51
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Ma X, Li H, Chen Y, Yang J, Chen H, Arnheiter H, Hou L. The transcription factor MITF in RPE function and dysfunction. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 73:100766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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52
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Edea Z, Dadi H, Dessie T, Kim KS. Genomic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Ethiopian sheep populations. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:973-981. [PMID: 31119684 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopian sheep populations such as Arsi-Bale, Horro and Adilo (long fat-tailed, LFT) inhabit mid to high-altitude areas; and Menz sheep (MZ, short fat-tailed) are adapted to cool sub-alpine environments. In contrast, Blackhead Somali sheep (BHS, fat-rumped) thrive well in arid and semi-arid areas characterized by high temperature and low precipitation. The genomic investigation of Ethiopian sheep populations may help to identify genes and biological pathways enable to adapt to the different ecological conditions. OBJECTIVE To uncover genomic regions and genes showing evidence of positive selection for altitude adaptation in Ethiopian sheep populations. METHODS A total of 72 animals inhabiting high-versus low-altitude environments were genotyped on an Ovine Infinium HD array (~ 600 K). Pairwise genetic differentiation (Fst) was calculated in sliding windows of 20 SNPs and the upper 1% smoothed Fst values were considered to represent positive selection signatures. Genes within < 25 kb of the most differentiated SNPs were considered as selection candidates. RESULTS Signatures of selection were detected in genes known to be associated high with altitude adaptation in MZ-BHS pair comparison (PPP1R12A, RELN, PARP2, and DNAH9) and in LFT-BHS pair comparison (VAV3, MSRB3,EIF2AK4, MET, and TACR1). The candidate genes (MITF, FGF5, MTOR, TRHDE, and TUBB3) associated with altitude adaptation and shared between the MZ-BHS and LTF-BHS pair comparisons were also detected as under selection. Further functional analyses reveal that the candidate genes were involved in biological processes and pathways relevant to adaptation under extreme altitudes, including respiratory system development and smoothened signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The results of the present study could aid in-depth understanding and exploitation of the underlying genetic mechanisms for sheep and other livestock species adaptation to high-altitude environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Edea
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hailu Dadi
- Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P. O. Box 2490, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kwan-Suk Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
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53
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Liu Y, Cui S, Li W, Zhao Y, Yan X, Xu J. PAX3 is a biomarker and prognostic factor in melanoma: Database mining. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4985-4993. [PMID: 31186709 PMCID: PMC6507366 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paired box 3 (PAX3) is a transcription factor and critical regulator of pigment cell development during embryonic development. However, while there have been several studies on PAX3, its expression patterns and precise role remain to be clarified. The present study is an in-depth computational study of tumor-associated gene information, with specific emphasis on the expression of PAX3 in melanoma, using Oncomine along with an investigation of corresponding expression profiles in an array of cancer cell lines through Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia analysis. Based on Kaplan-Meier analysis, the prognostic value of high PAX3 expression in tissues from patients with melanoma compared with normal tissues was assessed. PAX3 was more highly expressed in male patients with melanoma compared with female patients with melanoma. Using Oncomine and Coexpedia analysis, it was demonstrated that PAX3 expression was clearly associated with SRY-box 10 expression. The survival analysis results revealed that high PAX3 mRNA expression was associated with worse survival rates in patients with melanoma. These results suggested that PAX3 may be a biomarker and essential prognostic factor for melanoma, and provided an important theoretical basis for the development of melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Cui
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yiding Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Jianqin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
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54
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Chen X, Liu M, Lou H, Lu Y, Zhou MT, Ou R, Xu Y, Tang KF. Degradation of endogenous proteins and generation of a null-like phenotype in zebrafish using Trim-Away technology. Genome Biol 2019; 20:19. [PMID: 30674345 PMCID: PMC6343325 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-019-1624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trim-Away is a recent technique to rapidly deplete a protein from any cell type. Guided by antibodies, TRIM21 selects proteins for destruction. However, the applicability of this method in model organisms has not been investigated. Here, we show that Trim-Away can degrade proteins in zebrafish embryos. Trim-Away depletes proteins faster than morpholinos, which enables analysis of protein function during early embryogenesis. Furthermore, Trim-Away can be applied to evaluate the role of maternally contributed proteins in zebrafish embryos. Our findings indicate that Trim-Away is a powerful tool to perform functional analysis of proteins during zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Lou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Lu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongying Ou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Fu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325015, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, Yang J, Geng H, Li L, Li J, Cheng B, Ma X, Li H, Hou L. Photoreceptor degeneration in microphthalmia ( Mitf) mice: partial rescue by pigment epithelium-derived factor. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/1/dmm035642. [PMID: 30651300 PMCID: PMC6361154 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction and loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are hallmarks of retinal degeneration, but the underlying pathogenetic processes are only partially understood. Using mice with a null mutation in the transcription factor gene Mitf, in which RPE deficiencies are associated with retinal degeneration, we evaluated the role of trophic factors secreted by the RPE in retinal homeostasis. In such mice, the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) is as in wild type up to postnatal day 10, but then is progressively reduced, associated with a marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells and a decline in staining for rhodopsin. We show that retinal degeneration and decrease in rhodopsin staining can be prevented partially in three different ways: first, by recombining mutant-derived postnatal retina with postnatal wild-type RPE in tissue explant cultures; second, by adding to cultured mutant retina the trophic factor pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF; also known as SERPINF1), which is normally produced in RPE under the control of Mitf; and third, by treating the eyes of Mitf mutant mice in vivo with drops containing a bioactive PEDF 17-mer peptide. This latter treatment also led to marked increases in a number of rod and cone genes. The results indicate that RPE-derived trophic factors, in particular PEDF, are instrumental in retinal homeostasis, and suggest that PEDF or its bioactive fragments may have therapeutic potential in RPE deficiency-associated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Huiqin Geng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Liping Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Jinyang Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Xiaoyin Ma
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325003, China
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Abstract
Melanocyte development is orchestrated by a complex interconnecting regulatory network of genes and synergistic interactions. Piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome are neurocristopathies that arise from mutations in genes involved in this complex network. Our understanding of melanocyte development, Piebaldism, and Waardenburg syndrome has improved dramatically over the past decade. The diagnosis and classification of Waardenburg syndrome, first proposed in 1992 and based on phenotype, have expanded over the past three decades to include genotype. This review focuses on the current understanding of human melanocyte development and the evaluation and management of Piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome. Management is often challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
