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Seshacharyulu P, Rachagani S, Muniyan S, Siddiqui JA, Cruz E, Sharma S, Krishnan R, Killips BJ, Sheinin Y, Lele SM, Smith LM, Talmon GA, Ponnusamy MP, Datta K, Batra SK. FDPS cooperates with PTEN loss to promote prostate cancer progression through modulation of small GTPases/AKT axis. Oncogene 2019; 38:5265-5280. [PMID: 30914801 PMCID: PMC6597298 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS), a mevalonate pathway enzyme, is highly expressed in several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). To date, the mechanistic, functional, and clinical significance of FDPS in cancer remains unexplored. We evaluated the FDPS expression and its cancer-associated phenotypes using in vitro and in vivo methods in PTEN-deficient and sufficient human and mouse PCa cells and tumors. Interestingly, FDPS overexpression synergizes with PTEN deficiency in PTEN conditionally knockout mice (P < 0.05) and expressed significantly higher in human (P < 0.001) PCa tissues, cell lines, and murine tumoroids compared to respective controls. In silico analysis revealed that FDPS is associated with increasing Gleason score, PTEN functionally deficient status, and poor survival of PCa. Ectopic overexpression of FDPS promotes oncogenic phenotypes such as colony formation (P < 0.01) and proliferation (P < 0.01) through activation of AKT and ERK signaling by prenylating Rho A, Rho G, and CDC42 small GTPases. Of interest, knockdown of FDPS in PCa cells exhibits decreased colony growth and proliferation (P < 0.001) by modulating AKT and ERK pathways. Further, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PI3K but not AKT reduced FDPS expression. Pharmacological targeting of FDPS by zoledronic acid (ZOL), which is already in clinics, exhibit reduced growth and clonogenicity of human and murine PCa cells (P < 0.01) and 3D tumoroids (P < 0.02) by disrupting AKT and ERK signaling through direct interference of small GTPases protein prenylation. Thus, FDPS plays an oncogenic role in PTEN-deficient PCa through GTPase/AKT axis. Identifying mevalonate pathway proteins could serve as a therapeutic target in PTEN dysregulated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sunandini Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramakrishnan Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brigham J Killips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yuri Sheinin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Subodh M Lele
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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52
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Ge H, Zhao Y, Shi X, Tan Z, Chi X, He M, Jiang G, Ji L, Li H. Squalene epoxidase promotes the proliferation and metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells though extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:428-436. [PMID: 30734525 PMCID: PMC6397918 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The biological function of squalene epoxidase (SQLE), an important rate‐limiting enzyme in downstream cholesterol synthesis, is to convert squalene to 2‐3 oxacin squalene. The expression of SQLE in lung cancer is abnormal. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of SQLE expression on lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) proliferation, migration, and invasion and its role in extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Methods Cell Counting Kit 8, wound healing, and Transwell assays; Western blotting; and quantitative real‐time PCR were used to investigate the effect of SQLE in a lung SCC H520 cell line. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to identify the prognostic significance of SQLE. Results Overexpression of SQLE promoted lung SCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas knockdown of SQLE expression showed the opposite effect. SQLE can interact with ERK to enhance its phosphorylation. SQLE may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung cancer by modulating ERK signaling. Further survival analysis indicated that high expression of SQLE indicated poor prognosis in lung SCC. Conclusion Our study presents novel evidence of potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for lung SCC therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ge
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yamei Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Hanting District People's Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xinyan Shi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaorui Chi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man He
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixia Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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53
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Ji D, Zhan T, Li M, Yao Y, Jia J, Yi H, Qiao M, Xia J, Zhang Z, Ding H, Song C, Han Y, Gu J. Enhancement of Sensitivity to Chemo/Radiation Therapy by Using miR-15b against DCLK1 in Colorectal Cancer. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1506-1522. [PMID: 30449704 PMCID: PMC6294114 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemo-/radiotherapy resistance is the main cause accounting for most treatment failure in colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are the culprit leading to CRC chemo-/radiotherapy resistance. The underlying regulation mechanism of TICs in CRC remains unclear. Here we discovered that miR-15b expression positively correlated with therapeutic outcome in CRC. Expression of miR-15b in pretreatment biopsy tissue samples predicted tumor regression grade (TRG) in rectal cancer patients after receiving neoadjuvant radiotherapy (nRT). Expression of miR-15b in post-nRT tissue samples was associated with therapeutic outcome. DCLK1 was identified as the direct target gene for miR-15b and its suppression was associated with self-renewal and tumorigenic properties of DCLK1+ TICs. We identified B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region l homolog (BMI1) as a downstream target regulated by miR-15b/DCLK1 signaling. Thus, miR-15b may serve as a valuable marker for prognosis and therapeutic outcome prediction. DCLK1 could be a potential therapeutic target to overcome chemo-/radioresistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengbo Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yunfeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jinying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Haizhao Yi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Meng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jinhong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Huirong Ding
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Can Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery III, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Peking University S.G. Hospital, Beijing 100144, China.
