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Ljubica J, Littrell RF, Warner-Søderholm G, Minelgaite I. Empower me or not? Influence of societal culture. CROSS CULTURAL & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-05-2021-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the relationships between societal culture value dimensions and employee preferences for empowerment behaviors by managerial leaders across societal cultures. To do this, the authors synthesize the extant literature to underpin this study and to set the research agenda for future empirical work.Design/methodology/approachUsing field survey research method, the authors obtain and analyze data from ten samples in eight geographically and culturally diverse societies from a global longitudinal study of preferred managerial leader behavior.FindingsCultural value dimension predictor variables affect employee preferences for leader empowerment behaviors in the societies studied. Some significant effects of gender and organizational factors on these relationships were found.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should expand upon variations in the meaning of employee empowerment across cultures, consider other cultural models and theories, and a more extensive set of personal, organizational and relational factors.Practical implicationsEmployee preferences for leader empowerment behaviors are more likely the result of the interplay, exchange and trade-offs between cultural, personal and organizational values. The effectiveness of employee empowerment is contingent upon well-designed training programs aligning management and worker values, goals and tasks.Originality/valueThe authors offer more realistic, objective and evidence-based insights into the cultural influences on the effectiveness of empowerment and employee cognitions towards it than the extant, conceptually and methodologically compromised, strategic cross-cultural studies.
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Jorba Galdos L, Warren M. The body as cultural home: exploring, embodying, and navigating the complexities of multiple identities. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2021.1996460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jiang Y, Huang Y, Wu Y, Wang L. Drinking tea improves the convergent creativity performance. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tu KC, Chen SS, Mesler RM. Trait self-construal, inclusion of others in the self and self-control predict stay-at-home adherence during COVID-19. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 175:110687. [PMID: 34848903 PMCID: PMC8613711 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To combat the global COVID-19 crisis, governments and health organizations rely on collective cooperation among every ordinary individual to adhere to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such physical distancing which includes, as examined in our study, staying at home. Thus, we ask the question: do individual differences in how individuals see themselves as connected to or separated from others (i.e., independent vs. interdependent self-construal) predict their stay-at-home adherence? In an online study (N = 358; 47.1% female, Mage = 40.48; 74.02% White), we measured trait self-construal, inclusion of others in the self (IOS), self-control and likelihood to stay-at-home in various scenarios. Results revealed a significant indirect, sequential effect of self-construal on stay-at-home adherence via IOS and self-control. Specifically, participants with a more accessible interdependent (vs. independent) self-construal reported higher stay-at-home adherence intentions as a consequence of greater IOS and self-control. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Christy Tu
- Institute for Consumer and Social Well-Being at the Dhillon School of Business at the University of Lethbridge (Calgary Campus), 345 6 Ave SE s6032, Calgary, AB T2G 4V1, Canada
| | - Shirley Shuo Chen
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics at the Wilfrid Laurier University, 64 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C7, Canada
| | - Rhiannon MacDonnell Mesler
- Institute for Consumer and Social Well-Being at the Dhillon School of Business at the University of Lethbridge (Calgary Campus), 345 6 Ave SE s6032, Calgary, AB T2G 4V1, Canada
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Hillman JG, Hauser DJ. Master Narratives, Expectations of Change, and Their Effect on Temporal Appraisals. SOCIAL COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2021.39.6.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
People hold narrative expectations for how humans generally change over the course of their lives. In some areas, people expect growth (e.g., wisdom), while in others, people expect stability (e.g., extroversion). However, do people apply those same expectations to the self? In five studies (total N = 1,372), participants rated selves as improving modestly over time in domains where stability should be expected (e.g., extroversion, quick-wittedness). Reported improvement was significantly larger in domains where growth should be expected (e.g., wisdom, rationality) than domains where stability should be expected. Further, in domains where growth should be expected participants reported improvement for selves and others. However, in domains where stability should be expected, participants reported improvement for selves but not others. Hence, participants used narrative expectations to inform projections of change. We discuss implications for future temporal self-appraisal research, heterogeneity of effect sizes in self-appraisal research, and between-culture differences in narratives.