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Somashekar PH, Girisha KM, Nampoothiri S, Gowrishankar K, Devi RR, Gupta N, Narayanan DL, Kaur A, Bajaj S, Jagadeesh S, Lewis LES, Shailaja S, Shukla A. Locus and allelic heterogeneity and phenotypic variability in Waardenburg syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 95:398-402. [PMID: 30394532 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a disorder of neural crest cell migration characterized by auditory and pigmentary abnormalities. We investigated a cohort of 14 families (16 subjects) either by targeted sequencing or whole-exome sequencing. Thirteen of these families were clinically diagnosed with WS and one family with isolated non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL). Intra-familial phenotypic variability and non-penetrance were observed in families diagnosed with WS1, WS2 and WS4 with pathogenic variants in PAX3, MITF and EDNRB, respectively. We observed gonosomal mosaicism for a variant in PAX3 in an asymptomatic father of two affected siblings. For the first time, we report a biallelic pathogenic variant in MITF in a subject with WS2 and a biallelic variant in EDNRB was noted in a subject with WS2. An individual with isolated NSHL carried a pathogenic variant in MITF. Blended phenotype of NSHL and albinism was observed in a subject clinically diagnosed to have WS2. A phenocopy of WS1 was observed in a subject with a reported pathogenic variant in GJB2, known to cause isolated NSHL. These novel and infrequently reported observations exemplify the allelic and genetic heterogeneity and show phenotypic diversity of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeth H Somashekar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Cochin, India
| | | | - Radha R Devi
- Rainbow Children Hospital and Sandor Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dhanya L Narayanan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anupriya Kaur
- Genetics Metabolic Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shruti Bajaj
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Leslie E S Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shenoy Shailaja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Fessé P, Qvarnström F, Nyman J, Hermansson I, Ahlgren J, Turesson I. UV-Radiation Response Proteins Reveal Undifferentiated Cutaneous Interfollicular Melanocytes with Hyperradiosensitivity to Differentiation at 0.05 Gy Radiotherapy Dose Fractions. Radiat Res 2018; 191:93-106. [PMID: 30407899 DOI: 10.1667/rr15078.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To date, the response activated in melanocytes by repeated genotoxic insults from radiotherapy has not been explored. We hypothesized that the molecular pathways involved in the response of melanocytes to ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are similar. Skin punch biopsies, not sun-exposed, were collected from prostate cancer patients before, as well as at 1 and 6.5 weeks after daily doses of 0.05-1.1 Gy. Interfollicular melanocytes were identified by ΔNp63- and eosin-periodic acid Schiff staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to detect molecular markers of the melanocyte lineage. Melanocytes were negative for ΔNp63, and the number remained unchanged over the treatment period. At radiation doses as low as 0.05 Gy, melanocytes express higher protein levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and Bcl-2. Subsets of MITF- and Bcl-2-negative melanocytes were identified among interfollicular melanocytes in unexposed skin; the cell number in both subsets was reduced after irradiation in a way that indicates low-dose hyperradiosensitivity. A corresponding increase in MITF- and Bcl-2-positive cells was observed. PAX3 and SOX10 co-localized to some extent with MITF in unexposed skin, more so with radiation exposure. Low doses of ionizing radiation also intensified c-KIT and DCT staining. Nuclear p53 and p21 were undetectable in melanocytes. Apoptosis and proliferation could not be observed. In conclusion, undifferentiated interfollicular melanocytes were identified, and responded with differentiation in a hypersensitive manner at 0.05 Gy doses. Radioresistance regarding cell death was maintained up to fractionated doses of 1.1 Gy, applied for 7 weeks. The results suggest that the initial steps of melanin synthesis are common to ionizing radiation and UVR, and underline the importance of keratinocyte-melanocyte interaction behind hyperpigmentation and depigmentation to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Fessé
- a Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden.,b Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Qvarnström
- b Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Nyman
- c Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden and
| | - Ingegerd Hermansson
- c Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden and
| | - Johan Ahlgren
- d Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro Sweden
| | - Ingela Turesson
- b Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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59
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Saberi M, Golchehre Z, Salmani H, Karamzade A, Tabatabaie SZ, Keramatipour M. First report of Klein-Waardenburg Syndrome in Iran and a novel pathogenic splice site variant in PAX3 gene. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 113:229-233. [PMID: 30173992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Waardenburg Syndrome (WS) as a congenital auditory-pigmentary syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. Based upon clinical manifestations, it can be classified into four types. Loss of function mutations in PAX3 gene cause WS1 and WS3 (Klein-Waardenburg syndrome). While WS2 and WS4 have locus heterogeneity with multiple causative genes. Here we report a novel splice site variant in a pedigree with multiple affected members. Based on diagnostic criteria, three of them are associated with WS3. The remained patients classified as type 1. METHODS PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing were performed for all exons and all exon-intron boundaries of PAX3 (NM_181,459) gene of the proband. Then available symptomatic and asymptomatic members were screened for the detected variant. Interpretation and classification of the variant were done based on the current guidelines. RESULTS We identified a novel heterozygous splice site variant (c.586+2T > C) in donor site of intron 4 of PAX3 gene in our proband. Moreover, this variant was co-segregated with the disease in other available five affected members. Also, the detected variant was not detected in any of the investigated asymptomatic members. This variant was classified as a pathogenic variant. CONCLUSIONS This study shows significant intra-familial clinical heterogeneity and absence of phenotype-genotype correlation in a pedigree with Waardenburg Syndrome. However, severity of phenotypes and additional symptoms in the patients can be related to alternative splicing and different levels of PAX3 gene expression. Detailed evaluation of more cases can shed light on this and case-reports are valuable traffic sign in the road. This article is the first report of Waardenburg syndrome type 3 in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saberi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Golchehre
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Salmani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Karamzade
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nigenda‐Morales SF, Hu Y, Beasley JC, Ruiz‐Piña HA, Valenzuela‐Galván D, Wayne RK. Transcriptomic analysis of skin pigmentation variation in the Virginia opossum (
Didelphis virginiana
). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2680-2697. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio F. Nigenda‐Morales
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Yibo Hu
- Key Lab of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chaoyang, Beijing China
| | - James C. Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Lab Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina
| | - Hugo A. Ruiz‐Piña
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi” Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida Yucatán Mexico
| | - David Valenzuela‐Galván
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Cuernavaca Morelos Mexico
| | - Robert K. Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
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Asai K, Hisasue M, Shimokawa F, Funaba M, Murakami M. TGF-β Negatively Regulates Mitf-E Expression and Canine Osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:542-552. [PMID: 29680988 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With longevity, the prevalence of osteoporosis, which occurs when the activity of osteoclast surpasses that of osteoblasts, has increased in dogs. However, limited information is available on canine osteoclastogenesis. We herein described culture conditions to induce osteoclasts from canine bone marrow cells, and identified factors affecting canine osteoclastogenesis. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells were efficiently formed in a culture of bone marrow mononuclear cells with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF 25 ng/mL) for 3 days and a subsequent culture in the presence of M-CSF (25 ng/mL) and soluble receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL 50 ng/mL) for 4 days. We previously reported in a murine cell system that gene induction of the E isoform of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf-E) was required and sufficient for osteoclastogenesis, while transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) enhanced RANKL-induced Mitf-E expression and osteoclastogenesis. Mitf-E expression also increased during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in canine cells; however, TGF-β down-regulated Mitf-E expression and osteoclastogenesis, indicating a species-dependent response. The results of the present study show that, consistent with murine cells, M-CSF and soluble RANKL enable canine bone marrow cells to differentiate into osteoclasts, and Mitf-E expression is induced during osteoclastogenesis. However, the role of TGF-β in osteoclast formation is distinct between murine and canine cells, suggesting the necessity of analyses using canine cells to examine the factors affecting canine osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Asai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hisasue
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Fumie Shimokawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masayuki Funaba
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Masaru Murakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, 252-5201, Japan.
