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Brand MD. Riding the tiger - physiological and pathological effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated in the mitochondrial matrix. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:592-661. [PMID: 33148057 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1828258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial matrix superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide concentrations drive a wide range of physiological responses and pathologies. Concentrations of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix are set mainly by rates of production, the activities of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin-3 (PRDX3), and by diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to the cytosol. These considerations can be used to generate criteria for assessing whether changes in matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide are both necessary and sufficient to drive redox signaling and pathology: is a phenotype affected by suppressing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production; by manipulating the levels of SOD2, PRDX3 or mitochondria-targeted catalase; and by adding mitochondria-targeted SOD/catalase mimetics or mitochondria-targeted antioxidants? Is the pathology associated with variants in SOD2 and PRDX3 genes? Filtering the large literature on mitochondrial redox signaling using these criteria highlights considerable evidence that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide drive physiological responses involved in cellular stress management, including apoptosis, autophagy, propagation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular senescence, HIF1α signaling, and immune responses. They also affect cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the cell cycle. Filtering the huge literature on pathologies highlights strong experimental evidence that 30-40 pathologies may be driven by mitochondrial matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. These can be grouped into overlapping and interacting categories: metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological diseases; cancer; ischemia/reperfusion injury; aging and its diseases; external insults, and genetic diseases. Understanding the involvement of mitochondrial matrix superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in these diseases can facilitate the rational development of appropriate therapies.
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Stout AJ, Mirliani AB, Soule-Albridge EL, Cohen JM, Kaplan DL. Engineering carotenoid production in mammalian cells for nutritionally enhanced cell-cultured foods. Metab Eng 2020; 62:126-137. [PMID: 32890703 PMCID: PMC7666109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering of mammalian cells has to-date focused primarily on biopharmaceutical protein production or the manipulation of native metabolic processes towards therapeutic aims. However, significant potential exists for expanding these techniques to diverse applications by looking across the taxonomic tree to bioactive metabolites not synthesized in animals. Namely, cross-taxa metabolic engineering of mammalian cells could offer value in applications ranging fromfood and nutrition to regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Towards the former, recent advances in meat production through cell culture suggest the potential to produce meat with fine cellular control, where tuning composition through cross-taxa metabolic engineering could enhance nutrition and food-functionality. Here we demonstrate this possibility by engineering primary bovine and immortalized murine muscle cells with prokaryotic enzymes to endogenously produce the antioxidant carotenoids phytoene, lycopene and β-carotene. These phytonutrients offer general nutritive value and protective effects against diseases associated with red and processed meat consumption, and so offer a promising proof-of-concept for nutritional engineering in cultured meat. We demonstrate the phenotypic integrity of engineered cells, the ability to tune carotenoid yields, and the antioxidant functionality of these compounds in vitro towards both nutrition and food-quality objectives. Our results demonstrate the potential for tailoring the nutritional profile of cultured meats. They further lay a foundation for heterologous metabolic engineering of mammalian cells for applications outside of the clinical realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Stout
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Addison B Mirliani
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Erin L Soule-Albridge
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Julian M Cohen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA; W. M. Keck Science Department, Pitzer College, 925 N Mills Ave, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Tissue Engineering Resource Center, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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Lou-Franco J, Das B, Elliott C, Cao C. Gold Nanozymes: From Concept to Biomedical Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 13:10. [PMID: 34138170 PMCID: PMC8187695 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gold nanoparticles have demonstrated excellent enzyme-mimicking activities which resemble those of peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase or reductase. This, merged with their ease of synthesis, tunability, biocompatibility and low cost, makes them excellent candidates when compared with biological enzymes for applications in biomedicine or biochemical analyses. Herein, over 200 research papers have been systematically reviewed to present the recent progress on the fundamentals of gold nanozymes and their potential applications. The review reveals that the morphology and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles play an important role in their catalytic properties, as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature. Yet, real applications often require specific biorecognition elements to be immobilized onto the nanozymes, leading to unexpected positive or negative effects on their activity. Thus, rational design of efficient nanozymes remains a challenge of paramount importance. Different implementation paths have already been explored, including the application of peroxidase-like nanozymes for the development of clinical diagnostics or the regulation of oxidative stress within cells via their catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. The review also indicates that it is essential to understand how external parameters may boost or inhibit each of these activities, as more than one of them could coexist. Likewise, further toxicity studies are required to ensure the applicability of gold nanozymes in vivo. Current challenges and future prospects of gold nanozymes are discussed in this review, whose significance can be anticipated in a diverse range of fields beyond biomedicine, such as food safety, environmental analyses or the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lou-Franco
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Cuong Cao
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
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Yun HR, Jo YH, Kim J, Nguyen NNY, Shin Y, Kim SS, Choi TG. Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 Is Essential for Myogenic Autophagy of C2C12 Skeletal Myoblast. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569221. [PMID: 33178040 PMCID: PMC7593845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation is an essential process for the maintenance of muscle development and homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical signaling molecules involved in muscle differentiation. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal enzyme, is involved in removing thioester-linked fatty acid groups from modified cysteine residues in proteins. However, the role of PPT1 in muscle differentiation remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that PPT1 plays a critical role in the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. The expression of PPT1 gradually increased in response to mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) during muscle differentiation, which was attenuated by treatment with antioxidants. Moreover, we revealed that PPT1 transactivation occurs through nuclear factor erythroid 2-regulated factor 2 (Nrf2) binding the antioxidant response element (ARE) in its promoter region. Knockdown of PPT1 with specific small interference RNA (siRNA) disrupted lysosomal function by increasing its pH. Subsequently, it caused excessive accumulation of autophagy flux, thereby impairing muscle fiber formation. In conclusion, we suggest that PPT1 is factor a responsible for myogenic autophagy in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rok Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ngoc Ngo Yen Nguyen
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Soo Kim,
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Tae Gyu Choi,
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55
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Long X, Gao Y, Liu W, Liu X, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Ikejima T. Natural flavonoid silibinin promotes the migration and myogenic differentiation of murine C2C12 myoblasts via modulation of ROS generation and down-regulation of estrogen receptor α expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:243-261. [PMID: 32789659 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process, involving the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of myoblasts. Recent studies suggest that some natural flavanones stimulate myogenesis. However, the effect of plant estrogen, silibinin, on the regulation of myoblast behaviors is unclarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of silibinin on immortalized murine myoblast C2C12 in the aspects of proliferation, migration, differentiation along with underlying mechanisms. The results show that silibinin at concentrations below 50 μM enhanced the migration and differentiation of C2C12 cells, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Silibinin significantly promoted the production of ROS, which appeared to play important roles in the migration and differentiation of the myoblasts. Interestingly, among ROS, the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical were associated with the migration, whereas hydrogen peroxide contributed to the myogenic differentiation. We used ER agonist and antagonist to explore whether estrogen receptors (ERs), which are affected by silibinin treatment in the silibinin-enhanced C2C12 migration and differentiation. Migration was independent of ERs, whereas the differentiation was associated with decreased ERα activity. In summary, silibinin treatment increases ROS levels, leading to the promotion of migration and myogenic differentiation. Negative regulation ERα of differentiation but not of migration may suggest that ERα represses hydrogen peroxide generation. The effect of silibinin on myoblast migration and differentiation suggests that silibinin may have therapeutic benefits for muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Long
