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Intracellular delivery of trehalose renders mesenchymal stromal cells viable and immunomodulatory competent after cryopreservation. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:391-411. [PMID: 33875905 PMCID: PMC8047578 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a nontoxic disaccharide and a promising cryoprotection agent for medically applicable cells. In this study, the efficiency of combining trehalose with reversible electroporation for cryopreservation of two types of human mesenchymal stromal cells was investigated: adipose-derived stromal cells, and umbilical-cord-derived stromal cells. Comparable results to standard dimethyl sulfoxide cryopreservation protocols were achieved, even without extensive electroporation parameters and protocol optimization. The presence of high extracellular trehalose resulted in comparable cell viabilities without and with electroporation. According to the determination of trehalose concentrations, 250 mM extracellular trehalose resulting in, 20 mM to 50 mM intracellular trehalose were sufficient for successful cryopreservation of cells. With electroporation, higher (i.e. 50 mM to 90 mM) intracellular trehalose was achieved after cryopreservation, although cell survival was not improved significantly. To evaluate the impact of electroporation and cryopreservation on cells, stress and immune-activation-related gene expression were analyzed. Electroporation and/or cryopreservation resulted in increased SOD2 and HSPA1A expression. Despite the increased stress response, the high up-regulation by mesenchymal stromal cells of immunomodulatory genes in the inflammatory environment was not affected. Highest expression was seen for the IDO1 and TSG6 genes. In conclusion, cryopreservation of mesenchymal stromal cells in trehalose results in comparable characteristics to their cryopreservation using dimethyl sulfoxide.
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52
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Wang S, Trammell S, Elliott GD. Microwave- and Laser-Assisted Drying for the Anhydrous Preservation of Biologics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2180:203-220. [PMID: 32797413 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Dry preservation has become an attractive approach for the long-term storage of biologics. By removing water from the matrix to solidify the sample, refrigeration needs are reduced, and thus storage costs are minimized and shipping logistics greatly simplified. This chapter describes two energy deposition technologies, namely, microwave and laser systems, that have recently been used to enhance the rate and nature of solution densification for the purpose of anhydrous preservation of feline oocytes, sperm, and egg white lysozyme in trehalose glass. Several physical screening methodologies used to determine the suitability of an amorphous matrix for biopreservation are also introduced in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangping Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan Trammell
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Gloria D Elliott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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53
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Chang T, Zhao G. Ice Inhibition for Cryopreservation: Materials, Strategies, and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002425. [PMID: 33747720 PMCID: PMC7967093 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation technology has developed into a fundamental and important supporting method for biomedical applications such as cell-based therapeutics, tissue engineering, assisted reproduction, and vaccine storage. The formation, growth, and recrystallization of ice crystals are the major limitations in cell/tissue/organ cryopreservation, and cause fatal cryoinjury to cryopreserved biological samples. Flourishing anti-icing materials and strategies can effectively regulate and suppress ice crystals, thus reducing ice damage and promoting cryopreservation efficiency. This review first describes the basic ice cryodamage mechanisms in the cryopreservation process. The recent development of chemical ice-inhibition molecules, including cryoprotectant, antifreeze protein, synthetic polymer, nanomaterial, and hydrogel, and their applications in cryopreservation are summarized. The advanced engineering strategies, including trehalose delivery, cell encapsulation, and bioinspired structure design for ice inhibition, are further discussed. Furthermore, external physical field technologies used for inhibiting ice crystals in both the cooling and thawing processes are systematically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of ice inhibition for high-efficiency cryopreservation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Chang
- Department of Electronic Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
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54
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Gallichotte EN, Dobos KM, Ebel GD, Hagedorn M, Rasgon JL, Richardson JH, Stedman TT, Barfield JP. Towards a method for cryopreservation of mosquito vectors of human pathogens. Cryobiology 2021; 99:1-10. [PMID: 33556359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for millions of human deaths every year, posing a massive burden on global public health. Mosquitoes transmit a variety of bacteria, parasites and viruses. Mosquito control efforts such as insecticide spraying can reduce mosquito populations, but they must be sustained in order to have long term impacts, can result in the evolution of insecticide resistance, are costly, and can have adverse human and environmental effects. Technological advances have allowed genetic manipulation of mosquitoes, including generation of those that are still susceptible to insecticides, which has greatly increased the number of mosquito strains and lines available to the scientific research community. This generates an associated challenge, because rearing and maintaining unique mosquito lines requires time, money and facilities, and long-term maintenance can lead to adaptation to specific laboratory conditions, resulting in mosquito lines that are distinct from their wild-type counterparts. Additionally, continuous rearing of transgenic lines can lead to loss of genetic markers, genes and/or phenotypes. Cryopreservation of valuable mosquito lines could help circumvent these limitations and allow researchers to reduce the cost of rearing multiple lines simultaneously, maintain low passage number transgenic mosquitoes, and bank lines not currently being used. Additionally, mosquito cryopreservation could allow researchers to access the same mosquito lines, limiting the impact of unique laboratory or field conditions. Successful cryopreservation of mosquitoes would expand the field of mosquito research and could ultimately lead to advances that would reduce the burden of mosquito-borne diseases, possibly through rear-and-release strategies to overcome mosquito insecticide resistance. Cryopreservation techniques have been developed for some insect groups, including but not limited to fruit flies, silkworms and other moth species, and honeybees. Recent advances within the cryopreservation field, along with success with other insects suggest that cryopreservation of mosquitoes may be a feasible method for preserving valuable scientific and public health resources. In this review, we will provide an overview of basic mosquito biology, the current state of and advances within insect cryopreservation, and a proposed approach toward cryopreservation of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mary Hagedorn
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Front Royal, VA, USA; Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI, USA
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer P Barfield
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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55
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Weng L. Technologies and Applications Toward Preservation of Cells in a Dry State for Therapies. Biopreserv Biobank 2021; 19:332-341. [PMID: 33493407 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics promise to transform the treatment of a wide range of diseases, many of which, up to this point, are incurable. During the past decade, an increasing number of cell therapies have been approved by government regulatory agencies in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Thousands of clinical trials based on live cell therapies are now taking place around the world. But most of these live cell therapies face temporal and/or spatial distances between manufacture and administration, posing a risk of degradation in potency. Cryopreservation has become the predominant biobanking approach to maintain the product's safety and efficacy during transportation and storage. However, the necessity of cryogenic shipment and storage could limit patient access to these emerging therapies and increase the costs of logistics. In the (bio)pharmaceutical industries, freeze-drying and desiccation are established preservation procedures for manufacturing small molecule drugs, liposomes, and monoclonal antibodies. Over the past two decades, there has been a growing body of research exploring the freeze-drying or drying of mammalian cells, with varying degrees of success. This article provides an overview of the technologies that were adopted or developed in these pioneering studies, paving the road toward the preservation of cell-based therapeutics in a dry state for biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Sana Biotechnology, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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56
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Wolkers WF, Oldenhof H. Principles Underlying Cryopreservation and Freeze-Drying of Cells and Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2180:3-25. [PMID: 32797407 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0783-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation and freeze-drying can be used to preserve cells or tissues for prolonged periods. Vitrification, or ice-free cryopreservation, is an alternative to cryopreservation that enables cooling cells to cryogenic temperatures in the absence of ice. The processing pathways involved in (ice-free) cryopreservation and freeze-drying of cells and tissues, however, can be very damaging. In this chapter, we describe the principles underlying preservation of cells for which freezing and drying are normally lethal processes as well as for cells that are able to survive in a reversible state of suspended animation. Freezing results in solution effects injury and/or intracellular ice formation, whereas drying results in removal of (non-freezable) water normally bound to biomolecules, which is generally more damaging. Cryopreservation and freeze-drying require different types of protective agents. Different mechanistic modes of action of cryoprotective and lyoprotective agents are described including minimizing ice formation, preferential exclusion, water replacement, and vitrification. Furthermore, it is discussed how protective agents can be introduced into cells avoiding damage due to too large cell volume excursions, and how knowledge of cell-specific membrane permeability properties in various temperature regimes can be used to rationally design (ice-free) cryopreservation and freeze-drying protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem F Wolkers
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine-Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Biostabilization Laboratory-Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Harriëtte Oldenhof
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine-Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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57