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62
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Li H, Hou L. Regulation of melanocyte stem cell behavior by the niche microenvironment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:556-569. [PMID: 29582573 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells are regulated by their niches to maintain tissue homeostasis and repair throughout the lifetime of an organism. An excellent example to study stem cell/niche interactions is provided by the regeneration of melanocytes during the hair cycle and in response to various types of injury. These processes are regulated by neighboring stem cells and multiple signaling pathways, including WNT/β-catenin, KITL/KIT, EDNs/EDNRB, TGF-β/TGF-βR, α-MSH/MC1R, and Notch signaling. In this review, we highlight recent studies that have advanced our understanding of the molecular crosstalk between melanocyte stem cells and their neighboring cells, which collectively form the niche microenvironment, and we focus on the question of how McSCs/niche interactions shape the responses to genotoxic damages and mechanical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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63
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Wnt signaling pathway involvement in genotypic and phenotypic variations in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 with MITF mutations. J Hum Genet 2018. [PMID: 29531335 PMCID: PMC5915419 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in the gene encoding microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) lead to Waardenburg syndrome 2 (WS2), an autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome with auditory-pigmentary abnormalities, which is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Haploinsufficiency may be the underlying mechanism for WS2. However, the mechanisms explaining the genotypic and phenotypic variations in WS2 caused by MITF mutations are unclear. A previous study revealed that MITF interacts with LEF-1, an important factor in the Wnt signaling pathway, to regulate its own transcription through LEF-1-binding sites on the MITF promoter. In this study, four different WS2-associated MITF mutations (p.R217I, p.R217G, p.R255X, p.R217del) that are associated with highly variable clinical features were chosen. According to the results, LEF-1 can activate the expression of MITF on its own, but MITF proteins inhibited the activation. This inhibition weakens when the dosage of MITF is reduced. Except for p.R217I, p.R255X, p.R217G, and p.R217del lose the ability to activate TYR completely and do not inhibit the LEF-1-mediated activation of the MITF-M promoter, and the haploinsufficiency created by mutant MITF can be overcome; correspondingly, the mutants’ associated phenotypes are less severe than that of p.R217I. The dominant negative of p.R217del made it have a second-most severe phenotype. This study’s data imply that MITF has a negative feedback loop of regulation to stabilize MITF gene dosage that involves the Wnt signaling pathway and that the interaction of MITF mutants with this pathway drives the genotypic and phenotypic differences observed in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 associated with MITF mutations.
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64
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Hua J, Chen H, Chen Y, Zheng G, Li F, Qu J, Ma X, Hou L. MITF acts as an anti-oxidant transcription factor to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and redox signaling in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:138-147. [PMID: 29486165 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the mechanisms protecting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) against oxidative stress are important for preventing retinal degenerative diseases. Little, however, is known about these mechanisms. Here we show that MITF, a transcription factor responsible for RPE development and function, regulates redox signaling by acting through PGC1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitf deficiency in mice leads to significantly higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both RPE and retina, suggesting that Mitf dysfunction might lead to oxidative damage in the RPE and, by extension, in the retina. Furthermore, overexpression of MITF in the human RPE cell line ARPE-19 indicates that MITF up-regulates antioxidant gene expression and mitochondrial biogenesis by regulating PGC1α and protects cells against oxidative stress. Our findings provide new insights into understanding the redox function of MITF in RPE cells and its potential contribution to prevention of RPE-associated retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Hua
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Huaicheng Chen
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Guoxiao Zheng
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Fang Li
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Ma
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China.
| | - Ling Hou
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China.
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65
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Dai NT, Chang HI, Wang YW, Fu KY, Huang TC, Huang NC, Li JK, Hsieh PS, Dai LG, Hsu CK, Maitz PK. Restoration of skin pigmentation after deep partial or full-thickness burn injury. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:155-164. [PMID: 29079536 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant skin pigmentation changes occur when patients suffer deep burn injuries. These pigmentation disorders may cause not only cosmetic and psychological issues, but more importantly it increases the risk of skin cancer or photoaging. Severe burns significantly effect on the process of repigmentation as the pigmentation is tightly regulated by cell proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes and melanocyte stem cells which are housing in the epidermis and hair follicles of the skin. In the present review, we discuss the possible mechanisms to replenish the melanocytes from the healthy epidermis and hair follicles surrounding burn wounds. The molecular mechanisms of skin repigmentation following healing of burn injuries includes the differentiation of melanoblasts into melanocytes, the distribution and responses of melanocytes and melanocyte stem cells after burn injury, and the regulation of melanin production. We also reviewed advanced therapeutic strategies to treat pigmentation disorders, such as convectional surgery, laser, UV treatment and emerging concepts in skin tissue-engineering.
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66
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Ma X, Hua J, Zheng G, Li F, Rao C, Li H, Wang J, Pan L, Hou L. Regulation of cell proliferation in the retinal pigment epithelium: Differential regulation of the death-associated protein like-1 DAPL1 by alternative MITF splice forms. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:411-422. [PMID: 29171181 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate eye development and homoeostasis critically depend on the regulation of proliferation of cells forming the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Previous results indicated that the death-associated protein like-1 DAPL1 cell autonomously suppresses RPE proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Here, we show in human RPE cell lines that the pigment cell transcription factor MITF regulates RPE cell proliferation by upregulating DAPL1 expression. DAPL1 regulation by MITF is, however, mediated predominantly by (-) MITF, one of two alternative splice isoforms of MITF that lacks six residues located upstream of the DNA-binding basic domain. Furthermore, we find that the regulation of DAPL1 by MITF is indirect in that (-) MITF stimulates the transcription of Musashi homolog-2 (MSI2), which negatively regulates the processing of the anti-DAPL1 microRNA miR-7. Our results provide molecular insights into the regulation of RPE cell proliferation and quiescence and may help us understand the mechanisms of normal RPE maintenance and of eye diseases associated with either RPE hyperproliferation or the lack of regenerative proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Ma
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Hua
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guoxiao Zheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fang Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunbao Rao
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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67
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Functional Role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 in the Regulation of Melanogenesis and Epidermal Structure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13783. [PMID: 29062096 PMCID: PMC5653820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian integumentary system plays important roles in body homeostasis, and dysfunction of melanogenesis or epidermal development may lead to a variety of skin diseases, including melanoma. Skin pigmentation in humans and coat color in fleece-producing animals are regulated by many genes. Among them, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and paired-box 3 (PAX3) are at the top of the cascade and regulate activities of many important melanogenic enzymes. Here, we report for the first time that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is an essential regulator of MITF and PAX3. Cdk5 knockdown in mice causes a lightened coat color, a polarized distribution of melanin and hyperproliferation of basal keratinocytes. Reduced expression of Keratin 10 (K10) resulting from Cdk5 knockdown may be responsible for an abnormal epidermal structure. In contrast, overexpression of Cdk5 in sheep (Ovis aries) only produces brown patches on a white background, with no other observable abnormalities. Collectively, our findings show that Cdk5 has an important functional role in the regulation of melanin production and transportation and in normal development of the integumentary system.
