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Sieow BFL, Wun KS, Yong WP, Hwang IY, Chang MW. Tweak to Treat: Reprograming Bacteria for Cancer Treatment. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:447-464. [PMID: 33303401 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in cancer biology, microbiology, and bioengineering have spurred the development of engineered live biotherapeutics for targeted cancer therapy. In particular, natural tumor-targeting and probiotic bacteria have been engineered for controlled and sustained delivery of anticancer agents into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we review the latest advancements in the development of engineered bacteria for cancer therapy and additional engineering strategies to potentiate the delivery of therapeutic payloads. We also explore the use of combination therapies comprising both engineered bacteria and conventional anticancer therapies for addressing intratumor heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss prospects for the development and clinical translation of engineered bacteria for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Fu-Long Sieow
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kwok Soon Wun
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Peng Yong
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - In Young Hwang
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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52
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Multidirectional Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses by Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105094. [PMID: 32795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy has demonstrated to be a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis. However, their clinical use so far has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable delivery strategies with high efficacy. Direct 'intratumoral' injection is the way to cross the hurdles of systemic toxicity, while providing local effects. Progress in this field has enabled the development of alternative way using 'systemic' oncolytic virotherapy for producing better results. One major potential roadblock to systemic OV delivery is the low virus persistence in the face of hostile immune system. The delivery challenge is even greater when attempting to target the oncolytic viruses into the entire tumor mass, where not all tumor cells are equally exposed to exactly the same microenvironment. The microenvironment of many tumors is known to be massively infiltrated with various types of leucocytes in both primary and metastatic sites. Interestingly, this intratumoral immune cell heterogeneity exhibits a degree of organized distribution inside the tumor bed as evidenced, for example, by the hypoxic tumor microenviroment where predominantly recruits tumor-associated macrophages. Although in vivo OV delivery seems complicated and challenging, recent results are encouraging for decreasing the limitations of systemically administered oncolytic viruses and an improved efficiency of oncolytic viral therapy in targeting cancerous tissues in vitro. Here, we review the latest developments of carrier cell-based oncolytic virus delivery using tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a focus on the main features of each cellular vehicle.
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53
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Ma J, Xie M, Wang S, Ji Q, Guo L, Wang Z, Qiu J, Xu D, Liu Q. Immunological evaluation of virulence-deficient Listeria monocytogenes strains in C57BL/6 mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104448. [PMID: 32798673 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), which has unique advantages in presenting foreign antigens, was widely used in tumor immunotherapy research. As a live vaccine vector, attenuated L. monocytogenes was required to not only have certain invasiveness but also ensure safety, while the lack of different virulence factors may cause L. monocytogenes to show different safety and invasiveness. To evaluate the potential of virulence-deficient L. monocytogenes strains as a vaccine vector, four mutant strains EGD-eΔactA, EGD-eΔactA/inlB, EGD-eΔhly, and EGD-eΔprfA were used to infect C57BL/6 mice for determining related immune indexes. Compared with EGD-e, mutant strains showed significantly decreased invasion in C57BL/6 mice and caused relatively minor damage to spleen and liver. However, EGD-eΔactA and EGD-eΔactA/inlB were superior to EGD-eΔhly and EGD-eΔprfA in the comprehensive evaluation of inflammatory factor transcription level, immune cell differentiation and antibody level, which proved that they have a stronger adjuvant effect as a vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Ma
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Manman Xie
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Qianyu Ji
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Liang Guo
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Jingxuan Qiu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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54
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Combes F, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Immune cells as tumor drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release 2020; 327:70-87. [PMID: 32735878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article describes the use of immune cells as potential candidates to deliver anti-cancer drugs deep within the tumor microenvironment. First, the rationale of using drug carriers to target tumors and potentially decrease drug-related side effects is discussed. We further explain some of the current limitations when using nanoparticles for this purpose. Next, a comprehensive step-by-step description of the migration cascade of immune cells is provided as well as arguments on why immune cells can be used to address some of the limitations associated with nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. We then describe the benefits and drawbacks of using red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, T cells and NK cells for tumor-targeted drug delivery. An additional section discusses the versatility of nanoparticles to load anti-cancer drugs into immune cells. Lastly, we propose increasing the circulatory half-life and development of conditional release strategies as the two main future pillars to improve the efficacy of immune cell-mediated drug delivery to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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55
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Cha YJ, Koo JS. Role of Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells in Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E1785. [PMID: 32726950 PMCID: PMC7464644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal immune cells constitute the tumor microenvironment. These immune cell subsets include myeloid cells, the so-called tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs), which are of two types: tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Breast tumors, particularly those in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, are solid tumors containing immune cell stroma. TAMCs drive breast cancer progression via immune mediated, nonimmune-mediated, and metabolic interactions, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. TAMC-associated breast cancer treatment approaches potentially involve the inhibition of TAM recruitment, modulation of TAM polarization/differentiation, reduction of TAM products, elimination of MDSCs, and reduction of MDSC products. Furthermore, TAMCs can enhance or restore immune responses during cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the role of TAMs and MDSCs in breast cancer and elucidates the clinical implications of TAMs and MDSCs as potential targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
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56
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Emerging role of microbiota in immunomodulation and cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:37-52. [PMID: 32580024 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is emerging as a key modulator of the immune system. Alteration of gut microbiota impacts functioning of the immune system and pathophysiology of several diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is not only involved in carcinogenesis but also has an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapy. Recently, several pre-clinical and clinical studies across diverse cancer types reported the influence of gut microbiota on the host immune response to immunotherapy. Advancement in our understanding of the mechanism behind microbiota-mediated modulation of immune response is paramount for their utilization as cancer therapeutics. These microbial therapies in combination with conventional immunotherapeutic methods have the potential to transform the pre-existing treatment strategies to personalized cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized the current status of research in the field and discussed the role of microbiota as an immune system modulator in context of cancer and their impact on immunotherapy.
