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Huang C, Zhang M, Meng C, Shi W, Sun L, Zhang J. Expressions of candidate molecules in the human fallopian tube and chorionic villi of tubal pregnancy exposed to levonorgestrel emergency contraception. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:46. [PMID: 23687977 PMCID: PMC3671131 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cases of ectopic pregnancy (EP) following levonorgestrel (LNG) emergency contraception (EC) failure were reported, however, the effects of LNG on tubal microenvironment or chorionic villi in EP have not yet been documented. METHODS Fifty-five women with tubal pregnancy were divided into two groups according to whether LNG-EC was administrated during the cycle of conception. The serum concentrations of beta-hCG, E2 and P were measured. The mRNA and protein expressions of estrogen and progesterone receptors, leukemia inhibitory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and endocannabinoid receptor - CB1 in the ectopic implantation site and chorionic villi were examined. RESULTS Compared to those unexposed to LNG-EC, women with tubal pregnancy exposed to LNG-EC during the cycle of conception had no statistically significances in the serum concentrations of beta-hCG, E2 P, nor in the pathological types of tubal pregnancy or the expressions of ER-alpha, PR, LIF, VEGF, iNOS and CB1. CONCLUSIONS The expressions of candidate molecules in the fallopian tube and chorionic villi were not altered by exposure to LNG-EC. A routine therapy with no additional intervention might thus be applied to tubal pregnancy exposed to LNG-EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxiao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxia Meng
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia MO, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bylander A, Lind K, Goksör M, Billig H, Larsson DGJ. The classical progesterone receptor mediates the rapid reduction of fallopian tube ciliary beat frequency by progesterone. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:33. [PMID: 23651709 PMCID: PMC3651731 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transport of gametes as well as the zygote is facilitated by motile cilia lining the inside of the fallopian tube. Progesterone reduces the ciliary beat frequency within 30 minutes in both cows and mice. This rapid reduction suggest the involvement of a non-genomic signaling mechanism, although it is not known which receptors that are involved. Here we investigated the possible involvement of the classical progesterone receptor in this process. METHOD The ciliary beat frequency of mice fallopian tube was measured ex vivo using an inverted bright field microscope and a high speed camera. The effects of the agonists progesterone and promegestone and an antagonist, mifeprestone, were investigated in wildtype mice. The effect of progesterone was also investigated in mice lacking the classical progesterone receptor. RESULTS Progesterone, as well as the more specific PR agonist promegestone, significantly reduced the CBF at concentrations of 10-100 nanomolar within 10-30 minutes. In the absence of progesterone, the PR antagonist mifeprestone had no effect on the ciliary beat frequency at a concentration of 1 micromolar. When ciliated cells were pre-incubated with 1 micromolar mifeprestone, addition of progesterone did not reduce the ciliary beat frequency. Accordingly, in ciliated cells from mice not expressing the classical progesterone receptor, exposure to 100 nanomolar progesterone did not reduce the ciliary beat frequency. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to provide comprehensive evidence that the classical progesterone receptor mediates the rapid reduction of the tubal ciliary beat frequency by progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bylander
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Lind
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Goksör
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Billig
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - DG Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, the Sahlgrenska academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
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Shapiro BS, Daneshmand ST, De Leon L, Garner FC, Aguirre M, Hudson C. Frozen-thawed embryo transfer is associated with a significantly reduced incidence of ectopic pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:1490-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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54
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Effect of HCG-day serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations on pregnancy outcomes in GnRH agonist cycles. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 24:511-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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55
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Shao R, Zou S, Wang X, Feng Y, Brännström M, Stener-Victorin E, Billig H. Revealing the hidden mechanisms of smoke-induced fallopian tubal implantation. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:131. [PMID: 22357544 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.098822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is an enigmatic reproductive disorder. Although tubal EP is difficult to predict, several hypotheses about its etiology have been proposed. In retrospective case-control studies, smoking is associated with an increased rate of EPs in the fallopian tube. Studies of experimental animals in vivo and human fallopian tubal tissues in vitro have suggested mechanisms of fallopian tubal damage and dysfunction induced by nicotine and other smoking-related chemicals that may explain this association. However, the pathogenesis of smoking-induced modulation of implantation leading to tubal EP is largely unknown. Because cigarette/tobacco smoke adversely affects the success of intrauterine implantation, there is a great need to determine how embryo implantation occurs in the fallopian tube in female smokers of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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56