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68
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Wang XP, Hao ZQ, Liu YL, Mei LY, He CF, Niu ZJ, Sun J, Zhao YL, Feng Y. Functional analysis of a SOX10 gene mutation associated with Waardenburg syndrome II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:258-262. [PMID: 28893539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal dominant inherited non-syndromic type of hereditary hearing loss characterized by varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the hair, skin, and inner ear. WS is classified into four subtypes (WS1-WS4) based on additional symptoms. WS2 is characterized by the absence of additional symptoms. Recently, we identified a SOX10 missense mutation c.422T > C (p.L141P) associated with WS2. We performed functional assays and found the mutant loses DNA-binding capacity, shows aberrant cytoplasmic and nuclear localization, and fails to interact with PAX3. Therefore, the mutant cannot transactivate the MITF promoter effectively, inhibiting melanin synthesis and leading to WS2. Our study confirmed haploinsufficiency as the underlying pathogenesis for WS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qi Hao
- Central Laboratory of Taiyuan Hospital Center, Taiyuan, Shanxin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lan Liu
- Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Feng He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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69
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Li H, Fan L, Zhu S, Shin MK, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. Epilation induces hair and skin pigmentation through an EDN3/EDNRB-dependent regenerative response of melanocyte stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7272. [PMID: 28779103 PMCID: PMC5544680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to various types of injury, melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) located in the bulge of hair follicles can regenerate mature melanocytes for hair and skin pigmentation. How McSCs respond to injury, however, remains largely unknown. Here we show that after epilation of mice, McSCs regenerate follicular and epidermal melanocytes, resulting in skin and hair hyperpigmentation. We further show that epilation leads to endogenous EDN3 upregulation in the dermal papilla, the secondary hair germ cells, and the epidermis. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of the EDN3 receptor EDNRB in vivo significantly blocks the effect of epilation on follicular and epidermal melanocyte regeneration as well as skin and hair hyperpigmentation. Taken together, these results indicate that epilation induces McSCs activation through EDN3/EDNRB signaling and in turn leads to skin and hair hyperpigmentation. The findings suggest that EDN/EDNRB signaling may serve as a potential therapeutic target to promote repigmentation in hypopigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Lilv Fan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanpu Zhu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Myung K Shin
- Genetically Engineered Models Department, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China.
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70
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van Rooijen E, Fazio M, Zon LI. From fish bowl to bedside: The power of zebrafish to unravel melanoma pathogenesis and discover new therapeutics. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:402-412. [PMID: 28379616 PMCID: PMC6038924 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadliest form of skin cancer. A detailed knowledge of the cellular, molecular, and genetic events underlying melanoma progression is highly relevant to diagnosis, prognosis and risk stratification, and the development of new therapies. In the last decade, zebrafish have emerged as a valuable model system for the study of melanoma. Pathway conservation, coupled with the availability of robust genetic, transgenic, and chemical tools, has made the zebrafish a powerful model for identifying novel disease genes, visualizing cancer initiation, interrogating tumor-microenvironment interactions, and discovering new therapeutics that regulate melanocyte and melanoma development. In this review, we will give an overview of these studies, and highlight recent advancements that will help unravel melanoma pathogenesis and impact human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen van Rooijen
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fazio
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- PhD program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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71
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Jalilian N, Tabatabaiefar MA, Bahrami T, Karbasi G, Bahramian MH, Salimpoor A, Noori-Daloii MR. A Novel Pathogenic Variant in the MITF Gene Segregating with a Unique Spectrum of Ocular Findings in an Extended Iranian Waardenburg Syndrome Kindred. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:195-200. [PMID: 28690485 DOI: 10.1159/000476020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal pigmentation of the hair, skin, and iris as well as sensorineural hearing loss. WS is subdivided into 4 major types (WS1-4), where WS2 is characterized by the absence of dystopia canthorum. This study was launched to investigate clinical and molecular characteristics of WS in an extended Iranian WS2 family. A comprehensive clinical investigation was performed. Peripheral blood samples were collected and genomic DNA was extracted. Affected members of the family were studied for possible mutations within the SOX10, MITF, and SNAI2 genes. Six WS2 individuals affected from a large Iranian WS2 kindred were enrolled. All affected members carried the novel substitution c.877C>T at exon 9 in the MITF gene, which resulted in p.Arg293* at the protein level. None of the healthy members and also of 50 ethnically matched controls had this variant. In addition, a spectrum of unique ocular findings, including nystagmus, chorioretinal degeneration, optic disc hypoplasia, astigmatism, and myopia, was segregated with the mutant allele in the pedigree. Our data provide insight into the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of WS2 in an Iranian family and could further expand the spectrum of MITF mutations and have implications for genetic counseling on WS in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Jalilian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah
| | - Mohammad A Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine.,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Tayyeb Bahrami
- Genetic Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR)
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad R Noori-Daloii
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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72
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Sun J, Hao Z, Luo H, He C, Mei L, Liu Y, Wang X, Niu Z, Chen H, Li JD, Feng Y. Functional analysis of a nonstop mutation in MITF gene identified in a patient with Waardenburg syndrome type 2. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:703-709. [PMID: 28356565 PMCID: PMC5489919 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal dominant inherited neurogenic disorder with the combination of various degrees of sensorineural deafness and pigmentary abnormalities affecting the skin, hair and eye. The four subtypes of WS were defined on the basis of the presence or absence of additional symptoms. Mutation of human microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene gives rise to WS2. Here, we identified a novel WS-associated mutation at the stop codon of MITF (p.X420Y) in a Chinese WS2 patient. This mutation resulted in an extension of extra 33 amino-acid residues in MITF. The mutant MITF appeared in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, whereas the wild-type MITF was localized in the nucleus exclusively. The mutation led to a reduction in the transcriptional activities, whereas the DNA-binding activity was not altered. We show that the foremost mechanism was haploinsufficiency for the mild phenotypes of WS2 induced in X420Y MITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central south University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Hao
- Department of Center Laboratory, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hunjin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chufeng He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central south University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central south University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central south University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central south University, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Center Laboratory, Taiyuan Central Hospital, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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73
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Su Z, Zheng X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhu S, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. Sox10 regulates skin melanocyte proliferation by activating the DNA replication licensing factor MCM5. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 85:216-225. [PMID: 27955842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of cell proliferation is a fundamental aspect of tissue formation in development and regeneration. A cell type that illustrates this point particularly well is the neural crest-derived melanocyte, the pigment cell of vertebrates, as melanocytes can be followed easily during development and their pigment is directly visible in the integument of the adult. In mammals, melanocytes undergo physiological cycles of loss and proliferative regeneration during the hair cycle, and their proliferation is also critical during wound healing, repigmentation of depigmented lesions, and in melanoma formation and progression. Hence, a thorough analysis of the molecular parameters controlling melanocyte proliferation is crucial for our understanding of the physiology of this cell type both in health and disease. OBJECTIVE SOX10 is a critical regulator in melanocytes and melanoma cells, but its specific role in their proliferation is far from clear. In this study we analyze the role of SOX10 in regulating mammalian melanocyte proliferation in a mouse model. METHODS The role of SOX10 in melanoblast proliferation was analyzed in Sox10/+ mice by co-staining for melanocyte-specific markers and cell proliferation. In vitro, the role of SOX10 was studied by manipulating its levels using RNAi and analyzing the effects on DNA synthesis and cell growth and on gene expression at the RNA and protein levels. RESULTS Reduction of Sox10 gene dose led to a reduction in the number of melanoblasts. Knockdown of Sox10 in melanocytes led to inhibition of cell proliferation and a decrease in the expression of the minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (MCM5). In fact, SOX10 directly activated MCM5 transcription by binding to conserved SOX10 consensus DNA sequences in the MCM5 promoter. Furthermore, the defect in cell proliferation could be rescued partially by overexpression of MCM5 in Sox10 knockdown melanocytes. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the SOX10-MCM5 axis plays an important role in controlling melanocyte proliferation. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of melanocyte proliferation and may have implications for our understanding of the roles of SOX10 and MCM5 in abnormal melanocyte proliferation disorders such as cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Su
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Xiaozi Zheng
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Yipin Wang
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Shanpu Zhu
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Labratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou, 325003, China.