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57
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Rius-Rocabert S, Llinares Pinel F, Pozuelo MJ, García A, Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5521890. [PMID: 31226708 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a century ago, independent groups raised the possibility of using bacteria to selectively infect tumours. Such treatment induces an immune reaction that can cause tumour rejection and protect the patient against further recurrences. One of the first holistic approximations to use bacteria in cancer treatment was performed by William Coley, considered the father of immune-therapy, at the end of XIX century. Since then, many groups have used different bacteria to test their antitumour activity in animal models and patients. The basis for this reactivity implies that innate immune responses activated upon bacteria recognition, also react against the tumour. Different publications have addressed several aspects of oncolytic bacteria. In the present review, we will focus on revisiting the historical aspects using bacteria as oncolytic agents and how they led to the current clinical trials. In addition, we address the molecules present in oncolytic bacteria that induce specific toxic effects against the tumors as well as the activation of host immune responses in order to trigger antitumour immunity. Finally, we discuss future perspectives that could be considered in the different fields implicated in the implementation of this kind of therapy in order to improve the current use of bacteria as oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Llinares Pinel
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Pozuelo
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, San Pablo-CEU University, Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Pharmaceutical and Health Science Department. Faculty of Pharmacy. Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA). San Pablo-CEU University. CEU Universities, Campus Montepríncipe. Boadilla del Monte, E-28668 Madrid, Spain
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58
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Rana A, de Almeida FC, Paico Montero HA, Gonzales Carazas MM, Bortoluci KR, Sad S, Amarante-Mendes GP. RIPK3 and Caspase-1/11 Are Necessary for Optimal Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cell Response Elicited by Genetically Modified Listeria monocytogenes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:536. [PMID: 32328060 PMCID: PMC7160319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient induction of effector and long-term protective antigen-specific CD8+ T memory response by vaccination is essential to eliminate malignant and pathogen-infected cells. Intracellular infectious bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, have been considered potent vectors to carry multiple therapeutic proteins and generate antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Although the role of molecules involved in inflammatory cell death pathways, such as necroptosis (RIPK3-mediated) and pyroptosis (Caspase-1/11-mediated), as effectors of immune response against intracellular bacteria are relatively well understood, their contribution to the adjuvant effect of recombinant bacterial vectors in the context of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response remained obscure. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of RIPK3 and Caspase-1/11 (Casp-1/11) individual and combined deficiencies on the modulation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response during vaccination of mice with ovalbumin-expressing L. monocytogenes (LM-OVA). We observed that Casp-1/11 but not RIPK3 deficiency negatively impacts the capacity of mice to clear LM-OVA. Importantly, both RIPK3 and Casp-1/11 are necessary for optimal LM-OVA-mediated antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response, as measured by in vivo antigen-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation, target cell elimination, and cytokine production. Furthermore, Casp-1/11 and Casp-1/11/RIPK3 combined deficiencies restrict the early initiation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell memory response. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that RIPK3 and Casp-1/11 influence the quality of CD8+ T cell responses induced by recombinant L. monocytogenes vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Rana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina R Bortoluci
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Subash Sad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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59
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Zhang X, Liu Q, Liao Q, Zhao Y. Pancreatic Cancer, Gut Microbiota, and Therapeutic Efficacy. J Cancer 2020; 11:2749-2758. [PMID: 32226493 PMCID: PMC7086274 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide and has a poor prognosis. Current treatment relies on surgical resection and adjuvant therapies. The gut microbiota plays important roles in metabolism and immunomodulation. Accumulating evidence has implied that the gut microbiota is involved in the metabolism of chemotherapeutic drugs and the tumor microenvironment (TME), which could affect the efficacy of both conventional chemotherapy and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the history and highlights of the interactions among pancreatic cancer, the gut microbiota and therapeutic efficacy and showed the promising future of manipulating the gut microbiota to improve clinical outcomes of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiaofei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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60
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TRAIL in oncology: From recombinant TRAIL to nano- and self-targeted TRAIL-based therapies. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104716. [PMID: 32084560 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively induces the apoptosis pathway in tumor cells leading to tumor cell death. Because TRAIL induction can kill tumor cells, cancer researchers have developed many agents to target TRAIL and some of these agents have entered clinical trials in oncology. Unfortunately, these trials have failed for many reasons, including drug resistance, off-target toxicities, short half-life, and specifically in gene therapy due to the limited uptake of TRAIL genes by cancer cells. To address these drawbacks, translational researchers have utilized drug delivery platforms. Although, these platforms can improve TRAIL-based therapies, they are unable to sufficiently translate the full potential of TRAIL-targeting to clinically viable products. Herein, we first summarize the complex biology of TRAIL signaling, including TRAILs cross-talk with other signaling pathways and immune cells. Next, we focus on known resistant mechanisms to TRAIL-based therapies. Then, we discuss how nano-formulation has the potential to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL protein. Finally, we specify strategies with the potential to overcome the challenges that cannot be addressed via nanotechnology alone, including the alternative methods of TRAIL-expressing circulating cells, tumor-targeting bacteria, viruses, and exosomes.
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61
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Bacteria-cancer interactions: bacteria-based cancer therapy. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 31827064 PMCID: PMC6906302 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in cancer therapeutics, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, have raised the hope for cures for many cancer types. However, there are still ongoing challenges to the pursuit of novel therapeutic approaches, including high toxicity to normal tissue and cells, difficulties in treating deep tumor tissue, and the possibility of drug resistance in tumor cells. The use of live tumor-targeting bacteria provides a unique therapeutic option that meets these challenges. Compared with most other therapeutics, tumor-targeting bacteria have versatile capabilities for suppressing cancer. Bacteria preferentially accumulate and proliferate within tumors, where they can initiate antitumor immune responses. Bacteria can be further programmed via simple genetic manipulation or sophisticated synthetic bioengineering to produce and deliver anticancer agents based on clinical needs. Therapeutic approaches using live tumor-targeting bacteria can be applied either as a monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes. In this review, we introduce and summarize the potential benefits and challenges of this anticancer approach. We further discuss how live bacteria interact with tumor microenvironments to induce tumor regression. We also provide examples of different methods for engineering bacteria to improve efficacy and safety. Finally, we introduce past and ongoing clinical trials involving tumor-targeting bacteria. Live tumor-targeting bacteria can selectively induce cancer regression and, with the help of genetic engineering, be made safe and effective vehicles for delivering drugs to tumor cells. In a review article, Jung-Joon Min and colleagues from Chonnam National University Medical School in Hwasun, South Korea, discuss the clinical history of using natural or engineered bacterial strains to suppress cancer growth. Because bacteria such as Salmonella and Listeria preferentially home in on tumors or their surrounding microenvironments, researchers have harnessed these microbial agents to attack cancer cells without causing collateral damage to normal tissues. Bioengineers have also armed bacteria with stronger tumor-sensing and more targeted drug delivery capabilities, and improved control of off-target toxicities. An increasing number of therapeutic bacterial strains are now entering clinical testing, promising to enhance the efficacy of more conventional anticancer treatments.
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62
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Abstract
The engineering of living cells and microbes is ushering in a new era of cancer therapy. Due to recent microbiome studies indicating the prevalence of bacteria within the human body and specifically in tumor tissue, bacteria have generated significant interest as potential targets for cancer therapy. Notably, a multitude of empirical studies over the past decades have demonstrated that administered bacteria home and grow in tumors due to reduced immune surveillance of tumor necrotic cores. Given their specificity for tumors, bacteria present a unique opportunity to be engineered as intelligent delivery vehicles for cancer therapy with synthetic biology techniques. In this review, we discuss the history, current state, and future challenges associated with using bacteria as a cancer therapy.