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Jain R, Javidan-Nejad C, Alexander-Brett J, Horani A, Cabellon MC, Walter MJ, Brody SL. Sensory functions of motile cilia and implication for bronchiectasis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2012; 4:1088-98. [PMID: 22202111 DOI: 10.2741/s320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are specialized organelles that extend from the cell surface into the local environment. Cilia of the airway epithelia are motile to provide mucociliary clearance. On other cells, solitary cilia are specialized to detect chemical or mechanosensory signals. Sensory proteins in motile cilia have recently been identified that detect fluid flow, bitter taste and sex hormones. The relationship of these sensory functions in motile cilia to disease is now being revealed. An example are the polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 proteins that function as a flow sensor in kidney cilia and are mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). These polycystins are also expressed in motile cilia, potentially operating as sensors in the lung. Computed tomography studies from patients with ADPKD reveal evidence of bronchiectasis, suggesting polycystins are important in lung function. The motile cilia expression of this protein complex, as well as sensory channel TRPV4, bitter taste and sex hormones receptors, indicate that the cilia is wired to interpret environmental cues. Defective signaling of sensory proteins may result in a ciliopathy that includes lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Jain
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Konno A, Setou M, Ikegami K. Ciliary and flagellar structure and function--their regulations by posttranslational modifications of axonemal tubulin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:133-70. [PMID: 22364873 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles protruding from the cell surface. They perform dynein-driven beating which contributes to cell locomotion or flow generation. They also play important roles in sensing as cellular antennae, which allows cells to respond to various external stimuli. The main components of cilia and flagella, α- and β-tubulins, are known to undergo various posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, palmitoylation, tyrosination/detyrosination, Δ2 modification, acetylation, glutamylation, and glycylation. Recent identification of tubulin-modifying enzymes, especially tubulin tyrosine ligase-like proteins which perform tubulin glutamylation and glycylation, has demonstrated the importance of tubulin modifications for the assembly and functions of cilia and flagella. In this chapter, we review recent work on PTMs of ciliary and flagellar tubulins in conjunction with discussing the basic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alu Konno
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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58
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Jain R, Ray JM, Pan JH, Brody SL. Sex hormone-dependent regulation of cilia beat frequency in airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:446-53. [PMID: 22033264 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0107oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a female disadvantage in airway diseases, such as asthma and bronchiectasis. The basis for this sex disparity is unknown. We hypothesized that the female sex hormone, progesterone (P4), inhibits functions of the normal airway mucociliary apparatus. P4 receptor (PR) expression was evaluated in human lung and cultured primary human airway epithelial cells isolated from male and female lung transplant donors. PR expression was restricted to the proximal region of the cilia of airway epithelia, and was similar in men and women. Expression of isoform PR-B was more abundant than PR-A in cells from both sexes. Airway epithelial cell exposure to P4 decreased cilia beat frequency (CBF) by 42.3% (±7.2). Inhibition of CBF was prevented by coadministration of P4 with the active form of estrogen, 17β-estradiol, or the PR antagonist, mifepristone. P4 inhibition was time and dose dependent, with a significant decrease by 8 hours and maximal effect at 24 hours, accompanied by translocation of PR from the cilia to the nucleus. Inhibition of cilia beat was also prevented by treatment of cells with actinomycin D, suggesting that CBF inhibition is a transcriptionally mediated event. Together, these findings indicate that sex hormones influence the function of a key component of the mucociliary apparatus. These mechanisms may contribute to the sex disparity present in airway diseases and provide therapeutic targets for the treatment of these debilitating airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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59
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[Effects of cigarette smoking on female reproduction: from oocyte to embryo (Part I)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:559-66. [PMID: 21930413 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2011.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with lower fecundity rate, adverse reproductive outcomes and higher risk of IVF failure. Over the last decades, prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age has increased. The aim of this work was to focus on the knowledge of the effects of cigarette smoking on all reproductive stages, from oocyte to embryo. For each reproductive functions human clinical and experimental studies were analysed in order to find hypothesis and explanations for effects observed. All reproductive functions are targets of smoke compounds and cigarette smoking impairs ovarian reserve, sexual steroids synthesis, Fallopian tubes functions and embryo development, leading to reduced fecundity. Some of smoke compounds were identified in ovarian tissue, in uterine fluid and in the embryo, suggesting direct toxicity.