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54
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Maust JD, Frankowski-McGregor CL, Bankhead A, Simeone DM, Sebolt-Leopold JS. Cyclooxygenase-2 Influences Response to Cotargeting of MEK and CDK4/6 in a Subpopulation of Pancreatic Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2495-2506. [PMID: 30254182 PMCID: PMC6279520 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ineffectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer highlights a critical unmet need in pancreatic cancer therapy. Two commonly mutated genes in pancreatic cancer, KRAS and CDKN2A, have an incidence exceeding 90%, supporting investigation of dual targeting of MEK and CDK4/6 as a potential therapeutic strategy for this patient population. An in vitro proliferation synergy screen was conducted to evaluate response of a panel of high passage and patient-derived pancreatic cancer models to the combination of trametinib and palbociclib to inhibit MEK and CDK4/6, respectively. Two adenosquamous carcinoma models, L3.6pl and UM59, stood out for their high synergy response. In vivo studies confirmed that this combination treatment approach was highly effective in subcutaneously implanted L3.6pl and UM59 tumor-bearing animals. Both models were refractory to single-agent treatment. Reverse-phase protein array analysis of L3.6pl tumors excised from treated animals revealed strong downregulation of COX-2 expression in response to combination treatment. Expression of COX-2 under a CMV-driven promoter and shRNA knockdown of COX-2 both led to resistance to combination treatment. Our findings suggest that COX-2 may be involved in the improved therapeutic outcome seen in some pancreatic tumors that fail to respond to MEK or CDK4/6 inhibitors alone but respond favorably to their combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Maust
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Judith S Sebolt-Leopold
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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55
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Lee MG, Lee KS, Nam KS. The association of changes in RAD51 and survivin expression levels with the proton beam sensitivity of Capan‑1 and Panc‑1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:744-752. [PMID: 30483758 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fewer than 20% of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer can be treated with surgical resection. The effects of proton beam irradiation were evaluated on the cell viabilities in Panc‑1 and Capan‑1 pancreatic cancer cells. The cells were irradiated with proton beams at the center of Bragg peaks with a 6‑cm width using a proton accelerator. Cell proliferation was assessed with the MTT assay, gene expression was analyzed with semi‑quantitative or quantitative reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analyses and protein expression was evaluated by western blotting. The results demonstrated that Capan‑1 cells had lower cell viability than Panc‑1 cells at 72 h after proton beam irradiation. Furthermore, the cleaved poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase protein level was increased by irradiation in Capan‑1 cells, but not in Panc‑1 cells. Additionally, it was determined that histone H2AX phosphorylation in the two cell lines was increased by irradiation. Although a 16 Gy proton beam was only slightly up‑regulated cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21) protein expression in Capan‑1 cells, p21 expression levels in Capan‑1 and Panc‑1 cells were significantly increased at 72 h after irradiation. Furthermore, it was observed that the expression of DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51), a homogenous repair enzyme, was decreased in what appeared to be a dose‑dependent manner by irradiation in Capan‑1 cells. Contrastingly, the transcription of survivin in Panc‑1 was significantly enhanced. The results suggest that RAD51 and survivin are potent markers that determine the therapeutic efficacy of proton beam therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gu Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsanbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsanbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsanbuk-do 38066, Republic of Korea
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56
