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Ma X, Sun Z, Zhai P, Yu W, Wang T, Li F, Ding J. Effect of follicular helper T cells on the pathogenesis of asthma. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:967-972. [PMID: 28810548 PMCID: PMC5525906 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells are considered to be a separate T helper cell subset, specifically to help memory B cell participate in humoral immunity. It has been reported that there is an association between the imbalance of TFH function and certain autoimmune diseases. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of TFH cells on the process of bronchial asthma has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associated markers of TFH cells in bronchial asthma-induced mice. In the current study, sensitized and long-term challenges induced a mouse asthmatic model and were used to investigate the associated markers of TFH cells in the pathogenesis of asthma. The results demonstrated that B cell lymphoma 6, inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), ICOS ligand, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) and interleukin (IL)-21 protein and mRNA expression levels were higher in the asthma group, as compared with the control group. Furthermore, the ratio of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+CXCR5+/CD4+ and CD4+CXCR5+ICOS+/CD4+CXCR5+ was significantly increased in the asthma group. The results of the current study suggest that TFH cells and associated markers may have a role in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinjiang National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhai
- Medical Department, Xinjiang Police College, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830013, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Library Department, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Fengsen Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinjiang National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, P.R. China
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Zeng W, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhang S, Khanniche A, Zheng Y, Ma X, Yu T, Tian F, Liu XR, Fan J, Lin Y. Distinct Transcriptional and Alternative Splicing Signatures of Decidual CD4 + T Cells in Early Human Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:682. [PMID: 28659920 PMCID: PMC5466981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Decidual CD4+ T (dCD4 T) cells are crucial for the maternal-fetal immune tolerance required for a healthy pregnancy outcome. However, their molecular and functional characteristics are not well elucidated. In this study, we performed the first analysis of transcriptional and alternative splicing (AS) landscapes for paired decidual and peripheral blood CD4+ T (pCD4 T) cells in human early pregnancy using high throughput mRNA sequencing. Our data showed that dCD4 T cells are endowed with a unique transcriptional signature when compared to pCD4 T cells: dCD4 T cells upregulate 1,695 genes enriched in immune system process whereas downregulate 1,011 genes mainly related to mRNA catabolic process and the ribosome. Moreover, dCD4 T cells were observed to be at M phase, and show increased activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, as well as display an effector-memory phenotype and a heterogenous nature containing Th1, Th17, and Treg cell subsets. However, dCD4 T cells undergo a comparable number of upregulated and downregulated AS events, both of which are enriched in the genes related to cellular metabolic process. And the changes at the AS event level do not reflect measurable differences at the gene expression level in dCD4 T cells. Collectively, our findings provide a comprehensive portrait of the unique transcriptional signature and AS profile of CD4+ T cells in human decidua and help us gain more understanding of the functional characteristic of these cells during early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zeng
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicui Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinmei Liu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siming Zhang
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Asma Khanniche
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Out-patient Operating Room, The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuju Tian
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Liu
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxia Fan
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cruz-Herranz A, Sagan SA, Sobel RA, Green AJ, Zamvil SS. T cells targeting neuromyelitis optica autoantigen aquaporin-4 cause paralysis and visual system injury. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2017; 3:e358. [PMID: 28748216 PMCID: PMC5523104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific antibodies are instrumental in promoting central nervous system (CNS) tissue injury in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), yet evidence indicates that AQP4-specific T cells also have a pivotal role in NMO pathogenesis. Although considerable effort has been devoted to creation of animal models to study how AQP4-specific T cells and antibodies may cooperate in development of both clinical and histologic opticospinal inflammatory disease, the initial attempts were unsuccessful. Recently, it was discovered that T cells from AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice recognize distinct AQP4 epitopes that were not identified previously in wild-type (WT) mice, and that donor Th17 cells from AQP4-/- mice that target those novel epitopes could cause paralysis and visual system injury associated with opticospinal inflammation in WT recipient mice. These observations indicate that the pathogenic AQP4-specific T cell repertoire is normally controlled by negative selection. Here, we describe the advances leading to development of an animal model for aquaporin-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA). This new model provides a foundation to investigate immune mechanisms that may participate in NMO pathogenesis. It should also permit preclinical testing of agents considered for treatment of NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cruz-Herranz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
| | - Sharon A. Sagan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
| | - Raymond A. Sobel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
| | - Ari J. Green
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
| | - Scott S. Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA
94143, USA