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74
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Edea Z, Dadi H, Dessie T, Kim IH, Kim KS. Association of MITF loci with coat color spotting patterns in Ethiopian cattle. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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75
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Asad Z, Pandey A, Babu A, Sun Y, Shevade K, Kapoor S, Ullah I, Ranjan S, Scaria V, Bajpai R, Sachidanandan C. Rescue of neural crest-derived phenotypes in a zebrafish CHARGE model by Sox10 downregulation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3539-3554. [PMID: 27418670 PMCID: PMC5179949 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CHD7 mutations are implicated in a majority of cases of the congenital disorder, CHARGE syndrome. CHARGE, an autosomal dominant syndrome, is known to affect multiple tissues including eye, heart, ear, craniofacial nerves and skeleton and genital organs. Using a morpholino-antisense-oligonucleotide-based zebrafish model for CHARGE syndrome, we uncover a complex spectrum of abnormalities in the neural crest and the crest-derived cell types. We report for the first time, defects in myelinating Schwann cells, enteric neurons and pigment cells in a CHARGE model. We also observe defects in the specification of peripheral neurons and the craniofacial skeleton as previously reported. Chd7 morphants have impaired migration of neural crest cells and deregulation of sox10 expression from the early stages. Knocking down Sox10 in the zebrafish CHARGE model rescued the defects in Schwann cells and craniofacial cartilage. Our zebrafish CHARGE model thus reveals important regulatory roles for Chd7 at multiple points of neural crest development viz., migration, fate choice and differentiation and we suggest that sox10 deregulation is an important driver of the neural crest-derived aspects of Chd7 dependent CHARGE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Asad
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Aditi Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Aswini Babu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaivalya Shevade
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shruti Kapoor
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Ikram Ullah
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shashi Ranjan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
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76
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Zhao Y, Liu ZG, Tang J, Zou RF, Chen XY, Jiang GM, Qiu YF, Wang H. High expression of Sox10 correlates with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:1671-7. [PMID: 27051302 PMCID: PMC4807932 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to detect the expression of Sox10 in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and investigate the relationship between its expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of NPC patients. Patients and methods Tumor specimens (n=105) were retrospectively collected from patients with NPC diagnosed between 2004 and 2005 who presented at Hunan Cancer Hospital. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to characterize the expression of Sox10 in NPC. Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were employed to evaluate the prognosis of 105 NPC patients. Results The results showed that Sox10 was markedly overexpressed in human NPC tissues. Analysis of clinicopathological parameters showed that high Sox10 expression was significantly correlated with the clinical stage (P=0.032), T classification (P=0.034), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.03). Cox regression analyses further showed that Sox10 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P=0.005). This is the first time Sox10 has shown its importance in predicting NPC progressiveness and survival outcomes. Conclusion Sox10 serves as a potential biomarker for NPC patients. It may hopefully become a novel therapeutic target for NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Fang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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77
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Chen Y, Pan L, Su Z, Wang J, Li H, Ma X, Liu Y, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. The transcription factor TBX2 regulates melanogenesis in melanocytes by repressing Oca2. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 415:103-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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78
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Wen B, Li S, Li H, Chen Y, Ma X, Wang J, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor regulates the visual cycle genes Rlbp1 and Rdh5 in the retinal pigment epithelium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21208. [PMID: 26876013 PMCID: PMC4753414 DOI: 10.1038/srep21208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the visual pigment by cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is fundamental to vision. Here we show that the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, MITF, which plays a central role in the development and function of RPE cells, regulates the expression of two visual cycle genes, Rlbp1 which encodes retinaldehyde binding protein-1 (RLBP1), and Rdh5, which encodes retinol dehydrogenase-5 (RDH5). First, we found that Rlbp1 and Rdh5 are downregulated in optic cups and presumptive RPEs of Mitf-deficient mouse embryos. Second, experimental manipulation of MITF levels in human RPE cells in culture leads to corresponding modulations of the endogenous levels of RLBP1 and RDH5. Third, the retinal degeneration associated with the disruption of the visual cycle in Mitf-deficient mice can be partially corrected both structurally and functionally by an exogenous supply of 9-cis-retinal. We conclude that the expression of Rlbp1 and Rdh5 critically depends on functional Mitf in the RPE and suggest that MITF has an important role in controlling retinoid processing in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Xiaoyin Ma
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Fan Lu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Jia Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
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79
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Pan L, Hou L. MITF and cell migration: opposing signals, similar outcome. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:229-30. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- The Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
| | - Ling Hou
- The Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease; School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology; Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou China
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80
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Saldana-Caboverde A, Perera EM, Watkins-Chow DE, Hansen NF, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Pavan WJ, Kos L. The transcription factors Ets1 and Sox10 interact during murine melanocyte development. Dev Biol 2015; 407:300-12. [PMID: 25912689 PMCID: PMC4618791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, arise from multipotent neural crest (NC) cells during embryogenesis. Many genes required for melanocyte development were identified using mouse pigmentation mutants. The variable spotting mouse pigmentation mutant arose spontaneously at the Jackson Laboratory. We identified a G-to-A nucleotide transition in exon 3 of the Ets1 gene in variable spotting, which results in a missense G102E mutation. Homozygous variable spotting mice exhibit sporadic white spotting. Similarly, mice carrying a targeted deletion of Ets1 exhibit hypopigmentation; nevertheless, the function of Ets1 in melanocyte development is unknown. The transcription factor Ets1 is widely expressed in developing organs and tissues, including the NC. In the chick, Ets1 is required for the expression of Sox10, a transcription factor critical for the development of various NC derivatives, including melanocytes. We show that Ets1 is required early for murine NC cell and melanocyte precursor survival in vivo. Given the importance of Ets1 for Sox10 expression in the chick, we investigated a potential genetic interaction between these genes by comparing the hypopigmentation phenotypes of single and double heterozygous mice. The incidence of hypopigmentation in double heterozygotes was significantly greater than in single heterozygotes. The area of hypopigmentation in double heterozygotes was significantly larger than would be expected from the addition of the areas of hypopigmentation of single heterozygotes, suggesting that Ets1 and Sox10 interact synergistically in melanocyte development. Since Sox10 is also essential for enteric ganglia development, we examined the distal colons of Ets1 null mutants and found a significant decrease in enteric innervation, which was exacerbated by Sox10 heterozygosity. At the molecular level, Ets1 was found to activate an enhancer critical for Sox10 expression in NC-derived structures. Furthermore, enhancer activation was significantly inhibited by the variable spotting mutation. Together, these results suggest that Ets1 and Sox10 interact to promote proper melanocyte and enteric ganglia development from the NC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erasmo M Perera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy F Hansen
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, CGCGB, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meghana Vemulapalli
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- Comparative Genomics Analysis Unit, CGCGB, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lidia Kos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL.
