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Rodgers JD, Lodi-Smith J, Hill PL, Spain SM, Lopata C, Thomeer ML. Brief Report: Personality Mediates the Relationship between Autism Quotient and Well-Being: A Conceptual Replication using Self-Report. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 48:307-315. [PMID: 28918443 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) impacts well-being across the lifespan. Individuals with ASD evidence differences in personality traits and self-concept clarity that are predictors of well-being in typically-developing individuals. The current research replicates a growing body of evidence demonstrating differences in well-being and personality between individuals low in ASD characteristics (n = 207) and individuals high in ASD characteristics (n = 46) collected from the general population using an online survey. Results were consistent in a subsample of demographically matched pairs (n = 39 per group) and relative to norms. Further, the current research provides the first evidence that openness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and self-concept clarity mediate the relationship between ASD characteristics and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rodgers
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, Science Hall 1016B, 2001 Main St., Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA.
| | - Jennifer Lodi-Smith
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, Science Hall 1016B, 2001 Main St., Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Patrick L Hill
- Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Seth M Spain
- School of Management, Binghamton University, P. O. Box 6000, Vestal, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Christopher Lopata
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, Science Hall 1016B, 2001 Main St., Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
| | - Marcus L Thomeer
- Institute for Autism Research, Canisius College, Science Hall 1016B, 2001 Main St., Buffalo, NY, 14208, USA
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McDougall F, Willgoss T, Hwang S, Bolognani F, Murtagh L, Anagnostou E, Rofail D. Development of a patient-centered conceptual model of the impact of living with autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2017; 22:953-969. [PMID: 28914085 DOI: 10.1177/1362361317718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate a patient-centered conceptual model of the impact of living with autism spectrum disorder, which can be used to support the selection of outcome measures for clinical trials. Following an initial literature review to identify preliminary concepts and inform an interview guide, in-depth face-to-face interviews were conducted with adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder (IQ ⩾ 70) (n = 10), as well as parents of children, adolescents, and adults with autism spectrum disorder (IQ ⩾ 70) (n = 26). Data were analyzed using established qualitative research methods. The resultant conceptual model contains three interrelated domains reflecting core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (communication deficits, socialization deficits, and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior), three domains reflecting associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (physical, cognitive, and emotional/behavioral), and three domains representing the impacts of living with autism spectrum disorder (impacts on activities of daily living, school/work, and social life). Interview respondents also cited social communication deficits as priority targets for new treatments. The conceptual model provides a patient-centered perspective of relevant concepts of autism spectrum disorder from the perspectives of people with autism spectrum disorder and their parents and offers a valuable tool for identifying valid patient-centered outcome measures for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- 4 Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and University of Toronto, Canada
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53
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Huang AX, Hughes TL, Sutton LR, Lawrence M, Chen X, Ji Z, Zeleke W. Understanding the Self in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): A Review of Literature. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1422. [PMID: 28878717 PMCID: PMC5572253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When the system of self is explored in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs), it is important to measure it via both their own perceptions of the self and their understanding of others' perceptions on themselves at a multidimensional level. This paper reviews existing research in this area using a three-dimension approach. Researchers have found that impairments in the self-system are usually correlated with these individuals' social and cognitive functioning levels: high functioning individuals with ASD who have higher IQ are found to have better awareness of their limitations in social and communication domains than those with lower IQ. Many researchers believe that there are impairments in the psychological (but not physical) self in individuals with ASD, such as theory of mind deficits due to social and communicative impairments. On the other hand, some researchers argue that individuals with ASD have selective rather than global impairments in the self. In other words, the impairment usually lies in a specific aspect of functioning in individuals with ASD. Insights from the review of existing literature on this topic may be able to shed some lights on the development of effective intervention programs to improve social communication deficits in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann X. Huang
- Department of Counseling, Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, Duquesne University, PittsburghPA, United States
| | - Tammy L. Hughes
- Department of Counseling, Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, Duquesne University, PittsburghPA, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sutton
- Department of Counseling, Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, Duquesne University, PittsburghPA, United States
| | - Marissa Lawrence
- Department of Counseling, Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, Duquesne University, PittsburghPA, United States
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Department of Counseling, Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, Duquesne University, PittsburghPA, United States
| | - Zhe Ji
- Director of International Students Affairs, Vincennes University, VincennesIN, United States
| | - Waganesh Zeleke
- Department of Counseling, Psychology and Special Education, School of Education, Duquesne University, PittsburghPA, United States
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54
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Neuroticism and the Overlap Between Autistic and ADHD Traits: Findings From a Population Sample of Young Adult Australian Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017; 20:319-329. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism, a ‘Big Five’ personality trait, has been associated with sub-clinical traits of both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The objective of the current study was to examine whether causal overlap between ASD and ADHD traits can be accounted for by genetic and environmental risk factors that are shared with neuroticism. We performed twin-based structural equation modeling using self-report data from 12 items of the Neo Five-Factor Inventory Neuroticism domain, 11 Social Responsiveness Scale items, and 12 Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale items obtained from 3,170 young adult Australian individual twins (1,081 complete pairs). Univariate analysis for neuroticism, ASD, and ADHD traits suggested that the most parsimonious models were those with additive genetic and unique environmental components, without sex limitation effects. Heritability of neuroticism, ASD, and ADHD traits, as measured by these methods, was moderate (between 40% and 45% for each respective trait). In a trivariate model, we observed moderate phenotypic (between 0.45 and 0.62), genetic (between 0.56 and 0.71), and unique environmental correlations (between 0.37and 0.55) among neuroticism, ASD, and ADHD traits, with the highest value for the shared genetic influence between neuroticism and self-reported ASD traits (rg = 0.71). Together, our results suggest that in young adults, genetic, and unique environmental risk factors indexed by neuroticism overlap with those that are shared by ASD and ADHD.