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Zhou DM, Xu YX, Zhang LY, Sun Y, Wang ZY, Yuan YQ, Fu JX. The role of follicular T helper cells in patients with malignant lymphoid disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:412-418. [PMID: 28281408 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2017.1300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the dynamic change of follicular T helper cells (TFH) in patients with malignant lymphoid disease (MLD) and to explore its clinical significance. METHODS The dynamic change of TFH cells, ICOS+- and PD-1+ TFH cells at pretreatment and different treatment periods was determined by flow cytometry in 85 MLD patients. Concentration of interleukin 21 (IL-21) was evaluated by ELISA, and the correlation between clinical prognosis and the ratio of TFH cells was analyzed. RESULTS Significantly increased ICOS+- and PD-1+ TFH cells were found in MLD patients at pretreatment compared to healthy controls. Decreased or even close to normal levels of ICOS+- and PD-1+ TFH cells were found at the end of treatment. However, in the patients with progressive disease, high levels of ICOS+- and PD-1+ TFH cells were found. Moreover, a significantly increased plasma IL-21 level was found in MLD patients. Negative correlation was found between the level of ICOS+-, PD-1+ TFH cells, as well as IL-21 and the prognosis of MLD. CONCLUSIONS Significantly increased TFH cell ratios were found in patients with MLD, and decreased TFH cells ratios could be expected in those treatment-effective patients, which could be used as the therapeutic efficacy index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ming Zhou
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Yan-Xia Xu
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Yu Sun
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Zi-Yan Wang
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Yu-Qing Yuan
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jin-Xiang Fu
- a Department of Hematology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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Tolerance checkpoint bypass permits emergence of pathogenic T cells to neuromyelitis optica autoantigen aquaporin-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14781-14786. [PMID: 27940915 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617859114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells are expanded in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients and exhibit Th17 polarization. However, their pathogenic role in CNS autoimmune inflammatory disease is unclear. Although multiple AQP4 T-cell epitopes have been identified in WT C57BL/6 mice, we observed that neither immunization with those determinants nor transfer of donor T cells targeting them caused CNS autoimmune disease in recipient mice. In contrast, robust proliferation was observed following immunization of AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice with AQP4 peptide (p) 135-153 or p201-220, peptides predicted to contain I-Ab-restricted T-cell epitopes but not identified in WT mice. In comparison with WT mice, AQP4-/- mice used unique T-cell receptor repertoires for recognition of these two AQP4 epitopes. Donor T cells specific for either determinant from AQP4-/-, but not WT, mice induced paralysis in recipient WT and B-cell-deficient mice. AQP4-specific Th17-polarized cells induced more severe disease than Th1-polarized cells. Clinical signs were associated with opticospinal infiltrates of T cells and monocytes. Fluorescent-labeled donor T cells were detected in CNS lesions. Visual system involvement was evident by changes in optical coherence tomography. Fine mapping of AQP4 p201-220 and p135-153 epitopes identified peptides within p201-220 but not p135-153, which induced clinical disease in 40% of WT mice by direct immunization. Our results provide a foundation to evaluate how AQP4-specific T cells contribute to AQP4-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA) and suggest that pathogenic AQP4-specific T-cell responses are normally restrained by central tolerance, which may be relevant to understanding development of AQP4-reactive T cells in NMO.
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Zeng W, Liu Z, Zhang S, Ren J, Ma X, Qin C, Tian F, Zhang Y, Lin Y. Characterization of T follicular helper cells in allogeneic normal pregnancy and PDL1 blockage-induced abortion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36560. [PMID: 27819282 PMCID: PMC5098204 DOI: 10.1038/srep36560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the immunological events during pregnancy will provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. The fundamental function of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells is to provide cognate help to B cells. Dysregulations of Tfh-cell function and/or development can result in various immunological diseases. However, the role and characteristics of Tfh cells during pregnancy remain unknown. Herein, an allogeneic-normal-pregnant mouse model was used, and we found that the CD4+ T cells residing at the uterus and placenta (UP) displayed a Tfh-like phenotype; and the UP-derived CD4+CXCR5hiPD-1hi and CD4+CXCR5hiICOShi Tfh cells, which showed a memory/activation phenotype, reached their peak at mid-pregnancy. These Tfh cells were located abundantly in the uterus at mid-pregnancy, but greatly increased in the placenta at late-pregnancy. Furthermore, increased foetal resorption by PDL1 blockade correlated with enhanced accumulation of Tfh cells and upregulated expressions of ICOS and PD-1 on these cells. Collectively, our findings are the first to indicate that an adequate and balanced accumulation of Tfh cells during gestation is likely to help maintaining a successful pregnancy, whereas an excessively high level of these cells could lead to abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zeng
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Zhicui Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Siming Zhang
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Jiabin Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Chuanmei Qin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Fuju Tian
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, the International Peace Maternity &Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
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Wali S, Sahoo A, Puri S, Alekseev A, Nurieva R. Insights into the development and regulation of T follicular helper cells. Cytokine 2016; 87:9-19. [PMID: 27339151 PMCID: PMC5108526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized subset of T helper (Th) cells necessary for germinal center reaction, affinity maturation and the differentiation of germinal center B cells to antibody-producing plasma B cells and memory B cells. The differentiation of Tfh cells is a multistage, multifactorial process involving a variety of cytokines, surface molecules and transcription factors. While Tfh cells are critical components of protective immune responses against pathogens, regulation of these cells is crucial to prevent autoimmunity and airway inflammation. Recently, it has been noted that Tfh cells could be potentially implicated either in cancer progression or prevention. Thus, the elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate Tfh cell differentiation, function and fate should highlight potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sushant Puri
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrei Alekseev
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA.