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Ide H, Inoue S, Mizushima T, Jiang G, Chuang KH, Oya M, Miyamoto H. Androgen Receptor Signaling Reduces Radiosensitivity in Bladder Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1566-1574. [PMID: 29720561 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy often with chemotherapy has been shown to offer a survival benefit comparable with that of radical cystectomy in select patients with bladder cancer, the development of radiosensitization strategies may significantly enhance its application. Notably, emerging preclinical evidence has indicated the involvement of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in urothelial cancer progression. We here assessed whether AR signals could contribute to modulating radiosensitivity in bladder cancer cells. Ionizing radiation reduced the numbers of viable cells or colonies of AR-negative lines more significantly than those of AR-positive lines. Similarly, in AR-positive cells cultured in androgen-depleted conditions, dihydrotestosterone treatment lowered the effects of irradiation. Meanwhile, an antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide enhanced them in AR-positive cells cultured in the presence of androgens. AR knockdown or hydroxyflutamide treatment also resulted in a delay in DNA double-strand break repair 4-24 hours after irradiation. We then established "radiation-resistant" sublines and found considerable elevation of the expression of AR as well as DNA repair genes, such as ATR, CHEK1, and PARP-1, in these sublines, compared with respective controls. Furthermore, dihydrotestosterone induced the expression of these DNA repair genes in irradiated AR-positive cells, and hydroxyflutamide antagonized the androgen effects. Finally, in a mouse xenograft model, low-dose flutamide was found to enhance the inhibitory effects of irradiation, and its tumor size was similar to that of AR knockdown line with radiation alone. These findings suggest that AR activity inversely correlates with radiosensitivity in bladder cancer. Accordingly, antiandrogenic drugs may function as sensitizers of irradiation, especially in patients with AR-positive urothelial cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1566-74. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Taichi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kuang-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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57
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Cirmena G, Franceschelli P, Isnaldi E, Ferrando L, De Mariano M, Ballestrero A, Zoppoli G. Squalene epoxidase as a promising metabolic target in cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2018; 425:13-20. [PMID: 29596888 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic alteration of the cholesterol synthesis pathway is a recognized mechanism of metabolic adaptation. In the present review, we focus on squalene epoxidase (SE), one of the two rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol synthesis, retracing its history since its discovery as an antimycotic target to its description as an emerging metabolic oncogene by amplification with clinical relevance in cancer. We review the published literature assessing the association between SE over-expression and poor prognosis in this disease. We assess the works demonstrating how SE promotes tumor cell proliferation and migration, and displaying evidence of cancer cell demise in presence of human SE inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, robust scientific evidence has by now accumulated pointing out SE as a promising novel therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Ballestrero
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Zoppoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
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58
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Programming of Cell Resistance to Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010005. [PMID: 29301323 PMCID: PMC5874662 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different organisms, cell types, and even similar cell lines can dramatically differ in resistance to genotoxic stress. This testifies to the wide opportunities for genetic and epigenetic regulation of stress resistance. These opportunities could be used to increase the effectiveness of cancer therapy, develop new varieties of plants and animals, and search for new pharmacological targets to enhance human radioresistance, which can be used for manned deep space expeditions. Based on the comparison of transcriptomic studies in cancer cells, in this review, we propose that there is a high diversity of genetic mechanisms of development of genotoxic stress resistance. This review focused on possibilities and limitations of the regulation of the resistance of normal cells and whole organisms to genotoxic and oxidative stress by the overexpressing of stress-response genes. Moreover, the existing experimental data on the effect of such overexpression on the resistance of cells and organisms to various genotoxic agents has been analyzed and systematized. We suggest that the recent advances in the development of multiplex and highly customizable gene overexpression technology that utilizes the mutant Cas9 protein and the abundance of available data on gene functions and their signal networks open new opportunities for research in this field.