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55
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Hatfield M, Murray N, Ciccarelli M, Falkmer T, Falkmer M. Pilot of the BOOST-A™: An online transition planning program for adolescents with autism. Aust Occup Ther J 2017; 64:448-456. [PMID: 28722152 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many adolescents with autism face difficulties with the transition from high school into post-school activities. The Better OutcOmes & Successful Transitions for Autism (BOOST-A™) is an online transition planning program which supports adolescents on the autism spectrum to prepare for leaving school. This study describes the development of the BOOST-A™ and aimed to determine the feasibility and viability of the program. METHODS Two pilot studies were conducted. In Pilot A, the BOOST-A™ was trialled by six adolescents on the autism spectrum, their parents, and the professionals who worked with them, to determine its feasibility. In Pilot B, 88 allied health professionals (occupational therapists, speech pathologists, and psychologists) reviewed the BOOST-A™ to determine its viability. RESULTS Participants rated the BOOST-A™ as a feasible tool for transition planning. The majority of allied health professionals agreed that it was a viable program. Based on participant feedback, the BOOST-A™ was modified to improve usability and feasibility. CONCLUSION The BOOST-A™ is a viable and feasible program that has the potential to assist adolescents with autism in preparing for transitioning out of high school. Future research will determine the effectiveness of the BOOST-A™ with adolescents across Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hatfield
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nina Murray
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia
| | - Marina Ciccarelli
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Torbjörn Falkmer
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IHM), Linköping University and Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marita Falkmer
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia.,Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Education and Communication, Institution of Disability Research, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
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56
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A comparison of children and adolescent's self-report and parental report of the PedsQL among those with and without autism spectrum disorder. Qual Life Res 2016; 26:611-624. [PMID: 28005244 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-016-1490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are understood to experience a reduced quality of life compared to typically developing (TD) peers. The evidence to support this has largely been derived from proxy reports, in turn which have been evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and interrater reliability, neither of which demonstrate unidimensionality of scales, or that raters use the instruments consistently. To redress this, we undertook an evaluation of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL), a widely used measure of children's quality of life. Three questions were explored: (1). do TD children or adolescents and their parents use the PedsQL differently; (2). do children or adolescents with ASD and their parents use the PedsQL differently, and (3). do children or adolescents with ASD and TD children or adolescents use the PedsQL differently? By using the scales differently, we mean whether respondents endorse items differently contingent by group. METHODS We recruited 229 children and adolescents with ASD who had an IQ greater than 70, and one of their parents, as well as 74 TD children or adolescents and one of their parents. Children and adolescents with ASD (aged 6-20 years) were recruited from special primary and secondary schools in the Amsterdam region. Children and adolescents were included based on an independent clinical diagnosis established prior to recruitment according to DSM-IV-TR criteria by psychiatrists and/or psychologists, qualified to make the diagnosis. Children or adolescents and parents completed their respective version of the PedsQL. RESULTS Data were analysed for unidimensionality and for differential item functioning (DIF) across respondent for TD children and adolescents and their parents, for children and adolescents with ASD and their parents, and then last, children and adolescents with ASD were compared to TD children and adolescents for DIF. Following recoding the data, the unidimensional model was found to fit all groups. We found that parents of and TD children and adolescents do not use the PedsQL differently ([Formula: see text] = 64.86, p = ns), consistent with the literature that children and adolescents with ASD and TD children and adolescents use the PedsQL similarly ([Formula: see text] = 92.22, p = ns), though their score levels may differ. However, children and adolescents with ASD and their parents respond to the PedsQL differently ([Formula: see text] = 190.22, p < 0.001) and contingently upon features of the child or adolescent. CONCLUSIONS We suggest this is due to children or adolescents with ASD being less forthcoming with their parents about their lives. This, however, will require additional research to confirm. Consequently, we conclude that parents of high-functioning children with ASD are unable to act as reliable proxies for their children with ASD.