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Loi P, Anzalone DA, Palazzese L, Dinnyés A, Saragusty J, Czernik M. Dry storage of mammalian spermatozoa and cells: state-of-the-art and possible future directions. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:82-90. [PMID: 38769676 DOI: 10.1071/rd20264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art of drying cells and spermatozoa. The major successes and pitfalls of the most relevant literature are described separately for spermatozoa and cells. Overall, the data published so far indicate that we are closer to success in spermatozoa, whereas the situation is far more complex with cells. Critical for success is the presence of xeroprotectants inside the spermatozoa and, even more so, inside cells to protect subcellular compartments, primarily DNA. We highlight workable strategies to endow gametes and cells with the right combination of xeroprotectants, mostly sugars, and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) or similar 'intrinsically disordered' proteins to help them withstand reversible desiccation. We focus on the biological aspects of water stress, and in particular cellular and DNA damage, but also touch on other still unexplored issues, such as the choice of both dehydration and rehydration methods or approaches, because, in our view, they play a primary role in reducing desiccation damage. We conclude by highlighting the need to exhaustively explore desiccation strategies other than lyophilisation, such as air drying, spin drying or spray drying, ideally with new prototypes, other than the food and pharmaceutical drying strategies currently used, tailored for the unique needs of cells and spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Loi
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy; and Corresponding author
| | - D A Anzalone
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy
| | - L Palazzese
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy
| | - A Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllo, 2100 Gödöllo, Hungary; and HCEMM-USZ, StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; and Sichuan University, College of Life Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - J Saragusty
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy
| | - M Czernik
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, TE 64100, Italy; and Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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58
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Shen L, Guo X, Ouyang X, Huang Y, Gao D, Zhao G. Fine-tuned dehydration by trehalose enables the cryopreservation of RBCs with unusually low concentrations of glycerol. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:295-306. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02426k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We regulated the amount of trehalose and combined it with glycerol to achieve unusually low glycerol concentrations in the cryopreservation of RBCs compared with traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Shen
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230027
- China
| | | | - Xilin Ouyang
- The Fourth Medical Center
- Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Beijing 100089
- China
| | - Yu Huang
- Clinic Medical College of Anhui Medical University
- Hefei 230601
- China
| | - Dayong Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230027
- China
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59
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Hui Chong LS, Zhang J, Bhat KS, Yong D, Song J. Bioinspired cell-in-shell systems in biomedical engineering and beyond: Comparative overview and prospects. Biomaterials 2020; 266:120473. [PMID: 33120202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With the development in tissue engineering, cell transplantation, and genetic technologies, living cells have become an important therapeutic tool in clinical medical care. For various cell-based technologies including cell therapy and cell-based sensors in addition to fundamental studies on single-cell biology, the cytoprotection of individual living cells is a prerequisite to extend cell storage life or deliver cells from one place to another, resisting various external stresses. Nature has evolved a biological defense mechanism to preserve their species under unfavorable conditions by forming a hard and protective armor. Particularly, plant seeds covered with seed coat turn into a dormant state against stressful environments, due to mechanical and water/gas constraints imposed by hard seed coat. However, when the environmental conditions become hospitable to seeds, seed coat is ruptured, initiating seed germination. This seed dormancy and germination mechanism has inspired various approaches that artificially induce cell sporulation via chemically encapsulating individual living cells within a thin but tough shell forming a 3D "cell-in-shell" structure. Herein, the recent advance of cell encapsulation strategies along with the potential advantages of the 3D "cell-in-shell" system is reviewed. Diverse coating materials including polymeric shells and hybrid shells on different types of cells ranging from microbes to mammalian cells will be discussed in terms of enhanced cytoprotective ability, control of division, chemical functionalization, and on-demand shell degradation. Finally, current and potential applications of "cell-in-shell" systems for cell-based technologies with remaining challenges will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Shi Hui Chong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 168384, Singapore
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 168384, Singapore
| | - Kiesar Sideeq Bhat
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore
| | - Derrick Yong
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, 168384, Singapore
| | - Juha Song
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore.
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60
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Sui X, Chen P, Wen C, Yang J, Li Q, Zhang L. Exploring novel cell cryoprotectants based on neutral amino acids. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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61
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Raju R, Bryant SJ, Wilkinson BL, Bryant G. The need for novel cryoprotectants and cryopreservation protocols: Insights into the importance of biophysical investigation and cell permeability. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129749. [PMID: 32980500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreservation is a key method of preservation of biological material for both medical treatments and conservation of endangered species. In order to avoid cellular damage, cryopreservation relies on the addition of a suitable cryoprotective agent (CPA). However, the toxicity of CPAs is a serious concern and often requires rapid removal on thawing which is time consuming and expensive. SCOPE OF REVIEW The principles of Cryopreservation are reviewed and recent advances in cryopreservation methods and new CPAs are described. The importance of understanding key biophysical properties to assess the cryoprotective potential of new non-toxic compounds is discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Knowing the biophysical properties of a particular cell type is crucial for developing new cryopreservation protocols. Similarly, understanding how potential CPAs interact with cells is key for optimising protocols. For example, cells with a large osmotically inactive volume may require slower addition of CPAs. Similarly, a cell with low permeability may require a longer incubation time with the CPA to allow adequate penetration. Measuring these properties allows efficient optimisation of cryopreservation protocols. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the interplay between cells and biophysical properties is important not just for developing new, and better optimised, cryopreservation protocols, but also for broader research into topics such as dehydration and desiccation tolerance, chilling and heat stress, as well as membrane structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Raju
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Saffron J Bryant
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
| | - Brendan L Wilkinson
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Gary Bryant
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia.
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62
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Murray KA, Tomás RMF, Gibson MI. Low DMSO Cryopreservation of Stem Cells Enabled by Macromolecular Cryoprotectants. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5627-5632. [PMID: 32984779 PMCID: PMC7509910 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells have potential in regenerative medicine and modulating the immune system. To deliver any cell-based therapy to the patient, it must be cryopreserved, most commonly in DMSO, which impacts cell function and causes clinical side effects. Here we report the use of a synthetically scalable polyampholyte to rescue the cryopreservation of mesenchymal stromal cells in low [DMSO] cryopreservation. Flow cytometry showed retention of key markers of multipotency comparable to 10% (v/v) DMSO, and the cells could be differentiated, showing this polymer material can be used to improve, or replace, current cryopreservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ruben M. F. Tomás
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom,
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63
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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Attar F, H Sajedi R, Rasti B. Characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of actions of some major stress-induced biomacromolecules; addressing Artemia as an excellent biological model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5619-5637. [PMID: 32734830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is one of the most prominent and interesting topics in biology since many macro- and micro-adaptations have evolved in resistant organisms that are worth studying. When it comes to confronting various environmental stressors, the extremophile Artemia is unrivaled in the animal kingdom. In the present review, the evolved molecular and cellular basis of stress tolerance in resistant biological systems are described, focusing on Artemia cyst as an excellent biological model. The main purpose of the review is to discuss how the structure and physicochemical characteristics of protective factors such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs), small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and trehalose are related to their functions and by which mechanisms, they exert their functions. In addition, some metabolic depressors in Artemia encysted embryos are also mentioned, indirectly playing important roles in stress tolerance. Importantly, a great deal of attention is given to the LEAPs, exhibiting distinctive folding behaviors and mechanisms of actions. For instance, molecular shield function, chaperone-like activity, moonlighting property, sponging and snorkeling capabilities of the LEAPs are delineated here. Moreover, the molecular interplay between some of these factors is mentioned, leading to their synergistic effects. Interestingly, Artemia life cycle adapts to environmental conditions. Diapause is the defense mode of this life cycle, safeguarding Artemia encysted embryos against various environmental stressors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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64
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Chen S, Wu L, Ren J, Bemmer V, Zajicek R, Chen R. Comb-like Pseudopeptides Enable Very Rapid and Efficient Intracellular Trehalose Delivery for Enhanced Cryopreservation of Erythrocytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28941-28951. [PMID: 32496048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell cryopreservation plays a key role in the development of reproducible and cost-effective cell-based therapies. Trehalose accumulated in freezing- and desiccation-tolerant organisms in nature has been sought as an attractive nontoxic cryoprotectant. Herein, we report a coincubation method for very rapid and efficient delivery of membrane-impermeable trehalose into ovine erythrocytes through reversible membrane permeabilization using pH-responsive, comb-like pseudopeptides. The pseudopeptidic polymers containing relatively long alkyl side chains were synthesized to mimic membrane-anchoring fusogenic proteins. The intracellular trehalose delivery efficiency was optimized by manipulating the side chain length, degree of substitution, and concentration of the pseudopeptides with different hydrophobic alkyl side chains, the pH, temperature, and time of incubation, as well as the polymer-to-cell ratio and the concentration of extracellular trehalose. Treatment of erythrocytes with the comb-like pseudopeptides for only 15 min yielded an intracellular trehalose concentration of 177.9 ± 8.6 mM, which resulted in 90.3 ± 0.7% survival after freeze-thaw. The very rapid and efficient delivery was found to be attributed to the reversible, pronounced membrane curvature change as a result of strong membrane insertion of the comb-like pseudopeptides. The pseudopeptides can enable efficient intracellular delivery of not only trehalose for improved cell cryopreservation but also other membrane-impermeable cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Victoria Bemmer
