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Suzuki H, Matsushita S, Suzuki K, Yamada G. 5α-Dihydrotestosterone negatively regulates cell proliferation of the periurethral ventral mesenchyme during urethral tube formation in the murine male genital tubercle. Andrology 2016; 5:146-152. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - S. Matsushita
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - K. Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
| | - G. Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics; Institute of Advanced Medicine; Wakayama Medical University; Wakayama Japan
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Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Tolis G, Duleba AJ. Androgens and Therapeutic Aspects of Antiandrogens in Women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155769500200401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Laiko Hospital, 34 Aroes Street, P. Faliro, Athens, 175-62, Greece
| | | | - Antoni J. Duleba
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Endocrinology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Deeb A, Al Suwaidi H, Ibukunoluwa F, Attia S. Phenotype, Sex of Rearing, Gender Re-Assignment, and Response to Medical Treatment in Extended Family Members with a Novel Mutation in the SRD5A2 Gene. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:236-40. [PMID: 27086719 PMCID: PMC5096483 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of steroid 5-alpha reductase-2 (5ARD2) is an inborn error of metabolism causing a disorder of sexual differentiation. It is caused by a mutation in the SRD5A2 gene in which various mutation types have been reported. Affected individuals have a broad spectrum of presentation ranging from normal female-appearing genitalia, cliteromegaly, microphallus, hypospadias, to completely male-appearing genitalia. We report an extended Emirati family with 11 affected members. The family displayed various phenotypes on presentation leading to different sex of rearing. Some family members were reassigned gender at various stages of life. The index case was born with severe undervirilization with bilaterally palpable gonads and was raised as male from birth. He had a 46,XY karyotype and a high testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio. Genetic investigation revealed a novel homozygous deletion of exon 2 of the SRD5A2 gene. Both parents were found to be carriers for the gene deletion. The patient had masculinizing surgery and a course of topical dihydrotestosterone. No beneficial effect of the hormone application was noted over 3 months and the treatment was discontinued. The findings on this kindred indicate that deletion of exon 2 in the SRD5A2 gene causes various degrees of genital ambiguity leading to different sex of rearing in affected family members. Gender reassignment may be done at various ages even in conservative communities like the Gulf region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Deeb
- Mafraq Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Phone: +971-50-8350568 E-mail:
| | - Hana Al Suwaidi
- Mafraq Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Salima Attia
- Mafraq Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Eren E, Edgünlü T, Asut E, Karakaş Çelik S. Homozygous Ala65Pro Mutation with V89L Polymorphism in SRD5A2 Deficiency. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:218-23. [PMID: 26761946 PMCID: PMC5096479 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficiency of steroid 5-alpha reductase type 2 (5αRD2) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SRD5A2 gene. A defect in the 5-alpha reductase enzyme, which ensures conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, leads to disorders of sex development. This study presents the clinical and genetic results of patients with 5αRD2 deficiency. METHODS 5αRD2 deficiency was detected in 6 different patients from 3 unrelated families. All patients were reared as girls. Two of the patients presented with primary amenorrhea, one with primary amenorrhea and rejection of female gender, and the others with masses in their inguinal canals. Chromosome and sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene analyses were performed in all patients. Additionally, five exons of the SRD5A2 gene were amplified with polymerase chain reaction in the obtained DNA samples and evaluated. RESULTS While 46,XY was identified in 5 patients, 47,XXY was detected in one patient. The SRY gene was positive in all patients. The p.Ala65Pro (c193G>C) mutation and V89L polymorphism were observed in exon 1 of the SRD5A2 gene in all patients. CONCLUSION Identification of this mutation and polymorphism is a significant indicator of presence of 5αRD2 deficiency in Southeastern Turkey, a geographical region where consanguineous marriages are also highly common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Eren
- Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Şanlıurfa, Turkey; Present position: Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Bursa, Turkey, Phone: +90 224 295 05 40 E-mail:
| | - Tuba Edgünlü
- Sıtkı Koçman University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Emre Asut
- Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakaş Çelik
- Bülent Ecevit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Alinezhad S, Väänänen RM, Ochoa NT, Vertosick EA, Bjartell A, Boström PJ, Taimen P, Pettersson K. Global expression of AMACR transcripts predicts risk for prostate cancer - a systematic comparison of AMACR protein and mRNA expression in cancerous and noncancerous prostate. BMC Urol 2016; 16:10. [PMID: 26928323 PMCID: PMC4772680 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high false negative rates for initial prostate biopsies refer a large number of the men for repeat biopsies each year. Therefore, biomarkers associated with high risk of the presence of malignancy in histologically benign biopsies could provide a tool to discriminate the patients who need repeat biopsy or intensive follow-up from those who do not. Here we examined the diagnostic applicability of alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) and androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression and AMACR protein levels in benign and cancerous prostatic tissue. Methods AMACR and AR mRNA levels were measured with quantitative, reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assays in 79 radical prostatectomy (RP) cases (including 69 benign (RP-Be) and 69 cancerous (RP-PCa) samples) and 19 benign prostate samples obtained from cystoprostatectomies. To further determine the detailed areas of altered AMACR expression, AMACR mRNA level measurement and protein staining were performed for three cross-sectioned RP cases. Results The median AMACR and AR expression levels were 194.6 (p < 0.0001) and 6.6 (p = 0.0004) times higher in RP-PCa samples than in the benign cystoprostatectomy (CP) samples, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between RP-PCa and RP-Be samples, except for AMACR/KLK3 (Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 3) ratio, which was significantly higher in RP-PCa samples than in RP-Be samples (p = 0.016). In the systematic study of cross-sections, AMACR mRNA was detected in all of the studied areas including histologically benign tissue, but at significantly higher levels in carcinoma areas (p < 0.001). AMACR protein expression was detected in 80 % (28/35) of the areas that contained carcinoma and in 37 % (44/119) of the benign and PIN areas from the same patients. Conclusions AMACR transcripts were detected in all RP-PCa and RP-Be samples but not in non-cancerous CP samples, which suggest a global increase of AMACR expression in cancerous prostates. Therefore patients with false negative biopsies might benefit from an AMACR mRNA measurement when assessing their cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Alinezhad
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th floor, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Riina-Minna Väänänen
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th floor, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Natalia Tong Ochoa
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th floor, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Emily A Vertosick
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Kim Pettersson
- Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A 6th floor, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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Resorlu M, Sancak EB, Uysal F, Arslan M, Diri A, Adam G, Akbas A, Sariyildirim A, Gulpinar MT, Resorlu B. The association of urolithiasis and androgenetic alopecia. Ren Fail 2015; 38:84-8. [PMID: 26460579 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2015.1096729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate whether patients with androgenetic alopecia were at risk in terms of urinary system stone disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with no baldness (Hamilton-Norwood Scala [HNS] stage I) were categorized as Group I, those with hair loss in the frontal region (HNS stages II, III, IIIa, and IVa) as Group II, those with hair loss in the vertex region (HNS stage III-vertex, V) as Group III and those with hair loss in both vertex and frontal regions (HNS stages IV, Va, VI, and VII) as Group IV. Patients in all groups were compared in terms of presence of stone, and the presence of any association between alopecia and urolithiasis, with common etiological risk factors, was investigated. RESULTS Three hundred and two male patients were included in the study. The presence of urolithiasis was detected in 28.9% of patients in Group I; 26.5% of Group II; 36.9% of Group III; and 44.4% of Group IV (p = 0.085). Among patients aged under 60, urinary stone disease was detected in 30.8% of patients in Group I; 26.4% of Group II; 41.2% of Group III; and 53.8% of Group IV (p = 0.001). In patients aged over 60, urolithiasis was detected in 12.5% of patients in Group I; 26.9% of Group II; 32.2% of Group III; and 37.8% of Group IV (p = 0.371). CONCLUSIONS We determined a significant correlation between vertex pattern and total alopecia with urolithiasis in patients younger than 60 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Resorlu