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Gao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Ibaraki, 649-1211, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Ibaraki, 649-1211, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development Liaoning Province, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China. .,China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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56
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Jia J, Wang Z, Zhang M, Huang C, Song Y, Xu F, Zhang J, Li J, He M, Li Y, Ao G, Hong C, Cao Y, Chin YE, Hua ZC, Cheng J. SQR mediates therapeutic effects of H 2S by targeting mitochondrial electron transport to induce mitochondrial uncoupling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz5752. [PMID: 32923620 PMCID: PMC7449675 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter and a potential therapeutic agent. However, molecular targets relevant to its therapeutic actions remain enigmatic. Sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) irreversibly oxidizes H2S. Therefore, SQR is assumed to inhibit H2S signaling. We now report that SQR-mediated oxidation of H2S drives reverse electron transport (RET) at mitochondrial complex I, which, in turn, repurposes mitochondrial function to superoxide production. Unexpectedly, complex I RET, a process dependent on high mitochondrial membrane potential, induces superoxide-dependent mitochondrial uncoupling and downstream activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). SQR-induced mitochondrial uncoupling is separated from the inhibition of mitochondrial complex IV by H2S. Moreover, deletion of SQR, complex I, or AMPK abolishes therapeutic effects of H2S following intracerebral hemorrhage. To conclude, SQR mediates H2S signaling and therapeutic effects by targeting mitochondrial electron transport to induce mitochondrial uncoupling. Moreover, SQR is a previously unrecognized target for developing non-protonophore uncouplers with broad clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zichuang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Huang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fuyou Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meijun He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuyao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guizhen Ao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Yongjun Cao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Y. Eugene Chin
- Institute of Biological and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi-chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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57
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Quader M, Akande O, Toldo S, Cholyway R, Kang L, Lesnefsky EJ, Chen Q. The Commonalities and Differences in Mitochondrial Dysfunction Between ex vivo and in vivo Myocardial Global Ischemia Rat Heart Models: Implications for Donation After Circulatory Death Research. Front Physiol 2020; 11:681. [PMID: 32714203 PMCID: PMC7344325 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart transplantation is the ultimate treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure. Since hearts from donation after brain death (DBD) donors are limited, donation after circulatory death (DCD) donor hearts could be another source for heart transplantation. DCD process involves ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to IR and is well established in the ex vivo (buffer perfused) ischemia animal model. However, DCD hearts undergo in vivo ischemia with a variable "ischemic period." In addition, the DCD hearts are exposed to an intense catecholamine surge that is not seen with ex vivo perfused hearts. Thus, the severity of mitochondrial damage in in vivo ischemia hearts could differ from the ex vivo ischemia hearts even following the same period of ischemia. The aim of our current study is to identify the mitochondrial dysfunction in DCD hearts and propose strategies to protect mitochondria. Adult Sprague Dawley rat hearts underwent in vivo or ex vivo ischemia for 25 min. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM) were isolated from hearts following ischemia. We found that both ex vivo and in vivo ischemia led to decreased oxidative phosphorylation in SSM and IFM compared to time control or DBD hearts. The proportion of damage to SSM and IFM, including proton leak through the inner membrane, was higher with ex vivo ischemia compare to in vivo ischemia. Time control hearts showed a decrease in SSM and IFM function compared to DBD hearts. The calcium retention capacity (CRC) was also decreased in SSM and IFM with ex vivo and in vivo ischemia, indicating that ischemic damage to mitochondria sensitizes mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTP). Our study found differential mitochondrial damage between the in vivo ischemia and the ex vivo ischemia setup. Therefore, consideration should be given to the mode of ischemia while evaluating and testing myocardial protective interventions targeting mitochondria to reduce IR injury in hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Quader
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Oluwatoyin Akande
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Renee Cholyway
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Edward J. Lesnefsky
- Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Qun Chen
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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58
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Wu Z, Liu M, Liu Z, Tian Y. Real-Time Imaging and Simultaneous Quantification of Mitochondrial H 2O 2 and ATP in Neurons with a Single Two-Photon Fluorescence-Lifetime-Based Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7532-7541. [PMID: 32233469 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress and energy metabolism are vital biological events and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes such as apoptosis and necrosis. However, it remains unclear how the dynamic patterns of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) change in these events and, more importantly, how they affect each other. Herein, we developed a single two-photon fluorescence-lifetime-based probe (TFP), which offered real-time imaging and the simultaneous determination of mitochondrial H2O2 and ATP changes in two well-separated fluorescence channels without spectral crosstalk. The fluorescence lifetime of TFP exhibited good responses and selectivity in the detection ranges of 0.4-10 μM H2O2 and 0.5-15 mM ATP, taking advantage of accuracy and the quantitative ability of fluorescence lifetime imaging. Using this useful probe, we studied the relationship between H2O2 and ATP in mitochondria and visualized the dynamic level changes of mitochondrial H2O2 and ATP induced by the superoxide anion (O2•-). It was discovered that O2•- stimulation in a short period of time (8 min) temporarily changes the levels of H2O2 and ATP in mitochondria, and neurons were capable of recovering to the initial state in a short time. However, increasing time of up to 50 min of O2•- stimulation led to permanent oxidative damage and an energy deficiency. Meanwhile, it was first found that the exogenous stimulation of O2•- and H2O2 had different impacts on the levels of mitochondrial H2O2 and ATP, in which O2•- demonstrated more severe and negative consequences. As a matter of fact, this work not only has provided a general molecular design methodology for multiple species imaging but also has revealed oxidative-stress-induced intracellular functions related to H2O2 and ATP in mitochondria based on this developed TFP probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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Wen M, Wang X, Wang T, Sun Y, Fan M, Li M, Zhu J, Zhang D, Cui X, Shan Y. Acridinium Benzoates for Ratiometric Fluorescence Imaging. Chemistry 2020; 26:3247-3251. [PMID: 31965665 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Acridinium benzoate was developed as a unique ICT-based fluorescent scaffold for both ratiometric and turn-on fluorescence imaging through decaging of the phenolic hydroxyl groups. Two fluorescent probes, Acr1-H2 O2 and Acr1-β-gal, were developed for the fluorescence imaging of H2 O2 and β-galactosidase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xijing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Fan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Junru Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yongkui Shan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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60
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Novel Fluorescent Mitochondria-Targeted Probe MitoCLox Reports Lipid Peroxidation in Response to Oxidative Stress In Vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3631272. [PMID: 32104531 PMCID: PMC7035557 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3631272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new mitochondria-targeted probe MitoCLox was designed as a starting compound for a series of probes sensitive to cardiolipin (CL) peroxidation. Fluorescence microscopy reported selective accumulation of MitoCLox in mitochondria of diverse living cell cultures and its oxidation under stress conditions, particularly those known to cause a selective cardiolipin oxidation. Ratiometric fluorescence measurements using flow cytometry showed a remarkable dependence of the MitoCLox dynamic range on the oxidation of the sample. Specifically, MitoCLox oxidation was induced by low doses of hydrogen peroxide or organic hydroperoxide. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant 10-(6'-plastoquinonyl)decyltriphenyl-phosphonium (SkQ1), which was shown earlier to selectively protect cardiolipin from oxidation, prevented hydrogen peroxide-induced MitoCLox oxidation in the cells. Concurrent tracing of MitoCLox oxidation and membrane potential changes in response to hydrogen peroxide addition showed that the oxidation of MitoCLox started without a delay and was complete during the first hour, whereas the membrane potential started to decay after 40 minutes of incubation. Hence, MitoCLox could be used for splitting the cell response to oxidative stress into separate steps. Application of MitoCLox revealed heterogeneity of the mitochondrial population; in living endothelial cells, a fraction of small, rounded mitochondria with an increased level of lipid peroxidation were detected near the nucleus. In addition, the MitoCLox staining revealed a specific fraction of cells with an increased level of oxidized lipids also in the culture of human myoblasts. The fraction of such cells increased in high-density cultures. These specific conditions correspond to the initiation of spontaneous myogenesis in vitro, which indicates that oxidation may precede the onset of myogenic differentiation. These data point to a possible participation of oxidized CL in cell signalling and differentiation.