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Richard Zajicek
- Cell & Gene Therapy Platform CMC, Platform Technology & Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline plc R&D, Gunnels Wood, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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65
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Bhat MH, Blondin P, Vincent P, Benson JD. Low concentrations of 3-O-methylglucose improve post thaw recovery in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa. Cryobiology 2020; 95:15-19. [PMID: 32619521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have explored the use of membrane permeable (usually metabolizable) and membrane impermeable saccharides to protect cells in general, and sperm in particular during cryopreservation. Critical concentrations for protective levels of sugars frequently range between 50 mmol/L and 500 mmol/L, where efficacy is attributed to the sugar's membrane stabilizing and glass forming attributes and colligative effects that reduce intra- and extracellular salt concentrations during freezing. Many studies on bull sperm have demonstrated that both permeating and non-permeating sugars have negligible positive effects on post-thaw viability. Recently, however, a non-metabolizable sugar, 3-O-Methylglucose (3-OMG), was shown to protect hepatocytes during liver cryopreservation at 0.1-0.3 mol/L. Because glucose is readily transported into sperm, we hypothesized that 3-OMG could be a new class of cryoprotectant to explore in bull sperm. Here we present positive results demonstrating that 3-OMG improves post thaw viability in bull sperm, and that this effect is not likely due to improved glass forming capabilities. In particular, in experiment 1, 3-OMG was added to the Tris-egg yolk-glycerol base media at levels from 0 mmol/L to 200 mmol/L. Semen from four bulls was collected and diluted with one of the cryopreservation media, cooled, and frozen following industry standard practices. Motility and mitochondrial activity were negatively impacted when concentration of 3-OMG was more than 25 mmol/L. Therefore, we explored lower concentrations in experiment 2, where semen from eight bulls was used to evaluate concentrations 5 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L and 25 mmol/L of 3-OMG compared with control. Motility and progressive motility in 5 mmol/L 3-OMG and in the control were significantly higher than 15 mmol/L and 25 mmol/L 3-OMG, whereas mitochondrial activity and acrosome integrity in 5 mmol/L 3-OMG were significantly better than the control freezing medium. In experiment 3, to evaluate whether the improved effects of 3-OMG are due to its non-metabolizing property, or due to colligative effects, we compared post-thaw viability in semen from four bulls cryopreserved with 5 mmol/L glucose, sucrose, or 3-OMG. Motility and progressive motility was significantly improved in 3-OMG compared to glucose or sucrose groups which were comparable to the EY control. In conclusion, 3-OMG at a concentration of 5 mmol/L in Tris-egg yolk-glycerol medium improves the post thaw motility, progressive motility and viability of bull sperm. The mechanism of action is not understood but because the efficacy is maximal at low concentrations, it is not likely due to improved intra- or extracellular glass forming abilities and may demonstrate a different protective mechanism than was shown in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maajid H Bhat
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
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66
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Honma Y, Sato-Morita M, Katsuki Y, Mihara H, Baba R, Hino K, Kawashima A, Ariyasu T, Harada M. Trehalose alleviates oxidative stress-mediated liver injury and Mallor-Denk body formation via activating autophagy in mice. Med Mol Morphol 2020; 54:41-51. [PMID: 32588144 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradation pathway for long-lived cytoplasmic proteins or damaged organelles and also for many aggregate-prone and disease-causing proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress are associated with the pathophysiology of various liver diseases. These stresses induce the accumulation of abnormal proteins, Mallory-Denk body (MDB) formation and apoptosis in hepatocytes. A disaccharide trehalose had been reported to induce autophagy and decrease aggregate-prone proteins and cytotoxicity in neurodegenerative disease models. But the effects of trehalose in hepatocytes have not been fully understood. We examined the effect of trehalose on autophagy, ER stress and oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and MDB formation in hepatocytes using mice model with 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) treatment for 3 months. We administered trehalose by intraperitoneal injection of water containing 10% trehalose (0.02 mg/g body weight) every other day for 3 months. Our results demonstrated that trehalose induced autophagy and reduced ER stress, oxidative stress, MDB formation and apoptosis in hepatocytes of DDC-fed mice by Western blotting and immunostaining analyses. Electron microscopy revealed that trehalose induced autolysosome formation, which located is close to the MDBs. Thus, our findings suggest that trehalose can become a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related liver diseases via activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Honma
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Sato-Morita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yuka Katsuki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mihara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Ryoko Baba
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hino
- Core Technology Division, R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Applied Technology Division, R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshio Ariyasu
- Applied Technology Division, R&D Center, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaru Harada
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
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67
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Yao X, Jovevski JJ, Todd MF, Xu R, Li Y, Wang J, Matosevic S. Nanoparticle-Mediated Intracellular Protection of Natural Killer Cells Avoids Cryoinjury and Retains Potent Antitumor Functions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902938. [PMID: 32382476 PMCID: PMC7201255 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of natural killer (NK) cells to mediate potent antitumor immunity in clinical adoptive transfer settings relies, in large part, on their ability to retain cytotoxic function following cryopreservation. To avoid potential systemic toxicities associated with infusions of NK cells into patients in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), interest in alternative cryoprotective agents (CPAs) with improved safety profiles has grown. Despite the development of various sugars, amino acids, polyols, and polyampholytes as cryoprotectants, their ability to promote protection from intracellular cryodamage is limited because they mostly act outside of the cell. Though ways to shuttle cryoprotectants intracellularly exist, NK cells' high aversity to manipulation and freezing has meant they are highly understudied as targets for the development of new cryopreservation approaches. Here, the first example of a safe and efficient platform for the intracellular delivery of non-DMSO CPAs to NK cells is presented. Biocompatible chitosan-based nanoparticles are engineered to mediate the efficient DMSO-free cryopreservation of NK cells. NK cells cryopreserved in this way retain potent cytotoxic, degranulation, and cytokine production functions against tumor targets. This not only represents the first example of delivering nanoparticles to NK cells, but illustrates the clinical potential in manufacturing safer allogeneic adoptive immunotherapies "off the shelf."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yao
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Joshua J. Jovevski
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Michaela F. Todd
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Sandro Matosevic
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Center for Cancer ResearchPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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68
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Zhu L, Shen B, Song Z, Jiang L. Permeabilized TreS-Expressing Bacillus subtilis Cells Decorated with Glucose Isomerase and a Shell of ZIF-8 as a Reusable Biocatalyst for the Coproduction of Trehalose and Fructose. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4464-4472. [PMID: 32193930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with versatile properties. In this study, ZIF-8 was employed to establish a two-enzyme system by encapsulating permeabilized Bacillus subtilis cells coated with glucose isomerase. B. subtilis was constructed by introducing the shuttle plasmid PMA5 associated with the overexpression of trehalose synthase. Using this two-enzyme system, trehalose was produced by trehalose synthase and the byproduct glucose was converted to fructose with the help of glucose isomerase. The decrease in glucose production not only relieved the inhibition of the entire reaction chain but also increased the final yield of trehalose. The highest trehalose production rate reached 67.7% and remained above 50% after 20 batches. In addition, the toxicity of the ZIF-8 coating for B. subtilis was investigated by fluorescence microscopy and was found to be negligible. By simulating an extreme environment, the ZIF-8 coating was demonstrated to have a protective effect on the cells and enzymes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of MOFs in the immobilization of microorganisms and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Shen
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Song
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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69
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Weng L, Beauchesne PR. Dimethyl sulfoxide-free cryopreservation for cell therapy: A review. Cryobiology 2020; 94:9-17. [PMID: 32247742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics promise to transform the treatment of a wide range of diseases including cancer, genetic and degenerative disorders, or severe injuries. Many of the commercial and clinical development of cell therapy products require cryopreservation and storage of cellular starting materials, intermediates and/or final products at cryogenic temperature. Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) has been the cryoprotectant of choice in most biobanking situations due to its exceptional performance in mitigating freezing-related damages. However, there is concern over the toxicity of Me2SO and its potential side effects after administration to patients. Therefore, there has been growing demand for robust Me2SO-free cryopreservation methods that can improve product safety and maintain potency and efficacy. This article provides an overview of the recent advances in Me2SO-free cryopreservation of cells having therapeutic potentials and discusses a number of key challenges and opportunities to motivate the continued innovation of cryopreservation for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Sana Biotechnology, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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70