- a Department of Radiology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Eyup Burak Sancak
- b Department of Urology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Fatma Uysal
- a Department of Radiology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Muhammet Arslan
- c Department of Radiology , Vefa Hospital , Manisa , Turkey , and
| | - Akif Diri
- d Department of Urology , Aksaray State Hospital , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Gurhan Adam
- a Department of Radiology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Alpaslan Akbas
- b Department of Urology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Abdullah Sariyildirim
- a Department of Radiology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Murat Tolga Gulpinar
- b Department of Urology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
| | - Berkan Resorlu
- b Department of Urology , Faculty of Medicine, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Canakkale , Turkey
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McCoy JA, Parrott BB, Rainwater TR, Wilkinson PM, Guillette LJ. Incubation history prior to the canonical thermosensitive period determines sex in the American alligator. Reproduction 2015; 150:279-87. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread occurrence of environmental sex determination (ESD) among vertebrates, our knowledge of the temporal dynamics by which environmental factors act on this process remains limited. In many reptiles, incubation temperature determines sex during a discrete developmental window just prior to and coincident with the differentiation of the gonads. Yet, there is substantial variation in sex ratios among different clutches of eggs incubated at identical temperatures during this period. Here, we test the hypothesis that temperatures experienced prior to the reported thermosensitive period for alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) can impact how the sex determination system responds to thermal cues later in development. Temperature shift experiments on eggs collected from the field within 24 h of oviposition were employed to decouple various maternal influences from thermal effects, and results demonstrate a previously undefined window of thermosensitivity occurring by stage 15 of embryonic development, six stages earlier than previously reported. We also examine the intrasexual expression of several male- and female-biased genes and show that while male-biased genes display no intrasexual differences, ovarian CYP19A1 (aromatase) transcript abundance differs by approximately twofold depending on thermal exposures experienced at early stages of embryonic development. These findings expand our understanding of the ESD in the alligator and provide the rationale for reevaluation of the temporal dynamics of sex determination in other crocodilians.
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The Impact of the 5α-Reductase Inhibitors (5α-RIs) on Male Sexual Function and Psychological Well-Being. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-015-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Jänne OA. Determinants of Receptor- and Tissue-Specific Actions in Androgen Signaling. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:357-84. [PMID: 26052734 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The physiological androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone regulate the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics through binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In addition, a number of nonreproductive tissues of both genders are subject to androgen regulation. AR is also a central target in the treatment of prostate cancer. A large number of studies over the last decade have characterized many regulatory aspects of the AR pathway, such as androgen-dependent transcription programs, AR cistromes, and coregulatory proteins, mostly in cultured cells of prostate cancer origin. Moreover, recent work has revealed the presence of pioneer/licensing factors and chromatin modifications that are important to guide receptor recruitment onto appropriate chromatin loci in cell lines and in tissues under physiological conditions. Despite these advances, current knowledge related to the mechanisms responsible for receptor- and tissue-specific actions of androgens is still relatively limited. Here, we review topics that pertain to these specificity issues at different levels, both in cultured cells and tissues in vivo, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the steroid, the response element sequence, the AR cistromes, pioneer/licensing factors, and coregulatory proteins. We conclude that liganded AR and its DNA-response elements are required but are not sufficient for establishment of tissue-specific transcription programs in vivo, and that AR-selective actions over other steroid receptors rely on relaxed rather than increased stringency of cis-elements on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pihlajamaa
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 6. Male Undermasculinization. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2015; 18:279-96. [PMID: 25105706 DOI: 10.2350/14-04-1465-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal male development requires three conditions: (1) adequate differentiation of the fetal testis; (2) synthesis and secretion of testicular hormones; and (3) effective action of these hormones on target organs. This requires the combined action of the inhibitory anti-müllerian hormone (AMH, secreted by Sertoli cells) to block the development of the uterus and fallopian tubes from the müllerian duct, together with the trophic stimulus of testosterone (a Leydig cell product), which leads to virilization of the wolffian ducts. Additionally, the development of external genitalia depends on the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by the enzyme 5-α-reductase. Failure of any of these mechanisms leads to deficient virilization or the so-called "male pseudohermaphroditism" syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo #2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- 1 Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo #2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Aggarwal S, Singh M, Kumar A, Mukhopadhyay T. SRD5A2 gene expression inhibits cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell line via F-actin reorganization. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 408:15-23. [PMID: 26092425 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Steroid 5-alpha reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) gene is important for normal development and functioning of prostate gland but it is reported to be silenced in metastatic prostate cancer. We showed that exogenous SRD5A2 expression in prostate cancer cell line reduced cell migration and invasion. Additionally, the stable transfectants showed enhanced adhesion to the matrix accompanied by changes in cytoskeletal organization, involving actin polymerization. siRNA knockdown of the endogenous SRD5A2 mRNA in LnCAP cells was effective, it reversed the phenotype, and thus induced cell motility. The MEK1 and pERK1/2 levels were found to be reduced in SRD5A2-expressing cells. Further, the reduced level of p38 protein was correlated with low expression of MMP-2 and MMP-7 genes. The results suggest that SRD5A2 controls cell migration by indirectly regulating ERK/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Aggarwal
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Minu Singh
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Systems Biology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tapas Mukhopadhyay
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Lee MR, Loux-Turner JR, Oliveira K. Evaluation of the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride on reproduction and gonadal development in medaka, Oryzias latipes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 216:64-76. [PMID: 25910435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-α reductase (5αR) inhibitors have an anti-androgenic effect in mammals because they inhibit the conversion of testosterone to the potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone. Finasteride is a type-2 5αR inhibitor that is used as a human pharmaceutical for the treatment of prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia and male pattern baldness. This study evaluated the impacts of finasteride (50, 500 and 5000μg/L) on the development and reproduction of medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed continuously over multiple generations (F0, F1 and F2). The exposure was initiated with reproductively mature fish (F0 generation) and continued until the hatching of the F2 generation. There were no significant effects on survival, fecundity or fertility in the F0 (50, 500, 5000μg/L) and F1 (50, 500μg/L) generations. The F1 generation exposed to 5000μg/L exhibited significant mortality. Histopathology of the gonads demonstrated that medaka and pre-clinical species respond similarly to finasteride exposure. Intersex condition and maldeveloped gonads were observed in F0 generation males exposed to 5000μg/L and F1 generation males exposed to 500μg/L. F1 generation males exposed to 500μg/L displayed reduced gonadosomatic index with an increased incidence of testicular degeneration. Males in both generations exhibited an increased incidence of Leydig cell hyperplasia at concentrations ⩾500μg/L. F0 generation females exposed to 5000μg/L exhibited increased gonadosomatic index. An increased prevalence of accelerated post-ovulatory follicle involution was observed in females at concentrations ⩾500μg/L in both generations. The gonadal changes induced by finasteride support the idea that 5-α reductase inhibition impacts androgen signaling in fish. Results from this study are discussed in the context of differential expression of the androgen receptor between species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lee
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 238 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA; Smithers Viscient, 790 Main Street, Wareham, MA 02571, USA.
