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Buchmüller Y, Corradin G. Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens. V. Conformational dependence of activation of cytochrome c-specific T cells. Eur J Immunol 1982; 12:412-6. [PMID: 6178609 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830120510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Variations in the immunogenic and antigenic properties of native and denatured forms of cytochrome c were observed depending on the strain of mouse tested. In C57BL/6 and (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice, priming with either native or denatured cytochrome c (apocytochrome c) gave rise to T cell blasts responding in a similar fashion to the two forms of the antigen and to different peptides derived from CNBr cleavage of the protein when tested for proliferation in the presence of C57BL/6 or BDF1 accessory cells. A different pattern of proliferation was observed when apocytochrome c-specific DBA/2 or BDF1 T cell blasts were tested with DBA/2 accessory cells. In this case, no response was obtained to heme peptide 1-65. This was not due to an inability of DBA/2 macrophages to process and present heme peptide 1-65, as they were able to present this antigen to native cytochrome c-specific BDF1 T cell blasts. Thus, it seems that different sets of clones are generated upon priming BDF1 mice with denatured cytochrome c which are able to recognize different sets of peptides depending on the nature of the accessory cells. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that degradation and presentation of native and denatured cytochrome c by macrophages is dependent on the three-dimensional conformation of the protein.
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Fierz W, Brenan M, Müllbacher A, Simpson E. Non-H-2 and H-2-linked immune response genes control the cytotoxic T-cell response to H-Y. Immunogenetics 1982; 15:261-70. [PMID: 6802751 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The immunoregulation of cytotoxic T-cell responses to the male-specific antigen H-Y in mice has been found to be genetically controlled by genes of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2). Responsiveness was mainly confined to H-2b strains, but it has also been found in recombinant strains, F1 hybrids, and chimeras that carry at least part of the H-2b haplotype. By using a different immunization procedure it has been shown recently that an H-2k mouse strain (CBA) is also able to mount an equivalent H-Y-specific response. We investigate here, by applying this immunization technique, the responsiveness of other H-2k strains and of strains of other independent H-2 haplotypes. Both responders and nonresponders are found in three haplotypes: k, s, and d. The strain distribution pattern of responsiveness shows a combined influence of non-H-2 and H-2 genes. In certain strains there is a high variability in responsiveness between genetically identical individual animals. We discuss a model of immune response (Ir) gene function which could account for these observations.
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Clark RB, Chiba J, Zweig SE, Shevach EM. T-cell colonies recognize antigen in association with specific epitopes on Ia molecules. Nature 1982; 295:412-4. [PMID: 6173765 DOI: 10.1038/295412a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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54
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Erb P, Stern AC, Cecka MJ. Ia determinants on macrophages: significance and role in the immune response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 155:579-90. [PMID: 6186127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4394-3_63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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57
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Infante AJ, Atassi MZ, Fathman CG. Myoglobin-reactive T cell clones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1982; 150:159-82. [PMID: 6183942 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4331-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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58
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Stoner GL, Mshana RN, Touw J, Belehu A. Studies on the defect in cell-mediated immunity in lepromatous leprosy using HLA-D-identical siblings. Absence of circulating suppressor cells and evidence that the defect is in the T-lymphocyte, rather than the monocyte, population. Scand J Immunol 1982; 15:33-48. [PMID: 6176016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen healthy siblings were identified as HLA-D-identical to 12 borderline lepromatous or polar lepromatous leprosy patients by the absence of a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) of the healthy siblings showed a lymphoproliferative response (delta cpm) to Mycobacterium leprae antigens which was about fivefold or more greater than that of the lepromatous patients. Lepromatous PBM, with or without mitomycin C treatment, were co-cultured with a constant number of normal PBM. In other experiments the two cell types were co-cultured in various proportions, with the total cell number kept constant. Neither approach revealed suppressor cells in lepromatous PBM capable of suppressing the lymphoproliferative response to M. leprae. On the contrary, we found that lepromatous PBM can respond to M. leprae antigens if the sensitized lymphocyte is provided by mitomycin-C treated normal PBM. Additionally, experiments in which isolated adherent cells and non-adherent cells of sibling pairs were recombined failed to reveal a defect in the M. leprae antigen-presenting function of lepromatous adherent cells. Since we found no evidence that sensitized cells are present in lepromatous PBM with their function unexpressed (due to a monocyte defect) or suppressed (due to suppressor cells), we conclude that lepromatous patients simply lack sufficient numbers of antigen-specific T lymphocytes to initiate a lymphoproliferative response to M. leprae antigens. The reason for their absence remains an important unanswered question.