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Choi G, Chung Y. Blockade of STAT3 in T Cells Inhibits Germinal Center Reactions against Intranasal Allergens. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:244-51. [PMID: 27133258 PMCID: PMC4859787 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the developmental mechanisms of humoral immunity against intranasal antigens is essential for the development of therapeutic approaches against air-borne pathogens as well as allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells expressing CXCR5 are required for humoral immunity by providing IL-21 and ICOS costimulation to activated B cells. However, the regulation of Tfh cell responses against intranasal antigens remains unclear. Here, we found that the generation of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells in the bronchial lymph node against intranasal proteinase antigens was independent of TGF-β. In contrast, administration of STAT3 inhibitor STA-21 suppressed the generation of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells. Compared with wild-type OT-II T cells, STAT3-deficient OT-II T cells transferred into recipients lacking T cells not only showed significantly reduced frequency Tfh cells, but also induced diminished IgG as well as IgE specific for the intranasal antigens. Cotransfer study of wild-type OT-II and STAT3-deficient OT-II T cells revealed that the latter failed to differentiate into Tfh cells. These findings demonstrate that T cell-intrinsic STAT3 is required for the generation of Tfh cells to intranasal antigens and that targeting STAT3 might be an effective approach to ameliorate antibody-mediated pathology in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Choi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Sahoo A, Wali S, Nurieva R. T helper 2 and T follicular helper cells: Regulation and function of interleukin-4. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:29-37. [PMID: 27072069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is characterized by expression of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can function in mediating protective immunity in the host or possess a pathogenic role. T helper (Th) 2 cells have emerged to play a beneficial role in mediating anti-parasitic immunity and are also known to be key players in mediating allergic diseases. In addition to the Th2 cells, recent studies have identified T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as an alternative source of IL-4 to regulate type 2 humoral immune responses, indicating that Th2 and Tfh cells exhibit overlapping phenotypical and functional characteristics. Th2 and Tfh cells appear to utilize distinct mechanisms for regulation of IL-4 expression; however unlike Th2 cells, the regulation and function of Tfh-derived IL-4 is not yet fully understood. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms for IL-4 expression and function in both cell subsets will be beneficial for the development of future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Shradha Wali
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA.
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Li YF, Ou X, Xu S, Jin ZB, Iwai N, Lam KP. Loss of miR-182 affects B-cell extrafollicular antibody response. Immunology 2016; 148:140-9. [PMID: 26849109 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been shown to play a role in B-cell differentiation and activation. Here, we found miR-182 to be highly induced in activated B cells. However, mice lacking miR-182 have normal B-cell and T-cell development. Interestingly, mutant mice exhibited a defective antibody response at early time-points in the immunization regimen when challenged with a T-cell-dependent antigen. Germinal centres were formed but the generation of extrafollicular plasma cells was defective in the spleens of immunized miR-182-deficient mice. Mutant mice were also not able to respond to a T-cell-independent type 2 antigen, which typically elicited an extrafollicular B-cell response. Taken together, the data indicated that miR-182 plays a critical role in driving extrafollicular B-cell antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Li
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xijun Ou
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shengli Xu
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Lab for Stem Cell & Retinal Regeneration, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoharu Iwai
- Department of Epidemiology, National Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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61
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Li L, Jiang Y, Lao S, Yang B, Yu S, Zhang Y, Wu C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T Cells Are Regulated by IL-12. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147356. [PMID: 26785168 PMCID: PMC4718545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific T and B cells, we found that MTB-specific peptides from early secreted antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) induced the expression of IL-21 predominantly in CD4+ T cells. A fraction of IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells simultaneously expressed Th1 cytokines but did not secrete Th2 or Th17 cytokines, suggesting that MTB-specific IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells were different from Th1, Th2 and Th17 subpopulations. The majority of MTB-specific IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells co-expressed IFN-γ and IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells exhibited obviously polyfunctionality. In addition, MTB-specific IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells displayed a CD45RO+CD62LlowCCR7lowCD40LhighICOShigh phenotype. Bcl-6-expression was significantly higher in IL-21-expressing CD4+ T cells than IL-21-CD4+ T cells. Moreover, IL-12 could up-regulate MTB-specific IL-21 expression, especially the frequency of IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MTB-specific IL-21+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells from local sites of tuberculosis (TB) infection could be enhanced by IL-12, which have the features of both Tfh and Th1 cells and may have an important role in local immune responses against TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Wuhan Institute for Tuberculosis Control, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxia Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suihua Lao
- Chest Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyan Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sifei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Jeon YT, Na H, Ryu H, Chung Y. Modulation of Dendritic Cell Activation and Subsequent Th1 Cell Polarization by Lidocaine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139845. [PMID: 26445366 PMCID: PMC4596553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play an essential role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing cellular stress including pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and by shaping the types of antigen-specific T cell immunity. Although lidocaine is widely used in clinical settings that trigger cellular stress, it remains unclear whether such treatment impacts the activation of innate immune cells and subsequent differentiation of T cells. Here we showed that lidocaine inhibited the production of IL–6, TNFα and IL–12 from dendritic cells in response to toll-like receptor ligands including lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C) and R837 in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the differentiation of Th1 cells was significantly suppressed by the addition of lidocaine while the same treatment had little effect on the differentiation of Th17, Th2 and regulatory T cells in vitro. Moreover, lidocaine suppressed the ovalbumin-specific Th1 cell responses in vivo induced by the adoptive transfer of ovalbumin-pulsed dendritic cells. These results demonstrate that lidocaine inhibits the activation of dendritic cells in response to toll-like receptor signals and subsequently suppresses the differentiation of Th1 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Na