| | | | - Kenneth Oliveira
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 238 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Human sperm molecular anatomy: the enzyme 5α-reductase (SRD5A) is present in the sperm and may be involved in the varicocele-related infertility. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:67-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 5-Alpha reductase is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. This key enzyme is responsible for triggering masculinization of the male external genitalia. Discovery of 5-alpha reductase deficiency as a syndrome of disordered male sexual development led to our molecular understanding of the role that this key enzyme plays in male sexual differentiation. This article will review the clinical and molecular history behind the discovery of 5-alpha reductase deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS Three different genes encoding for 5-alpha reductase have been identified, with 5-alpha reductase type 2 being implicated in disordered male sexual development. SUMMARY The discovery of 5-alpha reductase deficiency has not only shed light on the crucial role of 5-alpha reductase, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone in male sexual differentiation but it also has facilitated the discovery of novel therapeutic applications of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Okeigwe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wang K, Fan DD, Jin S, Xing NZ, Niu YN. Differential expression of 5-alpha reductase isozymes in the prostate and its clinical implications. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:274-9. [PMID: 24457841 PMCID: PMC3955340 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of human benign or malignant prostatic diseases is closely associated with androgens, primarily testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). T is converted to DHT by 5-alpha reductase (5-AR) isozymes. Differential expression of 5-AR isozymes is observed in both human benign and malignant prostatic tissues. 5-AR inhibitors (5-ARI) are commonly used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and were once promoted as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer (PCa). This review discusses the role of the differential expression of 5-AR in the normal development of the human prostate and in the pathogenesis and progression of BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Nong Niu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5α-reductase type I expression is downregulated in the prefrontal cortex/Brodmann's area 9 (BA9) of depressed patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3569-80. [PMID: 24781515 PMCID: PMC6223254 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The implications of the neurosteroid 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one [allopregnanolone (Allo)] in neuropsychiatric disorders have been highlighted in several recent clinical investigations. For instance, Allo levels are decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major unipolar depression. Neurosteroidogenic antidepressants [i.e., selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs)], including fluoxetine and analogs, correct this decrease in a manner that correlates with improved depressive symptoms. Allo positively and allosterically modulates GABA action at postsynaptic and extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. It is synthesized in both the human and rodent brain cortices by principal glutamatergic pyramidal neurons from progesterone by the sequential action of 5α-reductase type I (5α-RI), which is the rate-limiting step enzyme in Allo biosynthesis, and 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), which converts 5α-dehydroprogesterone into Allo. HYPOTHESIS We thus hypothesized that decreased CSF levels of Allo in depressed patients could reflect a brain dysfunction of 5α-RI. METHODS In a pilot study of samples from six patients per group [six depressed patients and six nonpsychiatric subjects (NPS)], we studied the expression of 5α-RI messenger RNA (mRNA) in prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 9 (BA9) and cerebellum from depressed patients obtained from the Maryland Brain Collection at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (Baltimore, MD) that were age-matched with NPS. RESULTS The levels of 5α-RI mRNA were decreased from 25 ± 5.8 in NPS to 9.1 ± 3.1 fmol/pmol neuronal specific enolase (NSE) (t1,10 = 2.7, P = 0.02) in depressed patients. These differences are absent in the cerebellum of the same patients. The levels of neurosteroids were determined in the prefrontal cortex BA9 of depressed patients obtained from the Stanley Foundation Brain Bank Neuropathology Consortium, Bethesda (MD). The BA9 levels of Allo in male depressed patients failed to reach statistical difference from the levels of NPS (1.63 ± 1.01 pg/mg, n = 8, in NPS and 0.82 ± 0.33 pg/mg, n = 5, in nontreated depressed patients). However, depressed patients who had received antidepressant treatment (three patients SSRI and one TCA) exhibited increased BA9 Allo levels (6.16 ± 2.5 pg/mg, n = 4, t1,9 = 2.4, P = 0.047) when compared with nontreated depressed patients. CONCLUSIONS Although in a small number of patients, this finding is in-line with previous reports in the field that have observed an increase of Allo levels in CSF and plasma of depressed patients following antidepressant treatment. Hence, the molecular mechanisms underlying major depression may include a GABAergic neurotransmission deficit caused by a brain Allo biosynthesis downregulation, which can be normalized by SBSSs.
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Upreti R, Hughes KA, Livingstone DEW, Gray CD, Minns FC, Macfarlane DP, Marshall I, Stewart LH, Walker BR, Andrew R. 5α-reductase type 1 modulates insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1397-406. [PMID: 24823464 PMCID: PMC4207930 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT 5α-Reductase (5αR) types 1 and 2 catalyze the A-ring reduction of steroids, including androgens and glucocorticoids. 5α-R inhibitors lower dihydrotestosterone in benign prostatic hyperplasia; finasteride inhibits 5αR2, and dutasteride inhibits both 5αR2 and 5αR1. In rodents, loss of 5αR1 promotes fatty liver. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of 5αR1 causes metabolic dysfunction in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This double-blind randomized controlled parallel group study at a clinical research facility included 46 men (20-85 years) studied before and after intervention. INTERVENTION Oral dutasteride (0.5 mg daily; n = 16), finasteride (5 mg daily; n = 16), or control (tamsulosin; 0.4 mg daily; n = 14) was administered for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Glucose disposal was measured during a stepwise hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Data are mean (SEM). RESULTS Dutasteride and finasteride had similar effects on steroid profiles, with reduced urinary androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites and reduced circulating DHT but no change in plasma or salivary cortisol. Dutasteride, but not finasteride, reduced stimulation of glucose disposal by high-dose insulin (dutasteride by -5.7 [3.2] μmol/kg fat-free mass/min, versus finasteride +7.2 [3.0], and tamsulosin +7.0 [2.0]). Dutasteride also reduced suppression of nonesterified fatty acids by insulin and increased body fat (by 1.6% [0.6%]). Glucose production and glycerol turnover were unchanged. Consistent with metabolic effects of dutasteride being mediated in peripheral tissues, mRNA for 5αR1 but not 5αR2 was detected in human adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Dual inhibition of 5αRs, but not inhibition of 5αR2 alone, modulates insulin sensitivity in human peripheral tissues rather than liver. This may have important implications for patients prescribed dutasteride for prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Upreti
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (R.U., K.A.H., D.E.W.L., D.P.M., I.M., B.R.W., R.A.) and Clinical Research Imaging Centre (C.D.G.), University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and Radiology (F.C.M.) and Urology (L.H.S.) Departments, National Health Service Lothian University Hospitals Division, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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Tartagni MV, Alrasheed H, Damiani GR, Montagnani M, De Salvia MA, De Pergola G, Tartagni M, Loverro G. Intermittent low-dose finasteride administration is effective for treatment of hirsutism in adolescent girls: a pilot study. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014; 27:161-5. [PMID: 24559619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Hirsutism has negative impact on adolescent psychosocial development for both cosmetic and endocrine reasons. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a new intermittent, low-dose finasteride regimen consisting of 2.5 mg of drug given every 3 days (1 day of treatment, 2 days of drug withdrawal) for 6 months in girls with hirsutism by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) or idiopathic hirsutism (IH). DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Twenty-eight girls (15-19 y old) with hirsutism were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups and treated for 6 months. Fourteen patients (7 with IH, 7 with PCOS) received finasteride; fourteen patients (7 with IH, 7 with PCOS) received placebo. Hirsutism score (HS), clinical, and hormonal effects were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS In patients treated with finasteride, the HS value at 6 months was 52.9% lower than that observed at baseline in girls with IH, and 52.8% lower in girls with PCOS (P < .0001 for both). Similarly, the 3α-17 β-androstenediol glucuronide serum levels were decreased by 34.8% in patients with IH, and by 47.5% in patients with PCOS (P < .0001, respectively). Finasteride treatment was well tolerated and did not alter values of BMI, serum levels of sexual hormones, metabolic parameters related to liver and kidney function as well as glycemic and lipidic asset. CONCLUSIONS A low-dose of finasteride, given every 3 days, reduces the HS in young patients affected by PCOS or IH. Compared with conventional continuous finasteride administration, the intermittent low-dose regimen has similar efficacy with the advantage to be safer and less expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Alrasheed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Gianluca R Damiani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Sondrio, Sondrio, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria A De Salvia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Tartagni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Loverro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Shabir I, Khurana ML, Marumudi E, Khadgawat R, Ammini AC. Novel nucleotide insertions in two unrelated Indian patients with 5α reductase 2 deficiency leading to premature termination of SRD5A2 enzyme. Steroids 2013; 78:1159-63. [PMID: 24012728 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