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63
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Ashu EE, Xu J, Yuan ZC. Bacteria in Cancer Therapeutics: A Framework for Effective Therapeutic Bacterial Screening and Identification. J Cancer 2019; 10:1781-1793. [PMID: 31205534 PMCID: PMC6547982 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
By 2030, the global incidence of cancer is expected to increase by approximately 50%. However, most conventional therapies still lack cancer selectivity, which can have severe unintended side effects on healthy body tissue. Despite being an unconventional and contentious therapy, the last two decades have seen a significant renaissance of bacterium-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT). Although promising, most present-day therapeutic bacterial candidates have not shown satisfactory efficacy, effectiveness, or safety. Furthermore, therapeutic bacterial candidates are available to only a few of the approximately 200 existing cancer types. Excitingly, the recent surge in BMCT has piqued the interest of non-BMCT microbiologists. To help advance these interests, in this paper we reviewed important aspects of cancer, present-day cancer treatments, and historical aspects of BMCT. Here, we provided a four-step framework that can be used in screening and identifying bacteria with cancer therapeutic potential, including those that are uncultivable. Systematic methodologies such as the ones suggested here could prove valuable to new BMCT researchers, including experienced non-BMCT researchers in possession of extensive knowledge and resources of bacterial genomics. Lastly, our analyses highlight the need to establish and standardize quantitative methods that can be used to identify and compare bacteria with important cancer therapeutic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eta E. Ashu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ze-Chun Yuan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have once again raised the hope that a cure might be within reach for many cancer types. Yet, most late-stage cancers are either insensitive to the therapies to begin with or develop resistance later. Therapy with live tumour-targeting bacteria provides a unique option to meet these challenges. Compared with most other therapeutics, the effectiveness of tumour-targeting bacteria is not directly affected by the 'genetic makeup' of a tumour. Bacteria initiate their direct antitumour effects from deep within the tumour, followed by innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses. As microscopic 'robotic factories', bacterial vectors can be reprogrammed following simple genetic rules or sophisticated synthetic bioengineering principles to produce and deliver anticancer agents on the basis of clinical needs. Therapeutic approaches using live tumour-targeting bacteria can either be applied as a monotherapy or complement other anticancer therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes. In this Review, we summarize the potential benefits and challenges of this approach. We discuss how live bacteria selectively induce tumour regression and provide examples to illustrate different ways to engineer bacteria for improved safety and efficacy. Finally, we share our experience and insights on oncology clinical trials with tumour-targeting bacteria, including a discussion of the regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Bermudes
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Oncology Branch, Division of Clinical Evaluation, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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65
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Forbes NS, Coffin RS, Deng L, Evgin L, Fiering S, Giacalone M, Gravekamp C, Gulley JL, Gunn H, Hoffman RM, Kaur B, Liu K, Lyerly HK, Marciscano AE, Moradian E, Ruppel S, Saltzman DA, Tattersall PJ, Thorne S, Vile RG, Zhang HH, Zhou S, McFadden G. White paper on microbial anti-cancer therapy and prevention. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:78. [PMID: 30081947 PMCID: PMC6091193 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this White Paper, we discuss the current state of microbial cancer therapy. This paper resulted from a meeting ('Microbial Based Cancer Therapy') at the US National Cancer Institute in the summer of 2017. Here, we define 'Microbial Therapy' to include both oncolytic viral therapy and bacterial anticancer therapy. Both of these fields exploit tumor-specific infectious microbes to treat cancer, have similar mechanisms of action, and are facing similar challenges to commercialization. We designed this paper to nucleate this growing field of microbial therapeutics and increase interactions between researchers in it and related fields. The authors of this paper include many primary researchers in this field. In this paper, we discuss the potential, status and opportunities for microbial therapy as well as strategies attempted to date and important questions that need to be addressed. The main areas that we think will have the greatest impact are immune stimulation, control of efficacy, control of delivery, and safety. There is much excitement about the potential of this field to treat currently intractable cancer. Much of the potential exists because these therapies utilize unique mechanisms of action, difficult to achieve with other biological or small molecule drugs. By better understanding and controlling these mechanisms, we will create new therapies that will become integral components of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Forbes
- grid.266683.f0000 0001 2184 9220Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts 159 Goessmann Hall 01003 Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Liang Deng
- 0000 0001 2171 9952grid.51462.34Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 10065 New York NY USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aMayo Clinic Rochester USA
| | - Steve Fiering
- 0000 0001 2179 2404grid.254880.3Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover USA
| | | | - Claudia Gravekamp
- 0000000121791997grid.251993.5Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx USA
| | - James L Gulley
- 0000 0004 1936 8075grid.48336.3aNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA
| | | | - Robert M Hoffman
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3UC, San Diego San Diego USA
- 0000 0004 0461 1271grid.417448.aAntiCancer Inc. San Diego USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- 0000000121548364grid.55460.32University of Texas Austin USA
| | - Ke Liu
- 0000 0001 2243 3366grid.417587.8Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring USA
| | | | - Ariel E Marciscano
- 0000 0004 1936 8075grid.48336.3aNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA
| | | | - Sheryl Ruppel
- 0000 0004 4665 8158grid.419407.fLeidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick USA
| | - Daniel A Saltzman
- 0000000419368657grid.17635.36University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA
| | | | - Steve Thorne
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA
| | - Richard G Vile
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aMayo Clinic Rochester USA
| | | | - Shibin Zhou
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- 0000 0001 2151 2636grid.215654.1Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy , Biodesign InstituteArizona State University 727 E Tyler Street, Room A330E 85281 Tempe AZ USA
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Combes F, Mc Cafferty S, Meyer E, Sanders NN. Off-Target and Tumor-Specific Accumulation of Monocytes, Macrophages and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells after Systemic Injection. Neoplasia 2018; 20:848-856. [PMID: 30025228 PMCID: PMC6076377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors frequently coexist with a degree of local chronic inflammation. Recruited myeloid cells can therefore be considered as interesting vehicles for tumor-targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Using in vivo imaging, the short-term accumulation of systemically injected monocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) was compared in mice bearing fat pad mammary carcinomas. Monocytes and macrophages demonstrated almost identical in vivo and ex vivo distribution patterns with maximal tumor-associated accumulation seen 48 hours after injection that remained stable over the 4-day follow-up period. However, a substantial accumulation of both cell types was also seen in the liver, spleen and lungs albeit decreasing over time in all three locations. The MDSCs exhibited a similar distribution pattern as the monocytes and macrophages, but demonstrated a better relative on-target fraction over time. Overall, our findings highlight off-target cell accumulation as a major obstacle in the use of myeloid cells as vehicles for therapeutic tumor-targeted agents and indicate that their short-term on-target accumulation is mainly of nonspecific nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Combes
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Séan Mc Cafferty
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Niek N Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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Kaimala S, Al-Sbiei A, Cabral-Marques O, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Al-Ramadi BK. Attenuated Bacteria as Immunotherapeutic Tools for Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 29765907 PMCID: PMC5938341 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of attenuated bacteria as cancer therapeutic tools has garnered increasing scientific interest over the past 10 years. This is largely due to the development of bacterial strains that maintain good anti-tumor efficacy, but with reduced potential to cause toxicities to the host. Because of its ability to replicate in viable as well as necrotic tissue, cancer therapy using attenuated strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria, such as Salmonella, has several advantages over standard treatment modalities, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite some findings suggesting that it may operate through a direct cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, there is accumulating evidence demonstrating that bacterial therapy acts by modulating cells of the immune system to counter the growth of the tumor. Herein, we review the experimental evidence underlying the success of bacterial immunotherapy against cancer and highlight the cellular and molecular alterations in the peripheral immune system and within the tumor microenvironment that have been reported following different forms of bacterial therapy. Our improved understanding of these mechanisms should greatly aid in the translational application of bacterial therapy to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ashraf Al-Sbiei