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60
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Protective effect of calcium folinate against methotrexate-induced endosalpinx damage in rats. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:1526-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liao SB, Ho JC, Tang F, O WS. Adrenomedullin increases ciliary beat frequency and decreases muscular contraction in the rat oviduct. Reproduction 2011; 141:367-72. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory previously showed that oviduct produced the greatest amount of adrenomedullin (ADM) in the rat female reproductive tract. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in ADM levels resulting from the contact between the sperm and the oviduct and the possible roles of ADM in ciliary beating and oviductal contractility. Oviducts from Sprague–Dawley rats removed at pre- and post-ovulatory stages were cut open longitudinally and treated with ADM and/or receptor blockers before ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured. The effects of sperm on ADM production and CBF in the oviduct were also determined. The contraction of the oviduct after treatment with ADM and receptor antagonists was measured using the organ-bath technique. The results showed that ADM increased the CBF in rat oviduct and this stimulating effect was blocked by the calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist, hCGRP8–37. CBF was lower in post-ovulatory than pre-ovulatory oviducts. The presence of sperm in the oviduct increased both the ADM level and CBF. ADM treatment was shown to inhibit the contractility of the oviduct by lowering the basal tone and decreasing the contraction amplitude. The ADM receptor antagonist, hADM22–52, was effective in counteracting the relaxation effect of ADM in the oviduct. All in all, these results indicate that ADM may play a crucial role in transporting the gametes/embryos by regulating ciliary beating and muscular contraction.
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62
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Li HWR, Liao SB, Chiu PCN, Tam WW, Ho JC, Ng EHY, Ho PC, Yeung WSB, Tang F, O WS. Expression of adrenomedullin in human oviduct, its regulation by the hormonal cycle and contact with spermatozoa, and its effect on ciliary beat frequency of the oviductal epithelium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:E18-25. [PMID: 20534761 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adrenomedullin (ADM) has been found expressed in the mouse oviduct and might play a role in reproduction. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to demonstrate the expression of ADM in the human oviduct, investigate its regulation by steroidal hormones and spermatozoa contact, and study its effect on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in the human oviduct. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: Oviducts from women undergoing hysterectomy for benign diseases in a university hospital were collected. The oviducts were treated with estradiol and/or progesterone to simulate different phases of the ovarian cycle. ADM expression was studied at the peptide and mRNA levels by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. CBF was measured after treatment with graded concentrations of ADM and its antagonists. Cells from OE-E6/E7, an immortalized oviductal cell line, as well as oviductal tissue were cocultured with and without direct contact with capacitated human spermatozoa to compare oviductal cell ADM expression levels. CBF was also analyzed in oviductal tissue after spermatozoa-oviduct coincubation. RESULTS ADM expression was the highest in the isthmic region and in a hormonal environment simulating the early luteal phase. CBF was increased by ADM in a dose-dependent manner, which was blocked by ADM and calcitonin-gene-related peptide receptor antagonists. Direct contact with spermatozoa in coculture resulted in higher ADM expression in OE-E6/E7 cell line and oviductal tissue and higher CBF in oviductal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS ADM expression in the human oviduct is hormone dependent and is up-regulated by sperm contact. ADM stimulates ciliary motility of the human oviduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wu Raymond Li
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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63