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeju Ryu
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Beesu M, Caruso G, Salyer ACD, Khetani KK, Sil D, Weerasinghe M, Tanji H, Ohto U, Shimizu T, David SA. Structure-Based Design of Human TLR8-Specific Agonists with Augmented Potency and Adjuvanticity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7833-49. [PMID: 26351878 PMCID: PMC4601487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Human
Toll-like receptor 8 (hTLR8) is expressed in myeloid dendritic cells,
monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Engagement by TLR8
agonists evokes a distinct cytokine profile which favors the development
of type 1 helper T cells. Crystal structures of the ectodomain of
hTLR8 cocrystallized with two regioisomers of a dual TLR7/8-agonistic
N1-substituted imidazoquinolines showed subtle differences in their
interactions in the binding site of hTLR8. We hypothesized that the
potency of a previously reported best-in-class pure TLR8 agonist,
3-pentylquinoline-2-amine, could be further enhanced by “designing
in” functional groups that would mimic key intermolecular interactions
that we had observed in the crystal structures. We performed a focused
exploration of decorating the quinoline core with alkylamino groups
at all possible positions. These studies have led to the identification
of a novel TLR8 agonist that was ∼20-fold more potent than
the parent compound and displays prominent adjuvantic activity in
a rabbit model of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Beesu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Alex C D Salyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Karishma K Khetani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Mihiri Weerasinghe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Hiromi Tanji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Umeharu Ohto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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Silva BJC, Seca AML, Barreto MDC, Pinto DCGA. Recent Breakthroughs in the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Morella and Myrica Species. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17160-80. [PMID: 26225964 PMCID: PMC4581187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the risk factors for the development of several chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants are therefore highly sought and can be seen as a type of preventive medicine against several diseases. Myrica and Morella genus (Myricaceae) are taxonomically very close and their species are trees or shrubs with edible fruits that exhibit relevant uses in traditional medicine, for instance in Chinese or Japanese folk medicine they are used to treat diarrhea, digestive problems, headache, burns and skin diseases. Nearly 36 compounds were isolated from different morphological parts of Myrica and/or Morella species and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities evaluated. Thirteen of these compounds exhibit greater effects than the positive controls used. Adenodimerin A was the most active compound reported (in a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay EC50= 7.9 ± 0.3 µM). These results are just one aspect of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory evaluations reported regarding Myrica and Morella species, so a comprehensive overview on the current status, highlighting the antioxidant health promoting effect of these species, their key antioxidant compounds as well as the compounds with protective effects against oxidative stress related diseases such as inflammation, is relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno J C Silva
- Department of Technological Science and Development, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.
| | - Ana M L Seca
- Department of Technological Science and Development, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry & Química Orgânica Produtos Naturais and Agroalimentares, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Carmo Barreto
- Department of Technological Science and Development, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.
- Centro Investigação Recursos Naturais, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada 9501-801, Portugal.
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- Department of Chemistry & Química Orgânica Produtos Naturais and Agroalimentares, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
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65
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Henden AS, Hill GR. Cytokines in Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4604-12. [PMID: 25934923 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation whereby transplanted naive and marrow-derived T cells damage recipient tissue through similar mechanisms to those that allow destruction of malignant cells, the therapeutic intent of bone marrow transplantation. The manifestations and severity of GVHD are highly variable and are influenced by the proportions of naive cells maturing along regulatory T cell, Th1, Th2, or Th17 phenotypes. This maturation is largely influenced by local cytokines, which, in turn, activate transcription factors and drive development toward a dominant phenotype. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines exert direct effects on GVHD target tissues. Our knowledge of the role that cytokines play in orchestrating GVHD is expanding rapidly and parallels other infective and inflammatory conditions in which a predominant T cell signature is causative of pathology. Because a broad spectrum of cytokine therapies is now routinely used in clinical practice, they are increasingly relevant to transplant medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Henden
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia; and The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Queensland, Australia; and The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Queensland, Australia
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Fusion with human lung cancer cells elongates the life span of human umbilical endothelial cells and enhances the anti-tumor immunity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:111-23. [PMID: 26139353 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) have been proved as an effective whole-cell vaccine inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. However, HUVECs divide a very limited number of passages before entering replicative senescence, which limits its application for clinical situation. Here, we fused HUVECs with human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line A549s and investigated the anti-tumor immunity of the hybrids against mice Lewis lung cancer. METHODS HUVECs were fused with A549s using polyethylene glycol and were sorted by flow cytometry. The fusion cells (HUVEC-A549s) were confirmed by testing the expression of telomerase and VE-cadherin, the senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and tube formation ability. HUVEC-A549s were then irradiated and injected into the C57BL/6 mice of protective, therapeutic, and metastatic models. The mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity was explored by analyzing mice sera, spleen T lymphocytes, tumor microenvironment, and histological changes. RESULTS HUVEC-A549s coexpressed tumor and endothelial markers and maintained the vascular function of tube forming at passage 30 without showing signs of senescence. HUVEC-A549s could induce protective and therapeutic anti-tumor activity for LL(2) model and presented stronger activity against metastasis than HUVECs. Both humoral and cellular immunity were participated in the anti-angiogenic activity, as HUVECs-neutralizing IgG and HUVECs-toxic lymphocytes were increased. Angiogenic mediators (VEGF and TGF-β) and tumor microenvironment cells MDSCs and Tregs were also diminished. CONCLUSIONS Our findings might provide a novel strategy for HUVECs-related immunotherapy, and this vaccine requires lower culture condition than primary HUVECs while enhancing the anti-tumor immunity.