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Łopieńska-Biernat E, Stryiński R, Polak I, Pawlikowski B, Pawlak J, Podolska M. Effect of freezing on the metabolic status of L3 larvae of Anisakis simplex s. s. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104312. [PMID: 32247867 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The fish-borne parasite, Anisakis simplex s. s., triggers a disease called anisakiasis, that is associated with a gastrointestinal infection. The Anisakis is also associated with allergic response which may lead to anaphylactic shock. The A. simplex s. s. L3 larvae may be freeze tolerant despite when the nematodes will be cooled rapidly to -20 °C according to the sanitary authorities of the USA and the EU. The aim of this work was to study the metabolic status of A. simplex s. s. L3 larvae when frozen in terms of viability, expression of genes involved in the nematodes' survival of freezing, as well content of carbohydrates which play a cryoprotective role in thermal stress and are the main source of energy. The levels of trehalose were significantly higher after slow freezing treatment (p < .0001), than the fast freezing (p < .002). The lower temperatures induce changes, especially in trehalose synthesis gene expression, genes responsible for oxidative metabolism, and chaperone proteins, but we cannot state clearly whether these changes occur during freezing, or because they are already prevalent during cold acclimation. The induction of mentioned genes seems to be a common trait of both cold- and dehydration tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Robert Stryiński
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Polak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogusław Pawlikowski
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Podolska
- Department of Fisheries Resources, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
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71
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Jung SE, Kim M, Ahn JS, Kim YH, Kim BJ, Yun MH, Auh JH, Ryu BY. Effect of Equilibration Time and Temperature on Murine Spermatogonial Stem Cell Cryopreservation. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:213-221. [PMID: 32216643 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) is essential for preservation of valuable livestock and clinical applications. Although optimal equilibration of cryoprotectants has emerged as a promising approach to improve the cryopreservation efficiency, standard equilibration protocols have not yet been considered in cryopreservation of SSCs. This study aimed to establish a standard equilibration protocol to improve the cryopreservation efficiency of murine germ cells enriched for SSCs. After time- and temperature-dependent equilibration, the germ cells were cryopreserved with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 200 mM trehalose. To investigate cryopreservation efficiency at different equilibration conditions, the survival and proliferation rates were assessed after thawing, and then, cytotoxicity and intracellular trehalose quantification were analyzed. Protein (PLZF, GFRα1, VASA, and c-Kit) and gene (Bcl6b, Erm, Dazl, and Sycp1) expression was determined using immunofluorescence and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. The proliferation rate increased significantly following equilibration for 20 minutes at room temperature (RT; 163.7% ± 24.6%) or 4°C (269.0% ± 18.2%). Cytotoxicity was reduced in 10% DMSO with 200 mM trehalose compared with that of 10% DMSO alone. Also, intracellular trehalose was observed after equilibration. The immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR data revealed that the murine germ cells enriched for SSCs retained their self-renewal ability after cryopreservation following equilibration. The most effective protocol was equilibration with 10% DMSO and 200 mM trehalose for 20 minutes at RT or 4°C, which is due to synergistic effects of intracellular and extracellular trehalose. This improved methodology will contribute toward the development of a standardized freezing protocol for murine germ cells enriched for SSCs and thereby expand their application in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myongzun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Min-Hyung Yun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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72
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Centner CS, Murphy EM, Priddy MC, Moore JT, Janis BR, Menze MA, DeFilippis AP, Kopechek JA. Ultrasound-induced molecular delivery to erythrocytes using a microfluidic system. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:024114. [PMID: 32341725 PMCID: PMC7176461 DOI: 10.1063/1.5144617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Preservation of erythrocytes in a desiccated state for storage at ambient temperature could simplify blood transfusions in austere environments, such as rural clinics, far-forward military operations, and during space travel. Currently, storage of erythrocytes is limited by a short shelf-life of 42 days at 4 °C, and long-term preservation requires a complex process that involves the addition and removal of glycerol from erythrocytes before and after storage at -80 °C, respectively. Natural compounds, such as trehalose, can protect cells in a desiccated state if they are present at sufficient levels inside the cell, but mammalian cell membranes lack transporters for this compound. To facilitate compound loading across the plasma membrane via ultrasound and microbubbles (sonoporation), a polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic device was developed. Delivery of fluorescein into erythrocytes was tested at various conditions to assess the effects of parameters such as ultrasound pressure, ultrasound pulse interval, microbubble dose, and flow rate. Changes in ultrasound pressure and mean flow rate caused statistically significant increases in fluorescein delivery of up to 73 ± 37% (p < 0.05) and 44 ± 33% (p < 0.01), respectively, compared to control groups, but no statistically significant differences were detected with changes in ultrasound pulse intervals. Following freeze-drying and rehydration, recovery of viable erythrocytes increased by up to 128 ± 32% after ultrasound-mediated loading of trehalose compared to control groups (p < 0.05). These results suggest that ultrasound-mediated molecular delivery in microfluidic channels may be a viable approach to process erythrocytes for long-term storage in a desiccated state at ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S. Centner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Emily M. Murphy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Mariah C. Priddy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - John T. Moore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Brett R. Janis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Michael A. Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | | | - Jonathan A. Kopechek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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73
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Liu L, Lam WMR, Yang Z, Wang M, Ren X, Hu T, Li J, Goh JCH, Wong HK. Improving the handling properties and long-term stability of polyelectrolyte complex by freeze-drying technique for low-dose bone morphogenetic protein 2 delivery. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2450-2460. [PMID: 32017424 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A variety of controlled release carriers for bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) delivery have been developed and tested in animal models. An alginate-based polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) for controlled release of low-dose BMP-2 has shown promising results in preclinical research. However, the poor handling properties and long-term stability of PEC need to be improved for translational applications. This study aimed to address these limitations of alginate-based PEC by employing a freeze-drying technique. The size and structure of freeze-dried PEC (FD-PEC) were maintained with the addition of a cryoprotectant, trehalose. The release profile of BMP-2 from FD-PEC was similar to that of freshly prepared PEC. In vitro bioactivity analysis of the released BMP-2 showed that the carrier performance of PEC was not compromised by freeze-drying up to three-month storage at room temperature. BMP-2-bound FD-PEC induced comparable bone formation to that using freshly prepared regular PEC in a rat posterolateral spinal fusion model. These results suggest that FD-PEC is capable of delivering low-dose BMP-2 and could be developed as an off-the-shelf product for translational applications. The simplicity of this preservation method provides promise for the translational application of PEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wing M R Lam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng Yang
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiafei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Cho-Hong Goh
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hee-Kit Wong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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74
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Mutsenko V, Knaack S, Lauterboeck L, Tarusin D, Sydykov B, Cabiscol R, Ivnev D, Belikan J, Beck A, Dipresa D, Lode A, El Khassawna T, Kampschulte M, Scharf R, Petrenko AY, Korossis S, Wolkers WF, Gelinsky M, Glasmacher B, Gryshkov O. Effect of 'in air' freezing on post-thaw recovery of Callithrix jacchus mesenchymal stromal cells and properties of 3D collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Cryobiology 2020; 92:215-230. [PMID: 31972153 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Through enabling an efficient supply of cells and tissues in the health sector on demand, cryopreservation is increasingly becoming one of the mainstream technologies in rapid translation and commercialization of regenerative medicine research. Cryopreservation of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) is an emerging trend that requires the development of practically competitive biobanking technologies. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that conventional slow-freezing using dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) does not provide sufficient protection of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) frozen in 3D collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds. After simple modifications to a cryopreservation protocol, we report on significantly improved cryopreservation of TECs. Porous 3D scaffolds were fabricated using freeze-drying of a mineralized collagen suspension and following chemical crosslinking. Amnion-derived MSCs from common marmoset monkey Callithrix jacchus were seeded onto scaffolds in static conditions. Cell-seeded scaffolds were subjected to 24 h pre-treatment with 100 mM sucrose and slow freezing in 10% Me2SO/20% FBS alone or supplemented with 300 mM sucrose. Scaffolds were frozen 'in air' and thawed using a two-step procedure. Diverse analytical methods were used for the interpretation of cryopreservation outcome for both cell-seeded and cell-free scaffolds. In both groups, cells exhibited their typical shape and well-preserved cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts after thawing. Moreover, viability test 24 h post-thaw demonstrated that application of sucrose in the cryoprotective solution preserves a significantly greater portion of sucrose-pretreated cells (more than 80%) in comparison to Me2SO alone (60%). No differences in overall protein structure and porosity of frozen scaffolds were revealed whereas their compressive stress was lower than in the control group. In conclusion, this approach holds promise for the cryopreservation of 'ready-to-use' TECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Mutsenko
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sven Knaack
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lothar Lauterboeck
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, USA
| | - Dmytro Tarusin