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Dechanet C, Anahory T, Mathieu Daude JC, Quantin X, Reyftmann L, Hamamah S, Hedon B, Dechaud H. Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17:76-95. [PMID: 20685716 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is associated with lower fecundity rates, adverse reproductive outcomes and a higher risk of IVF failures. Over the last few decades, prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age has increased. This review focuses on current knowledge of the potential effects of smoke toxicants on all reproductive stages and the consequences of smoke exposure on reproductive functions. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature on the impact of cigarette smoking and smoke constituents on the different stages of reproductive function, including epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. We attempted to create hypotheses and find explanations for the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke observed in experimental studies. RESULTS Cigarette smoke contains several thousand components (e.g. nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cadmium) with diverse effects. Each stage of reproductive function, folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow and uterine myometrium is a target for cigarette smoke components. The effects of cigarette smoke are dose-dependent and are influenced by the presence of other toxic substances and hormonal status. Individual sensitivity, dose, time and type of exposure also play a role in the impact of smoke constituents on human fertility. CONCLUSIONS All stages of reproductive functions are targets of cigarette smoke toxicants. Further studies are necessary to better understand the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke compounds on the reproductive system in order to improve health care, help to reduce cigarette smoking and provide a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dechanet
- Department of Medicine and Biology of Reproduction, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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64
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Bylander A, Nutu M, Wellander R, Goksör M, Billig H, Larsson DGJ. Rapid effects of progesterone on ciliary beat frequency in the mouse fallopian tube. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:48. [PMID: 20470431 PMCID: PMC2887877 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological regulation of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) within the fallopian tube is important for controlling the transport of gametes and the fertilized ovum. Progesterone influences gamete transport in the fallopian tube of several mammalian species. In fallopian tubes isolated from cows, treatment with 20 micromolar progesterone caused a rapid reduction of the tubal CBF. The aims of this study were to establish methodology for studying fallopian tube CBF in the mouse, as it is an important model species, and to investigate if progesterone rapidly affects the CBF of mice at nM concentrations. METHODS A method to assess tubal CBF of mice was developed. Fallopian tubes were dissected and the tissue was cut in small pieces. Tissue samples with moving cilia were located under an inverted bright field microscope and held still against the bottom of a petri dish by a motorized needle system. Images were acquired over 90 minutes at 35 degrees C with a high-speed camera and used for assessing changes in the CBF in response to the addition of hormone. RESULTS The baseline CBF of the mouse fallopian tube was 23.3 +/- 3.8 Hz. The CBF was stable over at least 90 minutes allowing establishment of a baseline frequency, addition of hormone and subsequent recordings. Progesterone at concentrations of 20 micromolar and 100 nM significantly reduced the CBF by 10% and 15% respectively after 30 minutes compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that the mouse, despite its small size, is a useful model for studying the fallopian tube CBF ex vivo. The rapid reduction in CBF by 100 nM progesterone suggests that gamete transport in the fallopian tube could be mediated by progesterone via a non-genomic receptor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bylander
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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65
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Bloodgood RA. Sensory reception is an attribute of both primary cilia and motile cilia. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:505-9. [PMID: 20144998 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent cluster of papers has shown that motile cilia in the respiratory and reproductive tracts of humans and other mammals can exhibit sensory functions, a function previously attributed primarily to non-motile primary cilia. This leads to a new paradigm that all cilia and flagella (both motile and primary) can mediate sensory functions. However, examination of the literature shows that evidence of sensory functions of motile cilia and flagella is widespread in studies of invertebrates, and extends as back as far as 1899. In this Opinion article, I review the recent and historical findings that motile cilia have a variety of sensory functions, and discuss how this concept has in fact been evolving for the past century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Bloodgood
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0732, USA.