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81
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Zazo Seco C, Serrão de Castro L, van Nierop J, Morín M, Jhangiani S, Verver E, Schraders M, Maiwald N, Wesdorp M, Venselaar H, Spruijt L, Oostrik J, Schoots J, van Reeuwijk J, Lelieveld S, Huygen P, Insenser M, Admiraal R, Pennings R, Hoefsloot L, Arias-Vásquez A, de Ligt J, Yntema H, Jansen J, Muzny D, Huls G, van Rossum M, Lupski J, Moreno-Pelayo M, Kunst H, Kremer H, Kremer H. Allelic Mutations of KITLG, Encoding KIT Ligand, Cause Asymmetric and Unilateral Hearing Loss and Waardenburg Syndrome Type 2. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 97:647-60. [PMID: 26522471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Linkage analysis combined with whole-exome sequencing in a large family with congenital and stable non-syndromic unilateral and asymmetric hearing loss (NS-UHL/AHL) revealed a heterozygous truncating mutation, c.286_303delinsT (p.Ser96Ter), in KITLG. This mutation co-segregated with NS-UHL/AHL as a dominant trait with reduced penetrance. By screening a panel of probands with NS-UHL/AHL, we found an additional mutation, c.200_202del (p.His67_Cys68delinsArg). In vitro studies revealed that the p.His67_Cys68delinsArg transmembrane isoform of KITLG is not detectable at the cell membrane, supporting pathogenicity. KITLG encodes a ligand for the KIT receptor. Also, KITLG-KIT signaling and MITF are suggested to mutually interact in melanocyte development. Because mutations in MITF are causative of Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2), we screened KITLG in suspected WS2-affected probands. A heterozygous missense mutation, c.310C>G (p.Leu104Val), that segregated with WS2 was identified in a small family. In vitro studies revealed that the p.Leu104Val transmembrane isoform of KITLG is located at the cell membrane, as is wild-type KITLG. However, in culture media of transfected cells, the p.Leu104Val soluble isoform of KITLG was reduced, and no soluble p.His67_Cys68delinsArg and p.Ser96Ter KITLG could be detected. These data suggest that mutations in KITLG associated with NS-UHL/AHL have a loss-of-function effect. We speculate that the mechanism of the mutation underlying WS2 and leading to membrane incorporation and reduced secretion of KITLG occurs via a dominant-negative or gain-of-function effect. Our study unveils different phenotypes associated with KITLG, previously associated with pigmentation abnormalities, and will thereby improve the genetic counseling given to individuals with KITLG variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hannie Kremer
- Hearing & Genes Division, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, the Netherlands; The Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525GA, the Netherlands.
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82
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Pan L, Ma X, Wen B, Su Z, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li H, Chen Y, Wang J, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor/T-box factor-2 axis acts through Cyclin D1 to regulate melanocyte proliferation. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:631-42. [PMID: 26486273 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Control of cell proliferation is critical for accurate cell differentiation and tissue formation, during development and regeneration. Here, we have analysed the role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF and its direct target, T-box factor TBX2, in regulating proliferation of mammalian neural crest-derived melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine spatial and temporal expression of TBX2 in melanocytes in vivo. RNAi and cell proliferation analysis were used to investigate functional roles of TBX2. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to further scrutinize molecular mechanisms underlying TBX2-dependent cell proliferation. RESULTS TBX2 was found to be co-expressed with MITF in melanocytes of mouse hair follicles. Specific Tbx2 knockdown in primary neural crest cells led to inhibition MITF-positive melanoblast proliferation. Tbx2 knockdown in melan-a cells led to reduction in Cyclin D1 expression and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. TBX2 directly activated Ccnd1 transcription by binding to a specific sequence in the Ccnd1 promoter, and the defect in cell proliferation could be rescued partially by overexpression of Cyclin D1 in Tbx2 knockdown melanocytes. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the Mitf-Tbx2-Cyclin D1 pathway played an important role in regulation of melanocyte proliferation, and provided novel insights into the complex physiology of melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - X Ma
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - B Wen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Z Su
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - X Zheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Y Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - H Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Y Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - J Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - F Lu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - J Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - L Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
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83
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Lobikin M, Lobo D, Blackiston DJ, Martyniuk CJ, Tkachenko E, Levin M. Serotonergic regulation of melanocyte conversion: A bioelectrically regulated network for stochastic all-or-none hyperpigmentation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra99. [PMID: 26443706 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimentally induced depolarization of resting membrane potential in "instructor cells" in Xenopus laevis embryos causes hyperpigmentation in an all-or-none fashion in some tadpoles due to excess proliferation and migration of melanocytes. We showed that this stochastic process involved serotonin signaling, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and the transcription factors cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), Sox10, and Slug. Transcriptional microarray analysis of embryos taken at stage 15 (early neurula) and stage 45 (free-swimming tadpole) revealed changes in the abundance of 45 and 517 transcripts, respectively, between control embryos and embryos exposed to the instructor cell-depolarizing agent ivermectin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the human homologs of some of the differentially regulated genes were associated with cancer, consistent with the induced arborization and invasive behavior of converted melanocytes. We identified a physiological circuit that uses serotonergic signaling between instructor cells, melanotrope cells of the pituitary, and melanocytes to control the proliferation, cell shape, and migration properties of the pigment cell pool. To understand the stochasticity and properties of this multiscale signaling system, we applied a computational machine-learning method that iteratively explored network models to reverse-engineer a stochastic dynamic model that recapitulated the frequency of the all-or-none hyperpigmentation phenotype produced in response to various pharmacological and molecular genetic manipulations. This computational approach may provide insight into stochastic cellular decision-making that occurs during normal development and pathological conditions, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lobikin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Douglas J Blackiston
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tkachenko
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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84
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Baldea I, Olteanu DE, Bolfa P, Ion RM, Decea N, Cenariu M, Banciu M, Sesarman AV, Filip AG. Efficiency of photodynamic therapy on WM35 melanoma with synthetic porphyrins: Role of chemical structure, intracellular targeting and antioxidant defense. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 151:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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85
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Otreba M, Wrześniok D, Beberok A, Rok J, Buszman E. Melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in normal human melanocytes cultured in the presence of chlorpromazine. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:221-7. [PMID: 25449126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders and belongs to phenothiazine class of neuroleptic drugs. It shows severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms as well as ocular and skin disorders, but the mechanism is still not fully established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chlorpromazine on cell viability, melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in normal human melanocytes. It has been demonstrated that chlorpromazine induces concentration dependent loss in cell viability. The value of EC(50) was calculated to be 2.53 μM. Chlorpromazine in lower concentrations (0.0001, 0.001 and 0.01 μM) increased the melanin and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) content and tyrosinase activity, while changes of antioxidant enzymes activity were not observed. It suggests that long-term chlorpromazine therapy, even with low drug doses, may lead to hyperpigmentation disorders in skin and/or eye. The use of the analyzed drug in higher concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 μM) caused significant alterations of antioxidant enzymes activity in normal melanocytes, what may explain a potential role of chlorpromazine in the depletion of cellular antioxidant status leading to other adverse effects associated with the high-dose and/or long-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Otreba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, PL 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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86
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Simões-Costa M, Bronner ME. Establishing neural crest identity: a gene regulatory recipe. Development 2015; 142:242-57. [PMID: 25564621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is a stem/progenitor cell population that contributes to a wide variety of derivatives, including sensory and autonomic ganglia, cartilage and bone of the face and pigment cells of the skin. Unique to vertebrate embryos, it has served as an excellent model system for the study of cell behavior and identity owing to its multipotency, motility and ability to form a broad array of cell types. Neural crest development is thought to be controlled by a suite of transcriptional and epigenetic inputs arranged hierarchically in a gene regulatory network. Here, we examine neural crest development from a gene regulatory perspective and discuss how the underlying genetic circuitry results in the features that define this unique cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Simões-Costa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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87
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Dai X, Rao C, Li H, Chen Y, Fan L, Geng H, Li S, Qu J, Hou L. Regulation of pigmentation by microRNAs: MITF-dependent microRNA-211 targets TGF-β receptor 2. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:217-22. [PMID: 25444235 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that microRNAs are important regulators of gene expression in a variety of cell types. Using immortalized cell lines and primary neural crest cell explants, we show that microRNA-211, previously implicated in the regulation of melanoma proliferation and invasiveness, promotes pigmentation in melanoblasts and melanocytes. Expression of this microRNA is regulated by the key melanocyte transcription factor MITF and regulates pigmentation by targeting the TGF-β receptor 2. Transfection with pre-miR-211 precursor molecules in melb-a and melan-a cells leads to a decrease in the expression of TGF-β receptor 2 and reduces the TGF-β signaling-mediated downregulation of two melanogenic enzymes, tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1. Conversely, downregulation of microRNA-211 using specific microRNA inhibitors has the opposite effects. It appears, therefore, that microRNA-211 serves as a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling which is known to play a important roles in vivo in melanocyte stem cell maintenance and pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Dai