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Jakobovits A, Frenkel A, Sharon N, Cohen IR. Inserted H-2 gene membrane products mediate immune response phenotype of antigen-presenting cell. Nature 1981; 291:666-8. [PMID: 6972486 DOI: 10.1038/291666a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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61
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Abstract
Immune response (Ir) genes are encoded for by the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). A class of serologically defined specificities, Ia antigens, is also encoded for by genes within this region. A new Ia specificity, Ia.W39, has recently been defined. It is private for I-Ab and its expression is controlled by a gene on the X-chromosome. Using different approaches, the role of Ia.W39 in the immune response of H-2b mice to beef insulin was examined in a macrophage-dependent T cell proliferation assay. It was found that beef insulin-related Ir gene function was associated with the expression of Ia.W39 by antigen-presenting macrophages and that control of this Ir gene function was X-linked (xid gene).
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Ben-Nun A, Otmy H, Cohen IR. Genetic control of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and recognition of the critical nonapeptide moiety of myelin basic protein in guinea pigs are exerted through interaction of lymphocytes and macrophages. Eur J Immunol 1981; 11:311-6. [PMID: 6166480 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic control has been studied of the response to the encephalitogenic nonapeptide (NP) determinant of myelin basic protein (BP) in inbred guinea pigs of strains resistant or susceptible to induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). By studying bone marrow-reconstituted animals, we found that susceptibility to induction of EAE was a function of the genotype of the cells of the lymphohematopoietic system and not of the physiological environment or target organ. Analysis of the T cell response showed that susceptible strains 13 or (2 X 13)F1 hybrid guinea pigs recognized the NP determinant when injected with whole BP in adjuvant. Resistant strain 2 guinea pigs responded to undefined determinants on BP, but not to the NP moiety. We investigated the cells involved in regulating the response to the NP determinant by injecting susceptible F1 hybrids with BP-pulse macrophages of either parental strain. Susceptible strain 13 macrophages triggered a response to the NP determinant and induced clinical EAE. In contrast, F1 animals injected with resistant strain 2 macrophages failed to respond to the NP determinant, although the macrophages were capable of presenting other undefined determinants present on whole BP. Therefore, genetic control of the immune response to the NP determinant appears to be exerted at the level of antigen presentation by macrophages to T lymphocytes.
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63
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Lonai P, Katz E, Peled A, Haran-Ghera N. H-21-linked control of immunological resistance to viral leukemogenesis as a response to preleukemic cells. Immunogenetics 1981; 12:423-32. [PMID: 6260638 DOI: 10.1007/bf01561685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of resistance to leukemogenesis by two radiation leukemia virus variants, A-RadLV and D-RadLV, was investigated. Resistance to these viruses is linked to H-21 in both B10.S and C57BL/10 mice. The resistance of virus-infected mice to transplantation of syngeneic. A- or D-RadLV-induced lymphoma cells was similar to their resistance to leukemogenesis by the same viruses. This resistance could be transferred by lymphoid cells from immune donors to normal recipients, and it was specific for RadLV lymphomas. Virus-primed (responder x sensitive)F1 hybrids rejected only resistant-type parental lymphoma cells. Hence, it appears that H-21-linked resistance to RadLV leukemogenesis is regulated by Ir genes. Resistant mice immunized by A- or D-RadLV rejected syngeneic lymphoma cells, irrespective of whether they were sensitive or resistant to the RadLV variant used for the induction of the lymphoma cells. It follows that resistant and sensitive type lymphomas are antigenically similar for the effector mechanism, and that the Ir genes may be expressed in the sensitization phase of the reaction. In virus-infected mice which are resistant to A- or D-RadLV we were able to demonstrate the presence of preleukemic lymphocytes. Normal mice could be immunized by these preleukemic cells against lymphoma challenge. These data are interpreted to suggest that mice having H-21-linked resistance to RadLV infection may be sensitized by their preleukemic cells, and that these preleukemic cells are then arrested in their development as a result of the immune response.