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61
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Scialò F, Sriram A, Stefanatos R, Spriggs RV, Loh SHY, Martins LM, Sanz A. Mitochondrial complex I derived ROS regulate stress adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101450. [PMID: 32146156 PMCID: PMC7264463 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are essential cellular messengers required for cellular homeostasis and regulate the lifespan of several animal species. The main site of ROS production is the mitochondrion, and within it, respiratory complex I (CI) is the main ROS generator. ROS produced by CI trigger several physiological responses that are essential for the survival of neurons, cardiomyocytes and macrophages. Here, we show that CI produces ROS when electrons flow in either the forward (Forward Electron Transport, FET) or reverse direction (Reverse Electron Transport, RET). We demonstrate that ROS production via RET (ROS-RET) is activated under thermal stress conditions and that interruption of ROS-RET production, through ectopic expression of the alternative oxidase AOX, attenuates the activation of pro-survival pathways in response to stress. Accordingly, we find that both suppressing ROS-RET signalling or decreasing levels of mitochondrial H2O2 by overexpressing mitochondrial catalase (mtCAT), reduces survival dramatically in flies under stress. Our results uncover a specific ROS signalling pathway where hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated by CI via RET is required to activate adaptive mechanisms, maximising survival under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Scialò
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashwin Sriram
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda Stefanatos
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth V Spriggs
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha H Y Loh
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - L Miguel Martins
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Sanz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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62
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Bhattacharya A, Pulliam D, Liu Y, Salmon AB. Mitochondrial-targeted methionine sulfoxide reductase overexpression increases the production of oxidative stress in mitochondria from skeletal muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:45-51. [PMID: 33829213 PMCID: PMC8023689 DOI: 10.31491/apt.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Mitochondrial dysfunction comprises part of the etiology of myriad health issues, particularly those that occur with advancing age. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is a ubiquitous protein oxidation repair enzyme that specifically and catalytically reduces a specific epimer of oxidized methionine: methionine sulfoxide. In this study, we tested the ways in which mitochondrial bioenergetic functions are affected by increasing MsrA expression in different cellular compartments. Methods: In this study, we tested the function of isolated mitochondria, including free radical generation, ATP production, and respiration, from the skeletal muscle of two lines of transgenic mice with increased MsrA expression: mitochondria-targeted MsrA overexpression or cytosol-targeted MsrA overexpression. Results: Surprisingly, in the samples from mice with mitochondrial-targeted MsrA overexpression, we found dramatically increased free radical production though no specific defect in respiration, ATP production, or membrane potential. Among the electron transport chain complexes, we found the activity of complex I was specifically reduced in mitochondrial MsrA transgenic mice. In mice with cytosolic-targeted MsrA overexpression, we found no significant alteration made to any of these parameters of mitochondrial energetics. Conclusions: There is also a growing amount of evidence that MsrA is a functional requirement for sustaining optimal mitochondrial respiration and free radical generation. MsrA is also known to play a partial role in maintaining normal protein homeostasis by specifically repairing oxidized proteins. Our studies highlight a potential novel role for MsrA in regulating the activity of mitochondrial function through its interaction with the mitochondrial proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Bhattacharya
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA.,Department of Cellular & Structural Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA.,Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Pulliam
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Adam B Salmon
- The Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio TX, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio TX, USA
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63
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Bai X, Yang B, Chen H, Shen J, Yang D. HKOCl-4: a rhodol-based yellow fluorescent probe for the detection of hypochlorous acid in living cells and tissues. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective yellow probes, HKOCl-4 and its derivatives, have been developed for detecting endogenous HOCl in cytosol and mitochondria of living cells. In addition, visualization of HOCl production in ischemic stroke model has been achieved with HKOCl-4r.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Bai
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Bowei Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
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64
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Dikalova AE, Pandey A, Xiao L, Arslanbaeva L, Sidorova T, Lopez MG, Billings FT, Verdin E, Auwerx J, Harrison DG, Dikalov SI. Mitochondrial Deacetylase Sirt3 Reduces Vascular Dysfunction and Hypertension While Sirt3 Depletion in Essential Hypertension Is Linked to Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Circ Res 2019; 126:439-452. [PMID: 31852393 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hypertension represents a major risk factor for stroke, myocardial infarction, and heart failure and affects 30% of the adult population. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to hypertension, but specific mechanisms are unclear. The mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 (Sirtuin 3) is critical in the regulation of metabolic and antioxidant functions which are associated with hypertension, and cardiovascular disease risk factors diminish Sirt3 level. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that reduced Sirt3 expression contributes to vascular dysfunction in hypertension, but increased Sirt3 protects vascular function and decreases hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the therapeutic potential of targeting Sirt3 expression, we developed new transgenic mice with global Sirt3OX (Sirt3 overexpression), which protects from endothelial dysfunction, vascular oxidative stress, and hypertrophy and attenuates Ang II (angiotensin II) and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt induced hypertension. Global Sirt3 depletion in Sirt3-/- mice results in oxidative stress due to hyperacetylation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2), increases HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1), reduces endothelial cadherin, stimulates vascular hypertrophy, increases vascular permeability and vascular inflammation (p65, caspase 1, VCAM [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1], ICAM [intercellular adhesion molecule-1], and MCP1 [monocyte chemoattractant protein 1]), increases inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney, reduces telomerase expression, and accelerates vascular senescence and age-dependent hypertension; conversely, increased Sirt3 expression in Sirt3OX mice prevents these deleterious effects. The clinical relevance of Sirt3 depletion was confirmed in arterioles from human mediastinal fat in patients with essential hypertension showing a 40% decrease in vascular Sirt3, coupled with Sirt3-dependent 3-fold increases in SOD2 acetylation, NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activity, VCAM, ICAM, and MCP1 levels in hypertensive subjects compared with normotensive subjects. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that Sirt3 depletion in hypertension promotes endothelial dysfunction, vascular hypertrophy, vascular inflammation, and end-organ damage. Our data support a therapeutic potential of targeting Sirt3 expression in vascular dysfunction and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Dikalova
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Arvind Pandey
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Liang Xiao
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Liaisan Arslanbaeva
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Tatiana Sidorova
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Marcos G Lopez
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Frederic T Billings
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA (E.V.)
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland (J.A.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
| | - Sergey I Dikalov
- From the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (A.E.D., A.P., L.X., L.A., T.S., M.G.L., F.T.B., D.G.H., S.I.D.)