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59
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Macha MA, Rachagani S, Qazi AK, Jahan R, Gupta S, Patel A, Seshacharyulu P, Lin C, Li S, Wang S, Verma V, Kishida S, Kishida M, Nakamura N, Kibe T, Lydiatt WM, Smith RB, Ganti AK, Jones DT, Batra SK, Jain M. Afatinib radiosensitizes head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by targeting cancer stem cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20961-20973. [PMID: 28423495 PMCID: PMC5400558 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dismal prognosis of locally advanced and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is primarily due to the development of resistance to chemoradiation therapy (CRT). Deregulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling is involved in HNSCC pathogenesis by regulating cell survival, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and resistance to CRT. Here we investigated the radiosensitizing activity of the pan-EGFR inhibitor afatinib in HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed strong antiproliferative effects of afatinib in HNSCC SCC1 and SCC10B cells, compared to immortalized normal oral epithelial cells MOE1a and MOE1b. Comparative analysis revealed stronger antitumor effects with afatinib than observed with erlotinib. Furthermore, afatinib enhanced in vitro radiosensitivity of SCC1 and SCC10B cells by inducing mesenchymal to epithelial transition, G1 cell cycle arrest, and the attenuating ionizing radiation (IR)-induced activation of DNA double strand break repair (DSB) ATM/ATR/CHK2/BRCA1 pathway. Our studies also revealed the effect of afatinib on tumor sphere- and colony-forming capabilities of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and decreased IR-induced CSC population in SCC1 and SCC10B cells. Furthermore, we observed that a combination of afatinib with IR significantly reduced SCC1 xenograft tumors (median weight of 168.25 ± 20.85 mg; p = 0.05) compared to afatinib (280.07 ± 20.54 mg) or IR alone (324.91 ± 28.08 mg). Immunohistochemical analysis of SCC1 tumor xenografts demonstrated downregulation of the expression of IR-induced pEGFR1, ALDH1 and upregulation of phosphorylated γH2AX by afatinib. Overall, afatinib reduces tumorigenicity and radiosensitizes HNSCC cells. It holds promise for future clinical development as a novel radiosensitizer by improving CSC eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Asif Khurshid Qazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Suprit Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Anery Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sicong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Vivek Verma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shosei Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan,
| | - Michiko Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan,
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kibe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - William M Lydiatt
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Russell B Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Apar K Ganti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,VA Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.,Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Huang Y, Jin Q, Su M, Ji F, Wang N, Zhong C, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wei L, Chen T, Li B. Leptin promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by upregulating ACAT2. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:537-547. [PMID: 28770546 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, it has been shown that obesity may be considered as a risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Leptin, a hormone whose level is elevated in obesity, has been suggested to be involved in the development of breast cancer, and univariate survival analyses have shown that over-expression of ACAT2, an enzyme that is involved in the production of cholesteryl esters, may be associated with a poor prognosis. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of leptin on the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, as well as to elucidate its underlying mode of action. METHODS Gene expression changes in leptin treated breast cancer-derived MCF-7, T47D and BT474 cells were assessed using PCR array, qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses. The expression patterns of Ob-R (leptin receptor) and ACAT2 in breast cancer cells and primary breast cancer tissue samples were analyzed using immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Leptin-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells was assessed using a CCK8 assay, and scratch wound and Transwell assays were used to assess breast cancer cell invasion and migration. RESULTS We found that, among the genes tested, ACAT2 expression exhibited the most significant changes in the leptin treated cells. In addition, we found that inhibition of ACAT2 expression using pyripyropene A (PPPA) or siRNA-mediated gene silencing significantly decreased leptin-induced proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7 and T47D cells. Subsequent Western blot analyses strongly indicated that the PI3K/AKT/SREBP2 signaling pathway was involved in leptin-induced ACAT2 upregulation in both MCF-7 and T47D cells. Finally, through the analysis of primary breast cancer tissue samples we found that ACAT2 may affect cancer progression through activation of the Ob-R. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that leptin may enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells via ACAT2 up-regulation through the PI3K/AKT/SREBP2 signaling pathway. Therefore, the leptin/ACAT2 axis may represent an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal and/or obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qianni Jin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Min Su