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria J Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Shou D, Wen L, Song Z, Yin J, Sun Q, Gong W. Suppressive role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the microenvironment of breast cancer and targeted immunotherapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64505-64511. [PMID: 27542274 PMCID: PMC5325458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a pivotal role in promoting tumor growth and metastasis and can even decrease the efficacy of immunotherapy. In breast cancer, MDSCs are recruited mainly by breast cancer cells to form a tumor-favoring microenvironment to suppress the anti-tumor immune response. In addition, MDSCs can react directly with breast cancer cells. In this paper, we describe several ways to recruit MDSCs in breast cancer, including breast cancer cell-derived cytokines and chemokines. The intracellular pathways in MDSCs during recruitment are classified as the STAT3-NF-κB-IDO pathway, the STAT3/IRF-8 pathway and the PTEN/Akt pathway. MDSCs act on T cells and NK cells to suppress the body's immunity, and via IL-6 trans-signaling, promote breast cancer directly. We further describe MDSC-targeted immune therapies for breast cancer, which are classified as: preventing the formation of MDSCs, eliminating MDSDCs, and reducing the products of MDSCs. Furthermore, MDSC-targeted immunotherapy potentiates the effect of the other immunotherapies. Based on the facts that MSDCs have significant roles in breast cancer malignant behaviors and can be suppressed by various strategies, we do believe MDSC-targeted immunotherapy presents a broad prospect in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Shou
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wen
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Song
- Department of Comprehensive Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, City Key Laboratory of Tianjin Cancer Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Gong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, People's Republic of China
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Chandra D, Selvanesan BC, Yuan Z, Libutti SK, Koba W, Beck A, Zhu K, Casadevall A, Dadachova E, Gravekamp C. 32-Phosphorus selectively delivered by listeria to pancreatic cancer demonstrates a strong therapeutic effect. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20729-20740. [PMID: 28186976 PMCID: PMC5400540 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has developed a novel delivery platform using an attenuated non-toxic and non-pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes that infects tumor cells and selectively survives and multiplies in metastases and primary tumors with help of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). 32P was efficiently incorporated into the Listeria bacteria by starvation of the bacteria in saline, and then cultured in phosphorus-free medium complemented with 32P as a nutrient. Listeria-32P kills tumor cells through both 32P-induced ionizing radiation and Listeria-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The levels of 32P and Listeria were studied in various normal and tumor tissues, at sequential time points after injection of mice with pancreatic cancer (syngeneic model Panc-02). We found that 32P and Listeria predominantly accumulated in tumors and metastases, with their highest accumulation 4 hrs (32P) and 3 days (Listeria) after injection. Listeria also penetrated the transgenic KPC (conditionally express endogenous Kras-G12D and p53-R172H mutant alleles) pancreatic tumors and metastases. This is remarkable since KPC tumors, like human tumors, exhibit a stromal barrier, which prevents most drugs from penetrating the pancreatic tumors. Therapeutic treatment with Listeria -32P resulted in a strong reduction of the growth of pancreatic cancer at early and late stages in Panc-02 and KPC mice. These results highlight the power of Listeria as new delivery platform of anticancer agents to the TME. Not only were therapeutic levels of radioactive Listeria reached in tumors and metastases but the selective delivery also led to minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Ziqiang Yuan
- Montefiore Medical Center, Medical Arts Pavilion, MMC-MAP, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Steven K Libutti
- Montefiore Medical Center, Medical Arts Pavilion, MMC-MAP, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Wade Koba
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, MRRC, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amanda Beck
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Michael F. Price Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kun Zhu
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Radiology/Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Gardner JK, Mamotte CD, Jackaman C, Nelson DJ. Modulation of dendritic cell and T cell cross-talk during aging: The potential role of checkpoint inhibitory molecules. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 38:40-51. [PMID: 28736117 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) undergo continuous changes throughout life, and there is evidence that elderly DCs have a reduced capacity to stimulate T cells, which may contribute to impaired anti-tumour immune responses in elderly people with cancer. Changes in checkpoint inhibitory molecules/pathways during aging may be one mechanism that impairs the ability of elderly DCs to activate T cells. However, little is currently known regarding the combined effects of aging and cancer on DC and T cell inhibitory molecules/pathways. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the influence of aging and cancer on key DC and T cell inhibitory molecules/pathways, the potential underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to their modulation, and the possibility of therapeutically targeting inhibitory molecules in elderly cancer patients.
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71
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Shrimali R, Ahmad S, Berrong Z, Okoev G, Matevosyan A, Razavi GSE, Petit R, Gupta S, Mkrtichyan M, Khleif SN. Agonist anti-GITR antibody significantly enhances the therapeutic efficacy of Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:64. [PMID: 28807056 PMCID: PMC5557467 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that in addition to generating an antigen-specific immune response, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)-based immunotherapy significantly reduces the ratio of regulatory T cells (Tregs)/CD4+ and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment. Since Lm-based immunotherapy is able to inhibit the immune suppressive environment, we hypothesized that combining this treatment with agonist antibody to a co-stimulatory receptor that would further boost the effector arm of immunity will result in significant improvement of anti-tumor efficacy of treatment. Methods Here we tested the immune and therapeutic efficacy of Listeria-based immunotherapy combination with agonist antibody to glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) in TC-1 mouse tumor model. We evaluated the potency of combination on tumor growth and survival of treated animals and profiled tumor microenvironment for effector and suppressor cell populations. Results We demonstrate that combination of Listeria-based immunotherapy with agonist antibody to GITR synergizes to improve immune and therapeutic efficacy of treatment in a mouse tumor model. We show that this combinational treatment leads to significant inhibition of tumor-growth, prolongs survival and leads to complete regression of established tumors in 60% of treated animals. We determined that this therapeutic benefit of combinational treatment is due to a significant increase in tumor infiltrating effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells along with a decrease of inhibitory cells. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study that exploits Lm-based immunotherapy combined with agonist anti-GITR antibody as a potent treatment strategy that simultaneously targets both the effector and suppressor arms of the immune system, leading to significantly improved anti-tumor efficacy. We believe that our findings depicted in this manuscript provide a promising and translatable strategy that can enhance the overall efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Shrimali
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shamim Ahmad
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Zuzana Berrong
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Grigori Okoev
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Adelaida Matevosyan
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | | | - Robert Petit
- Advaxis Immunotherapies, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Seema Gupta
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Mikayel Mkrtichyan