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Ascorbate-Dependent Peroxidase (APX) from Leishmania amazonensis Is a Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Essential Enzyme That Regulates Virulence. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00193-19. [PMID: 31527128 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00193-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying biological differences between two Leishmania species that cause cutaneous disease, L. major and L. amazonensis, are poorly understood. In L. amazonensis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling drives differentiation of nonvirulent promastigotes into forms capable of infecting host macrophages. Tight spatial and temporal regulation of H2O2 is key to this signaling mechanism, suggesting a role for ascorbate-dependent peroxidase (APX), which degrades mitochondrial H2O2 Earlier studies showed that APX-null L. major parasites are viable, accumulate higher levels of H2O2, generate a greater yield of infective metacyclic promastigotes, and have increased virulence. In contrast, we found that in L. amazonensis, the ROS-inducible APX is essential for survival of all life cycle stages. APX-null promastigotes could not be generated, and parasites carrying a single APX allele were impaired in their ability to infect macrophages and induce cutaneous lesions in mice. Similar to what was reported for L. major, APX depletion in L. amazonensis enhanced differentiation of metacyclic promastigotes and amastigotes, but the parasites failed to replicate after infecting macrophages. APX expression restored APX single-knockout infectivity, while expression of catalytically inactive APX drastically reduced virulence. APX overexpression in wild-type promastigotes reduced metacyclogenesis, but enhanced intracellular survival following macrophage infection or inoculation into mice. Collectively, our data support a role for APX-regulated mitochondrial H2O2 in promoting differentiation of virulent forms in both L. major and L. amazonensis Our results also uncover a unique requirement for APX-mediated control of ROS levels for survival and successful intracellular replication of L. amazonensis.
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66
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Bottje WG. BOARD INVITED REVIEW: Oxidative stress and efficiency: the tightrope act of mitochondria in health and disease1,2. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3169-3179. [PMID: 31247079 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an unavoidable consequence of aerobic metabolism. Whereas high amounts of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause oxidation, low levels play important roles in signal transduction. In a Pedigree male (PedM) broiler model of feed efficiency (FE), the low FE phenotype was characterized by increased ROS in isolated mitochondria (muscle, liver, and duodenum) with a pervasive protein oxidation in mitochondria and tissues. Subsequent proteogenomic studies in muscle revealed evidence of enhanced mitoproteome abundance, enhanced mitochondrial phosphocreatine shuttling expression, and enhanced ribosome assembly in the high FE phenotype. Surprisingly, an enhanced infrastructure would foster greater repair of damaged proteins or organelles through the autophagy and proteosome pathways in the high FE phenotype. Although protein and organelle degradation, recycling, and reconstruction would be energetically expensive, it is possible that energy invested into maintaining optimal function of proteins and organelles contributes to cellular efficiency in the high FE phenotype. New findings in mitochondrial physiology have been reported in the last several years. Reverse electron transport (RET), once considered an artifact of in vitro conditions, now is recognized to play significant roles in inflammation, ischemia-reperfusion, muscle differentiation, and energy utilization. A topology of ROS production indicates that ROS derived from Complex I of the respiratory chain primarily causes oxidation, whereas ROS generated from Complex III are primarily involved in cell signaling. It is also apparent that there is a constant fission and fusion process that mitochondria undergo that help maintain optimal mitochondrial function and enables mitochondria to adjust to periods of nutrient limitation and nutrient excess. Understanding the balancing act that mitochondria play in health and disease will continue to be a vital biological component in health-production efficiency and disease in commercial animal agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter G Bottje
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
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67
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Wong HS, Monternier PA, Brand MD. S1QELs suppress mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from site I Q without inhibiting reverse electron flow through Complex I. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:545-559. [PMID: 31518685 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important sources of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in cell signaling and disease. In particular, superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production during reverse electron transport from ubiquinol to NAD+ though Complex I is implicated in several physiological and pathological processes. S1QELs are small molecules that suppress superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at Complex I without affecting forward electron transport. Their mechanism of action is disputed. To test different mechanistic models, we compared the effects of two inhibitors of Complex I electron transport (piericidin A and rotenone) and two S1QELs from different chemical families on superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production and electron transport by Complex I in isolated mitochondria. Piericidin A and rotenone (and S1QEL1.1 at higher concentrations) prevented superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production from sites IQ and IF in Complex I by inhibiting reverse electron transport into the complex. S1QELs decreased the potency of electron transport inhibition by piericidin A and rotenone, suggesting that S1QELs bind directly to Complex I. S1QEL2.1 (and S1QEL1.1 at lower concentrations) suppressed site IQ without affecting reverse electron transport or site IF, showing that sites IQ and IF are distinct, and that S1QELs do not work simply by decreasing reverse electron transport to site IF (or site IQ). S1QELs did not affect the reduction of NAD+ or the rate of site IF driven by reverse electron transport, therefore they do not alter the driving forces for reverse electron transport and that is not how they suppress site IQ. We conclude that S1QELs bind to Complex I to influence the conformation of the piericidin A and rotenone binding sites and directly suppress superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production at site IQ, which is a separate site from site IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
| | | | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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68
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Goncalves RLS, Watson MA, Wong HS, Orr AL, Brand MD. The use of site-specific suppressors to measure the relative contributions of different mitochondrial sites to skeletal muscle superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101341. [PMID: 31627168 PMCID: PMC6812158 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are important signaling molecules crucial for muscle differentiation and adaptation to exercise. However, their uncontrolled generation is associated with an array of pathological conditions. To identify and quantify the sources of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in skeletal muscle we used site-specific suppressors (S1QELs, S3QELs and NADPH oxidase inhibitors). We measured the rates of hydrogen peroxide release from isolated rat muscle mitochondria incubated in media mimicking the cytosol of intact muscle. By measuring the extent of inhibition caused by the addition of different site-specific suppressors of mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production (S1QELs for site IQ and S3QELs for site IIIQo), we determined the contributions of these sites to the total signal. In media mimicking resting muscle, their contributions were each 12–18%, consistent with a previous method. In C2C12 myoblasts, site IQ contributed 12% of cellular hydrogen peroxide production and site IIIQo contributed about 30%. When C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated to myotubes, hydrogen peroxide release increased five-fold, and the proportional contribution of site IQ doubled. The use of S1QELs and S3QELs is a powerful new way to measure the relative contributions of different mitochondrial sites to muscle hydrogen peroxide production under different conditions. Our results show that mitochondrial sites IQ and IIIQo make a substantial contribution to superoxide/hydrogen peroxide production in muscle mitochondria and C2C12 myoblasts. The total hydrogen peroxide release rate and the relative contribution of site IQ both increase substantially upon differentiation to myotubes. S1QELs, S3QELs and NOX inhibitors report sites of superoxide/H2O2 generation. Mitochondria and NOXs are the major sources of H2O2 in C2C12 cells. H2O2 release increases 5-fold during differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts to myotubes. The relative contribution of site IQ doubles during differentiation. The relative contributions of site IIIQo and NOXs remain the same.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Watson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Hoi-Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Adam L Orr
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Martin D Brand
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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69
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Bottje W. Oxidative metabolism and efficiency: the delicate balancing act of mitochondria. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4223-4230. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Cao WX, Li T, Tang ZH, Zhang LL, Wang ZY, Guo X, Su MX, Chen X, Lu JJ. MLKL mediates apoptosis via a mutual regulation with PERK/eIF2α pathway in response to reactive oxygen species generation. Apoptosis 2019; 23:521-531. [PMID: 30084053 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is a core effector of necroptosis, and its function in necroptosis is widely studied. However, the function of MLKL in apoptosis remains unclear. In the present study, the role of MLKL in chelerythrine (CHE)-promoted apoptosis was studied. A special band of MLKL (i.e., *MLKL) was observed after treatment with CHE. MLKL and *MLKL were accumulated in the nucleus upon treatment with CHE and MLKL silencing reversed the CHE-induced apoptosis. Blockade of CHE-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation or inhibition of CHE-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit (eIF2α) pathway reversed the apoptosis. A decreased ROS level inhibited CHE-mediated nuclear translocation of MLKL and *MLKL and the activation of eIF2α, whereas MLKL or eIF2α silencing did not affect the CHE-triggered ROS generation. Furthermore, MLKL silencing prevented the CHE-activated eIF2α signal, and eIF2α silencing blocked the CHE-induced nuclear translocation of MLKL and *MLKL. Our studies suggested that CHE possibly induces apoptosis through the nuclear translocation of MLKL and *MLKL, which is promoted by a mutual regulation between MLKL and PERK-eIF2α pathway in response to ROS formation. The present study clarified the new function of MLKL in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Min-Xia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 7014, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China.