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Corradin G, Chiller JM. Lymphocyte specificity to protein antigens. III. Capacity of low responder mice to beef cytochrome c to respond to a peptide fragment of the molecule. Eur J Immunol 1981; 11:115-9. [PMID: 6260510 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node cells derived from A.TH or A.TL mice primed with beef cytochrome c show striking patterns of reactivity when assayed in vitro for antigen-induced T cell proliferation. Whereas cells from A.TH mice respond specifically to beef cytochrome c or peptides composed of amino acids 1-65 and 81-104, cells from A.TL mice respond neither to beef cytochrome c nor to peptide 1-65, but proliferate following exposure to either peptide 81-104 or to a cytochrome c hybrid molecule in which the N-terminal peptide of beef (1-65) was substituted by a similar peptide obtained from rabbit cytochrome c. Thus, T cells from mice phenotypically unresponsive to beef cytochrome may, in fact, contain populations of lymphocytes capable of responding to a unique peptide, the response to which is totally inhibited when the same fragment is presented in the sequence of the intact protein.
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Sasportes M, Carosella E, Bensussan A, Mihaesco C, Dausset J. Regulation of the human allogenic proliferative response in vitro. II. Production of soluble suppressor factors by suppressor T cells and evidence in favor of "acceptor" cells for suppression among unprimed lymphocytes. Immunogenetics 1981; 14:117-27. [PMID: 6459996 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that presensitized cells in culture medium release suppressor factors (SF) which can inhibit a primary mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR I). This occurs when the presensitized cells are resensitized with an HLA-DR-specific cell, which can be either the primary stimulator or any other DR-identical allogeneic cell. The autologous responders (SF producer cells) and certain allogeneic cells are suppressed, which suggests that restriction takes place. In this paper the effect of preincubation of responder or stimulator cells in SF has been studied: (1) When unprimed responders are preincubated with the suppressor supernates (SF) and tested in MLR I against several stimulators, the cells of the autologous SF producer and certain other allogeneic cells are always inhibited as already observed when SF was added directly to a mixed lymphocyte culture. (2) When the same stimulators are preincubated with the same SF and used as stimulators with the same responders (not preincubated) then inhibition is observed without restriction. This difference in behavior suggests the existence of at least two factors, one acting through stimulators on all responders. (3) Filtration of unprimed responders through glass wool (before SF preincubation and coculture with stimulators in MLR I) produces nonadherent T cells which are suppressed more after preincubation with SF than the same cells unfiltered. This could be due to the existence of a subset of "acceptor" cells. (4) None of these factors has immunoglobulin characteristics. Their molecular weights are between 40 000 and 70 000 daltons.
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66
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Unanue ER. The regulatory role of macrophages in antigenic stimulation. Part Two: symbiotic relationship between lymphocytes and macrophages. Adv Immunol 1981; 31:1-136. [PMID: 6797272 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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67
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Nakamura K, Shindo H, Knight RA. Antigen restricted hybridization between antigen primed macrophage and thymic RNA. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1981; 10:367-82. [PMID: 6174417 DOI: 10.3109/08820138109050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Antigen primed macrophage and thymic RNAs hybridize in an antigen restricted fashion. Thymic RNA complementary to the antigen-stimulated macrophage RNA can be obtained from mice inoculated with antigen three days earlier. The ratio of thymic and macrophage RNAs for the optimal hybridization was 50 : 1. The optimal incubation time for hybridization was 32 hours at 60 degrees C. Hybrid RNAs were insensitive to various kinds of RNase. The 31p Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectra identified hybrid RNA molecules form single stranded RNS's.
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Abstract
A genetically controlled antigen-presentation function in macrophages is proposed to explain the induction phase of streptococcal carditis. Antigenic determinants in strains of beta-haemolytic streptococci causing rheumatic fever are selected by macrophages, through the operation of immune response (Ir) genes, to be presented to T lymphocytes. Cross-reactivity between the selected determinants and heart tissue components generates clones of autoreactive T cells. Autoimmunity will develop if, coincidental with the presentation of the relevant antigenic determinant, regulation of T-cell production is disturbed. This hypothesis explains the capacity of different strains of streptococcus to produce rheumatic fever and also the variability in host susceptibility to the disease.