- Developmental Cell Biology and Disease Program, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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88
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Reemann P, Reimann E, Ilmjärv S, Porosaar O, Silm H, Jaks V, Vasar E, Kingo K, Kõks S. Melanocytes in the skin--comparative whole transcriptome analysis of main skin cell types. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115717. [PMID: 25545474 PMCID: PMC4278762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes possess several functions besides a role in pigment synthesis, but detailed characteristics of the cells are still unclear. We used whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to assess differential gene expression of cultivated normal human melanocytes with respect to keratinocytes, fibroblasts and whole skin. The present results reveal cultivated melanocytes as highly proliferative cells with possible stem cell-like properties. The enhanced readiness to regenerate makes melanocytes the most vulnerable cells in the skin and explains their high risk of developing into malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Reemann
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ene Reimann
- Core Facility of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Quretec Ltd (private limited company), Tartu, Estonia
| | - Orm Porosaar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Helgi Silm
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- The Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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89
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Parichy DM, Spiewak JE. Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:31-50. [PMID: 25421288 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post-embryonic, peripheral nerve-associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow-orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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90
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Snider TN, Mishina Y. Cranial neural crest cell contribution to craniofacial formation, pathology, and future directions in tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:324-32. [PMID: 25227212 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the state and future directions of development and pathology in the craniofacial complex in the context of Cranial Neural Crest Cells (CNCC). CNCC are a multipotent cell population that is largely responsible for forming the vertebrate head. We focus on findings that have increased the knowledge of gene regulatory networks and molecular mechanisms governing CNCC migration and the participation of these cells in tissue formation. Pathology due to aberrant migration or cell death of CNCC, termed neurocristopathies, is discussed in addition to craniosynostoses. Finally, we discuss tissue engineering applications that take advantage of recent advancements in genome editing and the multipotent nature of CNCC. These applications have relevance to treating diseases due directly to the failure of CNCC, and also in restoring tissues lost due to a variety of reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Nicholas Snider
- Department for Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
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91
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Wang C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Li K, Liu B. Genome-wide analysis reveals artificial selection on coat colour and reproductive traits in Chinese domestic pigs. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:414-24. [PMID: 25132237 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pigs from Asia and Europe were independently domesticated from c. 9000 years ago. During this period, strong artificial selection has led to dramatic phenotypic changes in domestic pigs. However, the genetic basis underlying these morphological and behavioural adaptations is relatively unknown, particularly for indigenous Chinese pigs. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis to screen 196 regions with selective sweep signals in Tongcheng pigs, which are a typical indigenous Chinese breed. Genes located in these regions have been found to be involved in lipid metabolism, melanocyte differentiation, neural development and other biological processes, which coincide with the evolutionary phenotypic changes in this breed. A synonymous substitution, c.669T>C, in ESR1, which colocalizes with a major quantitative trait locus for litter size, shows extreme differences in allele frequency between Tongcheng pigs and wild boars. Notably, the variant C allele in this locus exhibits high allele frequency in most Chinese populations, suggesting a consequence of positive selection. Five genes (PRM1, PRM2, TNP2, GPR149 and JMJD1C) related to reproductive traits were found to have high haplotype similarity in Chinese breeds. Two selected genes, MITF and EDNRB, are implied to shape the two-end black colour trait in Tongcheng pig. Subsequent SNP microarray studies of five Chinese white-spotted breeds displayed a concordant signature at both loci, suggesting that these two genes are responsible for colour variations in Chinese breeds. Utilizing massively parallel sequencing, we characterized the candidate sites that adapt to artificial and environmental selections during the Chinese pig domestication. This study provides fundamental proof for further research on the evolutionary adaptation of Chinese pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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92
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanocytes produce pigment granules that color both skin and hair. In the hair follicles melanocytes are derived from stem cells (MelSCs) that are present in hair bulges or sub-bulge regions and function as melanocyte reservoirs. Quiescence, maintenance, activation and proliferation of MelSCs are controlled by specific activities in the microenvironment that can influence the differentiation and regeneration of melanocytes. Therefore, understanding MelSCs and their niche may lead to use of MelSCs in new treatments for various pigmentation disorders. AREAS COVERED We describe here pathophysiological mechanisms by which melanocyte defects lead to skin pigmentation disorders such as vitiligo and hair graying. The development, migration and proliferation of melanocytes and factors involved in the survival, maintenance and regeneration of MelSCs are reviewed with regard to the biological roles and potential therapeutic applications in skin pigmentation diseases. EXPERT OPINION MelSC biology and niche factors have been studied mainly in murine experimental models. Human MelSC markers or methods to isolate them are much less well understood. Identification, isolation and culturing of human MelSCs would represent a major step toward new biological therapeutic options for patients with recalcitrant pigmentary disorders or hair graying. By modulating the niche factors for MelSCs, it may one day be possible to control skin pigmentary disorders and prevent or reverse hair graying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Lee
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center , Boston, MA 02129 , USA +1 617 643 5428 ; +1 617 643 6588 ;
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93
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Carvajal RD, Hamid O, Antonescu CR. Selecting patients for KIT inhibition in melanoma. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1102:137-62. [PMID: 24258978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-727-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For many years, melanoma has been regarded as a single disease in terms of therapeutic considerations. The more recent identification of multiple molecular mechanisms underlying the development, progression, and prognosis of melanoma has led to a new paradigm for the management of this disease, has created new therapeutic opportunities, and has led to improved clinical outcomes. Such advances, however, are dependent upon methods that can reproducibly identify key molecular alterations within an individual tumor, define clinically relevant genetic subgroups of disease, and permit improved patient selection for targeted therapies.Melanomas harboring genetic alterations of KIT have been demonstrated to constitute one such molecular subgroup of disease. In this chapter, we will discuss the biology of KIT in melanoma, review the rationale for and clinical data regarding KIT inhibition in melanomas harboring activating alterations of KIT, propose guidelines for the selection of patients for KIT inhibitor therapy, and, finally, present laboratory methods for KIT assessment in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Carvajal
- Melanoma/Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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94
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Asai K, Funaba M, Murakami M. Enhancement of RANKL-induced MITF-E expression and osteoclastogenesis by TGF-β. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:401-9. [PMID: 24519885 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is a transcription factor that is expressed in limited types of cells, including osteoclasts, but the expression and role of MITF during osteoclastogenesis have not been fully elucidated. The expression of the MITF-E isoform but not that of the MITF-A isoform was induced in response to differentiation stimulation towards osteoclasts by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in both RAW264.7 cells and primary bone marrow cells. The RANKL-induced formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells was inhibited in RAW264.7 cells expressing siRNA for MITF-E. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) enhanced RANKL-induced MITF-E expression and -TRAP positive multinucleated cell formation. In particular, TGF-β potentiated the formation of larger osteoclasts. The expression levels of NFATc1, TRAP and CtsK, genes related to osteoclast development and activity, were concurrently enhanced by TGF-β in the presence of RANKL. Furthermore, the expression of dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), Itgav, Itga2, Itga5, Itgb1, Itgb3 and Itgb5, genes related to cell adhesion and fusion, were up-regulated by co-treatment with TGF-β. In particular, the regulatory expression of Itgav and Itgb5 in response to RANKL with or without TGF-β resembled that of MITF-E. Because MITF is involved in cell fusion in some cell systems, these results imply a role for MITF-E as an enhancer of osteoclastogenesis and that RANKL-induced levels of both MITF-E mRNA and of MITF-dependent gene expression are enhanced by treatment with TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Asai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Azabu University School of Veterinary Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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95
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IFN-γ signaling maintains skin pigmentation homeostasis through regulation of melanosome maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2301-6. [PMID: 24474804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304988111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is an outcome of complex interacting processes with nonlinear feedbacks that can span distinct spatial and temporal dimensions. Skin tanning is one such dynamic response that maintains genome integrity of epidermal cells. Although pathways underlying hyperpigmentation cascade are recognized, negative feedback regulatory loops that can dampen the activated melanogenesis process are not completely understood. In this study, we delineate a regulatory role of IFN-γ in skin pigmentation biology. We show that IFN-γ signaling impedes maturation of the key organelle melanosome by concerted regulation of several pigmentation genes. Withdrawal of IFN-γ signal spontaneously restores normal cellular programming. This effect in melanocytes is mediated by IFN regulatory factor-1 and is not dependent on the central regulator microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Chronic IFN-γ signaling shows a clear hypopigmentation phenotype in both mouse and human skin. Interestingly, IFN-γ KO mice display a delayed recovery response to restore basal state of epidermal pigmentation after UV-induced tanning. Together, our studies delineate a new spatiotemporal role of the IFN-γ signaling network in skin pigmentation homeostasis, which could have implications in various cutaneous depigmentary and malignant disorders.