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Physiologic Implications of Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Mitochondrial Complex I Reverse Electron Transport. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8080285. [PMID: 31390791 PMCID: PMC6719910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8080285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be either detrimental or beneficial depending on the amount, duration, and location of their production. Mitochondrial complex I is a component of the electron transport chain and transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. Complex I is also a source of ROS production. Under certain thermodynamic conditions, electron transfer can reverse direction and reduce oxygen at complex I to generate ROS. Conditions that favor this reverse electron transport (RET) include highly reduced ubiquinone pools, high mitochondrial membrane potential, and accumulated metabolic substrates. Historically, complex I RET was associated with pathological conditions, causing oxidative stress. However, recent evidence suggests that ROS generation by complex I RET contributes to signaling events in cells and organisms. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the impact of complex I RET, either beneficial or detrimental, can be determined by the timing and quantity of ROS production. In this article we review the role of site-specific ROS production at complex I in the contexts of pathology and physiologic signaling.
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Guanine-rich RNA binding protein GRSF1 inhibits myoblast differentiation through repressing mitochondrial ROS production. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:139-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Synthesis and evaluation of the antileishmanial activity of silver compounds containing imidazolidine-2-thione. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:419-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Effects of Acute Exercise on Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Mitophagy in Rat Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles. Int Neurourol J 2019; 23:S22-31. [PMID: 30832464 PMCID: PMC6433208 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1938038.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the effects of single-bout exercise on mitochondrial function, dynamics (fusion, fission), and mitophagy in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Methods Fischer 344 rats (4 months old) were randomly divided into the control (CON) or acute exercise (EX) group (n=10 each). The rats performed a single bout of treadmill exercise for 60 minutes. Mitochondrial function (e.g., O2 respiration, H2O2 emission, Ca2+ retention capacity), mitochondrial fusion (e.g., Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1), mitochondrial fission (e.g., Drp1, Fis1), and mitophagy (e.g., Parkin, Pink1, LC3II, Bnip3) were measured in permeabilized cardiac (e.g., left ventricle) and skeletal (e.g., soleus, white gastrocnemius) muscles. Results Mitochondrial O2 respiration and Ca2+ retention capacity were significantly increased in all tissues of the EX group compared with the CON group. Mitochondrial H2O2 emissions showed tissue-specific results; the emissions showed no significant differences in the left ventricle or soleus (type I fibers) but was significantly increased in the white gastrocnemius (type II fibers) after acute exercise. Mitochondrial fusion and fission were not altered in any tissues of the EX group. Mitophagy showed tissue-specific differences: It was not changed in the left ventricle or white gastrocnemius, whereas Parkin and LC3II were significantly elevated in the soleus muscle. Conclusions A single bout of aerobic exercise may improve mitochondrial function (e.g., O2 respiration and Ca2+ retention capacity) in the heart and skeletal muscles without changes in mitochondrial dynamics or mitophagy.
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Geng J, Wei M, Yuan X, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang D, Luo L, Wu J, Guo W, Qin ZH. TIGAR regulates mitochondrial functions through SIRT1-PGC1α pathway and translocation of TIGAR into mitochondria in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2019; 33:6082-6098. [PMID: 30726106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802209r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR), a glycolytic inhibitor, plays vital roles in regulating cellular metabolism and oxidative stress. However, the role of highly expressed TIGAR in skeletal muscle remains unexplored. In the present study, TIGAR levels varied in different skeletal muscles and fibers. An exhaustive swimming test with a load corresponding to 5% of body weight was utilized in mice to assess the effects of TIGAR on exercise-induced fatigue and muscle damage. The running time and metabolic indicators were significantly greater in wild-type (WT) mice compared with TIGAR knockout (KO) mice. Poor exercise capacity was accompanied by decreased type IIA fibers in TIGAR KO mice. Decreased mitochondrial number and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation were observed more in TIGAR KO mice than in WT mice, which were involved in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated deacetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), and resveratrol treatment in TIGAR KO mice can increase mitochondrial content and exercise time. Much more TIGAR was also detected in mitochondria during exhaustive exercise. In addition, TIGAR, rather than mitochondria-targeted TIGAR achieved by in vitro plasmid transfection, promoted SIRT1-PGC1α pathway. Glutathione S-transferase-TIGAR pull-down assay followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry found that TIGAR interacted with ATP synthase F1 subunit α (ATP5A1), and its binding to ATP5A1 increased during exhaustive exercise. Overexpression of mitochondrial-TIGAR enhanced ATP generation, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress under hypoxia condition. Taken together, our results uncovered a novel role for TIGAR in mitochondrial regulation in fast-twitch oxidative skeletal muscle through SIRT1-PGC1α and translocation into mitochondria, which contribute to the increase in exercise endurance of mice.-Geng, J., Wei, M., Yuan, X., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, D., Luo, L., Wu, J., Guo, W., Qin, Z.-H. TIGAR regulates mitochondrial functions through SIRT1-PGC1α pathway and translocation of TIGAR into mitochondria in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Geng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingzhen Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Pathology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Luo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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76
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Tryptophan residue enhances in vitro walnut protein-derived peptides exerting xanthine oxidase inhibition and antioxidant activities. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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77
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Xie K, Ngo S, Rong J, Sheppard A. Modulation of mitochondrial respiration underpins neuronal differentiation enhanced by lutein. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:87-99. [PMID: 30531082 PMCID: PMC6262990 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.243713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a dietary carotenoid of particular nutritional interest as it is preferentially taken up by neural tissues. Often linked with beneficial effects on vision, a broader role for lutein in neuronal differentiation has emerged recently, although the underlying mechanisms for these effects are not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lutein on neuronal differentiation and explore the associated underpinning mechanisms. We found that lutein treatment enhanced the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, specifically increasing neuronal arborization and expression of the neuronal process filament protein microtubule-associated protein 2. This effect was mediated by the intracellular phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. While PI3K activity is a known trigger of neuronal differentiation, more recently it has also been shown to modulate the metabolic state of cells. Our analysis of bioenergetics found that lutein treatment increased glucose consumption, rates of glycolysis and enhanced respiratory activity of mitochondrial complexes. Concomitantly, the generation of reactive oxygen species was increased (consistent with previous reports that reactive oxygen species promote neuronal differentiation), as well as the production of the key metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA, an essential determinant of epigenetic status in the cell. We suggest that lutein-stimulated neuronal differentiation is mediated by PI3K-dependent modulation of mitochondrial respiration and signaling, and that the consequential metabolic shifts initiate epigenetically dependent transcriptomic reprogramming in support of this morphogenesis. These observations support the potential importance of micronutrients supplementation to neurogenesis, both during normal development and in regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xie
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sherry Ngo
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jing Rong
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Allan Sheppard
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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78