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Bulat Sydykov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramon Cabiscol
- Institute for Particle Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dmitrii Ivnev
- Institute of Power Plant Engineering and Heat Transfer, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Belikan
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Giessen Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Beck
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniele Dipresa
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Lode
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Giessen Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roland Scharf
- Institute of Power Plant Engineering and Heat Transfer, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Yu Petrenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Sotirios Korossis
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School for Mechanical Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Loughborough, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Willem F Wolkers
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Gelinsky
- Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine of Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Glasmacher
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Gryshkov
- Institute for Multiphase Processes, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Diaz-Dussan D, Peng YY, Sengupta J, Zabludowski R, Adam MK, Acker JP, Ben RN, Kumar P, Narain R. Trehalose-Based Polyethers for Cryopreservation and Three-Dimensional Cell Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1264-1273. [PMID: 31913606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The capability to slow ice growth and recrystallization is compulsory in the cryopreservation of cells and tissues to avoid injuries associated with the physical and chemical responses of freezing and thawing. Cryoprotective agents (CPAs) have been used to restrain cryoinjury and improve cell survival, but some of these compounds pose greater risks for the clinical application of cryopreserved cells due to their inherent toxicity. Trehalose is known for its unique physicochemical properties and its interaction with the phospholipids of the plasma membrane, which can reduce cell osmotic stress and stabilized the cryopreserved cells. Nonetheless, there has been a shortage of relevant studies on the synthesis of trehalose-based CPAs. We hereby report the synthesis and evaluation of a trehalose-based polymer and hydrogel and its use as a cryoprotectant and three-dimensional (3D) cell scaffold for cell encapsulation and organoid production. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with the trehalose-based polymers (poly(Tre-ECH)) demonstrated biocompatibility up to 100 mg/mL. High post-thaw cell membrane integrity and post-thaw cell plating efficiencies were achieved after 24 h of incubation with skin fibroblast, HeLa (cervical), and PC3 (prostate) cancer cell lines under both controlled-rate and ultrarapid freezing protocols. Differential scanning calorimetry and a splat cooling assay for the determination of ice recrystallization inhibition activity corroborated the unique properties of these trehalose-based polyethers as cryoprotectants. Furthermore, the ability to form hydrogels as 3D cell scaffolds encourages the use of these novel polymers in the development of cell organoids and cryopreservation platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Diaz-Dussan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Yi-Yang Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Jayeeta Sengupta
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Zabludowski
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
| | - Madeleine K Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, T6G 2R8 Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert N Ben
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5 Ontario, Canada
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, T6G 1Z2 Alberta, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T5B 4E4 Alberta, Canada
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76
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Bahr MM, Amer MS, Abo-El-Sooud K, Abdallah AN, El-Tookhy OS. Preservation techniques of stem cells extracellular vesicles: a gate for manufacturing of clinical grade therapeutic extracellular vesicles and long-term clinical trials. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:1-8. [PMID: 32083116 PMCID: PMC7006664 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2019.1704992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicles released by different cells and have been separated from most of the body fluids. These vesicles play a central role in cell-to-cell communications as carry a distinct cargo including proteins, RNA species, DNAs, and lipids that are meant to be shipped and exchanged between cells at both systemic and paracrine levels. They serve in regulating normal physiological processes. EVs released from stem cells exert similar therapeutic effect to their originating cells. Clinical application of EVs requires the preparation of sufficient and viable active therapeutic EVs as well as implementing suitable methods for long-term preservation to expedite both their clinical and commercial uses. Cryopreservation is the most common method used to preserve decomposable biomaterials. However, cryopreservation causes cryoinjury to cells which therefore necessitate the use of cryoprotectants. Two types of cryoprotectants exist: penetrating and non-penetrating. In freeze drying, the watery content is sublimed from the product after it is frozen. This drying process is pertinent to thermo-liable substances and those unstable in aqueous solutions for prolonged storage periods. In spray drying technique, the solution containing EVs is firstly atomized, then droplets are rapidly converted into a dry powder using heated gas. Even with the exposure to high temperatures of the drying gas, spray drying is considered suitable for heat-sensitive materials. EVs are considered a promising cell-free therapy, but the lack of proper preservation limits its benefits. Preservation of EVs will initiate a vast amount of clinical trials on different species and different clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Bahr
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Amer
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abo-El-Sooud
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N Abdallah
- Pathology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar S El-Tookhy
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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77
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Czernik M, Fidanza A, Luongo FP, Valbonetti L, Scapolo PA, Patrizio P, Loi P. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins confer water stress tolerance to mammalian somatic cells. Cryobiology 2020; 92:189-196. [PMID: 31952948 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins are commonly found in plants and other organisms capable of undergoing severe and reversible dehydration, a phenomenon termed "anhydrobiosis". Here, we have produced a tagged version for three different LEA proteins: pTag-RAB17-GFP-N, Zea mays dehydrin-1dhn, expressed in the nucleo-cytoplasm; pTag-WCOR410-RFP, Tricum aestivum cold acclimation protein WCOR410, binds to cellular membranes, and pTag-LEA-BFP, Artemia franciscana LEA protein group 3 that targets the mitochondria. Sheep fibroblasts transfected with single or all three LEA proteins were subjected to air drying under controlled conditions. After rehydration, cell viability and functionality of the membrane/mitochondria were assessed. After 4 h of air drying, cells from the un-transfected control group were almost completely nonviable (1% cell alive), while cells expressing LEA proteins showed high viability (more than 30%), with the highest viability (58%) observed in fibroblasts expressing all three LEA proteins. Growth rate was markedly compromised in control cells, while LEA-expressing cells proliferated at a rate comparable to non-air-dried cells. Plasmalemma, cytoskeleton and mitochondria appeared unaffected in LEA-expressing cells, confirming the protection conferred by LEA proteins on these organelles during dehydration stress. This is likely to be an effective strategy when aiming to confer desiccation tolerance to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Czernik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - A Fidanza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - F P Luongo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy; Center for Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - L Valbonetti
- Faculty of Biosciences and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - P A Scapolo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - P Patrizio
- Yale Fertility Center, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - P Loi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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78
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Yalcintas EP, Ackerman DS, Korkmaz E, Telmer CA, Jarvik JW, Campbell PG, Bruchez MP, Ozdoganlar OB. Analysis of In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Carbohydrate-Based Materials Used for Dissolvable Microneedle Arrays. Pharm Res 2020; 37:33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saragusty J, Anzalone DA, Palazzese L, Arav A, Patrizio P, Gosálvez J, Loi P. Dry biobanking as a conservation tool in the Anthropocene. Theriogenology 2020; 150:130-138. [PMID: 31980207 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Species are going extinct at an alarming rate, termed by some as the sixth mass extinction event in the history of Earth. Many are the causes for this but in the end, all converge to one entity - humans. Since we are the cause, we also hold the key to making the change. Any change, however, will take time, and for some species this could be too long. While working on possible solutions, we also have the responsibility to buy time for those species on the verge of extinction. Genome resource banks, in the form of cryobanks, where samples are maintained under liquid nitrogen, are already in existence but they come with a host of drawbacks. Biomimicry - innovation inspired by Nature, has been a huge source for ideas. Searching methods that Nature utilizes to preserve biological systems for extended periods of time, we realize that drying rather than freezing is the method of choice. We thus argue here in favor of preserving at least part of the samples from critically endangered species in dry biobanks, a much safer, cost-effective, biobanking approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Saragusty
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Debora Agata Anzalone
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Luca Palazzese
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Amir Arav
- FertileSafe Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Pasquale Patrizio
- FertileSafe Ltd., Ness Ziona, Israel; Yale Fertility Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaime Gosálvez
- Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University Autónoma of Madrid, Catoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pasqualino Loi
- Laboratory of Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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80