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Jahangir A, Chandra D, Quispe-Tintaya W, Singh M, Selvanesan BC, Gravekamp C. Immunotherapy with Listeria reduces metastatic breast cancer in young and old mice through different mechanisms. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1342025. [PMID: 28932647 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1342025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is one of the most promising and benign therapies against metastatic cancer. However, most cancer patients are old and elderly react less efficient to cancer vaccines than young adults, due to T cell unresponsiveness. Here we present data of cancer vaccination in young and old mice with metastatic breast cancer (4T1 model). We tested adaptive and innate immune responses to foreign antigens (Listeria-derived) and self-antigens (tumor-associated antigens (TAA)) and their contribution to elimination of metastases at young and old age. Three different protocols were tested with Listeria: a semi- and exclusive-therapeutic protocol both one-week apart, and an exclusive therapeutic protocol frequently administered. Adaptive and innate immune responses were measured by ELISPOT in correlation with efficacy in the 4T1 model. We found that Listeria induced immunogenic tumor cell death, resulting in CD8 T cell responses to multiple TAA expressed by the 4T1 tumors. Only exclusive therapeutic frequent immunizations were able to overcome immune suppression and to activate TAA- and Listeria-specific CD8 T cells, in correlation with a strong reduction in metastases at both ages. However, MHC class Ia antibodies showed inhibition of CD8 T cell responses to TAA at young but not at old age, and CD8 T cell depletions in vivo demonstrated that the T cells contributed to reduction in metastases at young age only. These results indicate that CD8 T cells activated by Listeria has an antitumor effect at young but not at old age, and that metastases at old age have been eliminated through different mechanism(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthee Jahangir
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wilber Quispe-Tintaya
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Manisha Singh
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Benson Chellakkan Selvanesan
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, USA
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Jackaman C, Tomay F, Duong L, Abdol Razak NB, Pixley FJ, Metharom P, Nelson DJ. Aging and cancer: The role of macrophages and neutrophils. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:105-116. [PMID: 28390891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune function has been implicated in the declining health and higher incidence of cancer in the elderly. However, age-related changes to immunity are not completely understood. Neutrophils and macrophages represent the first line of defence yet their ability to phagocytose pathogens decrease with aging. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in eliminating tumors, but T cell function is also compromised with aging. T cell responses can be regulated by macrophages and may depend on the functional phenotype macrophages adopt in response to microenvironmental signals. This can range from pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic M1 to anti-inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages. Macrophages in healthy elderly adipose and hepatic tissue exhibit a more pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype compared to young hosts whilst immunosuppressive M2 macrophages increase in elderly lymphoid tissues, lung and muscle. These M2-like macrophages demonstrate altered responses to stimuli. Recent studies suggest that neutrophils also regulate T cell function and, like macrophages, neutrophil function is modulated with aging. It is possible that age-modified tissue-specific macrophages and neutrophils contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation that is associated with dysregulated macrophage-mediated immunosuppression, which together are responsible for development of multiple pathologies, including cancer. This review discusses recent advances in macrophage and neutrophil biology in healthy aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Federica Tomay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Lelinh Duong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Norbaini Bintu Abdol Razak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Pat Metharom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
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Lee YK, Kang M, Choi EY. TLR/MyD88-mediated Innate Immunity in Intestinal Graft-versus-Host Disease. Immune Netw 2017; 17:144-151. [PMID: 28680375 PMCID: PMC5484644 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.3.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GHVD) is a severe complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The degree of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, a major GVHD target organ, correlates with the disease severity. Intestinal inflammation is initiated by epithelial damage caused by pre-conditioning irradiation. In combination with damages caused by donor-derived T cells, such damage disrupts the epithelial barrier and exposes innate immune cells to pathogenic and commensal intestinal bacteria, which release ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and signaling through the TLR/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) pathways contribute to the development of intestinal GVHD. Understanding the changes in the microbial flora and the roles of TLR signaling in intestinal GVHD will facilitate the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kwan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Myungsoo Kang
- BioMembrane Plasticity Research Center (MPRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Eun Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,BioMembrane Plasticity Research Center (MPRC), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Achyut BR, Arbab AS. Taming immune suppressor: application of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in anti-cancer gene therapy. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S160-S162. [PMID: 28503409 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.02.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagelu R Achyut
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Tumor Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Xin G, Schauder DM, Jing W, Jiang A, Joshi NS, Johnson B, Cui W. Pathogen boosted adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy to treat solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:740-745. [PMID: 28069963 PMCID: PMC5278465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of insufficient migration and antitumor function of transferred T cells, especially inside the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), the efficacy of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is much curtailed in treating solid tumors. To overcome these challenges, we sought to reenergize ACT (ReACT) with a pathogen-based cancer vaccine. To bridge ACT with a pathogen, we genetically engineered tumor-specific CD8 T cells in vitro with a second T-cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes a bacterial antigen. We then transferred these dual-specific T cells in combination with intratumoral bacteria injection to treat solid tumors in mice. The dual-specific CD8 T cells expanded vigorously, migrated to tumor sites, and robustly eradicated primary tumors. The mice cured from ReACT also developed immunological memory against tumor rechallenge. Mechanistically, we have found that this combined approach reverts the immunosuppressive TME and recruits CD8 T cells with an increased number and killing ability to the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213
| | - David M Schauder
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Weiqing Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Bryon Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213;
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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77
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Güttlein LN, Benedetti LG, Fresno C, Spallanzani RG, Mansilla SF, Rotondaro C, Raffo Iraolagoitia XL, Salvatierra E, Bravo AI, Fernández EA, Gottifredi V, Zwirner NW, Llera AS, Podhajcer OL. Predictive Outcomes for HER2-enriched Cancer Using Growth and Metastasis Signatures Driven By SPARC. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:304-316. [PMID: 28031408 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0243-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of metastatic dissemination is crucial for the rational design of novel therapeutics. The secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein which has been extensively associated with human breast cancer aggressiveness although the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, shRNA-mediated SPARC knockdown greatly reduced primary tumor growth and completely abolished lung colonization of murine 4T1 and LM3 breast malignant cells implanted in syngeneic BALB/c mice. A comprehensive study including global transcriptomic analysis followed by biological validations confirmed that SPARC induces primary tumor growth by enhancing cell cycle and by promoting a COX-2-mediated expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The role of SPARC in metastasis involved a COX-2-independent enhancement of cell disengagement from the primary tumor and adherence to the lungs that fostered metastasis implantation. Interestingly, SPARC-driven gene expression signatures obtained from these murine models predicted the clinical outcome of patients with HER2-enriched breast cancer subtypes. In total, the results reveal that SPARC and its downstream effectors are attractive targets for antimetastatic therapies in breast cancer.Implications: These findings shed light on the prometastatic role of SPARC, a key protein expressed by breast cancer cells and surrounding stroma, with important consequences for disease outcome. Mol Cancer Res; 15(3); 304-16. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro N Güttlein
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena G Benedetti
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristóbal Fresno
- Unidad Asociada: Área de Cs. Agrarias, Ingeniería, Cs. Biológicas y de la Salud. CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Raúl G Spallanzani
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina F Mansilla
- Laboratorio de Ciclo Celular y Estabilidad Genómica, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Rotondaro
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ximena L Raffo Iraolagoitia
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Salvatierra
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia I Bravo
- Unidad de Inmunopatología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elmer A Fernández