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Tsai YR, Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Hoffer BJ, Tweedie D, Luo W, Greig NH, Chiang YH, Chen KY. Pomalidomide Ameliorates H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress Injury and Cell Death in Rat Primary Cortical Neuronal Cultures by Inducing Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptosis Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103252. [PMID: 30347766 PMCID: PMC6213994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high oxygen demand and abundance of peroxidation-susceptible lipid cells, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Induced by a redox state imbalance involving either excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant system, oxidative stress plays a central role in a common pathophysiology that underpins neuronal cell death in acute neurological disorders epitomized by stroke and chronic ones such as Alzheimer’s disease. After cerebral ischemia, for example, inflammation bears a key responsibility in the development of permanent neurological damage. ROS are involved in the mechanism of post-ischemic inflammation. The activation of several inflammatory enzymes produces ROS, which subsequently suppress mitochondrial activity, leading to further tissue damage. Pomalidomide (POM) is a clinically available immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent. Using H2O2-treated rat primary cortical neuronal cultures, we found POM displayed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and cell death that associated with changes in the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2/superoxide dismutase 2/catalase signaling pathway. POM also suppressed nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB) levels and significantly mitigated cortical neuronal apoptosis by regulating Bax, Cytochrome c and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In summary, POM exerted neuroprotective effects via its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions against H2O2-induced injury. POM consequently represents a potential therapeutic agent against brain damage and related disorders and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rou Tsai
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei 11556, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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79
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Ghanian Z, Mehrvar S, Jamali N, Sheibani N, Ranji M. Time-lapse microscopy of oxidative stress demonstrates metabolic sensitivity of retinal pericytes under high glucose condition. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700289. [PMID: 29577636 PMCID: PMC6371775 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia affects retinal vascular cell function, promotes the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy and ultimately causes vision loss. Oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excess, is a key biomarker for diabetic retinopathy. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, ROS dynamics was monitored and the metabolic resistivity of retinal endothelial cells (REC) and pericytes (RPC) was compared under metabolic stress conditions including high glucose (HG). In the presence of a mitochondrial stressor, REC exhibited a significant increase in the rate of ROS production compared with RPC. Thus, under normal glucose (NG), REC may utilize oxidative metabolism as the bioenergetic source, while RPC metabolic activity is independent of mitochondrial respiration. In HG condition, the rate of ROS production in RPC was significantly higher, whereas this rate remained unchanged in REC. Thus, under HG condition RPC may preferentially utilize oxidative metabolism, which results in increased rate of ROS production. In contrast, REC use glycolysis as their major bioenergetic source for ATP production, and consequently HG minimally affects their ROS levels. These observations are consistent with our previous studies where we showed HG condition has minimal effect on apoptosis of REC, but results in increased rate of apoptosis in RPC. Collectively, our results suggest that REC and RPC exhibit different metabolic activity preferences under different glucose conditions. Thus, protection of RPC from oxidative stress may provide an early point of intervention in development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghanian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, US
| | - Shima Mehrvar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, US
| | - Nasim Jamali
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, US
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, US
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, US
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, US
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, US
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80
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Mitochondrial ROS-derived PTEN oxidation activates PI3K pathway for mTOR-induced myogenic autophagy. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1921-1937. [PMID: 30042494 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle differentiation is a crucial process controlling muscle development and homeostasis. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) rapidly increase and function as critical cell signaling intermediates during the muscle differentiation. However, it has not yet been elucidated how they control myogenic signaling. Autophagy, a lysosome-mediated degradation pathway, is importantly recognized as intracellular remodeling mechanism of cellular organelles during muscle differentiation. Here, we demonstrated that the mtROS stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade, and the activated mTORC1 subsequently induced autophagic signaling via phosphorylation of uncoordinated-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) at serine 317 and upregulation of Atg proteins to prompt muscle differentiation. Treatment with MitoQ or rapamycin impaired both phosphorylation of ULK1 and expression of Atg proteins. Therefore, we propose a novel regulatory paradigm in which mtROS are required to initiate autophagic reconstruction of cellular organization through mTOR activation in muscle differentiation.
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81
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Pashkovskaia N, Gey U, Rödel G. Mitochondrial ROS direct the differentiation of murine pluripotent P19 cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 30:180-191. [PMID: 29957443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ROS are frequently associated with deleterious effects caused by oxidative stress. Despite the harmful effects of non-specific oxidation, ROS also function as signal transduction molecules that regulate various biological processes, including stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that mitochondrial ROS level determines cell fate during differentiation of the pluripotent stem cell line P19. As stem cells in general, P19 cells are characterized by a low respiration activity, accompanied by a low level of ROS formation. Nevertheless, we found that P19 cells contain fully assembled mitochondrial electron transport chain supercomplexes (respirasomes), suggesting that low respiration activity may serve as a protective mechanism against ROS. Upon elevated mitochondrial ROS formation, the proliferative potential of P19 cells is decreased due to longer S phase of the cell cycle. Our data show that besides being harmful, mitochondrial ROS production regulates the differentiation potential of P19 cells: elevated mitochondrial ROS level favours trophoblast differentiation, whereas preventing neuron differentiation. Therefore, our results suggest that mitochondrial ROS level serves as an important factor that directs differentiation towards certain cell types while preventing others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uta Gey
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01217, Germany
| | - Gerhard Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01217, Germany
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82
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Xie K, Sheppard A. Dietary Micronutrients Promote Neuronal Differentiation by Modulating the Mitochondrial‐Nuclear Dialogue. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800051. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xie
- Liggins InstituteUniversity of AucklandGraftonAuckland 1023New Zealand
| | - Allan Sheppard
- Liggins InstituteUniversity of AucklandGraftonAuckland 1023New Zealand
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83
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Thirupathi A, Freitas S, Sorato HR, Pedroso GS, Effting PS, Damiani AP, Andrade VM, Nesi RT, Gupta RC, Muller AP, Pinho RA. Modulatory effects of taurine on metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in a mice model of muscle overuse. Nutrition 2018; 54:158-164. [PMID: 29982143 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of taurine on the biochemical parameters of muscle injury by overuse. METHODS Male Swiss mice were divided into four groups: control (Ctrl), overuse (Ov), taurine (Tau), and overuse plus taurine (OvTau). High-intensity exercise sessions were administered for 21 d with concomitant subcutaneous injections of taurine (150 mg/kg). The mice were then sacrificed. The quadriceps muscles were surgically removed for subsequent histologic analysis and evaluation of mitochondrial function, oxidative stress parameters, tissue repair, and DNA damage markers. RESULTS The Ov group showed significant differences compared with the Ctrl group (all P <0.05). The fiber area decreased by 49.34%, whereas the centralized nuclei contents (Ctrl = 1.33%; Ov = 28.67%), membrane potential (Ctrlsuc = 179.05 arbitrary fluorescence units (AFUs), Ctrlsuc+ADP = 198.11 AFUs; Ovsuc = 482.95 AFUs, Ovsuc+ADP = 461.6 AFUs), complex I activity (Ctrl = 20.45 nmol ⋅ min ⋅ mg protein, Ov = 45.25 nmol ⋅ min ⋅ mg protein), hydrogen peroxide (Ctrlsuc = 1.08 relative fluorescence unit (RFU) ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein, Ctrlsuc+ADP = 0.23 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein; Ovsuc = 5.02 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein, Ovsuc+ADP = 0.26 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein) and malondialdehyde (Ctrl = 0.03 nmol ⋅ mg ⋅ protein, Ov = 0.06 nmol ⋅ mg ⋅ protein) levels, and DNA damage (Ctrlfreq = 7.17%, Ovfreq = 31.17%; Ctrlindex = 4.17, Ovindex = 72.5) were increased. Taurine administration reduced the number of centralized nuclei (OvTau = 5%), hydrogen peroxide levels (OvTausuc = 2.81 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein, OvTaussuc+ADP = 1.54 RFU ⋅ sec ⋅ mg protein), membrane potential (OvTausuc = 220.18 AFUs, OvTaussuc+ADP = 235.28 AFUs), lipid peroxidation (OvTau = 0.02 nmol/mg protein), and DNA damage (OvTaufreq = 21.33%, OvTauindex = 47.83) and increased the fiber area by 54% (all P <0.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that taurine supplementation modulates various cellular remodeling parameters after overuse-induced muscle damage, and that these positive effects may be related to its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sharon Freitas