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Ebrahimi S, Hassanein K. Decisional guidance for detecting discriminatory data analytics recommendations. INFORMATION & MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.im.2021.103520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Using true experiments to study culture: Manipulations, measurement issues, and the question of appropriate control groups. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yim O, Clément R. Acculturation and attitudes toward code-switching: A bidimensional framework. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BILINGUALISM : CROSS-DISCIPLINARY, CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDIES OF LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR 2021; 25:1369-1388. [PMID: 34867069 PMCID: PMC8637368 DOI: 10.1177/13670069211019466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another within a single speech event, is often performed by bilinguals who have mastered a communicative competence in two languages. It is also a social strategy - using linguistic cues as a means to index social categories and group solidarity. Code-switching is, therefore, linked to attitudes, seen as a reflection of the speaker and their values and identities. Traditionally perceived negatively, attitudes toward code-switching have been shown to be acceptable in certain cases, such as in multilingual contexts. However, it has yet to be determined empirically whether attitudes toward code-switching are associated with individual social characteristics, including cultural identity and identity negotiation. Adopting the bidimensional model of acculturation, the goal of the study was to investigate the relationships among cultural identity and code-switching attitudes. Specifically, we sought to examine whether the bidimensional framework can be used to characterize and distinguish biculturals and whether such distinctions result in differences in code-switching attitudes and other related factors. DATA AND ANALYSIS Cantonese-English bilinguals (n = 67) reported their language background and completed questionnaires relating to identity and code-switching. FINDINGS The findings suggest the bidimensional model was successful in classifying biculturals versus non-biculturals and, additionally, that biculturals could be differentiated according to their strength of cultural identification, which we designated as strong biculturals, Canadian-oriented biculturals, Chinese-oriented biculturals, and weak biculturals. Findings also revealed significant group differences in code-switching attitudes and other factors, such as code-switching comfort and preference, among the bicultural subgroups. IMPLICATIONS The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching is linked to bicultural identity. The results conclude that a more nuanced classification of biculturals is meaningful, as individual differences in cultural identification among biculturals are linked to significant differences in code-switching comfort, code-switching preference, code-switching attitudes, and multicultural attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilia Yim
- Odilia Yim, University of Ottawa,
136 Jean Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall 3002, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Carmichael N, Redlinger-Grosse K, Birnbaum S. Examining clinical training through a bicultural lens: Experiences of genetic counseling students who identify with a racial or ethnic minority group. J Genet Couns 2021; 31:411-423. [PMID: 34545644 PMCID: PMC9293098 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biculturals are individuals who have had significant exposure to more than one culture and who possess more than one cultural frame of reference. In the United States, this term has been used to describe both immigrants and members of racial or ethnic minority groups who live within the majority white culture. Biculturals develop a distinct repertoire of social and cognitive skills and have been shown to engage in a process of cultural frame switching in response to salient cultural cues. Through a conceptual lens offered by current research on biculturalism, this article examines transcripts of focus groups we collected for a study on the clinical training experiences of genetic counseling students who identify with a racial or ethnic minority group. We conducted a constructivist grounded theory study, collecting data via 13 videoconference focus groups with 32 recent graduates of genetic counseling training programs who identify with a racial or ethnic minority group. We focus here on two of the thematic categories identified in that study related to participants’ experiences interacting with patients during supervised clinical rotations. We find three ways in which being bicultural influenced these genetic counselors’ patient interactions. First, participants described interactions with both culturally concordant and culturally discordant patients that highlighted the salience of their racial, ethnic, or cultural identity in these encounters. Second, they reported sensitivity to social nuances between and within cultures, reflecting the findings of prior research about heightened cultural awareness in biculturals. Third, they described switching cultural frames in response to their patients’ identities which, at times, created conflict between their professional and culturally concordant frameworks. The results of this study suggest that the influence of a student's racial, ethnic, or cultural identity on interactions with patients should be discussed within the supervisory relationship, and that being bicultural confers advantages in learning to provide culturally responsive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikkola Carmichael
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krista Redlinger-Grosse
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shira Birnbaum
- Center for Pediatric Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Vaughan-Johnston T, Imtiaz F, Lee A, Ji LJ. Age Differences in Leadership Positions Across Cultures. Front Psychol 2021; 12:703831. [PMID: 34603131 PMCID: PMC8484309 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.703831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In most countries around the world, the population is rapidly aging. A by-product of these demographic shifts is that older adults will likely occupy more positions of power and influence in our societies than ever before. Further, cultural differences might shape how these transitions unfold around the globe. Across two studies, we investigated whether business and political leaders differed in age across various cultures. Study 1 (N = 1,034) showed that business leaders were significantly older in Eastern (e.g., China, India, and Japan) cultures than Western (e.g., United States, Sweden, and United Kingdom) cultures, even while controlling for population structure (e.g., percentage of elderly in the society), gross domestic product (GDP), and wealth distribution across the population (GINI). Study 2 (N = 1,268) conceptually replicated these findings by showing that political leaders were once again older in Eastern vs. Western cultures. Furthermore, cultural tightness mediated the relationship between culture and older leadership. These findings highlight how cultural differences impact not only our preferences, but also important outcomes in consequential domains such as business and politics. Potential explanations for why cultural tightness may be related to differences in leader age across cultures are discussed. To build on these findings, future research should assess the potential causal mechanisms underlying the cultural effect on leader age, and explore the various practical implications of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vaughan-Johnston
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Faizan Imtiaz
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, Towson, MD, United States
| | - Albert Lee
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Jun Ji