- Unidad Asociada: Área de Cs. Agrarias, Ingeniería, Cs. Biológicas y de la Salud. CONICET. Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Laboratorio de Ciclo Celular y Estabilidad Genómica, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto W Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Llera
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo L Podhajcer
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, IIBBA, Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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78
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Kohanski RA, Deeks SG, Gravekamp C, Halter JB, High K, Hurria A, Fuldner R, Green P, Huebner R, Macchiarini F, Sierra F. Reverse geroscience: how does exposure to early diseases accelerate the age-related decline in health? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1386:30-44. [PMID: 27907230 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor for both the development of chronic diseases and loss of functional capacity. Geroscience provides links among the biology of aging, the biology of disease, and the physiology of frailty, three fields where enormous progress has been made in the last few decades. While, previously, the focus was on the role of aging in susceptibility to disease and disability, the other side of this relationship, which is the contribution of disease to aging, has been less explored at the molecular/cellular level. Indeed, the role of childhood or early adulthood exposure to chronic disease and/or treatment on accelerating aging phenotypes is well known in epidemiology, but the biological basis is poorly understood. A recent summit co-organized by the National Institutes of Health GeroScience Interest Group and the New York Academy of Sciences explored these relationships, using three chronic diseases as examples: cancer, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes. The epidemiological literature clearly indicates that early exposure to any of these diseases and/or their treatments results in an acceleration of the appearance of aging phenotypes, including loss of functional capacity and accelerated appearance of clinical symptoms of aging-related diseases not obviously related to the earlier event. The discussions at the summit focused on the molecular and cellular relationships between each of these diseases and the recently defined molecular and cellular pillars of aging. Two major conclusions from the meeting include the desire to refine an operational definition of aging and to concomitantly develop biomarkers of aging, in order to move from chronological to physiological age. The discussion also opened a dialogue on the possibility of improving late-life outcomes in patients affected by chronic disease by including age-delaying modalities along with the standard care for the disease in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Kohanski
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffrey B Halter
- Geriatrics Center and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin High
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Arti Hurria
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, California
| | - Rebecca Fuldner
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paige Green
- Biobehavioral and Psychologic Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robin Huebner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Felipe Sierra
- Division of Aging Biology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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79
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In vitro exploration of a myeloid-derived suppressor cell line as vehicle for cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 24:149-155. [PMID: 27857057 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that cell-mediated gene therapy can be an interesting method to obtain intratumoral expression of therapeutic proteins. This paper explores the possibility of using transfected myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), derived from a murine cell line, as cellular vehicles for transporting plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding interleukin-12 (IL-12) to tumors. Transfecting these cells via electroporation caused massive cell death. This was not due to electroporation-induced cell damage, but was mainly the result of the intracellular presence of plasmids. In contrast, pDNA transfection using Lipofectamine 2000 (LF2000) did not result in a significant loss of viability. Differences in delivery mechanism may explain the distinctive effects on cell viability. Indeed, electroporation is expected to cause a rapid and massive influx of pDNA resulting in cytosolic pDNA levels that most likely surpass the activation threshold of the intracellular DNA sensors leading to cell death. In contrast, a more sustained intracellular release of the pDNA is expected with LF2000. After lipofection with LF2000, 56% of the MDSCs were transfected and transgene expression lasted for at least 24 h. Moreover, biologically relevant amounts of IL-12 were produced by the MDSCs after lipofection with an IL-12 encoding pDNA. In addition, IL-12 transfection caused a significant upregulation of CD80 and considerably reduced the immunosuppressive capacity of the MDSCs. IL-12-transfected MDSCs were still able to migrate to tumor cells, albeit that lipofection of the MDSCs seemed to slightly decrease their migration capacity.
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80
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Taslimi Y, Zahedifard F, Habibzadeh S, Taheri T, Abbaspour H, Sadeghipour A, Mohit E, Rafati S. Antitumor Effect of IP-10 by Using Two Different Approaches: Live Delivery System and Gene Therapy. J Breast Cancer 2016; 19:34-44. [PMID: 27066094 PMCID: PMC4822105 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2016.19.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Immunotherapy is one of the treatment strategies for breast cancer, the most common cancer in women worldwide. In this approach, the patient's immune system is stimulated to attack microscopic tumors and control metastasis. Here, we used interferon γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), which induces and strengthens antitumor immunity, as an immunotherapeutic agent. We employed Leishmania tarentolae, a nonpathogenic lizard parasite that lacks the ability to persist in mammalian macrophages, was used as a live delivery system for carrying the immunotherapeutic agent. It has been already shown that arginase activity, and consequently, polyamine production, are associated with tumor progression. Methods A live delivery system was constructed by stable transfection of pLEXSY plasmid containing the IP-10-enhanced green fluorescent protein (IP-10-egfp) fusion gene into L. tarentolae. Then, the presence of the IP-10-egfp gene and the accurate integration location into the parasite genome were confirmed. The therapeutic efficacy of IP-10 delivered via L. tarentolae and recombinant pcDNA-(IP-10-egfp) plasmid was compared by determining the arginase activity in a mouse 4T1 breast cancer model. Results The pcDNA-(IP-10-egfp) group showed a significant reduction in tumor weight and growth. Histological evaluation also revealed that only this group demonstrated inhibition of metastasis to the lung tissue. The arginase activity in the tissue of the pcDNA-(IP-10-egfp) mice significantly decreased in comparison with that in normal mice. No significant difference was observed in arginase activity in the sera of mice receiving other therapeutic strategies. Conclusion Our data indicates that IP-10 immunotherapy is a promising strategy for breast cancer treatment, as shown in the 4T1-implanted BALB/c mouse model. However, the L. tarentolae-(IP-10-EGFP) live delivery system requires dose modifications to achieve efficacy in the applied regimen (six injections in 3 weeks). Our results indicate that the arginase assay could be a good biomarker to differentiate tumoral tissues from the normal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Taslimi
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Sciences, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.; Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Zahedifard
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibzadeh
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Taheri
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossain Abbaspour
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Sciences, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghipour
- Department of Pathology, Hazrat-e-Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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81
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Chandra D, Jahangir A, Cornelis F, Rombauts K, Meheus L, Jorcyk CL, Gravekamp C. Cryoablation and Meriva have strong therapeutic effect on triple-negative breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1049802. [PMID: 26942057 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1049802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6, a cytokine produced particularly by triple-negative breast cancers, strongly inhibits T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment. Here we tested cryoablation combined with Meriva (a lecithin delivery system of curcumin with improved bioavailability) in mice with metastatic breast cancer (4T1). Cryoablation involves killing of tumor cells through freezing and thawing, resulting in recruitment of tumor-specific T cells, while curcumin stimulates T cells through the reduction of IL-6 in the TME. Cryoablation plus Meriva accumulated and activated CD8+ T cells to multiple tumor-associated antigens such as Mage-b and Survivin (both expressed by 4T1 tumors). This correlated with a nearly complete reduction of 4T1 primary tumors and lung metastases while little effect was observed from saline or Meriva alone (28 d after tumor cell injection). The survival rate in the group of cryoablation plus Meriva was significantly improved compared to all control groups. Using a less aggressive 4T1 model expressing luciferase (4T1.2luc3), we demonstrated that all mice receiving saline or Meriva developed metastases in the lungs and a primary tumor (38 d after tumor cell injection; and died soon after that), but not the mice receiving cryoablation or cryoablation plus Meriva. However, on day 58 the mice receiving cryoablation developed 4T1.2luc3 metastases in the lungs, while mice receiving cryoablation plus Meriva were free of metastases. These results strongly suggest that cryoablation delayed the development of lung metastases on the short-term, but Meriva administered after cryoablation was significantly better in delaying the development of lung metastases and survival on the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx, NY USA