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Adorini L, Harvey MA, Rozycka-Jackson D, Miller A, Sercarz EE. Differential major histocompatibility complex-related activation of idiotypic suppressor T cells. Suppressor T cells cross-reactive to two distantly related lysozymes are not induced by one of them. J Exp Med 1980; 152:521-31. [PMID: 6447750 PMCID: PMC2185922 DOI: 10.1084/jem.152.3.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
B10 (H-2b) mice are genetic nonresponders to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) and the distantly related human lysozyme (HUL). However, anti-HEL or anti-HUL primary antibody responses in vivo or in vitro can be obtained in B10 mice by immunization with the appropriate lysozyme coupled to erythrocytes. T cells able to suppress either anti-lysozyme plaque-forming cells (PFC) response are induced in B10 mice after immunization with HEL-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or HUL-CFA. This cross-reactivity of HEL and HUL in the induction and the expression of suppressive activity is in marked contrast to their very low cross-reactivity at the PFC level. These results suggest that either HEL or HUL can stimulate a suppressor T cell which recognizes a particular epitope present on both lysozymes. Suppressor cells induced by HEL or HUL bear the same predominant idiotype found on the majority of anti-HEL antibodies, and on the small proportion of anti-HUL antibodies cross-reactive with HEL. B10.Q (H-2q) mice are responders in vivo to HEL-CFA, but not to HUL-CFA. In contrast to B10, HEL-CFA priming in B10.Q micr induces helper cells whereas HUL-CFA priming induces suppressor cells. These suppressor cells are cross-reactive with HEL and are fully able to suppress HEL-specific helper cells. The presence of HEL-specific suppressor cell precursors in B10.Q mice which are not activated by HEL, seems to implicate differential choice by the antigen presenting system as a basis for Ir gene control, rather than the absence of a regulatory cell type from the T cell repertoire.
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70
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Grossman Z, Cohen IR. A theoretical analysis of the phenotypic expression of immune response genes. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:633-40. [PMID: 6156849 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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71
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Schroer J, Rosenthal AS. Function of macrophages as antigen presenting cells. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1980; 3:247-64. [PMID: 6168025 DOI: 10.1007/bf02053977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sercarz EE, Metzger DW. Epitope-specific and idiotype-specific cellular interactions in a model protein antigen system. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1980; 3:145-70. [PMID: 6168023 DOI: 10.1007/bf02053974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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73
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Maizels RM, Clarke JA, Harvey MA, Miller A, Sercarz EE. Ir-gene control of T cell proliferative responses: two distinct expressions of the genetically nonresponsive state. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:516-20. [PMID: 6773781 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct modes of unresponsiveness to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) have been demonstrated in the "nonresponder" C57BL/10 Sn (B 10) mouse strain at the level of T cell proliferation. The first is an apparent inability to respond to a peptide of HEL comprising 70% of the molecule, LII (amino acids 13--105, when HEL is used as immunogen. On its own, LII is capable of eliciting a strong response from B 10 draining lymph node cells, but this capacity is concealed when the whole molecule is used for immunization (by suppressor cell activity raised against another part of HEL, as described by Adorini et al., J.Exp. Med. 1979. 150: 293). In the B 10.A mouse, LII and HEL are equally immunogenic. The second is an actual failure, presumably unrelated to suppression, to contrive a response to particular determinants on HEL, demonstrated for certain epitopes on LII and LIII (amino acids 106--129). Such a failure to respond was maintained despite an increase in the immunizing dose of peptide to a molarity at which HEL itself could overcome Ir gene control. B 10 cells responding to a high dose of HEL, or to the immunogenic lysozyme from ring-neck pheasant, were also unable to respond to these epitopes. These deficits in responsiveness appear to be characteristic manifestations of the relevant haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex. They may not only reflect the balance between competing T cell subpopulations, but also the constraints of associative recognition that may underlie the presentation of particular antigenic specificities.