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Hamasato EK, de Lima APN, de Oliveira APL, dos Santos Franco AL, de Lima WT, Palermo-Neto J. Cohabitation with a sick partner increases allergic lung inflammatory response in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:109-17. [PMID: 24929194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between the nervous system and the immune system is relevant for homeostatic organism maintenance. Studies from our laboratory showed that 14days of cohabitation with a sick partner (injected with Ehrlich tumor cells-TAE) produced behavioral, neurochemical, endocrinological and immunological changes. This study analyzes the effects of cohabitation with an Ehrlich tumor-bearing animal on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced lung inflammatory response in mice. Pairs of male mice were divided into three groups: naïve, control and experimental. Animals of the naïve group were kept undisturbed being used for the assessment of basal parameters. One animal of each experimental and control pair of mice was immunized with OVA. On ED(0), these OVA-immunized animals received an OVA booster. At this day (D(0)) the experimental mice that were kept undisturbed were inoculated with 5×10(6) Ehrlich tumor cells; their immunized cage-mates were then referred as to CSP ("companion of sick partner"). The undisturbed mice of each control pair were i.p. treated on D(0) with 0.9% NaCl; their sensitized cage-mates were subsequently referred as CHP ("companion of health partner"). The OVA challenge was performed on CSP and CHP mice on ED(12) and ED(13); blood and tissue collection were performed on ED(14). Fourteen days after cohabitation, in comparison to the CHP mice, the CSP mice displayed the following: (1) an increased number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the BAL, (2) a decreased bone marrow cell count, (3) increased levels of IL-4 and IL-5 and decreased levels of IL-10 and IFN-γ in the BAL supernatant, (5) increased levels of IgG1-OVA, decreased levels of IgG2a-OVA and no changes in OVA-specific IgE in the peripheral blood, (6) increased expression of L-selectin in the BAL granulocytes, (7) decreased tracheal reactivity to methacholine measured in vitro, (8) no changes in plasma corticosterone levels and (9) increased levels of plasmatic noradrenaline. These results suggest that allergic lung inflammatory response exacerbation in CSP mice is a consequence of the psychological stress induced by forced cohabitation with the sick partner. Strong involvement of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) through adrenaline and noradrenaline release and a shift of the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile toward a Th2 response were considered to be the mechanisms underlying the cell recruitment to the animal's airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Kenji Hamasato
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Nascimento de Lima
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ligeiro de Oliveira
- Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lino dos Santos Franco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Palermo-Neto
- Neuroimmunomodulation Research Group, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
The adaptive immune response to Francisella tularensis is dependent on the route of inoculation. Intradermal inoculation with the F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) results in a robust Th1 response in the lungs, whereas intranasal inoculation produces fewer Th1 cells and instead many Th17 cells. Interestingly, bacterial loads in the lungs are similar early after inoculation by these two routes. We hypothesize that the adaptive immune response is influenced by local events in the lungs, such as the type of cells that are first infected with Francisella. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we identified alveolar macrophages as the first cell type infected in the lungs of mice intranasally inoculated with F. novicida U112, LVS, or F. tularensis Schu S4. Following bacterial dissemination from the skin to the lung, interstitial macrophages or neutrophils are infected. Overall, we identified the early interactions between Francisella and the host following two different routes of inoculation.
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69
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Xu H, Wang X, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. PD-1(HIGH) Follicular CD4 T Helper Cell Subsets Residing in Lymph Node Germinal Centers Correlate with B Cell Maturation and IgG Production in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2014; 5:85. [PMID: 24678309 PMCID: PMC3958750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells guide development and maturation of B cells and are crucial for effective antibody responses. Here we found rhesus macaque TFH cells, defined as CXCR5+CD4 T cells, contain two major populations: PD-1INT and PD-1HIGH cells. Of these, PD-1HIGHCD4+ T cells highly co-express ICOS but little CCR7, and reside in lymph node germinal centers (GCs), but not in blood. These cells secrete IL-21 and express transcriptional factor Bcl-6 at higher levels than CXCR5+PD-1INTCD4+ T cells. In addition, the frequency of PD-1HIGHCD4+ T cells is low in lymph nodes of newborns, but increases with age. Levels of PD-1HIGHCD4+ T cells correlate with mature B cells in lymph nodes, and PD-1 blockade in PD-1HIGHCD4+ T and B cell co-cultures significantly inhibits IgG production. In summary, PD-1HIGHCD4+ T cells residing in GC represent a specific TFH subset that contributes to maturation of B cells and IgG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine , Covington, LA , USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine , Covington, LA , USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine , Covington, LA , USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine , Covington, LA , USA
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70
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Iorio R, Pittock SJ. Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Iorio
- Department of Geriatrics, Neuroscience and Orthopedics; Institute of Neurology; Catholic University; Rome Italy
| | - Sean J. Pittock
- Department of Neurology; Laboratory Medicine and Pathology; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Rochester MN USA
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Role of regulatory T cells in pathogenesis and biological therapy of multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:963748. [PMID: 23766567 PMCID: PMC3666288 DOI: 10.1155/2013/963748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease in which the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms. It is caused by an autoimmune response to self-antigens in a genetically susceptible individual induced by unknown environmental factors. Principal cells of the immune system that drive the immunopathological processes are T cells, especially of TH1 and TH17 subsets. However, in recent years, it was disclosed that regulatory T cells took part in, too. Subsequently, there was endeavour to develop ways how to re-establish their physiological functions. In this review, we describe known mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side-effects of contemporary and emerging MS immunotherapeutical agents on Treg cells and other cells of the immune system involved in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, we discuss how laboratory immunology can offer physicians its help in the diagnosis process and decisions what kind of biological therapy should be used.