T is converted to a more potent androgen, DHT by the action of microsomal membrane enzyme 5α reductase 2. Defects in 5α reductase 2 isozyme results in incomplete virilisation of external male genitalia. Mutations in SRD5A2 gene leads to diminished enzyme activity, thus hampering DHT synthesis from T. We describe two unrelated patients from India with 5αRD2 due to novel insertion of nucleotides in the exon 1 of SRD5A2 gene that lead to premature termination of protein. Master S (case 1; III.8) was 3 years old at initial evaluation, had perineoscrotal hypospadias, microphallus and both testes were palpable in the inguinal region. Master P (case 2; III.9) was born as normal full term baby. He had primary complaint of microphallus, penoscrotal hypospadias and gonads in the inguinal region. Diagnosis of 5αRD2 was made, as T/DHT ratio in the two cases was 41 and 131.2 respectively. Sequence analysis of SRD5A2 gene showed an insertion of nucleotides TA in exon 1 (c.188_189). This resulted in premature termination of the protein due to stop codon at amino acid position 7. The protein formed is drastically truncated and inadequate protein synthesized explains the phenotypic characteristics of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Shabir
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 29, India
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Sharifi N. Mechanisms of androgen receptor activation in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4010-7. [PMID: 24002034 PMCID: PMC3948917 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic treatment of advanced prostate cancer is initiated with androgen deprivation therapy by gonadal testosterone depletion. Response durations are variable and tumors nearly always become resistant as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is driven, at least in part, by a continued dependence on the androgen receptor (AR). The proposed mechanisms that underlie AR function in this clinical setting are quite varied. These include intratumoral synthesis of androgens from inactive precursors, increased AR expression, AR activation through tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling, alterations in steroid receptor coactivators, and expression of a truncated AR with constitutive activity. Various pharmacologic interventions have clinically validated some of these mechanisms, such as those that require the AR ligand-binding domain. Clinical studies have failed to validate other mechanisms, and additional mechanisms have yet to be tested in patients with CRPC. Here, we review the mechanisms that elicit AR activity in CRPC, with a particular focus on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cancer Biology, NB40, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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71
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Luu-The V. Assessment of steroidogenesis and steroidogenic enzyme functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:176-82. [PMID: 23770321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is some confusion in the literature about steroidogenesis in endocrine glands and steroidogenesis in peripheral intracrine tissues. The objective of the present review is to bring some clarifications and better understanding about steroidogenesis in these two types of tissues. Concerns about substrate specificity, kinetic constants and place of enzymes in the pathway have been discussed. The role of 17α-hydroxylase/17-20 lyase (CYP17A1) in the production of dehydroepiandrosterone and back-door pathways of dihydrotestosterone biosynthesis is also analyzed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Luu-The
- Research Center in Molecular Endocrinology, Oncology and Human Genomics (CREMOGH) and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University and the CHU de Quebec Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.
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Plenge RM, Scolnick EM, Altshuler D. Validating therapeutic targets through human genetics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:581-94. [PMID: 23868113 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of the compounds that enter clinical trials fail to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to gain regulatory approval. Most of this failure is due to the limited predictive value of preclinical models of disease, and our continued ignorance regarding the consequences of perturbing specific targets over long periods of time in humans. 'Experiments of nature' - naturally occurring mutations in humans that affect the activity of a particular protein target or targets - can be used to estimate the probable efficacy and toxicity of a drug targeting such proteins, as well as to establish causal rather than reactive relationships between targets and outcomes. Here, we describe the concept of dose-response curves derived from experiments of nature, with an emphasis on human genetics as a valuable tool to prioritize molecular targets in drug development. We discuss empirical examples of drug-gene pairs that support the role of human genetics in testing therapeutic hypotheses at the stage of target validation, provide objective criteria to prioritize genetic findings for future drug discovery efforts and highlight the limitations of a target validation approach that is anchored in human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Plenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham And Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE 5α-reductases are a family of isozymes expressed in a wide host of tissues including the central nervous system (CNS) and play a pivotal role in male sexual differentiation, development and physiology. METHODS A comprehensive literature search from 1970 to 2011 was made through PubMed and the relevant information was summarized. RESULTS 5α reductases convert testosterone, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, aldosterone and corticosterone into their respective 5α-dihydro-derivatives, which serve as substrates for 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. The latter transforms these 5α-reduced metabolites into a subclass of neuroactive steroid hormones with distinct physiological functions. The neuroactive steroid hormones modulate a multitude of functions in human physiology encompassing regulation of sexual differentiation, neuroprotection, memory enhancement, anxiety, sleep and stress, among others. In addition, 5α -reductase type 3 is also implicated in the N-glycosylation of proteins via formation of dolichol phosphate. The family of 5α-reductases was targeted for drug development to treat pathophysiological conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia. While the clinical use of 5α-reductase inhibitors was well established, the scope and the magnitude of the adverse side effects of such drugs, especially on the CNS, is still unrecognized due to lack of knowledge of the various physiological functions of this family of enzymes, especially in the CNS. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need to better understand the function of 5α-reductases and the role of neuroactive steroids in human physiology in order to minimize the potential adverse side effects of inhibitors targeting 5α-reductases to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmaged M Traish
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Sharifi N. Minireview: Androgen metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:708-14. [PMID: 23592429 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The decades-old terminology of androgen independence has been replaced in recent years with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Biological and clinical evidence have together conspired to support the use of this revised terminology by demonstrating that in the vast majority of cases tumors are neither truly depleted of androgens, nor are they free of the requirement for androgens to sustain growth and progression. Abiraterone acetate, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, and enzalutamide, a potent androgen receptor antagonist, both exploit the continued requirement for androgens. A central question, given the therapeutic gains enabled by further suppression of the androgen axis with these newer agents, is whether there may be additional clinical benefit gained by moving the goal posts of androgen suppression even further. The answer lies in part with the mechanisms utilized by tumors that enable resistance to these therapies. The aims of this review were to give a broad outline of steroidogenesis in prostate cancer and to highlight recent developments in understanding resistance to hormonal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Sharifi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute and Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195, USA.