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Maizels RM, Clarke JA, Harvey MA, Miller A, Sercarz EE. Epitope specificity of the T cell proliferative response to lysozyme: proliferative T cells react predominantly to different determinants from those recognized by B cells. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:509-15. [PMID: 6157540 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The fine specificity of murine B 10.A/SgSn (B 10.A) T cells reactive with hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) has been studied through the use of reduced, carboxymethylated HEL, a set of peptides encompassing the entire molecule, and a set of variant lysozymes from other species. Cells were taken from the lymph nodes draining the site of immunization at the base of the tail, and were restimulated in vitro with immunogen or analogue to measure T cell reactivity. Unlike B cell reactivity, which we have shown to be mainly associated with an epitope preserved in the N-C peptide (residues 1--17, Cys6--Cys 127, 120--129) most T cell reactivity appears to be directed towards a limited number of determinants on cyanogen bromide cleavage fragment II of HEL (LII) (13--105). This was confirmed by a cell-dilution assay in which antigen-reactive units are measured; reactivity was highest to LII, intermediate to N-C, and low but significant to cyanogen bromide cleavage fragment III (LIII) (106--129). Furthermore, priming with LII is as effective as immunization with HEL and results in the same extensive cross-reactivities to variant lysozymes. Although LII reactivity predominates in the response to HEL, injection of LIII and N-C reveals sizeable reactivity to the homologous peptides and to HEL. By cross-stimulation studies, specific epitopes could be defined in certain regions of HEL. B 10.A is clearly responsive to the overlap between N-C and LII (residues 13--17), and to an epitope in the region 106--121, but is poorly responsive to the C-terminal portion (120--129). The response to 106--121 is characterized by an exquisite specificity in which as little as a single amino acid substitution (Asn for Gln) is recognized.
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Adorini L. Basic strategies of the immune system in the regulation of antibody response. LA RICERCA IN CLINICA E IN LABORATORIO 1980; 10:313-330. [PMID: 6161409 DOI: 10.1007/bf02905346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/1980] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Three major regulatory mechanisms operating in the control of antibody response have been examined: 1. antibody feedback; 2. T cell regulation (I. regulatory interactions among T cell subsets, II. H-2 linked Ir gene control of T cell function, III. regulatory role of antigenic epitopes in T cell subsets induction); 3. idiotypic network. Analysis of the results of obtained in the lysozyme system together with available data in the literature have permitted the delineation of a model of antigen-triggered events involved in the regulation of antibody response. The basic feature of the proposed model is the integration of two major specific communication systems among lymphocytes engaged in the antibody response: antigen bridge and idiotypic complementarity.
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Koszinowski UH, Allen H, Gething MJ, Waterfield MD, Klenk HD. Recognition of viral glycoproteins by influenza A-specific cross-reactive cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1980; 151:945-58. [PMID: 6154763 PMCID: PMC2185822 DOI: 10.1084/jem.151.4.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two populations of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated after influenza A virus infection can be distinguished into one with specificity for the sensitizing hemagglutinin type and a second with cross-reactivity for antigens induced by other type-A influenza viruses. The molecules carrying the antigenic determinants recognized by the cross-reactive CTL were studied. In L-929 cells abortively infected with fowl plague virus, matrix (M) protein synthesis is specifically inhibited, whereas the envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are synthesized and incorporated into the plasma membrane. These target cells were lysed by cross-reactive CTL. The envelope proteins of type A/Victoria virus were separated from the other virion components and reconstituted into lipid vesicles that lacked M protein that subsequently were used to prepare artificial target cells. Target-cell formation with vesicles was achieved by addition of fusion-active Sendai virus. These artificial target cells were also susceptible to lysis by cross-reactive CTL. In contrast to previous observations that suggested that the M protein of influenza viruses is recognized by these effector cells, we present evidence that the antigencic determinants induced by the viral glycoproteins are recognized.
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Cohen IR, Talmon J. H-2 genetic control of the response of T lymphocytes to insulins. Priming of nonresponder mice by forbidden variants of specific antigenic determinants. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:284-9. [PMID: 6156845 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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78
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Ben-Nun A, Maron R, Ron Y, Cohen IR. H-2 gene products influence susceptibility of target thyroid gland to damage in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:156-9. [PMID: 6966223 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The restriction of the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) by H-2 gene products was investigated. EAT was induced by injecting thyroglobulin extract plus adjuvant into F1 hybrid mice that had been implanted under the kidney capsules with thyroid glands originating from either the EAT-susceptible or -resistant parental strain mice. We found relative H-2 restriction of thyroid damage to those glands originating from the H-2 susceptible parental strain. H-2 restriction of damage at the level of the target thyroid gland implicates cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes as a pathogenic agent of EAT.