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66
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Changes in the expression of the μ-opioid receptor in the mare oviduct during oestrus and anoestrus. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 119:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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67
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Coupling between hydrodynamic forces and planar cell polarity orients mammalian motile cilia. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:341-50. [PMID: 20305650 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, motile cilia cover many organs, such as fallopian tubes, respiratory tracts and brain ventricles. The development and function of these organs critically depend on efficient directional fluid flow ensured by the alignment of ciliary beating. To identify the mechanisms involved in this process, we analysed motile cilia of mouse brain ventricles, using biophysical and molecular approaches. Our results highlight an original orientation mechanism for ependymal cilia whereby basal bodies first dock apically with random orientations, and then reorient in a common direction through a coupling between hydrodynamic forces and the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2, within a limited time-frame. This identifies a direct link between external hydrodynamic cues and intracellular PCP signalling. Our findings extend known PCP mechanisms by integrating hydrodynamic forces as long-range polarity signals, argue for a possible sensory role of ependymal cilia, and will be of interest for the study of fluid flow-mediated morphogenesis.
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68
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Shaw JLV, Dey SK, Critchley HOD, Horne AW. Current knowledge of the aetiology of human tubal ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16:432-44. [PMID: 20071358 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy which occurs outside of the uterine cavity, and over 98% implant in the Fallopian tube. Tubal ectopic pregnancy remains the most common cause of maternal mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. The epidemiological risk factors for tubal ectopic pregnancy are well established and include: tubal damage as a result of surgery or infection (particularly Chlamydia trachomatis), smoking and in vitro fertilization. This review appraises the data to date researching the aetiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy. METHODS Scientific literature was searched for studies investigating the underlying aetiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy. RESULTS Existing data addressing the underlying cause of tubal ectopic pregnancy are mostly descriptive. There are currently few good animal models of tubal ectopic pregnancy. There are limited data explaining the link between risk factors and tubal implantation. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports the hypothesis that tubal ectopic pregnancy is caused by a combination of retention of the embryo within the Fallopian tube due to impaired embryo-tubal transport and alterations in the tubal environment allowing early implantation to occur. Future studies are needed that address the functional consequences of infection and smoking on Fallopian tube physiology. A greater understanding of the aetiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy is critical for the development of improved preventative measures, the advancement of diagnostic screening methods and the development of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L V Shaw
- Centre for Reproductive Biology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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69
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Horne AW, King AE, Shaw E, McDonald SE, Williams ARW, Saunders PT, Critchley HOD. Attenuated sex steroid receptor expression in fallopian tube of women with ectopic pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:5146-54. [PMID: 19864448 PMCID: PMC2989877 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sex steroid hormone receptor (SHR) dynamics are well-documented in human endometrium but have not been comprehensively studied in Fallopian tube (FT). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare expression patterns and hormonal regulation of SHR in FT with that described in endometrium and to determine whether SHR expression is altered in FT of women with ectopic pregnancy (EP). DESIGN Tissue was analyzed and cultured. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Women undergoing surgery for benign gynecological conditions (n = 14) and EP (n = 6) participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS Quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to determine SHR mRNA expression and protein localization, respectively. SHR levels were measured in tubal explant cultures stimulated with estrogen and progestogen. RESULTS ERalpha and ERbeta mRNAs were constitutively expressed in FT during the menstrual cycle. PR-AB and PR-B mRNAs were decreased in midluteal phase compared to follicular phase. ERalpha, PR-AB, and PR-B mRNAs were down-regulated in human FT in vitro by treatment with progestogen. ERalpha, ERbeta1, ERbeta2, PR, and AR proteins localized to cell nuclei of epithelium, stroma, and smooth muscle of nonpregnant FT. In FT from women with EP, PR-B mRNA was decreased when compared to midluteal FT, and ERalpha protein was not detected. CONCLUSIONS SHR expression in FT is different from that observed in endometrium recovered at similar stages of the menstrual cycle, and expression in FT from women with EP is also altered compared with normal FT. These data are an important benchmark for furthering the understanding of normal human FT physiology, changes in expression of SHR in FT in response to progesterone, and disorders of FT function, such as EP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- DNA Primers
