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Lee DYW, Ma Z, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Chen Y, Carlezon WA, Cohen B. New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human kappa opioid receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5635-9. [PMID: 16084728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the leaves of Salvia divinorum has resulted in the isolation of three new neoclerodane diterpenoids: divinatorin D (1), divinatorin E (2), and salvinorin G (3), together with 10 known terpenoids, divinatorin C (4), hardwickiic acid (5), salvinorin-A (6), -B (7), -C (8), -D (9), -E (10), and -F (11), presqualene alcohol (12), and (E)-phytol (13). The structures of these three new compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. All these compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities to the human kappa opioid receptors. In comparison with divinatorin D (1), divinatorin E (2), and salvinorin G (3), salvinorin A (6) is still the most potent kappa agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y W Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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52
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Abstract
At present, the Mexican mint Salvia divinorum is an unregulated hallucinogen. This has resulted in various on-line botanical companies advertising and selling S. divinorum as a legal alternative to other regulated plant hallucinogens. It is predictable that its misuse will increase rapidly. The active ingredient in S. divinorum is the neoclerodane diterpene, salvinorin A (1a), which has been shown to be a kappa agonist both in vitro and in vivo. This review will cover the current state of research into the psychopharmacology of S. divinorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Prisinzano
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, S327 PHAR, MNPC, 115 S. Grand Ave., Iowa City, IW 52242, USA.
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53
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Abstract
Several new and emerging substances are being diverted for abuse. Most of these emerging abused substances do not cause traditional drug screens to turn positive. The health effects of these substances have not yet been fully elucidated. Health care providers should be aware of the existence of these new abused substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Haroz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19129-1191, USA.
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54
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Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE. Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4765-71. [PMID: 16033256 DOI: 10.1021/jm048963m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural modification of salvinorin A, the active component of Salvia divinorum, has resulted in the synthesis of novel neoclerodane diterpenes with opioid receptor affinity and activity. We report in this study a nonnitrogenous neoclerodane diterpene with mu opioid receptor affinity (13) that is an agonist at mu opioid receptors. This represents the identification of a novel structural class of mu opioid receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Harding
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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55
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Fraga BM, Díaz CE, Guadaño A, González-Coloma A. Diterpenes from Salvia broussonetii transformed roots and their insecticidal activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:5200-6. [PMID: 15969497 DOI: 10.1021/jf058045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The new diterpenes brussonol (1) and iguestol (6alpha,11-dihydroxy-12-methoxy-abieta-8,11,13-triene) (2) with an icetexane and a dehydroabietane skeleton, respectively, have been isolated from hairy root cultures of Salvia broussonetii. Other previously known diterpenes, 7-oxodehydroabietane, 11-hydroxy-12-methoxyabietatriene, taxodione, inuroyleanol, ferruginol, deoxocarnosol 12-methyl ether, cryptojaponol, pisiferal, sugiol, isomanool, 14-deoxycoleon U, 6alpha-hydroxydemethylcryptojaponol, demethylsalvicanol, and demethylcryptojaponol, were also obtained from these roots. The insect antifeedant and toxic effects of several of these compounds were investigated against the insect pests Spodoptera littoralis and Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Additionally, their comparative cytotoxic effects were tested on insect Sf9 and mammalian CHO cells. Demethylsalvicanol (4) was a moderate antifeedant to L. decemlineata, whereas brussonol (1) was inactive. 14-Deoxycoleon U (15) was the strongest antifeedant, whereas demethylcryptojaponol (11) was toxic to this insect. None of these compounds had antifeedant or negative effects on S. littoralis ingestion or weight gains after oral administration. Demethylcryptojaponol (11) was cytotoxic to mammalian CHO and insect Sf9 cell lines, followed by the icetexane derivative brussonol (1), with moderate cytotoxicity in both cases. The remainder of the test compounds showed a strong selective cytotoxicty to insect Sf9 cells, with demethylsalvicanol (4) being the most active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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56
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Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Schmidt M, Holden KG, Murry DJ, Prisinzano TE. A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5099-102. [PMID: 15380207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a novel hallucinogen isolated from the widely available leaves of Salvia divinorum. Based on its mechanism of action, salvinorin A has shown potential as a stimulant abuse therapeutic. However, there are no methods for the detection of salvinorin A or its metabolites in biological fluids. In order to begin developing salvinorin A as a potential therapeutic, an understanding of its metabolism is needed. Here, a straightforward synthesis of a deuterium labeled analog of salvinorin A and its utility as an internal standard for the detection of salvinorin A and its metabolites in biological fluids by LC-MS is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tidgewell
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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57