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79
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Phillips ML, Hill SW, Parker JW, O'Brien RL, Frelinger JA. Characterization of responding cells in oxidative mitogen stimulation. III. Presence of I-A- and I-J, E, C-subregion gene products on the surface of required cells. Immunogenetics 1980; 10:133-40. [PMID: 6252100 DOI: 10.1007/bf01561562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ia antigens coded by genes of the murine major histocompatibility complex are expressed on the surface of a population of cells critical to the proliferative response of murine spleen cells to the oxidative mitogen neuraminidase/galactose oxidase. By selective depletion with antiserum and complement, Ia antigens coded (or determined) by the I-A and I-J, E, C subregions of the Ir region can be detected on the surface of cells required for the response. In addition, I-A-subregion products have a functional significance in cellular activation which can be demonstrated by blocking experiments with anti-Ia serum in the absence of complement.
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81
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Abstract
The immune system is a complex network of molecules and cells specifically connected by the complementarity of receptors for antigen and receptors for receptors. The network includes multiple positive- and negative-feedback loops, which modulate the type, magnitude, and duration of responses. The great challenge is to devise ways to manipulate the system specifically to induce effective autoimmunity to cancer, to prevent allograft rejection, and to turn off undesirable responses in allergies and autoimmune diseases. Recognition of the immune system as a network helps to explain why these objectives are so difficult and why manipulation of multiple components to achieve desired regulation may be required. But presumably manipulation must be focused on connectivity between receptor for epitope and receptor for receptor to achieve a high degree of specific regulation.
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Burckhardt JJ. Rat memory T lymphocytes. II. Differences in macrophage-dependent activation shown by Actinomyces viscosus antigens and by mitogens, using silica in vitro. Scand J Immunol 1979; 10:229-35. [PMID: 230582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1979.tb01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein-coated silica, a macrophage toxin, was used to assess the requirement for accessory cells in the induction of an in vitro proliferative response to (i) antigens from Actinomyces viscosus and (ii) the mitogens conconavalin A (Con A) and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). T cells were obtained from RIC-Sprague-Dawley rats primed in vivo with A. viscosus Nyl by splenectomy and filtering the spleen cell suspensions through Degalan Ig-anti-IgG columns. In the presence of 100 microgram silica/ml during 4 days of culture, the proliferative response of T lymphocytes was not diminished. In contrast, when the T cells were precultured with silica for 24 h, washed, and subsequently cultured with the antigen fractions, antigen-induced proliferation was abolished. This procedure, however, had no influence on mitogen-induced proliferation was abolished. This procedure, however, had no influence on mitogen-induced T-cell activation. It is therefore concluded that the antigen-dependent anamnestic in vitro response (but not activation by mitogens) of rat T lymphocytes needs help from silica-sensitive macrophages.
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84
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Yowell RL, Araneo BA, Miller A, Sercarz EE. Amputation of a suppressor determinant on lysozyme reveals underlying T-cell reactivity to other determinants. Nature 1979; 279:70-1. [PMID: 88016 DOI: 10.1038/279070a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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85
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Keown PA, Descamps B. Improved renal allograft survival after blood transfusion: a nonspecific, erythrocyte-mediated immunoregulatory process? Lancet 1979; 1:20-2. [PMID: 83466 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of altered red blood cells in vitro by mononuclear phagocytic cells is followed by profound depression of bystander lymphocytes' responses to antigen. Rapid endocytosis of transfused erythrocytes in vivo may transiently impair mononuclear phagocytic cell function, resulting in immunological unresponsiveness as observed in vitro. Transplantation at this time would be predicted to benefit from this attenuation of recipient immunocompetence, resulting in improved graft survival.