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Feihu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Nian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Changli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Junhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Otolarynology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Seshacharyulu P, Baine MJ, Souchek JJ, Menning M, Kaur S, Yan Y, Ouellette MM, Jain M, Lin C, Batra SK. Biological determinants of radioresistance and their remediation in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:69-92. [PMID: 28249796 PMCID: PMC5548591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in radiotherapy, a majority of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC) do not achieve objective responses due to the existence of intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. Identification of molecular mechanisms that compromise the efficacy of radiation therapy and targeting these pathways is paramount for improving radiation response in PC patients. In this review, we have summarized molecular mechanisms associated with the radio-resistant phenotype of PC. Briefly, we discuss the reversible and irreversible biological consequences of radiotherapy, such as DNA damage and DNA repair, mechanisms of cancer cell survival and radiation-induced apoptosis following radiotherapy. We further describe various small molecule inhibitors and molecular targeting agents currently being tested in preclinical and clinical studies as potential radiosensitizers for PC. Notably, we draw attention towards the confounding effects of cancer stem cells, immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in the context of PC radioresistance and radiosensitization. Finally, we discuss the need for examining selective radioprotectors in light of the emerging evidence on radiation toxicity to non-target tissue associated with PC radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michael J Baine
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joshua J Souchek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Melanie Menning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ying Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Michel M. Ouellette
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Chi Lin
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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62
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Gunda V, Souchek J, Abrego J, Shukla SK, Goode GD, Vernucci E, Dasgupta A, Chaika NV, King RJ, Li S, Wang S, Yu F, Bessho T, Lin C, Singh PK. MUC1-Mediated Metabolic Alterations Regulate Response to Radiotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5881-5891. [PMID: 28720669 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:MUC1, an oncogene overexpressed in multiple solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer, reduces overall survival and imparts resistance to radiation and chemotherapies. We previously identified that MUC1 facilitates growth-promoting metabolic alterations in pancreatic cancer cells. The present study investigates the role of MUC1-mediated metabolism in radiation resistance of pancreatic cancer by utilizing cell lines and in vivo models.Experimental Design: We used MUC1-knockdown and -overexpressed cell line models for evaluating the role of MUC1-mediated metabolism in radiation resistance through in vitro cytotoxicity, clonogenicity, DNA damage response, and metabolomic evaluations. We also investigated whether inhibition of glycolysis could revert MUC1-mediated metabolic alterations and radiation resistance by using in vitro and in vivo models.Results: MUC1 expression diminished radiation-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and nucleotide biosynthesis. Such metabolic reprogramming resulted in high nucleotide pools and radiation resistance in in vitro models. Pretreatment with the glycolysis inhibitor 3-bromopyruvate abrogated MUC1-mediated radiation resistance both in vitro and in vivo, by reducing glucose flux into nucleotide biosynthetic pathways and enhancing DNA damage, which could again be reversed by pretreatment with nucleoside pools.Conclusions: MUC1-mediated nucleotide metabolism plays a key role in facilitating radiation resistance in pancreatic cancer and targeted effectively through glycolytic inhibition. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5881-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Gunda
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Joshua Souchek
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jaime Abrego
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Surendra K Shukla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Gennifer D Goode
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Enza Vernucci
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Aneesha Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Nina V Chaika
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ryan J King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sicong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tadayoshi Bessho
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Chi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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63
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Baine MJ, Lin C. Genome-based modeling for adjusting radiotherapy dose (GARD)-a significant step toward the future of personalized radiation therapy. Transl Cancer Res 2017; 6:S418-S420. [PMID: 30881870 PMCID: PMC6415686 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2017.03.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Baine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Chi Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
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64
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Qin Y, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Jin L, Chen Y. SQLE induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by regulating of miR-133b in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:138-148. [PMID: 28069586 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs, which control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, are aberrantly expressed in cancers and play significant roles in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In this study, we show differential miR-133b down-expression in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells and tissues. In addition, squalene epoxidase (SQLE), a key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, is identified as the direct downstream target gene of miR-133b by luciferase gene reporter assay. Furthermore, ectogenic miR-133b expression and SQLE knockdown can inhibit proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, and diminish epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) traits of ESCC in vitro, implying that miR-133b-dependent SQLE can induce tumorigenicity and that SQLE is an EMT inducer. Xenograft experiment results also proved the biological function of SQLE in vivo. Therefore, we conclude that miR-133b-dependent SQLE plays a critical role in the potential metastasis mechanisms in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng 224001, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Jimin Hospital, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Qinting Tang
- College of Nursing, Yancheng Vocational Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng 224006, China
| | - Li Jin
- Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong'an Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jimin Hospital, Shanghai 200052, China