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Li-Jun Ji,
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Albert I. Perceived loneliness and the role of cultural and intergenerational belonging: the case of Portuguese first-generation immigrants in Luxembourg. Eur J Ageing 2021; 18:299-310. [PMID: 34483795 PMCID: PMC8377124 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of loneliness for migrants, particularly in older age, has been documented across multiple studies. Migration is a life-changing transition. While often retaining links to their country of origin, an important developmental task for migrants is the establishment of bonds in the receiving country. Drawing on recent studies, I will explore the role of cultural and intergenerational belonging in order to identify both protective and risk factors regarding loneliness in middle and older age in a sample of first-generation immigrants from Portugal living in Luxembourg. The sample comprises N = 131 participants (51.9% female) between the ages of 41 and 80 (M = 56.08; SD = 7.80) who have on average spent M = 31.71 years (SD = 8.81) in Luxembourg and raised children in Luxembourg. They took part in the IRMA project ('Intergenerational Relations in the Light of Migration and Ageing') which was funded by the Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg. A standardised questionnaire assessed socio-demographic data, aspects of cultural belonging (i.e. cultural attachment to both countries, bicultural identity orientation, acculturative stress), intergenerational belonging (i.e. family cohesion, family conflict, perceived intergenerational value consensus) and perceived loneliness. Results showed that while cultural and intergenerational belonging were protective factors, the strongest predictors for participants' perceived loneliness were cultural identity conflict and, even more so, intergenerational conflict. Our findings suggest that establishing roots and bonds in the host country is a protective factor against loneliness, whereas the feeling of not fitting in is a strong risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Albert
- Faculty of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
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Wu DC, Kim HS, Collins NL. Perceived responsiveness across cultures: The role of cultural fit in social support use. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delancey C. Wu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Heejung S. Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
| | - Nancy L. Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of California Santa Barbara CA USA
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Webster GD, Howell JL, Losee JE, Mahar EA, Wongsomboon V. Culture, COVID-19, and collectivism: A paradox of American exceptionalism? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 178:110853. [PMID: 36540785 PMCID: PMC9755891 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Do geographic differences in collectivism relate to COVID-19 case and death rates? And if so, would they also replicate across states within arguably the most individualistic country in the world-the United States? Further still, what role might the U.S.'s history of ethnic strife and race-based health disparities play in either reinforcing or undermining state-level relations between collectivism and COVID-19 rates? To answer these questions, we examined archival data from 98 countries (Study 1) and the 48 contiguous United States (Study 2) on country/state-level collectivism, COVID-19 case/death rates, relevant covariates (per-capita GDP, population density, spatial dependence), and in the U.S., percent of non-Whites. In Study 1, country-level collectivism negatively related to both cases (r = -0.28) and deaths (r = -0.40) in simple regressions; however, after controlling for covariates, the former became non-significant (r p = -0.07), but the latter remained significant (r p = -0.20). In Study 2, state-level collectivism positively related to both cases (r = 0.56) and deaths (r = 0.41) in simple regressions, and these relationships persisted after controlling for all covariates except race, where a state's non-White population dominated all other predictors of COVID-19 cases (r p = 0.35) and deaths (r p = 0.31). We discuss the strong link between race and collectivism in U.S. culture, and its implications for understanding COVID-19 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joy E Losee
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, USA
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Goyal N, De Keersmaecker J. Cultural dyes: Cultural norms color person perception. Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 43:195-198. [PMID: 34411958 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
People from different cultures may perceive the same behavior in contrasting ways, thereby reaching very different conclusions. We argue that cultural norms not only guide our own behaviors but also color the way we perceive others. Here, we overview research on the different cultural norms people may use when judging others. Specifically, we discuss work on norms pertaining to how people describe, evaluate, and support others. Additionally, we also highlight some important implications of the reviewed research and underscore some key environmental factors that motivate stronger adherence to cultural norms. We conclude that the study of interpersonal perception is incomplete without taking into account the influence cultural norms have on the way we perceive others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Goyal
- Universitat Ramon Llull, Esade Business School, Department of People Management and Organisation, Av. Torre Blanca 59, 08172 Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jonas De Keersmaecker
- Universitat Ramon Llull, Esade Business School, Department of People Management and Organisation, Av. Torre Blanca 59, 08172 Sant Cugat, Barcelona, Spain
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Safa MD, White RMB, Knight GP. The Influence of Ethnic-Racial Identity Developmental Processes on Global Bicultural Competence Development. Child Dev 2021; 92:e1211-e1227. [PMID: 34287858 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated ethnic-racial identity (ERI) developmental processes (i.e., exploration and resolution) as pathways for adolescents to develop global bicultural competence, or the ability to meet heritage and host cultural demands. The sample included 749 U.S. Mexican-origin youth (30% Mexico-born; 51% male) followed from early-to-late adolescence (Mage = 12.79-17.38 years). Longitudinal structural equation analyses revealed that youth's sequential engagement in ERI exploration and resolution (from early-to-middle adolescence) promoted global bicultural competence in late adolescence. The findings highlight the benefits of achieving clarity about one's ERI via self-exploration efforts for adolescents' ability to respond effectively to bicultural demands. This study advances mechanisms via which ERI development may support youth adaptation to multiple cultural systems.
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Shi G, Li X, Zhu Y, Shang R, Sun Y, Guo H, Sui J. The divided brain: Functional brain asymmetry underlying self-construal. Neuroimage 2021; 240:118382. [PMID: 34252524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-construal (orientations of independence and interdependence) is a fundamental concept that guides human behaviour, and it is linked to a large number of brain regions. However, understanding the connectivity of these regions and the critical principles underlying these self-functions are lacking. Because brain activity linked to self-related processes are intrinsic, the resting-state method has received substantial attention. Here, we focused on resting-state functional connectivity matrices based on brain asymmetry as indexed by the differential partition of the connectivity located in mirrored positions of the two hemispheres, hemispheric specialization measured using the intra-hemispheric (left or right) connectivity, brain communication via inter-hemispheric interactions, and global connectivity as the sum of the two intra-hemispheric connectivity. Combining machine learning techniques with hypothesis-driven network mapping approaches, we demonstrated that orientations of independence and interdependence were best predicted by the asymmetric matrix compared to brain communication, hemispheric specialization, and global connectivity matrices. The network results revealed that there were distinct asymmetric connections between the default mode network, the salience network and the executive control network which characterise independence and interdependence. These analyses shed light on the importance of brain asymmetry in understanding how complex self-functions are optimally represented in the brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Shi