- Endometrium/metabolism
- Fallopian Tubes/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Menstrual Cycle/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Ectopic/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tissue Culture Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Horne
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences The University of Edinburgh
| | - Anne E King
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences The University of Edinburgh
| | - Edward Shaw
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences The University of Edinburgh
| | - Sarah E McDonald
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences The University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | - Hilary OD Critchley
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences The University of Edinburgh
- Corresponding author and requests for reprints: Professor Hilary Critchley Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Centre for Reproductive Biology University of Edinburgh The Queen's Medical Research Institute 47 Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 4TJ United Kingdom Tel: 0131 242 6858 Fax: 0131 242 6441
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70
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Atabekoğlu CS, Gözükuçük M, Ozkavukçu S, Sönmezer M. Rare presentation of ectopic pregnancy following IVF-ET: live twin gestation in the same fallopian tube. HUM FERTIL 2009; 12:122-4. [PMID: 19802963 DOI: 10.1080/14647270902852812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a twin ectopic pregnancy (EP) after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). A 24-year-old nulligravida presented with lower abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding 4 weeks after embryo transfer. Serum beta-HCG levels were 40 IU/mL, 90 IU/mL, and 1970 IU/mL on ET days 12, 14, and 23, respectively. Ultrasound examination revealed two ectopic gestational sacs with fetal heart beats in the left adnexa, without evidence of intrauterine pregnancy. At laparoscopy, one isthmic and another ampullary sac were detected in the left tube and left salpingectomy was performed. The patient was discharged healthy on postoperative day 2. Albeit extremely rare, ectopic pregnancies with abnormal presentation can be encountered following IVF-ET. Single embryo transfer may be advised to protect from ectopic pregnancies after IVF-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Somer Atabekoğlu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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71
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Examination of the effects of methotrexate on histological and steroid receptor changes in the endosalpinx of the rat. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 146:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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72
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The progesterone receptor regulates the expression of TRPV4 channel. Pflugers Arch 2009; 459:105-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0706-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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73
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Ghosh B, Dadhwal V, Deka D, Ramesan CK, Mittal S. Ectopic pregnancy following levonorgestrel emergency contraception: a case report. Contraception 2008; 79:155-7. [PMID: 19135575 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Use of levonorgestrel as emergency contraception is a safe and effective measure to prevent unwanted pregnancy. However, ectopic gestation in case of failure is a known risk. Access to levonorgestrel without a prescription in many countries has made it impossible to estimate the exact incidence of this potential adverse event. Thus, spontaneous reporting of cases serves to alert physicians to this possibility. We present a case of ectopic pregnancy following use of levonorgestrel emergency contraception. To our knowledge, this is the first case report from India following introduction of levonorgestrel emergency contraception in 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Ghosh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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74
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Liu Y, Wu JZ. Effect of Gutai Decoction on the abortion rate of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Chin J Integr Med 2006; 12:189-93. [PMID: 17005079 DOI: 10.1007/bf02836520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Chinese herbal medicine Gutai Decoction (GTD) on the abortion rate of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS Observed were two hundred and forty-seven women having received IVF-ET and with beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) > 25 IU/L on the 14th day after transferring. All were treated conventionally with progesterone 20 - 80 mg per day after transferring and if necessary the treatment was supplemented with Progynova 2 - 4 mg per day, with the medication withdrawn gradually from the 9th week of pregnancy till stopped completely. Among them 131 cases received GTD medication additionally, for 109 cases of whom the medication started from the 2nd day of transferring (taken as Group A) and for the other 22 cases from the 14th day after transferring (taken as Group B), the other 116 cases with no additional GTD treatment given were taken as the control group, with the medication lasting to the 12th week. The abortion rate in them was observed. RESULTS The abortion rate in Group A, Group B and the control group was 12.84%, 13.64% and 23.28%, respectively, the difference between the GTD treated groups and the control group was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chinese medicine GTD could reduce abortion rate in women receiving IVF-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Genetics and IVF Center of Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