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65
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Gong J, Sachdev E, Robbins LA, Lin E, Hendifar AE, Mita MM. Statins and pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1035-1040. [PMID: 28454210 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains among the most lethal cancers, despite ongoing advances in treatment for all stages of the disease. Disease prevention represents another opportunity to improve patient outcome, with metabolic syndrome and its components, such as diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia, having been recognized as modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer. In addition, statins have been shown to potentially reduce pancreatic cancer risk and to improve survival in patients with a combination of metabolic syndrome and pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins exhibit antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and animal models in vivo, in addition to delaying the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and inhibiting PDAC formation in conditional K-Ras mutant mice. The mechanisms by which statins produce anticancer effects remain poorly understood, although appear to involve inhibition of the mevalonate/cholesterol synthesis pathway, thus blocking the synthesis of intermediates important for prenylation and activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, statins have been identified to modulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt serine/threonine kinase 1 and inflammation signaling pathways, and to alter the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, which are important for PDAC growth and proliferation. In addition, statins have been demonstrated to exhibit further antitumor mechanisms in a number of other cancer types, which are beyond the scope of the present review. In the present review, current evidence highlighting the potential of statins as chemopreventive agents in pancreatic cancer is presented, and the antitumor mechanisms of statins elucidated thus far in this disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gong
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Esha Sachdev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lori A Robbins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
| | - Andrew E Hendifar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Monica M Mita
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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66
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NOD-SCID mice irradiation with medical accelerators: Dosimetric and radiobiological results. Phys Med 2016; 32:1453-1460. [PMID: 27838243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Preclinical studies normally requires dedicated instruments due to the small anatomical scales involved, but the possibility of using clinical devices for this purpose may be of economical, scientific and translational interest. In the present work the accurate description of treatment planning, dosimetric results, radiotoxicity and tumor response of the irradiation of NOD-SCID mice were presented. Two medical linear accelerators, TrueBeam STx and Tomotherapy Hi-ART, were compared. NOD-SCID mice irradiation with Tomotherapy is a novelty, as well as the comparison of different irradiation techniques, devices and dose fractionations. METHODS Human derived glioblastoma multiforme neurospheres were injected in immunocompromised NOD-SCID mice to establish xenograft models. Mice were anaesthetized and placed in a plexiglas cage pieboth to perform CT scan for treatment planning purposes and for the irradiation. Three fractionation schedules were evaluated: 4Gy/1 fraction, 4Gy/2 fractions and 6Gy/3 fractions. Tomotherapy planning parameters, the presence of a bolus layer and the irradiation time were reported. After irradiation, mice were examined daily and sacrificed when they showed signs of suffering or when tumor volume reached the established endpoint. Outcomes regarding both radiotoxicity and tumor response were evaluated comparing irradiated mice as respect to their controls. RESULTS Survival analysis showed that Tomotherapy irradiation with 6Gy/3 fractions with a bolus layer prolong mice survival (log-rank test, p<0.02). Tumor volume and mice survival were significantly different in irradiated xenografts as compared to their controls (t-test, p<0.03; log-rank, p<0.05). CONCLUSION The radiobiological potential of Tomotherapy in inducing tumor growth stabilization is demonstrated.
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67
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Gomez-Casal R, Epperly MW, Wang H, Proia DA, Greenberger JS, Levina V. Radioresistant human lung adenocarcinoma cells that survived multiple fractions of ionizing radiation are sensitive to HSP90 inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:44306-22. [PMID: 26517240 PMCID: PMC4792558 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the common usage of radiotherapy for the treatment of NSCLC, outcomes for these cancers when treated with ionizing radiation (IR) are still unsatisfactory. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying resistance to IR is needed to design approaches to eliminate the radioresistant cells and prevent tumor recurrence and metastases. Using multiple fractions of IR we generated radioresistant cells from T2821 and T2851 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The radioresistant phenotypes present in T2821/R and T2851/R cells include multiple changes in DNA repair genes and proteins expression, upregulation of EMT markers, alterations of cell cycle distribution, upregulation of PI3K/AKT signaling and elevated production of growth factors, cytokines, important for lung cancer progression, such as IL-6, PDGFB and SDF-1 (CXCL12). In addition to being radioresistant these cells were also found to be resistant to cisplatin. HSP90 is a molecular chaperone involved in stabilization and function of multiple client proteins implicated in NSCLC cell survival and radioresistance. We examined the effect of ganetespib, a novel HSP90 inhibitor, on T2821/R and T2851/R cell survival, migration and radioresistance. Our data indicates that ganetespib has cytotoxic activity against parental T2821 and T2851 cells and radioresistant T2821/R and T2851/R lung tumor cells. Ganetespib does not affect proliferation of normal human lung fibroblasts. Combining IR with ganetespib completely abrogates clonogenic survival of radioresistant cells. Our data show that HSP90 inhibition can potentiate the effect of radiotherapy and eliminate radioresistant and cisplatin -resistant residual cells, thus it may aid in reducing NSCLC tumor recurrence after fractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Gomez-Casal