| | - Arthee Jahangir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx, NY USA
| | | | - Klara Rombauts
- Anticancer Fund ; Boechoutlaan 221 ; Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Lydie Meheus
- Anticancer Fund ; Boechoutlaan 221 ; Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Cheryl L Jorcyk
- Department of Biological Sciences; Boise State University ; Boise, ID USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx, NY USA
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82
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Killick DR, Stell AJ, Catchpole B. Immunotherapy for canine cancer--is it time to go back to the future? J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:229-41. [PMID: 25704119 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the significance of the immune system in the development and control of cancer has been much debated. However, recent discoveries provide evidence for a role of immunological mechanisms in the detection and destruction of cancer cells. Forty years ago veterinary oncologists were already investigating the feasibility of treating neoplasia by enhancing anticancer immunity. Unfortunately, this research was hindered by lack of a detailed understanding of cancer immunology, this limited the specificity and success of these early approaches. The great forward strides made in our understanding of onco-immunology in recent years have provided the impetus for a resurgence of interest in anticancer immunotherapy for canine patients. In this article both these initial trials and the exciting novel immunotherapeutics currently in development are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Killick
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH64 7TE
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83
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Chen S, Liu H, Su N, Zhang G, Wang L. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote age-related increase of lung cancer growth via B7-H1. Exp Gerontol 2014; 61:84-91. [PMID: 25479230 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in aged hosts contribute to the age-related increase of susceptibility to murine breast adenocarcinoma and co-stimulatory molecules expressed in MDSCs are essential for MDSCs-mediated immune suppression. However, the co-stimulatory molecules that exert a direct effect on MDSCs-mediated age-dependent tumor susceptibility and the regulatory mechanism of their expression remain unclear. In the present study, we found that accumulation of MDSCs in aged mice was closely correlated with age-dependent enhanced growth of lung cancer. Further analysis revealed that B7-H1 was highly expressed in the MDSCs of 18-month but not in 2-month old mice. Accordingly, inhibition of B7-H1 with B7-H1 specific antibody significantly reactivated T cells and reduced the tumor progression mediated by MDSCs. In addition, IL-10 released from 18-month old mice stimulated the expression of B7-H1 on MDSCs. These results suggest that B7-H1 expressed on MDSCs is a novel target for reducing lung cancer susceptibility as the age increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Chen
- Special Procurement Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Special Procurement Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Nan Su
- Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Special Procurement Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
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84
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Valdor R, Mocholi E, Botbol Y, Guerrero-Ros I, Chandra D, Koga H, Gravekamp C, Cuervo AM, Macian F. Chaperone-mediated autophagy regulates T cell responses through targeted degradation of negative regulators of T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:1046-54. [PMID: 25263126 PMCID: PMC4208273 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) targets soluble proteins for lysosomal degradation. Here we found that CMA was activated in T cells in response to engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), which induced expression of the CMA-related lysosomal receptor LAMP-2A. In activated T cells, CMA targeted the ubiquitin ligase Itch and the calcineurin inhibitor RCAN1 for degradation to maintain activation-induced responses. Consequently, deletion of the gene encoding LAMP-2A in T cells caused deficient in vivo responses to immunization or infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Impaired CMA activity also occurred in T cells with age, which negatively affected their function. Restoration of LAMP-2A in T cells from old mice resulted in enhancement of activation-induced responses. Our findings define a role for CMA in regulating T cell activation through the targeted degradation of negative regulators of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valdor
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Enric Mocholi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Yair Botbol
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Hiroshi Koga
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Institute for Aging Studies. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Institute for Aging Studies. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Institute for Aging Studies. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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85
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Singh M, Quispe-Tintaya W, Chandra D, Jahangir A, Venkataswamy MM, Ng TW, Sharma-Kharkwal S, Carreño LJ, Porcelli SA, Gravekamp C. Direct incorporation of the NKT-cell activator α-galactosylceramide into a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes improves breast cancer vaccine efficacy. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1945-54. [PMID: 25314062 PMCID: PMC4229631 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment remains a major limitation to successful immunotherapy of cancer. In the current study, we analysed whether the natural killer T cell-activating glycolipid α-galactosylceramide could overcome immune suppression and improve vaccination against metastatic breast cancer. Methods: Mice with metastatic breast cancer (4T1 model) were therapeutically treated with a Listeria monocytogenes-based vaccine expressing tumour-associated antigen Mage-b followed by α-galactosylceramide as separate agents, or as a complex of α-galactosylceramide stably incorporated into Listeria-Mage-b. Effects on metastases, tumour weight, toxicity and immune responses were determined. Results: Sequential treatments of mice with established 4T1 breast carcinomas using Listeria-Mage-b followed by α-galactosylceramide as a separate agent was highly effective at reducing metastases, but was accompanied by severe liver toxicity. In contrast, combined therapy using Listeria-Mage-b modified by incorporation of α-galactosylceramide resulted in nearly complete elimination of metastases without toxicity. This was associated with a significant increase in the percentage of natural killer T cells in the spleen, and an increase in natural killer cell activity and in T cell responses to Mage-b. Conclusions: Our results suggest that direct incorporation of α-galactosylceramide into a live bacterial vaccine vector is a promising non-toxic new approach for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - W Quispe-Tintaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - D Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - A Jahangir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - M M Venkataswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - T W Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - S Sharma-Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - L J Carreño
- 1] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA [2] Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Avenue Independencia #1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - S A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - C Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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86
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Chandra D, Quispe-Tintaya W, Jahangir A, Asafu-Adjei D, Ramos I, Sintim HO, Zhou J, Hayakawa Y, Karaolis DKR, Gravekamp C. STING ligand c-di-GMP improves cancer vaccination against metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:901-10. [PMID: 24913717 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccination may be our best and most benign option for preventing or treating metastatic cancer. However, breakthroughs are hampered by immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we analyzed whether cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a ligand for stimulator of interferon genes (STING), could overcome immune suppression and improve vaccination against metastatic breast cancer. Mice with metastatic breast cancer (4T1 model) were therapeutically immunized with an attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (LM)-based vaccine, expressing tumor-associated antigen Mage-b (LM-Mb), followed by multiple low doses of c-di-GMP (0.2 μmol/L). This treatment resulted in a striking and near elimination of all metastases. Experiments revealed that c-di-GMP targets myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and tumor cells. Low doses of c-di-GMP significantly increased the production of IL12 by MDSCs, in correlation with improved T-cell responses to Mage-b, whereas a high dose of c-di-GMP (range, 0.3-3 mmol/L) activated caspase-3 in the 4T1 tumor cells and killed the tumor cells directly. On the basis of these results, we tested one administration of high-dose c-di-GMP (3 mmol/L) followed by repeated administrations of low-dose c-di-GMP (0.2 μmol/L) in the 4T1 model, and found equal efficacy compared with the combination of LM-Mb and c-di-GMP. This finding correlated with a mechanism of improved CD8 T-cell responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) Mage-b and Survivin, most likely through cross-presentation of these TAAs from c-di-GMP-killed 4T1 tumor cells, and through c-di-GMP-activated TAA-specific T cells. Our results demonstrate that activation of STING-dependent pathways by c-di-GMP is highly attractive for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Wilber Quispe-Tintaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Arthee Jahangir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Denise Asafu-Adjei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ilyssa Ramos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Jie Zhou