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Vasudevan B, Chang Q, Wang B, Huang S, Sui Y, Zhu W, Fan Q, Song Y. Effect of intracellular uptake of nanoparticle-encapsulated trehalose on the hemocompatibility of allogeneic valves in the VS83 vitrification protocol. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020; 7:1849543520983173. [PMID: 33447299 PMCID: PMC7780325 DOI: 10.1177/1849543520983173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a disaccharide molecule consisting of two molecules of glucose. Industrially, trehalose is derived from corn starch and utilized as a drug. This study aims to examine whether the integration of nanoparticle-encapsulated trehalose to the Ice-Free Cryopreservation (IFC) method for preserving heart valves has better cell viability, benefits to protect the extracellular matrix (ECM), and reduce immune response after storage. For the experiment to be carried out, we obtained materials, and the procedures were carried out in the following manner. The initial step was the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, followed by precipitation to acquire Apatite colloidal suspensions. Animals were obtained, and their tissue isolation and grouping were done ethically. All samples were then divided into four groups, Control group, Conventional Frozen Cryopreservation (CFC) group, IFC group, and IFC + T (IFC with the addition of 0.2 M nanoparticle-encapsulated Trehalose) group. Histological analysis was carried out via H&E staining, ECM components were stained with Modified Weigert staining, and the Gomori Ammonia method was used to stain reticular fibers. Alamar Blue assay was utilized to assess cell viability. Hemocompatibility was evaluated, and samples were processed for immunohistochemistry (TNFα and IL-10). Hemocompatibility was quantified using Terminal Complement Complex (TCC) and Neutrophil elastase (NE) as an indicator. The results of the H&E staining revealed less formation of extracellular ice crystals and intracellular vacuoles in the IFC + T group compared with all other groups. The CFC group's cell viability showed better viability than the IFC group, but the highest viability was exhibited in the IFC + T group (70.96 ± 2.53, P < 0.0001, n = 6). In immunohistochemistry, TNFα levels were lowest in both IFC and IFC + T group, and IL-10 expression had significantly reduced in IFC and IFC + T group. The results suggested that the nanoparticle encapsulated trehalose did not show significant hemocompatibility issues on the cryopreserved heart valves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Chang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyang Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yulong Sui
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yisheng Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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81
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Yang J, Gao L, Liu M, Sui X, Zhu Y, Wen C, Zhang L. Advanced Biotechnology for Cell Cryopreservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12209-019-00227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCell cryopreservation has evolved as an important technology required for supporting various cell-based applications, such as stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, and assisted reproduction. Recent times have witnessed an increase in the clinical demand of these applications, requiring urgent improvements in cell cryopreservation. However, cryopreservation technology suffers from the issues of low cryopreservation efficiency and cryoprotectant (CPA) toxicity. Application of advanced biotechnology tools can significantly improve post-thaw cell survival and reduce or even eliminate the use of organic solvent CPAs, thus promoting the development of cryopreservation. Herein, based on the different cryopreservation mechanisms available, we provide an overview of the applications and achievements of various biotechnology tools used in cell cryopreservation, including trehalose delivery, hydrogel-based cell encapsulation technique, droplet-based cell printing, and nanowarming, and also discuss the associated challenges and perspectives for future development.
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82
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Stewart S, Jiang B, Ou W, Zhao G, He X. Cold-Responsive Nanoparticle Enables Intracellular Delivery and Rapid Release of Trehalose for Organic-Solvent-Free Cryopreservation. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:9051-9061. [PMID: 31680526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cryopreservation of mammalian cells requires the use of toxic organic solvents (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide) as cryoprotectants. Consequently, the cryopreserved cells must undergo a tedious washing procedure to remove the organic solvents for their further applications in cell-based medicine, and many of the precious cells may be lost or killed during the procedure. Trehalose has been explored as a nontoxic alternative to traditional cryoprotectants. However, mammalian cells do not synthesize trehalose or express trehalose transporters in their membranes, and the lack of an approach for the efficient intracellular delivery of trehalose has been a major hurdle for its use in cell cryopreservation. In this study, a cold-responsive polymer (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl acrylate)) is utilized to synthesize nanoparticles for the encapsulation and intracellular delivery of trehalose. The trehalose-laden nanoparticles can be efficiently taken up by mammalian cells. The nanoparticles quickly and irreversibly disassemble upon cold treatment, enabling the controlled and rapid release of trehalose from the nanoparticles inside cells. The latter is confirmed by an evident increase in cell volume upon cold treatment. This rapid cold-triggered intracellular release of trehalose is crucial to developing a fast protocol to cryopreserve cells using trehalose. Cells with intracellular trehalose delivered using the nanoparticles show comparable postcryopreservation viability compared to that of cells treated with DMSO, eliminating the need for the tedious and cell-damaging washing procedure required for using the DMSO-cryopreserved cells in vivo. This cold-responsive nanoparticle may greatly facilitate the use of trehalose as a nontoxic cryoprotectant for banking cells and tissues to meet their high demand by modern cell-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Hai Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | | | | | | | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230027 , China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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83
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Synthetic protein-conductive membrane nanopores built with DNA. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5018. [PMID: 31685824 PMCID: PMC6828756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNanopores are key in portable sequencing and research given their ability to transport elongated DNA or small bioactive molecules through narrow transmembrane channels. Transport of folded proteins could lead to similar scientific and technological benefits. Yet this has not been realised due to the shortage of wide and structurally defined natural pores. Here we report that a synthetic nanopore designed via DNA nanotechnology can accommodate folded proteins. Transport of fluorescent proteins through single pores is kinetically analysed using massively parallel optical readout with transparent silicon-on-insulator cavity chips vs. electrical recordings to reveal an at least 20-fold higher speed for the electrically driven movement. Pores nevertheless allow a high diffusive flux of more than 66 molecules per second that can also be directed beyond equillibria. The pores may be exploited to sense diagnostically relevant proteins with portable analysis technology, to create molecular gates for drug delivery, or to build synthetic cells.
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84
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Uchida T, Furukawa M, Kikawada T, Yamazaki K, Gohara K. Trehalose uptake and dehydration effects on the cryoprotection of CHO–K1 cells expressing TRET1. Cryobiology 2019; 90:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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85
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Xi H, Ren F, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhang L, Wen F, Feng T, Zhang X, Niu T, Hu J, Wang P. Trehalose protects testicular tissue of dairy goat upon cryopreservation. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1552-1559. [PMID: 31486139 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the addition of trehalose to cryomedia reduces cellular damage and improves gene expression in cryopreserved dairy goat testicular tissues. Testicular tissues were cryopreserved in cryomedia without or with trehalose at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or 25%. Cryopreserved testicular tissues were analysed for TUNEL-positive cell number, expression of BAX, BCL-2, CREM, BOULE and HSP70-2. Isolated Leydig cells from cryopreserved tissue were cultured, and spent medium was evaluated for testosterone level. The results showed that though the TUNEL-positive cell number increased in cryopreserved testicular tissues, the presence of trehalose reduced apoptotic cell number significantly. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that although the expression of BAX was upregulated following cryopreservation, the presence of trehalose downregulates it in cryopreserved testicular tissues. Expression of BCL-2, CREM, BOULE and HSP70-2 was downregulated following cryopreservation but the presence of trehalose significantly upregulated their expression in cryopreserved testicular tissues. Leydig cells isolated from testicular tissues cryopreserved with trehalose produced higher testosterone than the one without it (control). These results suggest that trehalose has a protective role in cryopreservation of dairy goat testicular tissue, and the most suitable trehalose concentration for cryopreservation is 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Xi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fa Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Likun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tongjuan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Abstract
The pharmaceutical and chemical industries depend on additives to protect enzymes and other proteins against stresses that accompany their manufacture, transport, and storage. Common stresses include vacuum-drying, freeze-thawing, and freeze-drying. The additives include sugars, compatible osmolytes, amino acids, synthetic polymers, and both globular and disordered proteins. Scores of studies have been published on protection, but the data have never been analyzed systematically. To spur efforts to understand the sources of protection and ultimately develop more effective formulations, we review ideas about the mechanisms of protection, survey the literature searching for patterns of protection, and then compare the ideas to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Piszkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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87
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Stewart S, He X. Intracellular Delivery of Trehalose for Cell Banking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7414-7422. [PMID: 30078320 PMCID: PMC6382607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell technology and regenerative medicine have underscored the need for effective banking of living cells. Cryopreservation, using very low temperatures to achieve suspended animation, is widely used to store or bank cells for later use. This process requires the use of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) to protect cells against damage caused by the cooling and warming process. However, current popular CPAs like DMSO can be toxic to cells and must be thoroughly removed from cells before they can be used for research or clinical applications. Trehalose, a nontoxic sugar found in organisms capable of withstanding extreme cold or desiccation, has been explored as an alternative CPA. The disaccharide must be present on both sides of the cellular membrane to provide cryo-protection. However, trehalose is not synthesized by mammalian cells nor has the capability to diffuse through their plasma membranes. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve intracellular delivery of trehalose for utilizing the full potential of the sugar for cell banking. In this review, various methods that have been explored to deliver trehalose into mammalian cells for their banking at both cryogenic and ambient temperatures are surveyed. Among them, the nanoparticle-mediated approach is particularly exciting. Collectively, studies in the literature demonstrate the great potential of using trehalose as the sole CPA for cell banking, to facilitate the widespread use of living cells in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoming He