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Joel S Greenberger
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vera Levina
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Current address: Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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68
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Lo ST, Pantazopouos P, Medarova Z, Moore A. Presentation of underglycosylated mucin 1 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at early stages. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:1986-1995. [PMID: 27725904 PMCID: PMC5043108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Underglycosylated mucin 1 antigen (uMUC1) is a proven biomarker of cancer progression relevant to many malignancies including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, while ample evidence exists of the expression of total MUC1, little is known about the abundance of the underglycolsylated form of the antigen and its significance in disease progression. Such knowledge is important because the underglycosylated form of MUC1 is intimately linked to metastatic potential. Here, we investigated the expression uMUC1 at various stages of PDAC including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on human tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing PDAC and PanIN using monoclonal antibody specific to uMUC1. uMUC1 expression was analyzed by a traditional pathological scoring system and using automatic imaging analysis software. Our results demonstrated low uMUC1 abundance in PanIN lesions and a transient increase in antigen availability in stage I PDAC, followed by decreased expression in later stages of the disease. An additional finding was that there was intermediate expression of uMUC1 in adjacent normal tissues from PDAC irrespective of the stage. These studies suggest the intriguing possibility that a pro-metastatic uMUC1 expression signature may appear at early stages of PDAC, providing an additional clue about the aggressive nature of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tang Lo
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Current address: Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Pamela Pantazopouos
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Zdravka Medarova
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
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69
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Haider S, McIntyre A, van Stiphout RGPM, Winchester LM, Wigfield S, Harris AL, Buffa FM. Genomic alterations underlie a pan-cancer metabolic shift associated with tumour hypoxia. Genome Biol 2016; 17:140. [PMID: 27358048 PMCID: PMC4926297 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. However, the role of genomic changes in metabolic genes driving the tumour metabolic shift remains to be elucidated. Here, we have investigated the genomic and transcriptomic changes underlying this shift across ten different cancer types. RESULTS A systematic pan-cancer analysis of 6538 tumour/normal samples covering ten major cancer types identified a core metabolic signature of 44 genes that exhibit high frequency somatic copy number gains/amplifications (>20 % cases) associated with increased mRNA expression (ρ > 0.3, q < 10(-3)). Prognostic classifiers using these genes were confirmed in independent datasets for breast and kidney cancers. Interestingly, this signature is strongly associated with hypoxia, with nine out of ten cancer types showing increased expression and five out of ten cancer types showing increased gain/amplification of these genes in hypoxic tumours (P ≤ 0.01). Further validation in breast and colorectal cancer cell lines highlighted squalene epoxidase, an oxygen-requiring enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, as a driver of dysregulated metabolism and a key player in maintaining cell survival under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals somatic genomic alterations underlying a pan-cancer metabolic shift and suggests genomic adaptation of these genes as a survival mechanism in hypoxic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Haider
- />Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruud G. P. M. van Stiphout
- />Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura M. Winchester
- />Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Wigfield
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesca M. Buffa
- />Computational Biology and Integrative Genomics, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- />Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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70
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Zhao Z, Lu J, Han L, Wang X, Man Q, Liu S. Prognostic significance of two lipid metabolism enzymes, HADHA and ACAT2, in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8121-30. [PMID: 26715271 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in adults, but there is still no acknowledged biomarker for its prognostic evaluation. Our previous proteomic data had demonstrated the dysregulation of some lipid metabolism enzymes in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). In the present study, we elucidated the expression of two lipid metabolism enzymes, hydroxyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, alpha subunit (HADHA) and acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), using Western blotting analysis, then assessed the prognostic potential of HADHA and ACAT2 using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a tissue microarray of 145 ccRCC tissues. HADHA and ACAT2 were downregulated in ccRCC (P < 0.05); further IHC analysis revealed that HADHA expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, stage, size, metastasis, and cancer-specific survival (P = 0.004, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.049, P < 0.001, respectively) and ACAT2 expression was significantly associated with tumor stage, size, and cancer-specific survival (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, a strong correlation was found between HADHA and ACAT2 expression (R = 0.655, P < 0.001). Further univariate survival analysis demonstrated that high stage, big tumor size, metastasis, and HADHA and ACAT2 down-expression were associated with poorer prognosis on cancer-specific survival (P = 0.007, P = 0.005, P = 0.006, P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively), and multivariate analysis revealed that HADHA, stage, and metastasis were identified as independent prognostic factors for cancer-specific survival in patients with ccRCC (P = 0.018, P = 0.046, P = 0.001, respectively). Collectively, these findings indicated that HADHA could serve as a promising prognostic marker in ccRCC, which indicated lipid metabolism abnormality might be involved in ccRCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuohui Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No. 324, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No. 324, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No. 324, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Quanzhan Man