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Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA, Roth BL, Toth BA, Yan F. Studies toward the pharmacophore of salvinorin A, a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist. J Med Chem 2005; 48:345-8. [PMID: 15658846 PMCID: PMC2777653 DOI: 10.1021/jm049438q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A (1), from the sage Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist. We screened other salvinorins and derivatives for binding affinity and functional activity at opioid receptors. Our results suggest that the methyl ester and furan ring are required for activity but that the lactone and ketone functionalities are not. Other salvinorins showed negligible binding affinity at the KOR. None of the compounds bound to mu or delta opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Rizzacasa
- Corresponding author. Tel: +61-3-8344-6488. Fax: +61-3-9347-5180. E-mail:
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Schmidt MD, Schmidt MS, Butelman ER, Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Murry DJ, Kreek MJ, Prisinzano TE. Pharmacokinetics of the plant-derived κ-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A in nonhuman primates. Synapse 2005; 58:208-10. [PMID: 16138318 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A, a potent hallucinogen isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum, has gained popularity among adolescents in the USA. No detailed study of the pharmacokinetics has been conducted in vivo. The present study investigates the in vivo pharmacokinetics of salvinorin A (0.032 mg/kg, i.v. bolus) in rhesus monkeys (n=4, 2 male, 2 female). The elimination t(1/2) was rapid (56.6+/-24.8 min) for all subjects. Pharmacokinetic differences (distribution t(1/2), elimination t(1/2), and AUC) were observed between males and females, suggesting potential sex differences in its pharmacologic effects. Salvinorin B, the presumed major metabolite, is observed to accumulate ex vivo; however, in this study it never reached the limit of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Schmidt
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Yan F, Roth BL. Salvinorin A: A novel and highly selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. Life Sci 2004; 75:2615-9. [PMID: 15369697 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) represent the principal site of action of dynorphin and related neuropeptides. Recently, Salvinorin A--a naturally occurring neoclerodane diterpene hallucinogen was identified to be a highly selective KOR agonist. In this brief review we summarize the known chemistry, pharmacology and biology of salvinorin A. Because salvinorin A profoundly alters human consciousness and perception, a study of how salvinorin A exerts its actions on KORs may yield novel insights into the molecular and cellular basis of uniquely human higher cortical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, RM W441, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Bigham AK, Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA, Robins-Browne RM. Divinatorins A-C, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from the controlled sage Salvia divinorum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:1242-1244. [PMID: 14510607 DOI: 10.1021/np030313i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three new neoclerodane diterpenoids, divinatorins A-C (7-9), have been isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum. The compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods as derivatives of the antibiotic (-)-hardwickiic acid (10), which was also isolated, along with four other known terpenoids. Neither the crude extract nor 7-9 displayed antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Bigham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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61
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Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA. Salvinorins D-F, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an improved method for the isolation of salvinorin A. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:703-705. [PMID: 12762813 DOI: 10.1021/np0205699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three new neoclerodane diterpenoids, salvinorins D-F (4-6), have been isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum. The structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, particularly 1D and 2D NMR. A simplified isolation method using chromatography on activated carbon also gave improved yields of the controlled substance salvinorin A (1) and of salvinorin C (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Munro
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Roth BL, Baner K, Westkaemper R, Siebert D, Rice KC, Steinberg S, Ernsberger P, Rothman RB. Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11934-9. [PMID: 12192085 PMCID: PMC129372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.182234399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia divinorum, whose main active ingredient is the neoclerodane diterpene Salvinorin A, is a hallucinogenic plant in the mint family that has been used in traditional spiritual practices for its psychoactive properties by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico. More recently, S. divinorum extracts and Salvinorin A have become more widely used in the U.S. as legal hallucinogens. We discovered that Salvinorin A potently and selectively inhibited (3)H-bremazocine binding to cloned kappa opioid receptors. Salvinorin A had no significant activity against a battery of 50 receptors, transporters, and ion channels and showed a distinctive profile compared with the prototypic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide. Functional studies demonstrated that Salvinorin A is a potent kappa opioid agonist at cloned kappa opioid receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney-293 cells and at native kappa opioid receptors expressed in guinea pig brain. Importantly, Salvinorin A had no actions at the 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor, the principal molecular target responsible for the actions of classical hallucinogens. Salvinorin A thus represents, to our knowledge, the first naturally occurring nonnitrogenous opioid-receptor subtype-selective agonist. Because Salvinorin A is a psychotomimetic selective for kappa opioid receptors, kappa opioid-selective antagonists may represent novel psychotherapeutic compounds for diseases manifested by perceptual distortions (e.g., schizophrenia, dementia, and bipolar disorders). Additionally, these results suggest that kappa opioid receptors play a prominent role in the modulation of human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program and Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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63
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Chapter 5.3 Five-membered ring systems: Furans and benzofurans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(02)80009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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