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Gillespie CF, Almli LM, Smith AK, Bradley B, Kerley K, Crain DF, Mercer KB, Weiss T, Phifer J, Tang Y, Cubells JF, Binder EB, Conneely KN, Ressler KJ. Sex dependent influence of a functional polymorphism in steroid 5-α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) on post-traumatic stress symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:283-292. [PMID: 23505265 PMCID: PMC3770127 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A non-synonymous, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene coding for steroid 5-α-reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) is associated with reduced conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Because SRD5A2 participates in the regulation of testosterone and cortisol metabolism, hormones shown to be dysregulated in patients with PTSD, we examined whether the V89L variant (rs523349) influences risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study participants (N = 1,443) were traumatized African-American patients of low socioeconomic status with high rates of lifetime trauma exposure recruited from the primary care clinics of a large, urban hospital. PTSD symptoms were measured with the post-traumatic stress symptom scale (PSS). Subjects were genotyped for the V89L variant (rs523349) of SRD5A2. We initially found a significant sex-dependent effect of genotype in male but not female subjects on symptoms. Associations with PTSD symptoms were confirmed using a separate internal replication sample with identical methods of data analysis, followed by pooled analysis of the combined samples (N = 1,443, sex × genotype interaction P < 0.002; males: n = 536, P < 0.001). These data support the hypothesis that functional variation within SRD5A2 influences, in a sex-specific way, the severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms and risk for diagnosis of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Daniel F. Crain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Tamara Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Justine Phifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yilang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joseph F. Cubells
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen N. Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Atlanta, Georgia,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia,Correspondence to: Kerry J. Ressler, M.D., Ph.D., Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr, Atlanta, GA 30329.
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Dowhan W, Nikaido H, Stubbe J, Kozarich JW, Wickner WT, Russell DW, Garrett TA, Brozek K, Modrich P. Christian Raetz: scientist and friend extraordinaire. Annu Rev Biochem 2013; 82:1-24. [PMID: 23472605 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-012512-091530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chris Raetz passed away on August 16, 2011, still at the height of his productive years. His seminal contributions to biomedical research were in the genetics, biochemistry, and structural biology of phospholipid and lipid A biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and other gram-negative bacteria. He defined the catalytic properties and structures of many of the enzymes responsible for the "Raetz pathway for lipid A biosynthesis." His deep understanding of chemistry, coupled with knowledge of medicine, biochemistry, genetics, and structural biology, formed the underpinnings for his contributions to the lipid field. He displayed an intense passion for science and a broad interest that came from a strong commitment to curiosity-driven research, a commitment he imparted to his mentees and colleagues. What follows is a testament to both Chris's science and humanity from his friends and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dowhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Membrane Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is the most potent natural androgen in humans. There has been an increasing interest in this androgen and its role in the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics as well as its potential roles in diseases ranging from prostate and breast cancer to Alzheimer's disease. Despite the range of pathologies shown to involve DHT there is little evidence for measurement of serum DHT in the management of these diseases. In this review we describe the physiology of DHT production and action, summarize current concepts in the role of DHT in the pathogenesis of various disorders of sexual development, compare current methods for the measurement of DHT and conclude on the clinical utility of DHT measurement. The clinical indications for the measurement of DHT in serum are: investigation of 5α reductase deficiency in infants with ambiguous genitalia and palpable gonads; men with delayed puberty and/or undescended testes; and to confirm the presence of active testicular tissue. Investigation is aided by the use of human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation. Due to paucity of published data on this procedure, it is important to follow guidelines prescribed by the laboratory performing the analysis to ensure accurate interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Marchetti
- SAS Steroid Centre, St James' University Hospital, Block 46, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Morohashi K, Baba T, Tanaka M. Steroid Hormones and the Development of Reproductive Organs. Sex Dev 2013; 7:61-79. [DOI: 10.1159/000342272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Inui S, Itami S. Androgen actions on the human hair follicle: perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2012; 22:168-71. [PMID: 23016593 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Androgens stimulate beard growth but suppress hair growth in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). This condition is known as 'androgen paradox'. Human pilosebaceous units possess enough enzymes to form the active androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. In hair follicles, 5α-reductase type 1 and 2, androgen receptors (AR) and AR coactivators can regulate androgen sensitivity of dermal papillae (DP). To regulate hair growth, androgens stimulate production of IGF-1 as positive mediators from beard DP cells and of TGF-β1, TGF-β2, dickkopf1 and IL-6 as negative mediators from balding DP cells. In addition, androgens enhance inducible nitric oxide synthase from occipital DP cells and stem cell factor for positive regulation of hair growth in beard and negative regulation of balding DP cells. Moreover, AGA involves crosstalk between androgen and Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Finally, recent data on susceptibility genes have provided us with the impetus to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Inui