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No. 324, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No. 324, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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Ketola K, Viitala M, Kohonen P, Fey V, Culig Z, Kallioniemi O, Iljin K. High-throughput cell-based compound screen identifies pinosylvin methyl ether and tanshinone IIA as inhibitors of castration-resistant prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 5:12-22. [PMID: 27891324 PMCID: PMC5120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are limited. In this study, a high-throughput screen of 4910 drugs and drug-like molecules was performed to identify antiproliferative compounds in androgen ablated prostate cancer cells. The effect of compounds on cell viability was compared in androgen ablated LNCaP prostate cancer cells and in LNCaP cells grown in presence of androgens as well as in two non-malignant prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1 and EP156T). Validation experiments of cancer specific anti-proliferative compounds indicated pinosylvin methyl ether (PSME) and tanshinone IIA as potent inhibitors of androgen ablated LNCaP cell proliferation. PSME is a stilbene compound with no previously described anti-neoplastic activity whereas tanshinone IIA is currently used in cardiovascular disorders and proposed as a cancer drug. To gain insights into growth inhibitory mechanisms in CRPC, genome-wide gene expression analysis was performed in PSME- and tanshinone IIA-exposed cells. Both compounds altered the expression of genes involved in cell cycle and steroid and cholesterol biosynthesis in androgen ablated LNCaP cells. Decrease in androgen signalling was confirmed by reduced expression of androgen receptor and prostate specific antigen in PSME- or tanshinone IIA-exposed cells. Taken together, this systematic screen identified a novel anti-proliferative agent, PSME, for CRPC. Moreover, our screen confirmed tanshinone IIA as well as several other compounds as potential prostate cancer growth inhibitors also in androgen ablated prostate cancer cells. These results provide valuable starting points for preclinical and clinical studies for CRPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Ketola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Miro Viitala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Kohonen
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
| | - Vidal Fey
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
| | - Zoran Culig
- Division of Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
- Division of Experimental Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Iljin
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Finland
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
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72
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Ang C, Doyle E, Branch A. Bisphosphonates as potential adjuvants for patients with cancers of the digestive system. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:906-916. [PMID: 26811636 PMCID: PMC4716044 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Best known for their anti-resorptive activity in bone, bisphosphonates (BPs) have generated interest as potential antineoplastic agents given their pleiotropic biological effects which include antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and immune-modulating properties. Clinical studies in multiple malignancies suggest that BPs may be active in the prevention or treatment of cancer. Digestive tract malignancies represent a large and heterogeneous disease group, and the activity of BPs in these cancers has not been extensively studied. Recent data showing that some BPs inhibit human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) signaling highlight a potential therapeutic opportunity in digestive cancers, many of which have alterations in the HER axis. Herein, we review the available evidence providing a rationale for the repurposing of BPs as a therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of digestive malignancies, especially in HER-driven subgroups.
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Zhao SG, Evans JR, Kothari V, Sun G, Larm A, Mondine V, Schaeffer EM, Ross AE, Klein EA, Den RB, Dicker AP, Karnes RJ, Erho N, Nguyen PL, Davicioni E, Feng FY. The Landscape of Prognostic Outlier Genes in High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1777-86. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Predictive value of blood lipid association with response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4955-61. [PMID: 26531721 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to explore whether blood lipid parameters could predict tumor regression grading (TRG) and compare with the predictive value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer (LARC) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). Between June 2011 and January 2015, the records of 176 patients with primary colorectal adenocarcinoma treated with nCRT followed by radical surgery were reviewed retrospectively. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and pre-CEA were measured before nCRT, and post-CEA was measured before surgery. A total of 129 (73.3 %) good responders (TRG 3-4) and 47 (26.7 %) poor responders (TRG 0-2) were assessed after the nCRT. TC, LDL, HDL, and ΔCEA were 6.56 ± 0.95, 3.08 ± 0.72, and 1.43 ± 0.25 mmol/L and -0.69 ± 8.33 μg/mL in poor responders compared with 5.15 ± 1.29, 2.39 ± 0.5, and 1.37 ± 0.32 mmol/L and 16.67 ± 30.18 μg/mL in good responders, respectively (p < 0.05). TG, pre-CEA, and post-CEA were not significantly different. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed TC and ΔCEA as independent factors in predicting TRG; TC showed a sensitivity of 62.79 %, a specificity of 91.49 %, a Youden index of 0.543, a cutoff value of 5.52, and an AUC of 0.800 compared with ΔCEA (sensitivity 76.74 %, specificity 65.96 %, Youden index 0.427, and AUC 0.761). TC has a better predictive value than ΔCEA and hence might serve as a predictor of TRG in LARC patients.
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Squalene epoxidase (SQLE) promotes the growth and migration of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6173-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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