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86
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87
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Katz DH, Katz LR, Bogowitz CA. Haplotype preference in lymphocyte differentiation. II. F1 hybrid helper T cells generated with antigen-bearing parental macrophages can cooperate with B lymphocytes of either parent. Cell Immunol 1979; 42:124-38. [PMID: 312140 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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88
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Lee KC, Singh B, Barton MA, Procyshyn A, Wong M. A simple reliable system for studying antigen-specific murine T cell proliferation. J Immunol Methods 1979; 25:159-70. [PMID: 84843 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(79)90051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell proliferation can be readily elicited from the popliteal lymph node cells of mice which have received immunizations of antigen in the hind footpads. The advantages of our system over other published methods are (i) simplicity in method and materials, (ii) much improved reproducibility, (iii) negligible concomitant B cell proliferation, (iv) large degrees of antigen specific proliferation with very low background, and (v) complete dependence of the response on accessory cells or macrophages. These results were brought about by proper immunization procedures for mice and judicious choice of culture conditions. Our data show that the system is very suitable for the study of macrophage-T cell interaction in the induction of T cell proliferation as well as the genetic basis of responsiveness or non-responsiveness to protein and polypeptide antigens.
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89
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Schwartz BD, Gordon D, Thomas DW. Further chemical characterization of guinea pig Ia molecules derived from the three major classes of immunocompetent cells. Mol Immunol 1979; 16:43-9. [PMID: 312762 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(79)90026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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90
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Baltz M, Maurer PH, Merryman CF, Feldmann M. Complementation ofH-2-linkedIr genes: Use of helper factor to analyze responses to GLPhe. Immunogenetics 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01563938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Zinkernagel RM. Thymus and lymphohemopoietic cells: their role in T cell maturation in selection of T cells' H-2-restriction-specificity and in H-2 linked Ir gene control. Immunol Rev 1978; 42:224-70. [PMID: 83701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1978.tb00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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92
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White-Scharf ME, Rosenberg LT. Genetically controlled IgM hyporesponsiveness to aK. pneumoniae polysaccharide. Immunogenetics 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01563898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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93
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Abstract
The immune response to insulin, in both mouse and guinea pig, is under control of H-linked immune response genes. When immunized with either pork or beef insulin in CFA, both strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs respond by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and synthesis of specific antibody. The specificities of the elicited antibodies and indistinguishable between these inbred strains. By constrast, strain 2 T cells recognized a distinct region of the A chain alpha loop consisting of amino acid residues 8, 9 and 10, while strain 13 T cells see an as yet undefined region of the B chain. H2b (A chain alpha loop responder) and H2d (B chain responder) mice similarly discriminate which areas of the molecule are recognized by their T lymphocytes. The function of the Ir gene in both the guinea pig and mouse appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.
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94
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Schwartz RH, Yano A, Paul WE. Interaction between antigen-presenting cells and primed T lymphocytes: an assessment of Ir gene expression in the antigen-presenting cell. Immunol Rev 1978; 40:153-80. [PMID: 112037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1978.tb00405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Howie S, Feldmann M. Immune response (Ir) genes expressed at macrophage-B lymphocyte interactions. Nature 1978; 273:664-6. [PMID: 96351 DOI: 10.1038/273664a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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96
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97
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98
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99
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Baltz M, Erb P, Feldmann M, Howie S, Kontiainen S, Torano A. Complexity of cell interactions: analysis using antigens under Ir gene control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 98:325-38. [PMID: 102126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8858-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The properties of three I region associated immunoregulatory factors involved in cell interactions are described. These are antigen specific T helper factor, suppressor factor produced by metabolically active T cells and genetically restricted factor, which is produced by macrophages and is involved in T helper cell induction. The use of these factors to analyse cell interactions is discussed.
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100
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Rosenthal AS, Rosenwasser LJ, Baskin BL, Schroer J, Thomas JW, Blake JT. Genetic control of the immune response to insulin: its dependence upon a macrophage mediated selection of distinct antigenic sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1978; 98:447-58. [PMID: 82390 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8858-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to insulin, in both mouse and guinea pig , is under control of H-linked immune response genes. When immunized with either pork or beef insulin to CFA, both strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs respond by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and synthesis of specific antibody. The specificity of the elicited antibodies are indistinguishable between these inbred strains. By contrast, strain 2 T cells recognize a distinct region of the A chain alpha loop consisting of amino acids residues 8, 9 and 10, while strain 13 T cells see an as yet undefined region of the B chain. H2b (A chain alpha loop responder) and H2d (B chain responder) mice similarly discriminate which area of the molecule are recognized by their T lymphocytes. The function of the Ir gene, in both the guinea pig and mouse appears to be an intramolecular selection of discrete regions within the antigen for recognition by the T cell. The data presented suggest that this function operates at the level of the macrophage.
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