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Molecular identification of an androgen receptor and its changes in mRNA levels during 17α-methyltestosterone-induced sex reversal in the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aggarwal S, Thareja S, Bhardwaj T, Haupenthal J, Hartmann R, Kumar M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel unsaturated carboxysteroids as human 5α-reductase inhibitors: A legitimate approach. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:728-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cheng Q, Sohl CD, Yoshimoto FK, Guengerich FP. Oxidation of dihydrotestosterone by human cytochromes P450 19A1 and 3A4. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29554-67. [PMID: 22773874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.390047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone is a more potent androgen than testosterone and plays an important role in endocrine function. We demonstrated that, like testosterone, dihydrotestosterone can be oxidized by human cytochrome P450 (P450) 19A1, the steroid aromatase. The products identified include the 19-hydroxy- and 19-oxo derivatives and the resulting Δ(1,10)-, Δ(5,10)-, and Δ(9,10)-dehydro 19-norsteroid products (loss of 19-methyl group). The overall catalytic efficiency of oxidation was ~10-fold higher than reported for 3α-reduction by 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the major enzyme known to deactivate dihydrotestosterone. These and other studies demonstrate the flexibility of P450 19A1 in removing the 1- and 2-hydrogens from 19-norsteroids, the 2-hydrogen from estrone, and (in this case) the 1-, 5β-, and 9β-hydrogens of dihydrotestosterone. Incubation of dihydrotestosterone with human liver microsomes and NADPH yielded the 18- and 19-hydroxy products plus the Δ(1,10)-dehydro 19-nor product identified in the P450 19A1 reaction. The 18- and 19-hydroxylation reactions were attributed to P450 3A4, and 18- and 19-hydroxydihydrotestosterone were identified in human plasma and urine samples. The change in the pucker of the A ring caused by reduction of the Δ(4,5) bond is remarkable in shifting the course of hydroxylation from the 6β-, 2β-, 1β-, and 15β-methylene carbons (testosterone) to the axial methyl groups (18, 19) in dihydrotestosterone and demonstrates the sensitivity of P450 3A4, even with its large active site, to small changes in substrate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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83
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Sharifi N, Auchus RJ. Steroid biosynthesis and prostate cancer. Steroids 2012; 77:719-26. [PMID: 22503713 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathways of androgen biosynthesis in human beings have been studied for decades, and the major pathways and enzymes responsible for testosterone and dihydrotestosterone synthesis are now well described. Minor or alternate pathways, which might contribute substantially to androgen production in specific states, have also emerged. Likewise, the requirement of androgen for prostate formation and growth date back over a half-century, and the dependence of prostate cancer on androgens has been known and exploited for as long. Despite the success of testicular removal or suppression, androgen receptor antagonists, and androgen synthesis inhibitors in the treatment of prostate cancer, the sources of androgen, their routes of synthesis, and the contributions of various routes remain topics of debate, particularly in castration-resistant disease when circulating androgens are very low. Here we review the major pathways of 19-carbon steroid synthesis in the adrenal and gonad, peripheral pathways to active androgens, and recent data charting flux of androgen precursors in prostate cancer. We are far from a unified understanding of androgen generation in prostate cancer, but the similarities and differences from glandular androgen synthesis that have already emerged provide important clues to designing the next generation of treatments for this common and devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Sharifi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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84
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Chaube R, Mishra S. Brain steroid contents in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis: sex and gonad stage-specific changes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 38:757-767. [PMID: 22002168 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-011-9558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are those which are synthesized in the central nervous system independently of supply by peripheral endocrine glands. In the present study, brain contents of the steroid hormones, estradiol-17β (E(2)), testosterone (T), corticosteroids, and progestins were investigated in both male and female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in prespawning (vitellogenic) and spawning (post-vitellogenic) phases using ELISA or HPLC. The data show that the measured steroid hormones showed both stage-specific and sex-related variations. Brain E(2) was significantly higher in males in the prespawning phase and in females in the spawning phase. Testosterone was significantly higher in males in comparison with females in the prespawning phase. Cortisol was significantly higher in the prespawning and spawning phases in males than in females. Corticosterone level was low in the brain. 21-deoxycortisol and deoxycorticosterone were significantly higher in the prespawning phase than in the spawning phase. Male brain recorded the highest concentration of deoxycorticosterone. Progesterone (P(4)) was high in the prespawning phase and low in the spawning phase in both sexes. Levels of 17-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-DP) and the metabolites of P(4) were the highest in females in the prespawning phase. The stage-specific and sexual differences in the content of the steroids suggest their biosynthesis in the brain, which may have implications in brain functions, in addition to reproductive regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaube
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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85
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Murata K, Noguchi K, Kondo M, Onishi M, Watanabe N, Okamura K, Matsuda H. Promotion of Hair Growth byRosmarinus officinalisLeaf Extract. Phytother Res 2012; 27:212-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Murata
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Kinki University; 3-4-1 Kowakae; Higashi-osaka; Osaka; 577-8502; Japan
| | - Kazuma Noguchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Kinki University; 3-4-1 Kowakae; Higashi-osaka; Osaka; 577-8502; Japan
| | - Masato Kondo
- Hair Clinic Reve21 Corporation; 21-1-61 Shiromi; Chuo-ku; Osaka; 540-9122; Japan
| | - Mariko Onishi
- Hair Clinic Reve21 Corporation; 21-1-61 Shiromi; Chuo-ku; Osaka; 540-9122; Japan
| | - Naoko Watanabe
- Hair Clinic Reve21 Corporation; 21-1-61 Shiromi; Chuo-ku; Osaka; 540-9122; Japan
| | - Katsumasa Okamura
- Hair Clinic Reve21 Corporation; 21-1-61 Shiromi; Chuo-ku; Osaka; 540-9122; Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Kinki University; 3-4-1 Kowakae; Higashi-osaka; Osaka; 577-8502; Japan
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86
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Jääskeläinen J. Molecular biology of androgen insensitivity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:4-12. [PMID: 21871529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is the most common specific cause of 46,XY disorder in sex development. The androgen signaling pathway is complex but so far, the only gene linked with AIS is the androgen receptor (AR). Mutations in the AR are found in most subjects with complete AIS but in partial AIS, the rate has varied 28-73%, depending on the case selection. More than 400 different mutations in AR leading to AIS have been reported. Most mutations are missense substitutions located in the ligand binding domain of the receptor. However, when systematically screened, a substantial amount of mutations can be detected also in the N-terminal domain encoded by exon 1. Within this exon lie two trinucleotide, CAG and GGN repeat regions which are polymorphic in length. Their role in androgen insensitivity is somewhat unclear. Recent advances in protein modeling have resulted in better understanding of the mechanism of known AR mutations.