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuesong Li
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yifan Zhu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruihong Shang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hua Guo
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Sui
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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Safa MD, Umaña-Taylor AJ. Biculturalism and adjustment among U.S. Latinos: A review of four decades of empirical findings. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 61:73-127. [PMID: 34266572 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating both heritage (e.g., Latino) and national (e.g., American) cultural systems into our sense of self (i.e., bicultural identity) and developing the ability to successfully respond to demands associated with each of these systems (i.e., bicultural competence) have been theorized to be central to the development and positive adjustment of U.S. Latinos, a group that represents a large segment of the country's population. In this comprehensive review, we examined empirical research on biculturalism among U.S. Latinos spanning four decades (1980-2020), with a focus on synthesizing the field's understanding of antecedents and consequents associated with biculturalism and identifying directions for future research. Our review of 152 empirical articles revealed that this literature was characterized by multiple approaches to the conceptualization (i.e., dual-cultural adaptation, dual-cultural identity, bicultural identity integration, and bicultural competence) and subsequent operationalization of biculturalism. Although each conceptualization has different implications for the conclusions that can be drawn regarding an aspect or facet of biculturalism and potential influence on adjustment, a significant majority (78%) of studies, across conceptualizations, provided evidence supporting a positive association between biculturalism and Latinos' adjustment. In addition, a relatively small body of qualitative work was identified, and findings largely informed potential antecedents of biculturalism. We review this literature with attention to: the aspects of biculturalism that are associated with Latinos' adjustment (i.e., psychosocial and physical health), how sample characteristics may limit the generalizability of this work, and important directions for future research both in terms of conceptualization and study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dalal Safa
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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Biculturalism and cross-cultural competence: examination of an attribution complexity theory-based model. CROSS CULTURAL & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ccsm-03-2020-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeBased on attributional complexity (AC) theory, the authors empirically examine the impact of biculturalism on cross-cultural adjustment and the degree to which people make isomorphic attributions, critical for cross-cultural leadership effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachUsing questionnaire surveys, the authors first validate measures in a validation sample and then empirically test the model in a second sample, using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe authors’ findings reveal an empirical connection between biculturalism and AC on the one hand, while also showing support for the relationship between biculturalism and attributional knowledge. Findings also demonstrate that biculturalism is related to attributional accuracy in cross-cultural contexts via an attributional mechanism, as suggested by AC theory.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, AC theory emerges as one with excellent prospects for explaining intercultural work in multicultural settings. Biculturalism's links to AC and attributional knowledge are critical for extensions to cross-cultural leadership effectiveness, and international knowledge transfer, interesting and high potential research avenues for the discipline.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings carry a host of managerial implications. AC training can provide all international assignees with the necessary foundational skills and learning abilities to successfully interact in the host country setting with local nationals. This study also suggests that managers on international assignments should focus their efforts on acquiring attributional knowledge because it can provide a solid boost to their understanding of the local culture.Originality/valueOne’s understanding of biculturals and their cross-cultural management competencies is very limited. The authors provide empirical support for the hypotheses, hitherto unexamined in extant literature.
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Liu Z, Brockner J, Morris MW. Bolstering biculturals: Self-affirmation reduces contrastive responses to identity primes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
For decades, scholars in organizational and social psychology have distinguished between two types of identity: social and personal. To what extent, though, is this dichotomy useful for understanding identities and their dynamics, and might a different approach facilitate deeper insight? Such are the guiding questions of this article. I begin by reviewing framings of the social/personal identity dichotomy in organizational psychology, and tracing its origins and evolution in social psychology. I then evaluate the strengths and limitations of this dichotomy as a tool for understanding identities. In an attempt to retain the dichotomy’s strengths and overcome its limitations, I present a modified conceptualization of the social and personal dimensions of identity, one that defines these dimensions based on psychological experience (not identity content), and treats them as two independent continua (not two levels of a dichotomy, or opposing ends of a continuum) that any given identity varies along across contexts. Plain language summary A single person can identify with lots of different aspects of their life: their family, community, job, and hobbies, to name but a few. In the same way it helps to group different items in a shop into sections, it can be helpful to group the different identities available to people into categories. And for a long time, this is what researchers have done: calling certain identities “social identities” if based on things like race and culture, and “personal identities” if based on things like traits and habits. In this paper, I explain that for various reasons, this might not be the most accurate way of mapping identities. Instead of categorizing them based on where they come from, I suggest it’s more helpful to focus on how identities actually make people feel, and how these feelings change from one moment to the next. I also point out that many identities can make someone feel like a unique person and part of a broader group at the same time. For this reason, it’s best to think of the “social” and “personal” parts of an identity not as opposites—but simply different aspects of the same thing.