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72
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KITAGISHI YASUKO, KOBAYASHI MAYUMI, YAMASHINA YURIE, MATSUDA SATORU. Elucidating the regulation of T cell subsets. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1255-60. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Caccamo N, Todaro M, La Manna MP, Sireci G, Stassi G, Dieli F. IL-21 regulates the differentiation of a human γδ T cell subset equipped with B cell helper activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41940. [PMID: 22848667 PMCID: PMC3405033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens without presentation by MHC molecules and display pleiotropic features. Here we report that coculture of Vγ9Vδ2 cells with phosphoantigen and IL-21 leads to selective expression of the transcription repressor Bcl-6 and polarization toward a lymphocyte subset displaying features of follicular B-helper T (TFH) cells. TFH-like Vγ9Vδ2 cells have a predominant central memory (CD27+CD45RA−) phenotype and express ICOS, CD40L and CXCR5. Upon antigen activation, they secrete IL-4, IL-10 and CXCL13, and provide B-cell help for antibody production in vitro. Our findings delineate a subset of human Vγ9Vδ2 lymphocytes, which, upon interaction with IL-21-producing CD4 TFH cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid organs, is implicated in the production of high affinity antibodies against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco P. La Manna
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Guido Sireci
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche ed Oncologiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Varrin-Doyer M, Spencer CM, Schulze-Topphoff U, Nelson PA, Stroud RM, Cree BAC, Zamvil SS. Aquaporin 4-specific T cells in neuromyelitis optica exhibit a Th17 bias and recognize Clostridium ABC transporter. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:53-64. [PMID: 22807325 PMCID: PMC3405197 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-specific autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, a T cell-dependent Ig subclass, indicating that AQP4-specific T cells participate in NMO pathogenesis. Our goal was to identify and characterize AQP4-specific T cells in NMO patients and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Peripheral blood T cells from NMO patients and HC were examined for recognition of AQP4 and production of proinflammatory cytokines. Monocytes were evaluated for production of T cell-polarizing cytokines and expression of costimulatory molecules. RESULTS T cells from NMO patients and HC proliferated to intact AQP4 or AQP4 peptides (p11-30, p21-40, p61-80, p131-150, p156-170, p211-230, and p261-280). T cells from NMO patients demonstrated greater proliferation to AQP4 than those from HC, and responded most vigorously to p61-80, a naturally processed immunodominant determinant of intact AQP4. T cells were CD4(+), and corresponding to association of NMO with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*0301 and DRB3, AQP4 p61-80-specific T cells were HLA-DR restricted. The T-cell epitope within AQP4 p61-80 was mapped to 63-76, which contains 10 residues with 90% homology to a sequence within Clostridium perfringens adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter permease. T cells from NMO patients proliferated to this homologous bacterial sequence, and cross-reactivity between it and self-AQP4 was observed, supporting molecular mimicry. In NMO, AQP4 p61-80-specific T cells exhibited Th17 polarization, and furthermore, monocytes produced more interleukin 6, a Th17-polarizing cytokine, and expressed elevated CD40 and CD80 costimulatory molecules, suggesting innate immunologic dysfunction. INTERPRETATION AQP4-specific T-cell responses are amplified in NMO, exhibit a Th17 bias, and display cross-reactivity to a protein of an indigenous intestinal bacterium, providing new perspectives for investigating NMO pathogenesis.