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87
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Tsai MC, Chou YY, Lin SJ, Tsai LP. A novel SRD5A2 mutation in a Taiwanese newborn with ambiguous genitalia. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2012; 28:231-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
5α-Reduced glucocorticoids (GCs) are formed when one of the two isozymes of 5α-reductase reduces the Δ(4-5) double bond in the A-ring of GCs. These steroids are largely viewed inert, despite the acceptance that other 5α-dihydro steroids, e.g. 5α-dihydrotestosterone, retain or have increased activity at their cognate receptors. However, recent findings suggest that 5α-reduced metabolites of corticosterone have dissociated actions on GC receptors (GRs) in vivo and in vitro and are thus potential candidates for safer anti-inflammatory steroids. 5α-Dihydro- and 5α-tetrahydro-corticosterone can bind with GRs, but interest in these compounds had been limited, since they only weakly activated metabolic gene transcription. However, a greater understanding of the signalling mechanisms has revealed that transactivation represents only one mode of signalling via the GR and recently the abilities of 5α-reduced GCs to suppress inflammation have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the balance of parent GC and its 5α-reduced metabolite may critically affect the profile of GR signalling. 5α-Reduction of GCs is up-regulated in liver in metabolic disease and may represent a pathway that protects from both GC-induced fuel dyshomeostasis and concomitant inflammatory insult. Therefore, 5α-reduced steroids provide hope for drug development, but may also act as biomarkers of the inflammatory status of the liver in metabolic disease. With these proposals in mind, careful attention must be paid to the possible adverse metabolic effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors, drugs that are commonly administered long term for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Nixon
- Endocrinology, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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de Calais FL, Soardi FC, Petroli RJ, Lusa ALG, de Paiva e Silva RB, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Júnior G, de Mello MP. Molecular diagnosis of 5α-reductase type II deficiency in Brazilian siblings with 46,XY disorder of sex development. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:9471-80. [PMID: 22272144 PMCID: PMC3257141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12129471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The steroid 5α-reductase type II enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and its deficiency leads to undervirilization in 46,XY individuals, due to an impairment of this conversion in genital tissues. Molecular analysis in the steroid 5α-reductase type II gene (SRD5A2) was performed in two 46,XY female siblings. SRD5A2 gene sequencing revealed that the patients were homozygous for p.Gln126Arg missense mutation, which results from the CGA > CAA nucleotide substitution. The molecular result confirmed clinical diagnosis of 46,XY disorder of sex development (DSD) for the older sister and directed the investigation to other family members. Studies on SRD5A2 protein structure showed severe changes at NADPH binding region indicating that structural modeling analysis can be useful to evaluate the deleterious role of a mutation as causing 5α-reductase type II enzyme deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Leme de Calais
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.L.C.); (F.C.S.); (R.J.P.); (A.L.G.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Caroline Soardi
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.L.C.); (F.C.S.); (R.J.P.); (A.L.G.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo José Petroli
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.L.C.); (F.C.S.); (R.J.P.); (A.L.G.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Gori Lusa
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.L.C.); (F.C.S.); (R.J.P.); (A.L.G.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Benedito de Paiva e Silva
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Center of Studies and Researches in Rehabilitation (CEPRE), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Andréa Trevas Maciel-Guerra
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Maricilda Palandi de Mello
- Center of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Avenida Cândido Rondon 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.L.C.); (F.C.S.); (R.J.P.); (A.L.G.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Group of Studies in Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-19-3521-1146; Fax: +55-19-3521-1189
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Inhibitors of testosterone biosynthetic and metabolic activation enzymes. Molecules 2011; 16:9983-10001. [PMID: 22138857 PMCID: PMC6264586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16129983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Leydig cells of the testis have the capacity to biosynthesize testosterone from cholesterol. Testosterone and its metabolically activated product dihydrotestosterone are critical for the development of male reproductive system and spermatogenesis. At least four steroidogenic enzymes are involved in testosterone biosynthesis: Cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1) for the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone within the mitochondria, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B), for the conversion of pregnenolone into progesterone, 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1) for the conversion of progesterone into androstenedione and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B3) for the formation of testosterone from androstenedione. Testosterone is also metabolically activated into more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone by two isoforms 5α-reductase 1 (SRD5A1) and 2 (SRD5A2) in Leydig cells and peripheral tissues. Many endocrine disruptors act as antiandrogens via directly inhibiting one or more enzymes for testosterone biosynthesis and metabolic activation. These chemicals include industrial materials (perfluoroalkyl compounds, phthalates, bisphenol A and benzophenone) and pesticides/biocides (methoxychlor, organotins, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane and prochloraz) and plant constituents (genistein and gossypol). This paper reviews these endocrine disruptors targeting steroidogenic enzymes.
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91
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Estrogen receptor β and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6, a growth regulatory pathway that is lost in prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20090-4. [PMID: 22114194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117772108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is activated in the prostate by 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-Adiol) where it exerts antiproliferative activity. The proliferative action of the androgen receptor is activated by 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Thus, prostate growth is governed by the balance between androgen receptor and ERβ activation. 3β-Adiol is a high-affinity ligand and agonist of ERβ and is derived from DHT by 3-keto reductase/3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes. Here, we demonstrate that, when it is expressed in living cells containing an estrogen response element-luciferase reporter, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 6 (17βHSD6) converts the androgen DHT to the estrogen 3β-Adiol, and this leads to activation of the ERβ reporter. This conversion of DHT occurs at concentrations that are in the physiological range of this hormone in the prostate. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 17βHSD6 is expressed in ERβ-positive epithelial cells of the human prostate and that, in prostate cancers of Gleason grade higher than 3, both ERβ and 17βHSD6 are undetectable. Both proteins were present in benign prostatic hyperplasia samples. These observations reveal that formation of 3β-Adiol via 17βHSD6 from DHT is an important growth regulatory pathway that is lost in prostate cancer.
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92
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Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that regulate growth and development. They share structural similarities with animal steroids, which are decisive factors of sex determination. BRs are known to regulate morphogenesis and environmental stress responses, but their involvement in sex determination in plants has been only speculative. We show that BRs control sex determination in maize revealed through characterization of the classical dwarf mutant nana plant1 (na1), which also feminizes male flowers. na1 plants carry a loss-of-function mutation in a DET2 homolog--a gene in the BR biosynthetic pathway. The mutant accumulates the DET2-specific substrate (24R)-24-methylcholest-4-en-3-one with a concomitant decrease of downstream BR metabolites. Treatment of wild-type maize plants with BR biosynthesis inhibitors completely mimicked both dwarf and tasselseed phenotypes of na1 mutants. Tissue-specific na1 expression in anthers throughout their development supports the hypothesis that BRs promote masculinity of the male inflorescence. These findings suggest that, in the monoecious plant maize, BRs have been coopted to perform a sex determination function not found in plants with bisexual flowers.
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93
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Abstract
Androgens are involved in every aspect of prostate development, growth, and function from early in male embryogenesis to prostatic hyperplasia in aging men and dogs. Likewise, androgen deprivation at any phase of life causes a decrease in prostate cell number and DNA content. The process by which the circulating androgen testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone in the tissue and dihydrotestosterone in turn gains access to the nucleus where it regulates gene expression, largely via interaction with a receptor protein, is understood, but the downstream control mechanisms by which hormonal signals are translated into differentiation, growth, and function are being unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean D Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8857, USA.
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Sarfati J, Trabado S, Rocher L, Mallet D, Betari-Tabet B, Morel Y, Young J. REMOVAL: Pelvic MRI in a 17-year-old XY girl with 5-alpha reductase deficiency and a homozygous Gly115Asp mutation in SRD5A2. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2011; 72:310-313. [PMID: 21835392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).