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helen R Sorato
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giulia S Pedroso
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pauline S Effting
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adriani P Damiani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Vanessa M Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Renata T Nesi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre P Muller
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Science, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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84
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Why should neuroscientists worry about iron? The emerging role of ferroptosis in the pathophysiology of neuroprogressive diseases. Behav Brain Res 2017; 341:154-175. [PMID: 29289598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a unique form of programmed death, characterised by cytosolic accumulation of iron, lipid hydroperoxides and their metabolites, and effected by the fatal peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the plasma membrane. It is a major driver of cell death in neurodegenerative neurological diseases. Moreover, cascades underpinning ferroptosis could be active drivers of neuropathology in major psychiatric disorders. Oxidative and nitrosative stress can adversely affect mechanisms and proteins governing cellular iron homeostasis, such as the iron regulatory protein/iron response element system, and can ultimately be a source of abnormally high levels of iron and a source of lethal levels of lipid membrane peroxidation. Furthermore, neuroinflammation leads to the upregulation of divalent metal transporter1 on the surface of astrocytes, microglia and neurones, making them highly sensitive to iron overload in the presence of high levels of non-transferrin-bound iron, thereby affording such levels a dominant role in respect of the induction of iron-mediated neuropathology. Mechanisms governing systemic and cellular iron homeostasis, and the related roles of ferritin and mitochondria are detailed, as are mechanisms explaining the negative regulation of ferroptosis by glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, the cysteine/glutamate antiporter system, heat shock protein 27 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. The potential role of DJ-1 inactivation in the precipitation of ferroptosis and the assessment of lipid peroxidation are described. Finally, a rational approach to therapy is considered, with a discussion on the roles of coenzyme Q10, iron chelation therapy, in the form of deferiprone, deferoxamine (desferrioxamine) and deferasirox, and N-acetylcysteine.
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85
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Liao X, Huang C, Zhang D, Wang J, Li J, Jin H, Huang C. Mitochondrial catalase induces cells transformation through nucleolin-dependent Cox-2 mRNA stabilization. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:478-486. [PMID: 29097213 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It's well documented that over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes detrimental damages to cells. While a low level of ROS, such as H2O2, functions as signaling transducer and motivates cell proliferation in both cancer and non-transformed stem cells. As a double-edged sword, the direct evidence for demonstrating the function of H2O2 in the cause of tumor is barely characterized in intact cells. In our current study, we found that targeted expression of mitochondrial catalase (mCAT), but not catalase, could significantly reduce the accumulation of H2O2 in mouse epithelial JB6 Cl41 cells, consequently led to the cell malignant transformation and anchorage-independent cell growth. Further study revealed that this reduction of H2O2 resulted in the translocation of nucleolin from the cytoplasm to nuclear, and maintaining the nucleolin nuclear location status, and in turn stabilizing the cox-2 mRNA and consequently leading to a COX-2 protein upregulation, as well as malignant transforming mCAT-overexpressed Cl41 cells. Collectively, our studies here provide direct experimental evidence demonstrating a novel function and molecular mechanisms of mCAT in transforming mouse Cl41 cells, and high significance insight into understanding the beneficial aspect of H2O2 in circumventing tumor promotion and the theoretical basis for the management of H2O2 in the clinic implementation as a chemotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liao
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA; Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA
| | - Dongyun Zhang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA
| | - Honglei Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology & Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, Tuxedo Park, NY 10987, USA.
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Jang JY, Hong YJ, Lim J, Choi JS, Choi EH, Kang S, Rhim H. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a novel physicochemical source, induces neural differentiation through cross-talk between the specific RONS cascade and Trk/Ras/ERK signaling pathway. Biomaterials 2017; 156:258-273. [PMID: 29222974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasma, formed by ionization of gas molecules or atoms, is the most abundant form of matter and consists of highly reactive physicochemical species. In the physics and chemistry fields, plasma has been extensively studied; however, the exact action mechanisms of plasma on biological systems, including cells and humans, are not well known. Recent evidence suggests that cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), which refers to plasma used in the biomedical field, may regulate diverse cellular processes, including neural differentiation. However, the mechanism by which these physicochemical signals, elicited by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), are transmitted to biological system remains elusive. In this study, we elucidated the physicochemical and biological (PCB) connection between the CAP cascade and Trk/Ras/ERK signaling pathway, which resulted in neural differentiation. Excited atomic oxygen in the plasma phase led to the formation of RONS in the PCB network, which then interacted with reactive atoms in the extracellular liquid phase to form nitric oxide (NO). Production of large amounts of superoxide radical (O2-) in the mitochondria of cells exposed to CAP demonstrated that extracellular NO induced the reversible inhibition of mitochondrial complex IV. We also demonstrated that cytosolic hydrogen peroxide, formed by O2- dismutation, act as an intracellular messenger to specifically activate the Trk/Ras/ERK signaling pathway. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanism linking physicochemical signals from the CAP cascade to the intracellular neural differentiation signaling pathway, providing physical, chemical and biological insights into the development of therapeutic techniques to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Young Jang
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young June Hong
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsup Lim
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sung Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea; Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Kang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyangshuk Rhim
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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87
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Kim HB, Baik KY, Choung PH, Chung JH. Pulse frequency dependency of photobiomodulation on the bioenergetic functions of human dental pulp stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15927. [PMID: 29162863 PMCID: PMC5698451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy contributes to pain relief, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. The pulsed wave (PW) mode has been reported to be more effective than the continuous wave (CW) mode when applying PBM to many biological systems. However, the reason for the higher effectiveness of PW-PBM is poorly understood. Herein, we suggest using delayed luminescence (DL) as a reporter of mitochondrial activity after PBM treatment. DL originates mainly from mitochondrial electron transport chain systems, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The decay time of DL depends on the pulse frequencies of applied light, which correlate with the biological responses of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Using a low-power light whose wavelength is 810 nm and energy density is 38 mJ/cm2, we find that a 300-Hz pulse frequency prolonged the DL pattern and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity. In addition, we analyze mitochondrial morphological changes and their volume density and find evidence supporting mitochondrial physiological changes from PBM treatment. Our data suggest a new methodology for determining the effectiveness of PBM and the specific pulse frequency dependency of PBM in the differentiation of hDPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bae Kim
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ku Youn Baik
- Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Pill-Hoon Choung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Chung
- Department of Biosystems & Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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88
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Yin V, Shaw GS, Konermann L. Cytochrome c as a Peroxidase: Activation of the Precatalytic Native State by H2O2-Induced Covalent Modifications. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15701-15709. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gary S. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry and Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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89