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Xiaoming He, Ph.D., Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,
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88
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Taylor MJ, Weegman BP, Baicu SC, Giwa SE. New Approaches to Cryopreservation of Cells, Tissues, and Organs. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:197-215. [PMID: 31244588 PMCID: PMC6558330 DOI: 10.1159/000499453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this concept article, we outline a variety of new approaches that have been conceived to address some of the remaining challenges for developing improved methods of biopreservation. This recognizes a true renaissance and variety of complimentary, high-potential approaches leveraging inspiration by nature, nanotechnology, the thermodynamics of pressure, and several other key fields. Development of an organ and tissue supply chain that can meet the healthcare demands of the 21st century means overcoming twin challenges of (1) having enough of these lifesaving resources and (2) having the means to store and transport them for a variety of applications. Each has distinct but overlapping logistical limitations affecting transplantation, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery, with challenges shared among major areas of biomedicine including tissue engineering, trauma care, transfusion medicine, and biomedical research. There are several approaches to biopreservation, the optimum choice of which is dictated by the nature and complexity of the tissue and the required length of storage. Short-term hypothermic storage at temperatures a few degrees above the freezing point has provided the basis for nearly all methods of preserving tissues and solid organs that, to date, have proved refractory to cryopreservation techniques successfully developed for single-cell systems. In essence, these short-term techniques have been based on designing solutions for cellular protection against the effects of warm and cold ischemia and basically rely upon the protective effects of reduced temperatures brought about by Arrhenius kinetics of chemical reactions. However, further optimization of such preservation strategies is now seen to be restricted. Long-term preservation calls for much lower temperatures and requires the tissue to withstand the rigors of heat and mass transfer during protocols designed to optimize cooling and warming in the presence of cryoprotective agents. It is now accepted that with current methods of cryopreservation, uncontrolled ice formation in structured tissues and organs at subzero temperatures is the single most critical factor that severely restricts the extent to which tissues can survive procedures involving freezing and thawing. In recent years, this major problem has been effectively circumvented in some tissues by using ice-free cryopreservation techniques based upon vitrification. Nevertheless, despite these promising advances there remain several recognized hurdles to be overcome before deep-subzero cryopreservation, either by classic freezing and thawing or by vitrification, can provide the much-needed means for biobanking complex tissues and organs for extended periods of weeks, months, or even years. In many cases, the approaches outlined here, including new underexplored paradigms of high-subzero preservation, are novel and inspired by mechanisms of freeze tolerance, or freeze avoidance, in nature. Others apply new bioengineering techniques such as nanotechnology, isochoric pressure preservation, and non-Newtonian fluids to circumvent currently intractable problems in cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Taylor
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Simona C. Baicu
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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89
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Cryopreservation by vitrification: a promising approach for transplant organ banking. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:353-360. [PMID: 29702495 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this review is to describe the physical and biological barriers to organ cryopreservation, historic approaches for conventional cryopreservation and evolving techniques for ice-free cryopreservation by vitrification. RECENT FINDINGS Vitrification is a process whereby a biologic substance is cooled to cryogenic temperatures without the destructive phase transition of liquid to solid ice. Recent advances in cryoprotective solutions, organ perfusion techniques and novel heating technologies have demonstrated the potential for vitrification and rewarming organs on a scale applicable for human transplantation. SUMMARY Successful strategies for organ cryopreservation could enable organ banking, which would recast the entire process in which organs are recovered, allocated, stored and prepared for transplant.
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90
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Koo S, Cheley S, Bayley H. Redirecting Pore Assembly of Staphylococcal α-Hemolysin by Protein Engineering. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:629-639. [PMID: 31041382 PMCID: PMC6487460 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
α-Hemolysin (αHL), a β-barrel pore-forming toxin (βPFT), is secreted as a water-soluble monomer by Staphylococcus aureus. Upon binding to receptors on target cell membranes, αHL assembles to form heptameric membrane-spanning pores. We have previously engineered αHL to create a protease-activatable toxin that is activated by site-specific proteolysis including by tumor proteases. In this study, we redesigned αHL so that it requires 2-fold activation on target cells through (i) binding to specific receptors, and (ii) extracellular proteolytic cleavage. To assess our strategy, we constructed a fusion protein of αHL with galectin-1 (αHLG1, αHL-Galectin-1 chimera). αHLG1 was cytolytic toward cells that lack a receptor for wild-type αHL. We then constructed protease-activatable mutants of αHLG1 (PAMαHLG1s). PAMαHLG1s were activated by matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and had approximately 50-fold higher cytolytic activity toward MMP-2 overexpressing cells (HT-1080 cells) than toward non-overexpressing cells (HL-60 cells). Our approach provides a novel strategy for tailoring pore-forming toxins for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Koo
- Department
of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 8447 Riverside Parkway, Bryan, Texas 77807, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 1-979-436-0381
| | - Stephen Cheley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA England, United Kingdom
- E-mail: . Phone: +44 1865 285101
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91
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Akiyama Y, Shinose M, Watanabe H, Yamada S, Kanda Y. Cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation of mammalian cells by superflash freezing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7738-7743. [PMID: 30936320 PMCID: PMC6475437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808645116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is widely used to maintain backups of cells as it enables the semipermanent storage of cells. During the freezing process, ice crystals that are generated inside and outside the cells can lethally damage the cells. All conventional cryopreservation methods use at least one cryoprotective agent (CPA) to render water inside and outside the cells vitreous or nanocrystallized (near-vitrification) without forming damaging ice crystals. However, CPAs should ideally be avoided due to their cytotoxicity and potential side effects on the cellular state. Herein, we demonstrate the CPA-free cryopreservation of mammalian cells by ultrarapid cooling using inkjet cell printing, which we named superflash freezing (SFF). The SFF cooling rate, which was estimated by a heat-transfer stimulation, is sufficient to nearly vitrify the cells. The experimental results of Raman spectroscopy measurements, and observations with an ultrahigh-speed video camera support the near-vitrification of the droplets under these conditions. Initially, the practical utility of SFF was demonstrated on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells, and the results were comparable to conventional CPA-assisted methods. Then, the general viability of this method was confirmed on mouse myoblast C2C12 cells and rat primary mesenchymal stem cells. In their entirety, the thus-obtained results unequivocally demonstrate that CPA-free cell cryopreservation is possible by SFF. Such a CPA-free cryopreservation method should be ideally suited for most cells and circumvent the problems typically associated with the addition of CPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Akiyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan;
| | - Masato Shinose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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92
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Yang J, Sui X, Wen C, Pan C, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang L. A hemocompatible cryoprotectant inspired by freezing-tolerant plants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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93
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El Assal R, Abou‐Elkacem L, Tocchio A, Pasley S, Matosevic S, Kaplan DL, Zylberberg C, Demirci U. Bioinspired Preservation of Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802045. [PMID: 30937270 PMCID: PMC6425501 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to cryopreserve natural killer (NK) cells has a significant potential in modern cancer immunotherapy. Current cryopreservation protocols cause deterioration in NK cell viability and functionality. This work reports the preservation of human cytokine-activated NK cell viability and function following cryopreservation using a cocktail of biocompatible bioinspired cryoprotectants (i.e., dextran and carboxylated ε-poly-L-lysine). Results demonstrate that the recovered NK cells after cryopreservation and rewarming maintain their viability immediately after thawing at a comparable level to control (dimethyl sulfoxide-based cryopreservation). Although, their viability drops in the first day in culture compared to controls, the cells grow back to a comparable level to controls after 1 week in culture. In addition, the anti-tumor functional activity of recovered NK cells demonstrates higher cytotoxic potency against leukemia cells compared to control. This approach presents a new direction for NK cell preservation, focusing on function and potentially enabling storage and distribution for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami El Assal
- Bio‐Acoustic‐MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoriesCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
| | - Lotfi Abou‐Elkacem
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS)Department of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
| | - Alessandro Tocchio
- Bio‐Acoustic‐MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoriesCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
| | | | - Sandro Matosevic
- Department of Industrial and Physical PharmacyCollege of PharmacyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringTufts University School of EngineeringMedfordMA02155USA
| | | | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio‐Acoustic‐MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) LaboratoriesCanary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early DetectionDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94304USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering (by courtesy)Stanford University School of EngineeringPalo AltoCA94304USA
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94