This article has been removed at the request of the Editor-in-chief and the corresponding author for legal reasons regarding the patient consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sarfati
- UMR-S693 (ST, SBT, JY), faculté de médecine Paris-Sud, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service d'endocrinologie et des maladies de la reproduction, hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm U693, IFR93, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - S Trabado
- UMR-S693 (ST, SBT, JY), faculté de médecine Paris-Sud, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm U693, IFR93, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - L Rocher
- Service de radiologie, CHU de Bicêtre, 94276 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - D Mallet
- Laboratoire d'endocrinologie moléculaire et maladies rares, centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, 69677 Bron, France
| | - B Betari-Tabet
- Service d'endocrinologie et des maladies de la reproduction, hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Y Morel
- Laboratoire d'endocrinologie moléculaire et maladies rares, centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, 69677 Bron, France
| | - J Young
- UMR-S693 (ST, SBT, JY), faculté de médecine Paris-Sud, université Paris-Sud, 94276 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Service d'endocrinologie et des maladies de la reproduction, hôpital de Bicêtre, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm U693, IFR93, 78, rue du Général-Leclerc, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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Arias-Santiago S, Arrabal-Polo MA, Buendía-Eisman A, Arrabal-Martín M, Gutiérrez-Salmerón MT, Girón-Prieto MS, Jimenez-Pacheco A, Calonje JE, Naranjo-Sintes R, Zuluaga-Gomez A, Serrano Ortega S. Androgenetic alopecia as an early marker of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 66:401-8. [PMID: 21835498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and benign prostatic hyperplasia are both androgen-dependent entities that respond to the blocking of 5-alpha-reductase. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine whether prostatic volumes and urinary flow changes were higher in patients with early-onset AGA than in healthy control subjects. METHODS This was an observational case-control study of 87 men: 45 with early-onset AGA diagnosed in the dermatology department and 42 control subjects. End-point variables were prostatic volume, measured by transrectal ultrasound, and urinary flow, measured by urinary flowmetry. A hormone study was performed on all participants, and the International Prostate Symptom Score and International Index of Erectile Function score were determined. RESULTS The groups did not significantly differ in mean age (cases, 52.7 years vs control subjects, 49.8 years; P = .12). Patients with AGA had significantly higher mean prostate volume (29.65 vs 20.24 mL, P < .0001), International Prostate Symptom Score (4.93 vs 1.23, P < .0001), and prostate-specific antigen value (1.53 vs 0.94 ng/mL, P < .0001) and significantly lower maximum urinary flow (14.5 vs 22.45 mL/s, P < .0001) versus control subjects. Binary logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between the presence of AGA and benign prostatic hyperplasia after adjusting for age, urinary volume, urination time, International Prostate Symptom Score, abdominal obesity, glucose levels, systolic blood pressure, insulin levels, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (odds ratio = 5.14, 95% confidence interval 1.23-47.36, P = .041). LIMITATIONS The study of larger sample sizes would facilitate stratified analyses according to the Ebling type of androgenetic alopecia. CONCLUSION There is a relationship between the presence of AGA and prostate growth-associated urinary symptoms, likely attributable to their pathophysiological similarity. This study suggests that early-onset AGA may be an early marker of urinary/prostatic symptomatology. Future studies may clarify whether treatment of patients with AGA may benefit the concomitant benign prostatic hypertrophy, which would be present at an earlier stage in its natural evolution.
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96
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Dihydrotestosterone synthesis bypasses testosterone to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13728-33. [PMID: 21795608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107898108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the majority of cases, advanced prostate cancer responds initially to androgen deprivation therapy by depletion of gonadal testosterone. The response is usually transient, and metastatic tumors almost invariably eventually progress as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The development of CRPC is dependent upon the intratumoral generation of the potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), from adrenal precursor steroids. Progression to CRPC is accompanied by increased expression of steroid-5α-reductase isoenzyme-1 (SRD5A1) over SRD5A2, which is otherwise the dominant isoenzyme expressed in the prostate. DHT synthesis in CRPC is widely assumed to require 5α-reduction of testosterone as the obligate precursor, and the increased expression of SRD5A1 is thought to reflect its role in converting testosterone to DHT. Here, we show that the dominant route of DHT synthesis in CRPC bypasses testosterone, and instead requires 5α-reduction of androstenedione by SRD5A1 to 5α-androstanedione, which is then converted to DHT. This alternative pathway is operational and dominant in both human CRPC cell lines and fresh tissue obtained from human tumor metastases. Moreover, CRPC growth in mouse xenograft models is dependent upon this pathway, as well as expression of SRD5A1. These findings reframe the fundamental metabolic pathway that drives CRPC progression, and shed light on the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Radmayr C, Lunacek A, Schwentner C, Oswald J, Klocker H, Bartsch G. 5-alpha-reductase and the development of the human prostate. Indian J Urol 2011; 24:309-12. [PMID: 19468459 PMCID: PMC2684369 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.42610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 10th week of gestation human prostate development is about to start. Androgens are the crucial factors to stimulate the initial interactions between the epithelium and mesenchyme. One of the key events in androgen metabolism is the transformation of circulating testosterone to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by tissue-linked 5α-reductase. Both, the formation of a male phenotype and the androgen-mediated growth of the prostate are mediated by DHT. To date the function of 5α-reductase 1 (5αR1) still remains unclear whereas 5α-reductase 2 (5αR2) is supposed to be the predominant isoenzyme in human accessory sex tissue. Only little data are available on the detection, distribution, and effects of both isoenzymes during fetal life and infancy. Recently, immunohistochemical investigations of serial sections from fetuses and infants using specific antibodies directed against 5αR1 and 5αR2 seem to shed light on that issue. Moreover, the detection of downstream products of androgen synthesis using RT-PCR analyses for 17-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 2 (17 βHSD 2), 17 βHSD Type 3 and 17 βHSD Type 7 adds to discovering the molecular biological background. New studies confirm that both isoenzymes are present throughout fetal development. On the transcriptional level RT-PCR for 5αR1 and 5αR2 certifies these findings. 17 βHSD 2, 3 and 7 representing the most relevant enzymatic downstream products of cellular androgen synthesis were revealed by RT-PCR as well. Current studies discovered the expression and distribution of both 5α-reductase isoenzymes as well as the potential contribution of 5αR1 during fetal human prostate development.
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Rotinen M, Villar J, Celay J, Serrano I, Notario V, Encío I. Transcriptional regulation of type 11 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 339:45-53. [PMID: 21549806 PMCID: PMC3119890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 11 hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase (HSD17B11) catalyzes the conversion of 5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol into androsterone suggesting that it may play an important role in androgen metabolism. We previously described that overexpression of C/EBPα or C/EBPβ induced HSD17B11 expression in HepG2 cells but this process was not mediated by the CCAAT boxes located within its proximal promoter region. Here, we study HSD17B11 transcriptional regulation in prostate cancer (PC) cells. Transfection experiments showed that the region -107/+18 is sufficient for promoter activity in PC cells. Mutagenesis analysis indicated that Sp1 and C/EBP binding sites found in this region are essential for promoter activity. Additional experiments demonstrated that ectopic expression of Sp1 and C/EBPα upregulated HSD17B11 expression only in PC cell lines. Through DAPA and ChIP assays, specific recruitment of Sp1 and C/EBPα to the HSD17B11 promoter was detected. These results show that HSD17B11 transcription in PC cells is regulated by Sp1 and C/EBPα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Rotinen
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Villar
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Celay
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irantzu Serrano
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vicente Notario
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ignacio Encío
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Avda. Barañain, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence should be address to: Ignacio Encío Tel. +34 948166111; fax: +34 948270902. (I. Encío)
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Abstract
Estrogens and androgens have both been implicated as causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although epidemiological data on an association between serum androgen concentrations and BPH are inconsistent, it is generally accepted that androgens play a permissive role in BPH pathogenesis. In clinical practice, inhibitors of 5α-reductase (which converts testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone) have proven effective in the management of BPH, confirming an essential role for androgens in BPH pathophysiology. To date, multiple lines of evidence support a role for estrogens in BPH pathogenesis. Studies of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes have shed light on their differential functions in the human prostate; ERα and ERβ have proliferative and antiproliferative effects on prostate cells, respectively. Effects of estrogens on the prostate are associated with multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, aromatase expression and paracrine regulation via prostaglandin E2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators or other agents that can influence intraprostatic estrogen levels might conceivably be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of BPH.
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Ogino Y, Miyagawa S, Katoh H, Prins GS, Iguchi T, Yamada G. Essential functions of androgen signaling emerged through the developmental analysis of vertebrate sex characteristics. Evol Dev 2011; 13:315-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2011.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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