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96
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Liebert AD, Bicknell BT, Adams RD. Protein conformational modulation by photons: a mechanism for laser treatment effects. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:275-81. [PMID: 24424395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Responsiveness to low-level laser treatment (LLTT) at a wavelength of 450-910 nm has established it as an effective treatment of medical, veterinary and dental chronic pain, chronic inflammation conditions (arthritis and macular degeneration), wound repair, and lymphoedema, yet the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of LLLT remain unclear. However, there is now sufficient evidence from recent research to propose an integrated model of LLLT action. The hypothesis presented in this paper is that external applications of photons (through laser at an appropriate dose) modulates the nervous system through an integrated mechanism. This stimulated mechanism involves protein-to-protein interaction, where two or more proteins bind together to facilitate molecular processes, including modification of proteins by members of SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins) and also protein phosphorylation and tyrosination. SUMO has been shown to have a role in multiple nuclear and perinuclear targets, including ion channels, and in the maintenance of telomeres and the post-translational modification of genes. The consequence of laser application in treatment, therefore, can be seen as influencing the transmission of neural information via an integrated and rapid modulation of ion channels, achieved through both direct action on photo-acceptors (such as cytochrome c-oxidase) and through indirect modulation via enzymes, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine kinases and tyrosine kinase receptors. This exogenous action then facilitates an existing photonic biomodulation mechanism within the body, and initiates ion channel modulation both in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Evidence indicates that the ion channel modulation functions predominately through the potassium channels, including two pore leak channels (K2P), which act as signal integrators from the periphery to the cortex. Photonic action also transforms SUMOylation processes at the cell membrane, nucleus and telomeres via signalling processes from the mitochondria (which is the main target of laser absorption) to these targets. Under the hypothesis, these observed biological effects would play a part in the bystander effect, the abscopal effect, and other systemic effects observed with the application of low level laser (LLLT). The implications of the hypothesis are important in that they point to mechanisms that can account for the effectiveness of laser in the treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases, chronic pain and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann D Liebert
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian T Bicknell
- Faculty of Health Science, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Roger D Adams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia.
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97
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Chen YC, Huang RL, Huang YK, Liao YP, Su PH, Wang HC, Chang CC, Lin YW, Yu MH, Chu TY, Lai HC. Methylomics analysis identifies epigenetically silenced genes and implies an activation of β-catenin signaling in cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:117-27. [PMID: 24310984 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Using DNA methylation biomarkers in cancer detection is a potential direction in clinical testing. Some methylated genes have been proposed for cervical cancer detection; however, more reliable methylation markers are needed. To identify new hypermethylated genes in the discovery phase, we compared the methylome between a pool of DNA from normal cervical epithelium (n = 19) and a pool of DNA from cervical cancer tissues (n = 38) using a methylation bead array. We integrated the differentially methylated genes with public gene expression databases, which resulted in 91 candidate genes. Based on gene expression after demethylation treatment in cell lines, we confirmed 61 genes for further validation. In the validation phase, quantitative MSP and bisulfite pyrosequencing were used to examine their methylation level in an independent set of clinical samples. Fourteen genes, including ADRA1D, AJAP1, COL6A2, EDN3, EPO, HS3ST2, MAGI2, POU4F3, PTGDR, SOX8, SOX17, ST6GAL2, SYT9, and ZNF614, were significantly hypermethylated in CIN3+ lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of POU4F3 for detecting CIN3+ lesions were 0.88, 0.82, and 0.85, respectively. A bioinformatics function analysis revealed that AJAP1, EDN3, EPO, MAGI2, and SOX17 were potentially implicated in β-catenin signaling, suggesting the epigenetic dysregulation of this signaling pathway during cervical cancer development. The concurrent methylation of multiple genes in cancers and in subsets of precancerous lesions suggests the presence of a driver of methylation phenotype in cervical carcinogenesis. Further validation of these new genes as biomarkers for cervical cancer screening in a larger population-based study is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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98
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Hua Z, Jiada L, Hunjin L, Hongsheng C, Lingyun M, Chufeng H, Lu J, Yong F. Studies on Pathogenesis of Waardenburg Syndrome Type II and Tietz Syndrome Resulting from MITF Gene Mutations. J Otol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1672-2930(13)50020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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99
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Li M, Zhu F, Hong N, Zhang L, Hong Y. Alternative transcription generates multiple Mitf isoforms with different expression patterns and activities in medaka. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:48-58. [PMID: 24118994 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is best known for distinct functions in multiple cell lineages including melanocytes, mast cells, and osteoclasts. In mammals, mitf produces multiple Mitf isoforms by alternative transcription and splicing. The fish medaka has two mitf genes, mitf1 and mitf2. Here, we report differential expression and activities of medaka Mitf isoforms. Molecular cloning identified four mitf1 variants encoding isoforms Mitf1A, MitfB, MitfH, and MitfM, and only one mitf2RNA encoding Mitf2M, which exhibited differential expression. Mitf1 isoforms and Mitf2M differed dramatically in activating the dazl and tyrosinase promoters DAZ and TYR. Interestingly, Mitf1ΔN, an N-terminus-less Mitf1 mutant form, retained activity to activate TYR but not DAZ. Importantly, Mitf1B was also sufficient for inducing melanocyte differentiation and endogenous tyrosinase RNA expression in medaka embryonic stem cells. Intriguingly, Mitf1 isoforms possessed considerable differences in inducing the expression of multiple cell lineage marker genes. Therefore, alternative mitf transcription is a conserved mechanism from fish to mammals, and medaka Mitf1 isoforms show differences in expression and activity. We conclude that differential expression of isoforms contributes to multiple distinct functions of Mitf in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyou Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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100
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Kim EH, Kim MK, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Park KC, Kim DS. Menadione (Vitamin K3) decreases melanin synthesis through ERK activation in Mel-Ab cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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