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Sato M, Inaba S, Sukenobe J, Sasaki T, Inoue R, Noguchi M, Nakagiri A. A modified perlite protocol with a mixed dimethyl sulfoxide and trehalose cryoprotectant improves the viability of frozen cultures of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes. Mycologia 2019; 111:161-176. [PMID: 30714878 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1520035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Homolka's perlite protocol (HPP) was evaluated for cryopreservation of a wide range of ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete cultures, then a modified perlite protocol (MPP), in which cryoprotectant was added just before freezing rather than during the culturing process, was applied to cryosensitive strains that failed to survive when HPP was used. Further modifications of MPP with various cryoprotectants were explored to improve the cryopreservation of hard-to-preserve strains. The efficacy of HPP was assessed in 111 strains of 38 species of basidiomycetes of various cryosensitivities. After freezing strains using HPP, the viability and colony diameter of the strains were examined after 2 wk, 6 mo, and 1 y of storage at -80 C. Of the 111 strains tested, 91 survived after 1 y of storage with high viability of 80% or more, whereas the remaining 20 strains exhibited low and unstable viability. For those selected cryosensitive strains that did not survive well when HPP was used, MPP was applied with a mixture of cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, and trehalose, at different concentrations and combinations. Toxicity testing of the cryoprotectants in the nonfrozen state revealed that 12% (v/v) glycerol was highly toxic for six strains (four species), whereas DMSO (5% and 10% [v/v]) was less toxic than glycerol. The viability of the cryosensitive strains after freezing demonstrated that DMSO was more efficient than glycerol, and trehalose enhanced the cryoprotective effects of both glycerol and DMSO when MPP was used for cryopreservation. Our comparative analysis of MPP with various combinations and concentrations of cryoprotectants revealed that a mixture of 5% DMSO and 10% trehalose was the most effective cryoprotectant, and that using MPP with this cryoprotectant was applicable to many cryosensitive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Sato
- a International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation , 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi , Chiba , 292-0818 , Japan
| | - Shigeki Inaba
- b Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation , 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi , Chiba , 292-0818 , Japan
| | - Junji Sukenobe
- a International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation , 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi , Chiba , 292-0818 , Japan
| | - Tomomi Sasaki
- a International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation , 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi , Chiba , 292-0818 , Japan
| | - Ryutaro Inoue
- a International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation , 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi , Chiba , 292-0818 , Japan
| | - Mariko Noguchi
- a International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation , 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi , Chiba , 292-0818 , Japan
| | - Akira Nakagiri
- c Fungus/Mushroom Resource and Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture , Tottori University , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553 , Japan
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95
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Sui X, Wen C, Yang J, Guo H, Zhao W, Li Q, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Zhang L. Betaine Combined with Membrane Stabilizers Enables Solvent-Free Whole Blood Cryopreservation and One-Step Cryoprotectant Removal. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1083-1091. [PMID: 33405798 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) is fundamentally important to modern transfusion medicine. Currently, organic solvent glycerol is utilized as the state-of-the-art cryoprotectant (CPA) for RBC cryopreservation. However, glycerol must be removed before RBC transfusion to avoid intravascular hemolysis via a time-consuming deglycerolization process with specialized equipment (e.g., ACP 215), thus limiting the clinical use of frozen RBCs. Herein, we report novel biocompatible CPA formulations combining betaine with membrane stabilizers (disaccharides or amino acids), which can achieve outstanding efficiency for RBC cryopreservation directly using whole blood without any separation process. Most importantly, because of the osmotic regulation capacity of betaine, a simple and fast one-step method can be used for CPA removal, which is significantly superior to the current multistep deglycerolization process. This work offers a promising solution for highly efficient and solvent-free RBC cryopreservation and holds great potential for improving the long-term storage and long-distance distribution of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Chiyu Wen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshuang Guo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsi Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingnan Zhu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.,Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
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96
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Raju R, Merl T, Adam MK, Staykov E, Ben RN, Bryant G, Wilkinson BL. n-Octyl (Thio)glycosides as Potential Cryoprotectants: Glass Transition Behaviour, Membrane Permeability, and Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Studies. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of eight n-octyl (thio)glycosides (1α, β–4α, β) with d-glucose or d-galactose-configured head groups and varying anomeric configuration were synthesized and evaluated for glass transition behaviour, membrane permeability, and ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity. Of these, n-octyl β-d-glucopyranoside (2β) exhibited a high glass transition temperatures (Tg), both as a neat sample and 20 wt-% aqueous solution. Membrane permeability studies of this compound revealed cellular uptake to concentrations relevant to the inhibition of intracellular ice formation, thus presenting a promising lead candidate for further biophysical and cryopreservation studies. Compounds were also evaluated as ice recrystallization inhibitors; however, no detectable activity was observed for the newly tested compounds.
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97
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Zhou X, Gladstein S, Almassalha LM, Li Y, Eshein A, Cherkezyan L, Viswanathan P, Subramanian H, Szleifer I, Backman V. Preservation of cellular nano-architecture by the process of chemical fixation for nanopathology. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219006. [PMID: 31329606 PMCID: PMC6645510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation in chromatin organization is one of the most universal markers of carcinogenesis. Microscale chromatin alterations have been a staple of histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia, and nanoscale alterations have emerged as a promising marker for cancer prognostication and the detection of predysplastic changes. While numerous methods have been developed to detect these alterations, most methods for sample preparation remain largely validated via conventional microscopy and have not been examined with nanoscale sensitive imaging techniques. For these nanoscale sensitive techniques to become standard of care screening tools, new histological protocols must be developed that preserve nanoscale information. Partial Wave Spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy has recently emerged as a novel imaging technique sensitive to length scales ranging between 20 and 200 nanometers. As a label-free, high-throughput, and non-invasive imaging technique, PWS microscopy is an ideal tool to quantify structural information during sample preparation. Therefore, in this work we applied PWS microscopy to systematically evaluate the effects of cytological preparation on the nanoscales changes of chromatin using two live cell models: a drug-based model of Hela cells differentially treated with daunorubicin and a cell line comparison model of two cells lines with inherently distinct chromatin organizations. Notably, we show that existing cytological preparation can be modified in order to maintain clinically relevant nanoscopic differences, paving the way for the emerging field of nanopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Scott Gladstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Luay M. Almassalha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Adam Eshein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Lusik Cherkezyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Parvathi Viswanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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98
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Weng L, Stott SL, Toner M. Exploring Dynamics and Structure of Biomolecules, Cryoprotectants, and Water Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Implications for Biostabilization and Biopreservation. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 21:1-31. [PMID: 30525930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Successful stabilization and preservation of biological materials often utilize low temperatures and dehydration to arrest molecular motion. Cryoprotectants are routinely employed to help the biological entities survive the physicochemical and mechanical stresses induced by cold or dryness. Molecular interactions between biomolecules, cryoprotectants, and water fundamentally determine the outcomes of preservation. The optimization of assays using the empirical approach is often limited in structural and temporal resolution, whereas classical molecular dynamics simulations can provide a cost-effective glimpse into the atomic-level structure and interaction of individual molecules that dictate macroscopic behavior. Computational research on biomolecules, cryoprotectants, and water has provided invaluable insights into the development of new cryoprotectants and the optimization of preservation methods. We describe the rapidly evolving state of the art of molecular simulations of these complex systems, summarize the molecular-scale protective and stabilizing mechanisms, and discuss the challenges that motivate continued innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; , , .,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Shannon L Stott
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; , , .,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; , , .,Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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99
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Kusuma GD, Barabadi M, Tan JL, Morton DAV, Frith JE, Lim R. To Protect and to Preserve: Novel Preservation Strategies for Extracellular Vesicles. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1199. [PMID: 30420804 PMCID: PMC6215815 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based therapeutics are based on the premise that EVs shed by stem cells exert similar therapeutic effects and these have been proposed as an alternative to cell therapies. EV-mediated delivery is an effective and efficient system of cell-to-cell communication which can confer therapeutic benefits to their target cells. EVs have been shown to promote tissue repair and regeneration in various animal models such as, wound healing, cardiac ischemia, diabetes, lung fibrosis, kidney injury, and many others. Given the unique attributes of EVs, considerable thought must be given to the preservation, formulation and cold chain strategies in order to effectively translate exciting preclinical observations to clinical and commercial success. This review summarizes current understanding around EV preservation, challenges in maintaining EV quality, and also bioengineering advances aimed at enhancing the long-term stability of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina D. Kusuma
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehri Barabadi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jean L. Tan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jessica E. Frith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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100
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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