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; and
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York;
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Abstract
Cancer vaccination is less effective at old than at young age, due to T cell unresponsiveness. This is caused by age-related changes of the immune system. Major immune defects at older age are lack of naive T cells, impaired activation pathways of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC), and age-related changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Also innate immune responses are affected by aging, but this seems less abundant than adaptive immune responses. In this review we compared various cancer vaccine studies at young and old age, demonstrating the importance of both innate and adaptive immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, we found suggestive evidence that innate immune responses could help improve adaptive immune responses through cancer vaccination in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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88
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Li RJ, Liu L, Gao W, Song XZ, Bai XJ, Li ZF. Cyclooxygenase-2 blockade inhibits accumulation and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and restores T cell response after traumatic stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:234-240. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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89
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Heim CE, Vidlak D, Scherr TD, Kozel JA, Holzapfel M, Muirhead DE, Kielian T. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells contribute to Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic biofilm infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3778-92. [PMID: 24646737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature monocytes and granulocytes that are potent inhibitors of T cell activation. A role for MDSCs in bacterial infections has only recently emerged, and nothing is known about MDSC function in the context of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Because S. aureus biofilms are capable of subverting immune-mediated clearance, we examined whether MDSCs could play a role in this process. CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) MDSCs represented the main cellular infiltrate during S. aureus orthopedic biofilm infection, accounting for >75% of the CD45+ population. Biofilm-associated MDSCs inhibited T cell proliferation and cytokine production, which correlated with a paucity of T cell infiltrates at the infection site. Analysis of FACS-purified MDSCs recovered from S. aureus biofilms revealed increased arginase-1, inducible NO synthase, and IL-10 expression, key mediators of MDSC suppressive activity. Targeted depletion of MDSCs and neutrophils using the mAb 1A8 (anti-Ly6G) improved bacterial clearance by enhancing the intrinsic proinflammatory attributes of infiltrating monocytes and macrophages. Furthermore, the ability of monocytes/macrophages to promote biofilm clearance in the absence of MDSC action was revealed with RB6-C85 (anti-Gr-1 or anti-Ly6G/Ly6C) administration, which resulted in significantly increased S. aureus burdens both locally and in the periphery, because effector Ly 6C monocytes and, by extension, mature macrophages were also depleted. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MDSCs are key contributors to the chronicity of S. aureus biofilm infection, as their immunosuppressive function prevents monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory activity, which facilitates biofilm persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney E Heim
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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90
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Gravekamp C, Jahangir A. Is cancer vaccination feasible at older age? Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:138-44. [PMID: 24509231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related defects of the immune system are responsible for T cell unresponsiveness to cancer vaccination at older age. Major immune defects at older age are lack of naive T cells, impaired activation pathways of T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and age-related changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This raises the question whether cancer vaccination is feasible at older age. We compared various cancer vaccine studies at young and old age, thereby focusing on the importance of both innate and adaptive immune responses for cancer immunotherapy. These analyses suggest that creating an immune-stimulating environment with help of the innate immune system may improve T cell responses in cancer vaccination at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Arthee Jahangir
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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91
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Chandra D, Gravekamp C. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Cellular missiles to target tumors. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e26967. [PMID: 24427545 PMCID: PMC3890360 DOI: 10.4161/onci.26967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While conventional anticancer therapies, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy, are relatively efficient at eliminating primary tumors, these treatment modalities are largely ineffective against metastases. At least in part, this reflects the rather inefficient delivery of conventional anticancer agents to metastatic lesions. We have recently demonstrated that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can be used as cellular missiles to selectively deliver a radioisotope-coupled attenuated variant of Listeria monocytogenes to both primary and metastatic neoplastic lesions in mice with pancreatic cancer. This novel immunotherapeutic intervention robustly inhibited tumor growth while promoting a dramatic decrease in the number of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Chandra
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Bronx, NY USA
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Bronx, NY USA
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92
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The significant increase and dynamic changes of the myeloid-derived suppressor cells percentage with chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2013; 16:616-22. [PMID: 24193866 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-013-1125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the correlations between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the peripheral blood and cancer stage, immune function, and chemotherapy. METHODS Percentages of MDSCs (CD11b(+)CD14(-)CD33(+) cells) and lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 94 patients with Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were treated naïve and 30 healthy individuals were measured. Changes of the MDSCs percentage were further detected in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with systemic chemotherapy. Finally, coculture with CD8(+) cells was developed to determine effect of MDSCs on IFN-γ secretion of T lymphocytes. RESULTS MDSCs percentage of 94 patients with NSCLC was significantly higher than that of 30 healthy subjects (P < 0.05), the percentages were increased with tumor progression, in patients with stage III and IV percentages were significantly higher than those in stage I and II patients (P = 0.013). The MDSCs percentage was negatively related to percentage of CD8(+) cells in the peripheral blood (r = -0.354, n = 38, P = 0.029), and when they were cocultured, IFN-γ secretion of CD8(+) cells was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In 20 patients with advanced NSCLC who received systemic chemotherapy, nine partial remission (PR) cases got MDSCs percentage significantly decreased (P < 0.001), three stable disease (SD) cases remained invariable (P = 0.307) and eight progressive disease (PD) cases got significantly increased (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION The percentage of MDSCs in the patients was significantly higher than that of the healthy control subjects and it increased with tumor progression partially by inhibiting the CD8(+) cell function. The dynamic changes of MDSCs percentage reflected the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy.
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93
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Pan PY, Chen HM, Chen SH. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a Trojan horse: A cellular vehicle for the delivery of oncolytic viruses. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25083. [PMID: 24083075 PMCID: PMC3782526 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that oncolytic vesicular stomatitis viruses can be efficiently and selectively delivered to neoplastic lesions by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Importantly, the loading of viruses onto MDSCs inhibited their immunosuppressive properties and endowed them with immunostimulatory and tumoricidal functions. Our study demonstrates the potential use of MDSCs as a Trojan horse for the tumor-targeted delivery of various anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ying Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA ; Tisch Cancer Institute; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY USA
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