therapeutic efficacy. Agents, particularly for cardiovascular disease, have been reported to permit the in vivo imaging, by multiple modalities, of macrophages, vascular targets such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and markers for angiogenesis such as alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. In this Article, we first discuss the general concept of multimodality nanoparticles and then focus in greater depth on their clinical application for molecular imaging and therapy. Lastly, several examples of cardiovascular applications are discussed, including combined imaging and therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J M Mulder
- Sinai Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute and Imaging Science Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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95
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Cormode DP, Briley-Saebo KC, Mulder WJM, Aguinaldo JGS, Barazza A, Ma Y, Fisher EA, Fayad ZA. An ApoA-I mimetic peptide high-density-lipoprotein-based MRI contrast agent for atherosclerotic plaque composition detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1437-44. [PMID: 18712752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the prime causes of mortality throughout the world and there is a need for targeted and effective contrast agents to allow noninvasive imaging of the cholesterol-rich atherosclerotic plaques in arteries. A new, fully synthetic, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking MRI contrast agent is developed, which enhances macrophage-rich areas of plaque in a mouse model of atherosclerosis by 94%. Confirmation of the targeting of this nanoparticulate agent is achieved using confocal microscopy by tracking a fluorescent lipid incorporated into the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Cormode
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place Box 1234, New York, NY 10029, USA
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96
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Wick MC, Kremser C, Frischauf S, Wick G. In vivo molecular imaging of vascular stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2008; 13:263-73. [PMID: 18465206 PMCID: PMC2673941 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-008-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo imaging is an emerging specialty in experimental radiology aiming at developing hardware and appropriate contrast agents to visualize the molecular basis and pathophysiological processes of many pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis. The list of potentially useful tracers and targets for in vivo molecular imaging in the cascade of early atherosclerotic events has been narrowed down to some very promising endothelial factors, i.e., cell adhesion molecules, macrophages, apoptosis, lipoproteins, heat shock proteins, and others. In this review, we will update on the progress of recent developments in the field of noninvasive molecular imaging in experimental atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius C Wick
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, Austria.
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97
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Briley-Saebo KC, Mani V, Hyafil F, Cornily JC, Fayad ZA. Fractionated Feridex and positive contrast: in vivo MR imaging of atherosclerosis. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:721-30. [PMID: 18383304 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have been identified as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ultrasmall iron oxide particles (USPIOs) have been used to passively target intraplaque macrophages. For dextran-based USPIOs, uptake into macrophages may be modulated by particle size. The aim of the current study was to test the efficacy of fractionated Feridex with respect to macrophage uptake in atherosclerotic rabbits. Fractionation of Feridex resulted in a 15-nm USPIO that exhibited a blood half-life of 15.9 h and liver retention of 6.4%. Blood clearance and liver retention of Feridex was 0.46 h and 60%, following administration of 4.8 mg Fe/kg Feridex. Atherosclerotic rabbits were administered 0.5 or 4.8 mg Fe/kg dosages of either fractionated Feridex or Feridex. MRI was performed at 1.5T over a 24-h time period postinjection. Perls and RAM-11 staining was performed to identify iron deposition. MRI showed a dose-dependent signal loss using conventional gradient echo (GRE) sequences following administration of fractionated Feridex. Even at low dose, significant signal loss was observed that correlated with histology. No signal attenuation or iron deposition was observed in the vessel wall of rabbits administered Feridex. Results of this study suggest that it may be possible to optimize USPIOs for intraplaque macrophage detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Briley-Saebo
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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98
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Erpelding TN, Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Nanotechnology in the diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:635-649. [PMID: 23495775 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.6.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease in which ruptured plaques can lead to serious thrombotic events, including myocardial infarction or stroke. Often these cardiovascular events occur with no previous recognition of symptoms and only moderate stenosis. New diagnostic techniques are needed for earlier diagnosis and staging of atherosclerotic disease, so appropriate treatments, interventional procedures, or lifestyle changes can begin. Recent developments in nanotechnology could advance clinical imaging of molecular biomarkers, particularly for cardiovascular diagnosis. OBJECTIVE In this review, selected nanotechnologies under development for early detection of atherosclerotic disease and identification of vulnerable plaques are presented. METHOD The scope of this review encompasses molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using nanoparticle contrast agents. Nanoparticle approaches are grouped by their corresponding diagnostic imaging modality. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Diagnostic imaging techniques employing nanoparticle contrast agents targeted to molecular signatures of atherosclerotic disease offer hope for improved non-invasive detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd N Erpelding
- Philips Research North America, 345 Scarborough Road, Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510, USA
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99
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Frías JC, Lipinski MJ, Albelda MT, Ibáñez B, Soriano C, García-España E, Jiménez-Borreguero LJ, Badimon JJ. Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for MRI of Atherosclerotic Lesions. Clin Med Cardiol 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/cmc.s642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Frías
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michael Joseph Lipinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Borja Ibáñez
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
| | - Conxa Soriano
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan José Badimon
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, U.S.A
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100
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Huang C, Hu B. Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles modified with γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane for fast and selective solid phase extraction of trace amounts of Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb in environmental and biological samples prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B: ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 63:437-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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