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75
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Lyons RA, Saridogan E, Djahanbakhch O. The reproductive significance of human Fallopian tube cilia. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12:363-72. [PMID: 16565155 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective tubal transport of ova, sperm and embryos is a prerequisite for successful spontaneous pregnancy. Although there is much yet to be discovered about the mechanisms involved, it is evident that tubal transit is a far more complicated process than initially thought. Propulsion of gametes and embryos is achieved by complex interaction between muscle contractions, ciliary activity and the flow of tubal secretions. Evidence is accumulating of the important and possibly pre-eminent role of ciliary motion in this process; and this review describes current knowledge about ciliary activity and its physiological regulation. There is also a description of the effects on ciliary function of cigarette smoking and various pathological states, including endometriosis and microbial infection, with consideration given as to how altered ciliary activity may impact upon fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lyons
- Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospital School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK
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76
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Pocar P, Kauffold J, Klonisch T. Dioxin exerts anti-estrogenic actions in a novel dioxin-responsive telomerase-immortalized epithelial cell line of the porcine oviduct (TERT-OPEC). Toxicol Sci 2006; 90:519-28. [PMID: 16431846 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oviduct epithelial cells are important for the nourishment and survival of ovulated oocytes and early embryos, and they respond to the steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone. Endocrine-disrupting polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) are environmental toxins that act in part through the ligand-activated transcription factor arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR; dioxin receptor), and exposure to PHAH has been shown to decrease fertility. To investigate effects of PHAHs on the oviduct epithelium as a potential target tissue of dioxin-type endocrine disruptors, we have established a novel telomerase-immortalized oviduct porcine epithelial cell line (TERT-OPEC). TERT-OPEC exhibited active telomerase and the immunoreactive epithelial marker cytokeratin but lacked the stromal marker vimentin. TERT-OPEC contained functional estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and AhR, as determined by the detection of ER-alpha- and AhR-specific target molecules. Treatment of TERT-OPEC with the AhR ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) resulted in a significant increase in the production of the cytochrome P-450 microsomal enzyme CYP1A1. Activated AhR caused a downregulation of ER nuclear protein fraction and significantly decreased ER-signaling in TERT-OPEC as determined by ERE-luciferase transient transfection assays. In summary, the TCDD-induced and AhR-mediated anti-estrogenic responses by TERT-OPEC suggest that PHAH affect the predominantly estrogen-dependent differentiation of the oviduct epithelium within the fallopian tube. This action then alters the local endocrine milieu, potentially resulting in a largely unexplored cause of impaired embryonic development and female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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77
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Pereira PP, Cabar FR, Raiza LCP, Roncaglia MT, Zugaib M. Emergency contraception and ectopic pregnancy: report of 2 cases. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2005; 60:497-500. [PMID: 16358141 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322005000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/blood
- Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human/urine
- Contraception, Postcoital/adverse effects
- Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Female
- Humans
- Levonorgestrel/administration & dosage
- Levonorgestrel/adverse effects
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Tubal/chemically induced
- Pregnancy, Tubal/diagnosis
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78
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Sheffer-Mimouni G, Pauzner D, Maslovitch S, Lessing JB, Gamzu R. Ectopic pregnancies following emergency levonorgestrel contraception. Contraception 2003; 67:267-9. [PMID: 12684145 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are little or no data on the risk of ectopic pregnancy following levonorgestrel treatment as an emergency contraception. We encountered three cases of ectopic pregnancy following the use of levonorgestrel administered peri- or postovulation. Here we report these cases and discuss the clinical and epidemiologic implications of this association. Health providers should be alert to the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy in women who become pregnant or complain of lower abdominal pain after taking levonorgestrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Sheffer-Mimouni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Lis Maternity Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 6 Weizman Street, Tel Aviv 6427, Israel.
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