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72
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Hu X, Wang Y, Liao S, Peng K. Do Experiences Studying Abroad Promote Dialectical Thinking? Empirical Evidence From Chinese International Students. Front Psychol 2021; 12:595935. [PMID: 34122210 PMCID: PMC8195590 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.595935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current work seeks to provide direct empirical evidence on whether Chinese international students’ experiences studying abroad promote dialectical thinking. We collected behavioral data from 258 Chinese international students studying in multiple regions. We found that there was a main effect among the four conditions (i.e., studying abroad, exposure to foreign culture, hometown, and typical day). More specifically, when primed with studying abroad or typical day (relative to hometown culture), participants were more likely to show tolerance for contradiction by deeming both sides of contradictory scientific statements as convincing and rating them more favorably. Therefore, it is plausible that Chinese international students’ experiences studying abroad promote their dialectical thinking. More work is needed to further this line of research by (1) extending these effects with other measures of dialectical thinking such as perception of interconnectedness and prediction of change, (2) adopting differing paradigms to provide more robust findings, and (3) probing the underlying processes as to why experiences studying abroad promote dialectical thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanhui Liao
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiping Peng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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73
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Kwangmuang P, Jarutkamolpong S, Sangboonraung W, Daungtod S. The development of learning innovation to enhance higher order thinking skills for students in Thailand junior high schools. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07309. [PMID: 34195420 PMCID: PMC8239472 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The research aims to design and develop learning innovation to enhance higher order thinking skills for students in Thailand junior high schools. The design development research model of Richey and Klien (2007) is used and divided into two phases: (1) to design and develop innovative learning and validate of its quality based on the interviews and survey from 13 experts, 10 teachers and 30 students, and (2) to test the tools' validity by three experts and 153 students from five junior high schools at five provinces in Thailand. The findings indicate that analytical thinking, creative thinking, problem-solving thinking and critical thinking skill are developed by researchers, and experienced and practiced by learners in their lessons. The higher order thinking skills of learners after experiencing the learning innovation have a higher average score than the previous one. Following the students' perspectives on the learning innovation, 1) The design of content is in line with students’ knowledge levels, easy to understand, and enable to connect science contents to their daily life. However, some contents cannot fully cover into all classroom lessons; 2) Multimedia. A navigation design is easy for students to find information and direct to their needs. The icon symbols could hint the meaning of various information sources and have links to these sources. Also, multimedia could considerably explain scientific processes and help students understand better; 3) The design of problem scenarios supports easier connection to the daily life. In addition, using videos as a learning resource could suitably illustrate scientific process, and improve communicative and collaborative skills in problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parama Kwangmuang
- Department of Computer Education, Faculty of Education, Nakhon Phanom University, Thailand
| | - Suwisa Jarutkamolpong
- Department of Computer Education, Faculty of Education, Nakhon Phanom University, Thailand
| | | | - Srisuda Daungtod
- Department of Computer Education, Faculty of Education, Nakhon Phanom University, Thailand
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74
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Abstract
Past research suggests that East Asians engage in less positive thinking than Westerners, but cultural differences in positive thinking may depend on context. The present research investigates how culture and context may interactively influence positive thinking. In Studies 1 ( N = 287) and 2 ( N = 245), participants read hypothetical positive or negative events, and indicated their endorsement of responses to each event that reflected positive versus negative thinking. Chinese more often than Euro-Canadians endorsed relatively negative thinking in response to positive events and relatively positive thinking in response to negative events. In Study 3 ( N = 573), Chinese (versus Euro-Canadians) generated more negative outcomes for positive events and more positive outcomes for negative events. These effects were mediated by lay theory of change, a belief that events change over time nonlinearly. The findings use diverse measurement approaches to highlight the importance of examining positive thinking in context across cultures.
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75
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Weng L, Zhang YB, Kulich SJ, Zuo C. Cultural values in Chinese proverbs reported by Chinese college students. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Weng
- Intercultural Institute Shanghai International Studies University Shanghai China
| | - Yan Bing Zhang
- Department of Communication Studies University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
| | - Steve J. Kulich
- Intercultural Institute Shanghai International Studies University Shanghai China
| | - Chengli Zuo
- Intercultural Institute Shanghai International Studies University Shanghai China
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76
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Zhou C, Dewaele JM, Ochs CM, De Leersnyder J. The Role of Language and Cultural Engagement in Emotional Fit with Culture: an Experiment Comparing Chinese-English Bilinguals to British and Chinese Monolinguals. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:128-141. [PMID: 36043175 PMCID: PMC9382928 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The current study investigated to what extent language and culture shape emotional experience. Specifically, we randomly assigned 178 Chinese English bilinguals to report on emotional situations, cultural exposure, engagement, and language proficiency in either English as a foreign language (LX) or Chinese (L1). We established their fit with both the typical patterns of emotions among British and Chinese monolinguals and predicted these fit indices from the survey language, cultural exposure, and engagement. Whereas monolinguals fitted their own culture's emotional patterns best, bilinguals fitted both the typical LX and L1 patterns equally well. The survey language affected bilinguals' emotional fit, but there was no evidence for true 'cultural frame switching'. Rather, bilinguals with low exposure to English-speaking contexts encountered a drop in emotional fit when using English. Yet, this negative effect of survey language was buffered when bilinguals had better quality interactions that are likely to foster conceptual restructuring in the LX. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00037-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Zhou
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Dewaele
- Departement of Applied Linguistics and Communication, Birkbeck College London, London, UK
| | - Carli Maria Ochs
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jozefien De Leersnyder
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, box 3727, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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77
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Abstract
Previous research has found supernatural beliefs about sleep paralysis (SP) to be very prevalent in Italy, with over one third of SP sufferers believing that their SP might have been caused by a supernatural creature known locally as the Pandafeche. The current study further examined features of SP in Italy. All participants had experienced SP at least once in their lifetime. Participants were recruited from the general population (N = 67) in the region of Abruzzo. The Sleep Paralysis Experiences and Phenomenology Questionnaire (SP-EPQ) was orally administered to participants. As hypothesized, we found that Italians from the general population reported high lifetime rates of SP, prolonged duration of immobility during the event, and great fear of the experience (with as many as 42% of SP sufferers fearing that they could die from the experience), all of which were particularly elevated as compared to cultures where there are no such elaborate traditions of SP (e.g., Denmark). In addition, 78% of participants experienced some type of hallucination during their SP. The results we present here suggest that cultural beliefs about SP in Italy (e.g., as being caused by the Pandafeche, as reported elsewhere) potentially can profoundly shape certain aspects of the experience - a type of mind-body interaction.