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75
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Moore JWJ, Beattie L, Dalton JE, Owens BMJ, Maroof A, Coles MC, Kaye PM. B cell: T cell interactions occur within hepatic granulomas during experimental visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34143. [PMID: 22479545 PMCID: PMC3316612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic resistance to Leishmania donovani infection in mice is associated with the development of granulomas, in which a variety of lymphoid and non-lymphoid populations accumulate. Although previous studies have identified B cells in hepatic granulomas and functional studies in B cell-deficient mice have suggested a role for B cells in the control of experimental visceral leishmaniasis, little is known about the behaviour of B cells in the granuloma microenvironment. Here, we first compared the hepatic B cell population in infected mice, where ≈60% of B cells are located within granulomas, with that of naïve mice. In infected mice, there was a small increase in mIgM(lo)mIgD(+) mature B2 cells, but no enrichment of B cells with regulatory phenotype or function compared to the naïve hepatic B cell population, as assessed by CD1d and CD5 expression and by IL-10 production. Using 2-photon microscopy to quantify the entire intra-granuloma B cell population, in conjunction with the adoptive transfer of polyclonal and HEL-specific BCR-transgenic B cells isolated from L. donovani-infected mice, we demonstrated that B cells accumulate in granulomas over time in an antigen-independent manner. Intra-vital dynamic imaging was used to demonstrate that within the polyclonal B cell population obtained from L. donovani-infected mice, the frequency of B cells that made multiple long contacts with endogenous T cells was greater than that observed using HEL-specific B cells obtained from the same inflammatory environment. These data indicate, therefore, that a subset of this polyclonal B cell population is capable of making cognate interactions with T cells within this unique environment, and provide the first insights into the dynamics of B cells within an inflammatory site.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. J. Moore
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. J. Owens
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Coles
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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Nurieva RI, Podd A, Chen Y, Alekseev AM, Yu M, Qi X, Huang H, Wen R, Wang J, Li HS, Watowich SS, Qi H, Dong C, Wang D. STAT5 protein negatively regulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cell generation and function. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11234-9. [PMID: 22318729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has identified a new subset of CD4(+) T cells named as Tfh cells that are localized in germinal centers and critical in germinal center formation. Tfh cell differentiation is regulated by IL-6 and IL-21, possibly via STAT3 factor, and B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is specifically expressed in Tfh cells and required for their lineage specification. In the current study, we characterized the role of STAT5 in Tfh cell development. We found that a constitutively active form of STAT5 effectively inhibited Tfh differentiation by suppressing the expression of Tfh-associated factors (CXC motif) receptor 5 (CXCR5), musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (c-Maf), Bcl6, basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like (Batf), and IL-21, and STAT5 deficiency greatly enhanced Tfh gene expression. Importantly, STAT5 regulated the expression of Tfh cell suppressor factor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1); STAT5 deficiency impaired Blimp-1 expression and resulted in elevated expression of Tfh-specific genes. Similarly, inhibition of IL-2 potentiated Tfh generation, associated with dampened Blimp-1 expression; Blimp-1 overexpression inhibited Tfh gene expression in Stat5-deficient T cells, suggesting that the IL-2/STAT5 axis functions to regulate Blimp-1 expression. In vivo, deletion of STAT5 in CD4(+) T cells resulted in enhanced development of Tfh cells and germinal center B cells and led to an impairment of B cell tolerance in a well defined mouse tolerance model. Taken together, this study demonstrates that STAT5 controls Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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77
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Nakayamada S, Kanno Y, Takahashi H, Jankovic D, Lu KT, Johnson TA, Sun HW, Vahedi G, Hakim O, Handon R, Schwartzberg PL, Hager GL, O'Shea JJ. Early Th1 cell differentiation is marked by a Tfh cell-like transition. Immunity 2011; 35:919-31. [PMID: 22195747 PMCID: PMC3244883 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells comprise an important subset of helper T cells; however, their relationship with other helper lineages is incompletely understood. Herein, we showed interleukin-12 acting via the transcription factor STAT4 induced both Il21 and Bcl6 genes, generating cells with features of both Tfh and Th1 cells. However, STAT4 also induced the transcription factor T-bet. With ChIP-seq, we defined the genome-wide targets of T-bet and found that it repressed Bcl6 and other markers of Tfh cells, thereby attenuating the nascent Tfh cell-like phenotype in the late phase of Th1 cell specification. Tfh-like cells were rapidly generated after Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice, but T-bet constrained Tfh cell expansion and consequent germinal center formation and antibody production. Our data argue that Tfh and Th1 cells share a transitional stage through the signal mediated by STAT4, which promotes both phenotypes. However, T-bet represses Tfh cell functionalities, promoting full Th1 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakayamada
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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78
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Bansal RR, Mackay CR, Moser B, Eberl M. IL-21 enhances the potential of human γδ T cells to provide B-cell help. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:110-9. [PMID: 22009762 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells are a minor subset of T cells in human blood and differ from all other lymphocytes by their specific responsiveness to (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMB-PP), a metabolite produced by a large range of microbial pathogens. Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells can be skewed towards distinct effector functions, in analogy to, and beyond, the emerging plasticity of CD4(+) T cells. As such, depending on the microenvironment, Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells can assume features reminiscent of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells as well as professional APCs. We here demonstrate that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells express markers associated with follicular B helper T (T(FH) ) cells when stimulated with HMB-PP in the presence of IL-21. HMB-PP induces upregulation of IL-21R on Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells. In return, IL-21 plays a co-stimulatory role in the expression of the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13, the CXCL13 receptor CXCR5 and the inducible co-stimulator by activated Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and enhances their potential to support antibody production by B cells. The interaction between HMB-PP-responsive Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, IL-21-producing T(FH) cells and B cells in secondary lymphoid tissues is likely to impact on the generation of high affinity, class-switched antibodies in microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj R Bansal
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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79
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Transferrin conjugation confers mucosal molecular targeting to a model HIV-1 trimeric gp140 vaccine antigen. J Control Release 2011; 158:240-9. [PMID: 22119743 PMCID: PMC3314955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of effective immune responses by mucosal vaccination without the use of inflammatory adjuvants, that compromise the epithelial barrier and recruit new cellular targets, is a key goal of vaccines designed to protect against sexually acquired pathogens. In the present study we use a model HIV antigen (CN54gp140) conjugated to transferrin (Tf) and evaluate the ability of the natural transferrin receptor CD71 to modulate immunity. We show that the conjugated transferrin retained high affinity for its receptor and that the conjugate was specifically transported across an epithelial barrier, co-localizing with MHC Class II+ cells in the sub-mucosal stroma. Vaccination studies in mice revealed that the Tf-gp140 conjugate elicited high titres of CN54gp140-specific serum antibodies, equivalent to a systemic vaccination, when conjugate was applied topically to the nasal mucosae whereas gp140 alone was poorly immunogenic. Moreover, the Tf-gp140 conjugate elicited both IgG and IgA responses and significantly higher gp140-specific IgA titre in the female genital tract than unconjugated antigen. These responses were achieved after mucosal application of the conjugated protein alone, in the absence of any pro-inflammatory adjuvant and suggest a potentially useful and novel molecular targeting approach, delivering a vaccine cargo to directly elicit or enhance pathogen-specific mucosal immunity.