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57
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Pisula E, Pudło M, Słowińska M, Kawa R, Strząska M, Banasiak A, Wolańczyk T. Behavioral and emotional problems in high-functioning girls and boys with autism spectrum disorders: Parents' reports and adolescents' self-reports. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016; 21:738-748. [PMID: 27899716 PMCID: PMC5536253 DOI: 10.1177/1362361316675119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in behavioral and emotional problems in high-functioning girls and boys with autism spectrum disorder. The results obtained by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder were compared with those of typically developing girls and boys. Correlations between parents’ and adolescents’ ratings were also analyzed. Participants were 35 girls and 35 boys with autism spectrum disorder, aged 11–18 years, matched for chronological age and full-scale IQ. The control group consisted of 24 typically developing girls and 24 boys of the same age and IQ. The parents of adolescent participants were also included in the study. The measures used were the Child Behavior Checklist (4–18) completed by parents and Youth Self-Report (11–18) completed by adolescents. The adolescents with autism spectrum disorder presented higher levels of behavioral and emotional problems than the control group, according to both the parents’ reports and the adolescents’ self-reports. No sex differences were found in that respect. More differences between the assessments of adolescents and their parents occurred in the control group, and the effect size was larger.
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58
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Beddows N, Brooks R. Inappropriate sexual behaviour in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: what education is recommended and why. Early Interv Psychiatry 2016; 10:282-9. [PMID: 26265030 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder impairing social skills and communication. Adolescents with ASD have sexual needs, but may not understand their physical and emotional development resulting in inappropriate sexual behaviour. The aim of this review is to describe the type of inappropriate behaviour that presents in these adolescents, explain why such behaviours occur, suggest what education is suitable and identify current gaps in research. METHOD The databases EMBASE, OVID MEDLINE and PSYCINFO were searched for relevant articles. In total, 5241 articles were found, with an additional 15 sources found via soft searches, of which 42 met inclusion criteria and were subsequently reviewed. RESULTS Sexual behaviours that occur in these adolescents with ASD include hypermasturbation, public masturbation, inappropriate romantic gestures, inappropriate arousal and exhibitionism. Such behaviours are thought to be caused via a lack of understanding of normal puberty, the absence of appropriate sex education, the severity of their ASD and other associated problems. It is suggested that individualized, repetitive education should be started from an early age in an accessible form. Social skills development is also important before more technical aspects of sex education are taught. CONCLUSION Despite being such a common problem for schools, institutions and families to manage, it is surprising how sparse literature is particularly regarding why inappropriate behaviour occurs and what education is effective.
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59
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Brief Report: Character Strengths in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Without Intellectual Impairment. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:3330-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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60
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Can the Five Factor Model of Personality Account for the Variability of Autism Symptom Expression? Multivariate Approaches to Behavioral Phenotyping in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2015; 46:253-272. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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61
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Fisher MH, Taylor JL. Let's talk about it: Peer victimization experiences as reported by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 20:402-11. [PMID: 26019304 DOI: 10.1177/1362361315585948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience high rates of peer victimization; yet, their personal experiences and perceptions of such victimization are not well understood. In this qualitative investigation, responses to questions about bullying and teasing were examined to gain insight into the perception of peer victimization as reported by adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. While the majority of participants provided examples of peer victimization, their situations differed from items typically assessed on bullying questionnaires. Participants were also able to provide explanations for why they believe they are targets and descriptions of their reactions to bullying. Findings from the interviews are used to provide suggestions for the development of more informative bullying assessments and prevention programs for students with autism spectrum disorder.
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62
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Sasson NJ, Faso DJ, Parlier M, Daniels JL, Piven J. When father doesn't know best: selective disagreement between self-report and informant report of the broad autism phenotype in parents of a child with autism. Autism Res 2014; 7:731-9. [PMID: 25339495 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) is a reliable tool for identifying three autism-related traits-social aloofness, pragmatic language abnormalities and rigid personality--within families of a person with autism and the general population. Although little is known concerning agreement between self-report and informant report versions of the BAPQ, identifying individual characteristics affecting agreement between the two can highlight important considerations for maximizing its yield, particularly when only one version is administered. Here, analysis of self-report and informant report of the BAPQ completed by 444 parents of a child with autism revealed moderate to strong agreement between the two versions for all three broad autism phenotype (BAP) traits when the self-reporting parent did not possess the trait being assessed. In contrast, disagreement selectively occurred when the assessed parent was positive for the BAP trait being rated. This pattern was driven primarily by fathers who were positive for a BAP trait endorsing lower levels of that trait relative to informant report. This discrepancy did not occur for mothers, nor did it occur for fathers lacking BAP traits. Because this pattern was specific to fathers positive for BAP traits, it likely reflects selective "blind spots" in their self-reporting and not poorer self-reporting by fathers more broadly, nor a general tendency of overreporting by informant mothers. The presence of BAP traits in informing parents, however, largely did not reduce agreement between self-report and informant report. In sum, self-report may underestimate the presence of BAP traits in fathers but is generally consistent with informant report for mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Sasson
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas
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63
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Nader-Grosbois N, Mazzone S. Emotion Regulation, Personality and Social Adjustment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2014.515182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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