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78
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Krause V, Goncalo JA, Tadmor CT. Divine inhibition: Does thinking about God make monotheistic believers less creative? ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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79
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Kwon JY, Wormley AS, Varnum MEW. Changing cultures, changing brains: A framework for integrating cultural neuroscience and cultural change research. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108087. [PMID: 33781802 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cultural neuroscience research has provided substantial evidence that culture shapes the brain by providing systematically different sets of experiences. However, cultures are ever-changing in response to the physical and social environment. In the present paper, we integrate theories and methods from cultural neuroscience with the emerging body of research on cultural change and suggest several ways in which the two fields can inform each other. First, we propose that the cultural change perspective helps us reexamine what is meant by culturally typical experiences, which are shaped by the dynamic interaction between cultural norms, values, meanings, and other environmental constraints on behavior. It also allows us to make predictions about the variability/stability of cultural neural differences over time. Then, we discuss how methods used in cultural change research may be applied to cultural neuroscience research and vice versa. We end with a "blue sky vision" for a neuroscience of cultural change.
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80
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Shin LJ, Margolis SM, Walsh LC, Kwok SYCL, Yue X, Chan CK, Siu NYF, Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. Cultural Differences in the Hedonic Rewards of Recalling Kindness: Priming Cultural Identity with Language. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:80-90. [PMID: 36042917 PMCID: PMC9382926 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-020-00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent theory suggests that members of interdependent (collectivist) cultures prioritize in-group happiness, whereas members of independent (individualist) cultures prioritize personal happiness (Uchida et al. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5(3), 223–239 Uchida et al., 2004). Thus, the well-being of friends and family may contribute more to the emotional experience of individuals with collectivist rather than individualist identities. We tested this hypothesis by asking participants to recall a kind act they had done to benefit either close others (e.g., family members) or distant others (e.g., strangers). Study 1 primed collectivist and individualist cultural identities by asking bicultural undergraduates (N = 357) from Hong Kong to recall kindnesses towards close versus distant others in both English and Chinese, while Study 2 compared university students in the USA (n = 106) and Hong Kong (n = 93). In Study 1, after being primed with the Chinese language (but not after being primed with English), participants reported significantly improved affect valence after recalling kind acts towards friends and family than after recalling kind acts towards strangers. Extending this result, in Study 2, respondents from Hong Kong (but not the USA) who recalled kind acts towards friends and family showed higher positive affect than those who recalled kind acts towards strangers. These findings suggest that people with collectivist cultural identities may have relatively more positive and less negative emotional experiences when they focus on prosocial interactions with close rather than weak ties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian J. Shin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1440, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Seth M. Margolis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Lisa C. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Sylvia Y. C. L. Kwok
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaodong Yue
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Keung Chan
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Nicolson Yat-Fan Siu
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kennon M. Sheldon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
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81
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Me, Myself and I: Exploring the Micro-moments of Local, Immigrant and Tourist Self in Bicultural Identities. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-019-00735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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82
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Wang Q. What does cultural research tell us about memory? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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83
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Kobayashi T, Yoshida K, Takebayashi Y, Goto A, Kumagai A, Murakami M. Belief in group interdependence: Facilitating evacuee–host interactions after the Fukushima nuclear accident. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Chiyoda‐ku Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshida
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takebayashi
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
| | - Aya Goto
- Center for Integrated Science and Humanities Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumagai
- Education Center for Disaster Medicine Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan
| | - Michio Murakami
- Department of Health Risk Communication Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Fukushima Japan
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84
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Lo RF, Ng AH, Cohen AS, Sasaki JY. Does self-construal shape automatic social attention? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246577. [PMID: 33566804 PMCID: PMC7875344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether activating independent or interdependent self-construal modulates attention shifting in response to group gaze cues. European Canadians (Study 1) and East Asian Canadians (Study 2) primed with independence vs. interdependence completed a multi-gaze cueing task with a central face gazing left or right, flanked by multiple background faces that either matched or mismatched the direction of the foreground gaze. Results showed that European Canadians (Study 1) mostly ignored background gaze cues and were uninfluenced by the self-construal primes. However, East Asian Canadians (Study 2), who have cultural backgrounds relevant to both independence and interdependence, showed different attention patterns by prime: those primed with interdependence were more distracted by mismatched (vs. matched) background gaze cues, whereas there was no change for those primed with independence. These findings suggest activating an interdependent self-construal modulates social attention mechanisms to attend broadly, but only for those who may find these representations meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronda F. Lo
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Andy H. Ng
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Joni Y. Sasaki
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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85
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Jensen LA. The Cultural Psychology of Religiosity, Spirituality, and Secularism in Adolescence. ADOLESCENT RESEARCH REVIEW 2021; 6:277-288. [PMID: 33521244 PMCID: PMC7825388 DOI: 10.1007/s40894-020-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cultural psychology has raised awareness of religiosity, spirituality, and secularism in people's psychological lives. This article takes a cultural-developmental approach by examining the development of religiosity, spirituality, and secularism among culturally diverse adolescents. At the outset, an explanation is provided as to why the valid study of peoples' psychological lives necessitates taking culture into account, and of key implications for theory and methodology. Throughout research on adolescent religiosity, spirituality, and secularism is described, including studies on conceptions of God, afterlife beliefs, the development of an Ethic of Divinity in moral reasoning, recent increases in spirituality and secularism, and the impact of globalization on worldviews and religiously-based puberty rituals. While the focus is on adolescents, the article includes relevant research with children and emerging adults. Concrete future research directions are proposed, including a call to address the extent to which effects of religion on adolescents are dependent on culture and globalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Arnett Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610 USA