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80
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Coraglia A, Felippo M, Schierloh P, Malbran A, de Bracco MMDE. CD4+ T Lymphocytes with follicular helper phenotype (T(FH)) in patients with SH2D1A deficiency (XLP). Clin Immunol 2011; 141:357-64. [PMID: 21996454 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells with T(FH) phenotype from two asymptomatic XLP patients were studied. Normal/high numbers of CXCR5+, CD4+ T cells coexpressing PD-1 were demonstrated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these patients responded to sub-optimal PHA/IL-2 stimulation upregulating ICOS and CD40L and increasing intracellular expression of IL-10, IL-21 and IL-4 by CD4+ T(FH) cells. However when compared to N, the time profile of activation and cytokine synthesis was different in XLP and N. While ICOS and CD40L expression in N decreased after 6-8 days, it continued to increase or was maintained in XLP cultures. Intracellular IL-10, IL-21 and IL-4 reached higher values in XLP than N after 8 days. Rather than the absence of T(FH) cells or their intrinsic inability to respond to stimuli, differences in the time profile of their response could contribute to impair their role as helpers of B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Coraglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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81
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Kerfoot SM, Yaari G, Patel JR, Johnson KL, Gonzalez DG, Kleinstein SH, Haberman AM. Germinal center B cell and T follicular helper cell development initiates in the interfollicular zone. Immunity 2011; 34:947-60. [PMID: 21636295 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We identify the interfollicular (IF) zone as the site where germinal center B cell and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation initiates. For the first 2 days postimmunization, antigen-specific T and B cells remained confined within the IF zone, formed long-lived interactions, and upregulated the transcriptional repressor Bcl6. T cells also acquired the Tfh cell markers CXCR5, PD-1, and GL7. Responding B and T cells migrated to the follicle interior directly from the IF zone, T cell immigration preceding B cells by 1 day. Notably, in the absence of cognate B cells, Tfh cells still formed and migrated to the follicle. However, without such B cells, PD-1, ICOS, and GL7 were no longer expressed on follicular Bcl6(hi) T cells that nevertheless persisted in the follicle. Thus, Ag-specific B cells are required for the maintenance of the PD-1(hi)ICOS(hi)GL7(hi) Tfh cell phenotype within the follicle, but not for their initial differentiation in the IF zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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82
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Vibrio cholerae O1 infection induces proinflammatory CD4+ T-cell responses in blood and intestinal mucosa of infected humans. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1371-7. [PMID: 21697339 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05088-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 is a noninvasive enteric pathogen and serves as a model for studies of mucosal immunity. Although symptomatic V. cholerae infection induces durable protection against subsequent disease, vaccination with oral killed whole-cell V. cholerae stimulates less long-lasting protection against cholera. In this study, we demonstrated that cholera induces an early proinflammatory cellular immune response that results in priming of Th1- and Th17-type cytokine responses to ex vivo antigenic stimulation and an increase in the ratio of Th1 to Th2 CD4(+) T-cell responses. Comparable priming of Th1 and Th17 responses, with an increased ratio of Th1 to Th2 CD4(+) T-cell responses, was not observed in subjects who received two doses of the oral cholera vaccine Dukoral (a whole-cell cholera toxin B subunit containing [WC-CTB] vaccine). These findings suggest that natural V. cholerae infection induces an early, proinflammatory cellular immune response, despite the apparent lack of clinical signs of inflammation. The failure of the WC-CTB vaccine to activate equivalent, CD4(+) T-cell responses is a potential explanation for the shorter duration of protection following immunization with this vaccine. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these early T-cell-mediated events predict the subsequent duration of immunologic memory.
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84
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Helper T-cell heterogeneity: a complex developmental issue in the immune system. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:163. [PMID: 20440293 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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