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86
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Minbaeva D, Fitzsimmons S, Brewster C. Beyond the double-edged sword of cultural diversity in teams: Progress, critique, and next steps. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS STUDIES 2021; 52:45-55. [PMID: 33487776 PMCID: PMC7812974 DOI: 10.1057/s41267-020-00390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, Stahl et al. (J Int Bus Stud 41:690-709, 2010) performed a meta-analysis of the literature on cultural diversity and team performance, aiming to improve our understanding of "the mechanisms and contextual conditions under which cultural diversity affects team processes" (p. 691). State-of-the-art studies still echo the article's conclusion about the 'double-edged sword' of cultural diversity, referring to the trade-off between process losses and gains. In this commentary, we assess progress within the past decade on our understanding of this double-edged sword. We argue that in terms of adding new insights, IB, as a field, has made substantial progress with respect to understanding diversity within teams, moderate progress with respect to input-process-output logic, and minimal progress with respect to definitions of cultural diversity. Our recommendations for moving beyond the double-edged sword metaphor in the next decade include shifting focus from cultural diversity per se to how it is managed, moving away from simplicity towards unfolding complexity, and expanding diversity categories beyond culture, and mechanisms beyond knowledge or information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Minbaeva
- Copenhagen Business School, Kilevej 14, Copenhagen, 2000 Denmark
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87
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Bunker CJ, Saysavanh SE, Kwan VS. Are gender differences in the Big Five the same on social media as offline? COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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88
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Goodwin R, Polek E, Bardi A. The Temporal Reciprocity of Values and Beliefs: A Longitudinal Study within a Major Life Transition. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Values and beliefs (or social axioms) are important personality constructs, but little previous work has examined the relationship between the two, and none has examined their real–life longitudinal effects on one another. Major life transitions—such as moving to a new culture—can challenge existing values and beliefs and therefore provide a particularly useful context for the analysis of value and belief change. The main aim of this research was to examine whether values may predict theoretically meaningful belief change and vice versa. Polish migrants participated in the study shortly after their arrival in the UK and at two, subsequent, nine–month intervals ( N = 172). Cross–lagged effects suggested reciprocal effects of values and beliefs, depending on the value involved. Findings are discussed in light of current debates over personality change, as well as the broader impact of significant life transitions on personality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ela Polek
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anat Bardi
- Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
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89
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Design for Breathtaking Experiences: An Exploration of Design Strategies to Evoke Awe in Human–Product Interactions. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/mti4040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From looking up at a skyscraper to the Grand Canyon’s vastness, you may have experienced awe in one way or another. Awe is experienced when one encounters something greater or more powerful than themselves and is associated with prosocial behavior through a diminishment of self-importance. In design research, most studies on awe have been conducted in lab conditions by using technologies such as virtual reality because of its efficiency to simulate typical awe-stimulating conditions (e.g., nature scenes). While useful in inducing awe and assessing its effects on users, they give little guidance about how design can deliberately evoke awe. Most attempts focus on the response of awe instead of its eliciting conditions. With an aim to support designers to facilitate awe, this paper explores design strategies to evoke awe. Based on appraisal theory, the cause of awe was formulated, and its relevance to designing for awe was investigated. The conditions that underlie awe in design were explored through a survey in which participants reported 150 awe experiences, resulting in six design strategies. The paper describes these strategies and discusses how they can be used in a design process, giving attention to addressing the experiential value of awe.
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90
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Mapping the Cultural Identities of Youths in Hong Kong from a Social Capital Perspective. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci9110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With its unique geopolitical status and multicultural setting, Hong Kong has harbored different youth groups generated from cross-border migration with mainland China who are tied to different cultural values and identifications. This study aims to investigate how social capital embedded in the family, school, and community influences the cultural identities across three groups of Chinese youths in the educational system: local students; cross-border students (born in Hong Kong, living in the neighbor city of mainland China but attending schools in Hong Kong on daily commute); and new immigrant students (born in mainland China but living in Hong Kong for less than seven years). Using data from a cross-sectional survey with 2180 fourth- to ninth-grade students in Hong Kong, the logistic regression results suggest that family and community social capital play significant roles in shaping the cultural identity of youths. Implications of the research findings are discussed.
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91
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Barros S, Albert I. Living In-Between or Within? Cultural Identity Profiles of Second-Generation Young Adults with Immigrant Background. IDENTITY-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY AND RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2020.1832491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Barros
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Isabelle Albert
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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92
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Gianola M, Yepes BE, Losin EAR. Selection and Characterization of Cultural Priming Stimuli for the Activation of Spanish and English Cultural Mindsets among Hispanic/Latino Bilinguals in the United States. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 51:422-439. [PMID: 36090009 PMCID: PMC9454325 DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Cultural priming studies frequently employ non-validated, stereotypical images. Here, we select images to separately evoke two cultural mindsets: Hispanic and US-American. Spanish-English bilinguals identifying as Hispanic/Latino (N=149) rated 50 images online for their cultural and emotional evocation. Based on relative cultural identification, cultural "delegate" (strongly US-American, strongly Hispanic, balanced bicultural) subsamples' ratings were averaged to isolate particularly salient images. Image ratings were compared across respondents' national origins. Ratings of seven selected pairs of content-matched Hispanic and US-American primes were compared across the full sample. High discrimination across cultural mindsets and positive emotion ratings were maintained regardless of various demographic factors. Thus, we provide empirical justification for incorporating these stimuli, individually or as sets, within cultural priming studies among Hispanic/Latino samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Gianola
- University of Miami, Department of Psychology, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Beatriz E Yepes
- University of Miami, Department of Psychology, Miami, FL, USA
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93
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Fan SX, Harzing AW, Köhler T. How you see me, how you don’t: ethnic identity self-verification in interactions between local subsidiary employees and ethnically similar expatriates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2018.1448294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shea X. Fan
- School of Management, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne-Wil Harzing
- Business School, Middlesex University, London, UK
- School of Economics & Management, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Tine Köhler
- Department of Management and Marketing, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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94
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Pope C. Multicultural body-based cultural frame switching: A dance/movement therapy approach. BODY MOVEMENT AND DANCE IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17432979.2020.1802334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pope
- Graduate School of Counseling and Psychology, Somatic Counseling, Naropa University Boulder, Colorado, USA
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95
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Nguyen AM, Rule NO. Implicit Biculturalism Theories: How Bicultural Individuals Perceive Others and Organize Their Own Cultures. IDENTITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15283488.2020.1820868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela-MinhTu Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Nicholas O. Rule
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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96
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Pilotti MAE, Salameh MH, Abdulhadi EJY, Al Ghazo R. Perceptual organization and attribution preferences: a glimpse of the Middle Eastern bicultural mind. The Journal of General Psychology 2020; 149:169-195. [PMID: 32930068 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2020.1819767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence exists that Westerners rely on similarities to organize their perceptual experiences (descriptive style) and on dispositions to explain human behavior, whereas Far East Asians rely on functional relationships (relational style) and situational details. The present research challenged this dichotomy by investigating perceptual organization and causal attribution in bicultural women of Middle Eastern descent. In Experiment 1, participants were given three items from which to pick two that would go together (e.g., shampoo, conditioner, hair). In Experiment 2, participants were asked to explain desirable and undesirable outcomes (i.e., grades). In both studies, cultural orientation was assessed. When participants were given three items from which to pick two that would go together, they emulated the Westerners' descriptive approach to perception, selecting choices based on similarities (e.g., shampoo and conditioner) rather than on functional relationships (e.g., shampoo and hair). When participants explained desirable outcomes, they preferred internal causes, whereas when they explained undesirable outcomes, they preferred external causes, thereby expressing the self-serving bias often attributed to people from the West. Yet, they also exhibited a hybrid cultural orientation, which included both collectivistic and individualistic inclinations. Although these findings support a polycultural viewpoint, according to which people can manage coherent lives informed by multiple legacies, they also indicate that cultural mindsets do not evenly influence information processing.
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97
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Swallow KM, Wang Q. Culture influences how people divide continuous sensory experience into events. Cognition 2020; 205:104450. [PMID: 32927384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Everyday experience is divided into meaningful events as a part of human perception. Current accounts of this process, known as event segmentation, focus on how characteristics of the experience (e.g., situation changes) influence segmentation. However, characteristics of the viewers themselves have been largely neglected. We test whether one such viewer characteristic, their cultural background, impacts online event segmentation. Culture could impact event segmentation (1) by emphasizing different aspects of experiences as being important for comprehension, memory, and communication, and (2) by providing different exemplars of how everyday activities are performed, which objects are likely to be used, and how scenes are laid out. Indian and US viewers (N = 152) identified events in everyday activities (e.g., making coffee) recorded in Indian and US settings. Consistent with their cultural preference for analytical processing, US viewers segmented the activities into more events than did Indian viewers. Furthermore, event boundaries identified by US viewers were more strongly associated with visual changes, whereas boundaries identified by Indian viewers were more strongly associated with goal changes. There was no evidence that familiarity with an activity impacted segmentation. Thus, culture impacts event perception by altering the types of information people prioritize when dividing experience into meaningful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khena M Swallow
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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98
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Abstract
Eriksen's zoom model of attention implies a trade-off between the breadth and resolution of representations of information. Following this perspective, we used Eriksen's flanker task to investigate culture's influence on attentional allocation and attentional resolution. In Experiment 1, the spatial distance of the flankers was varied to test whether people from Eastern cultures (here, Turks) experienced more interference than people from Western cultures (here, Americans) when flankers were further from the target. In Experiment 2, the contrast of the flankers was varied. The pattern of results shows that congruency of the flankers (Experiment 1) as well as the degree of contrast of the flankers compared with the target (Experiment 2) interact with participants' cultural background to differentially influence accuracy or reaction times. In addition, we used evidence accumulation modeling to jointly consider measures of speed and accuracy. Results indicate that to make decisions in the Eriksen flanker task, Turks both accumulate evidence faster and require more evidence than Americans do. These cultural differences in visual attention and decision-making have implications for a wide variety of cognitive processes.
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99
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Valenzuela MA, Flinchbaugh C, Rogers SE. Can organizations help adjust?: The effect of perceived organizational climate on immigrants' acculturation and consequent effect on perceived fit. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.2020.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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100
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Marks LR, Yeoward J, Fickling M, Tate K. The Role of Racial Microaggressions and Bicultural Self-Efficacy on Work Volition in Racially Diverse Adults. JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0894845320949706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between racial microaggressions and work volition in a sample of racially diverse adults ( N = 171) in the United States for this online cross-sectional study. Correlation analyses revealed that higher levels of racial microaggressions across five of the six racial microaggression dimensions (i.e., criminality, environmental invalidations, foreigner, invisibility, and low-achieving/undesirable culture) related to lowered work volition. We explored how the relationship between dimensions of racial microaggressions and work volition varied by level of bicultural self-efficacy. Regression analyses indicated that bicultural self-efficacy significantly moderated the relationship between four dimensions of racial microaggressions (i.e., criminality, invisibility, low- achieving/undesirable culture, and sexualization) and work volition. More specifically, high levels of bicultural self-efficacy buffered some of the effects of these racial microaggressions on work volition. Implications for practice, limitations, and future directions for career research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reid Marks
- Combined Counseling and School Psychology PhD Program, Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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