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Ma Y, Min HK, Oh U, Hawkridge AM, Wang W, Mohsin AA, Chen Q, Sanyal A, Lesnefsky EJ, Fang X. The lignan manassantin is a potent and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I and bioenergetic activity in mammals. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20989-20997. [PMID: 29046352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.812925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dineolignans manassantin A and B from the plant Saururus cernuus are used in traditional medicine to manage a wide range of ailments such as edema, jaundice, and gonorrhea. Cell-based studies have identified several molecular target candidates of manassantin including NF-κB, MAPK, STAT3, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). It is unclear whether or how these structurally diverse proteins or pathways mediate any of the medical benefits of manassantin in vivo Moreover, it has recently been reported that manassantin causes developmental arrest in zebrafish by inhibiting the mitochondrial complex I, but it is unknown whether manassantin inhibits mitochondrial respiration in intact mammalian cells and live animals. Here, we present direct evidence that manassantin potently and specifically inhibits the mitochondrial complex I and bioenergetic activity in mammalian systems. Manassantin had no effect on complex II- or complex IV-mediated respiration. Of note, it decreased NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity but not the activity of NADH-ferricyanide reductase. Treatment with manassantin reduced cellular ATP levels and concomitantly stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase in vitro and in vivo As an adaptive response to manassantin-induced bioenergetic deficiency, mammalian cells up-regulated aerobic glycolysis, a process mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) independently of HIF-1α. Together these results demonstrate a biologically important activity of manassantin in the control of complex I-mediated respiration and its profound effects on oxygen utilization, energy homeostasis, and glucose metabolism in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Ma
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | | | - Adam M Hawkridge
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298 and
| | - Wei Wang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | | | | | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Internal Medicine, and.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Xianjun Fang
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
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90
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SIRT3/SOD2 maintains osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by regulating mitochondrial stress. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:229-240. [PMID: 28914882 PMCID: PMC5762839 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed robust metabolic changes during cell differentiation. Mitochondria, the organelles where many vital metabolic reactions occur, may play an important role. Here, we report the involvement of SIRT3-regulated mitochondrial stress in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. In both the osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 and primary calvarial osteoblasts, robust mitochondrial biogenesis and supercomplex formation were observed during differentiation, accompanied by increased ATP production and decreased mitochondrial stress. Inhibition of mitochondrial activity or an increase in mitochondrial superoxide production significantly suppressed osteoblast differentiation. During differentiation, SOD2 was specifically induced to eliminate excess mitochondrial superoxide and protein oxidation, whereas SIRT3 expression was increased to enhance SOD2 activity through deacetylation of K68. Both SOD2 and SIRT3 knockdown resulted in suppression of differentiation. Meanwhile, mice deficient in SIRT3 exhibited obvious osteopenia accompanied by osteoblast dysfunction, whereas overexpression of SOD2 or SIRT3 improved the differentiation capability of primary osteoblasts derived from SIRT3-deficient mice. These results suggest that SIRT3/SOD2 is required for regulating mitochondrial stress and plays a vital role in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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91
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Mitochondrial transition ROS spike (mTRS) results from coordinated activities of complex I and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:955-965. [PMID: 28866380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria exhibit suppressed ATP production, membrane potential (∆Ψmt) polarization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts during some cellular metabolic transitions. Although mitochondrial ROS release is influenced by ∆Ψmt and respiratory state, the relationship between these properties remains controversial primarily because they have not been measured simultaneously. We developed a multiparametric method for probing mitochondrial function that allowed precise characterization of the temporal relationship between ROS, ∆Ψmt and respiration. We uncovered a previously unknown spontaneous ROS spike - termed mitochondrial transition ROS spike (mTRS) - associated with re-polarization of ∆Ψmt that occurs at the transition between mitochondrial energy states. Pharmacological inhibition of complex CI (CI), nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and antioxidant system significantly decreased the ability of mitochondria to exhibit mTRS. NADH levels followed a similar trend to that of ROS during the mTRS, providing a link between CI and NNT in mTRS regulation. We show that (i) mTRS is enhanced by simultaneous activation of CI and complex II (CII); (ii) CI is the principal origin of mTRS; (iii) NNT regulates mTRS via NADH- and ∆Ψmt-dependent mechanisms; (iv) mTRS is not a pH spike; and (v), mTRS changes in amplitude under stress conditions and its occurrence can be a signature of mitochondrial health. Collectively, we uncovered and characterized the biophysical properties and mechanisms of mTRS, and propose it as a potential diagnostic tool for CI-related dysfunctions, and as a biomarker of mitochondrial functional integrity.
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92
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Le Moal E, Pialoux V, Juban G, Groussard C, Zouhal H, Chazaud B, Mounier R. Redox Control of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:276-310. [PMID: 28027662 PMCID: PMC5685069 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle shows high plasticity in response to external demand. Moreover, adult skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration after injury, due to the properties of muscle stem cells (MuSCs), the satellite cells, which follow a tightly regulated myogenic program to generate both new myofibers and new MuSCs for further needs. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have long been associated with skeletal muscle physiology, their implication in the cell and molecular processes at work during muscle regeneration is more recent. This review focuses on redox regulation during skeletal muscle regeneration. An overview of the basics of ROS/RNS and antioxidant chemistry and biology occurring in skeletal muscle is first provided. Then, the comprehensive knowledge on redox regulation of MuSCs and their surrounding cell partners (macrophages, endothelial cells) during skeletal muscle regeneration is presented in normal muscle and in specific physiological (exercise-induced muscle damage, aging) and pathological (muscular dystrophies) contexts. Recent advances in the comprehension of these processes has led to the development of therapeutic assays using antioxidant supplementation, which result in inconsistent efficiency, underlying the need for new tools that are aimed at precisely deciphering and targeting ROS networks. This review should provide an overall insight of the redox regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration while highlighting the limits of the use of nonspecific antioxidants to improve muscle function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 276-310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Le Moal
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Juban
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carole Groussard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
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93
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Blajszczak C, Bonini MG. Mitochondria targeting by environmental stressors: Implications for redox cellular signaling. Toxicology 2017; 391:84-89. [PMID: 28750850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular powerhouses as well as metabolic and signaling hubs regulating diverse cellular functions, from basic physiology to phenotypic fate determination. It is widely accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in mitochondria participate in the regulation of cellular signaling, and that some mitochondria chronically operate at a high ROS baseline. However, it is not completely understood how mitochondria adapt to persistently high ROS states and to environmental stressors that disturb the redox balance. Here we will review some of the current concepts regarding how mitochondria resist oxidative damage, how they are replaced when excessive oxidative damage compromises function, and the effect of environmental toxicants (i.e. heavy metals) on the regulation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production and subsequent impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck Blajszczak
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, IL, USA.
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94
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MITA modulated autophagy flux promotes cell death in breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2017; 35:73-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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95
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Rauch C, Christa G, de Vries J, Woehle C, Gould SB. Mitochondrial Genome Assemblies of Elysia timida and Elysia cornigera and the Response of Mitochondrion-Associated Metabolism during Starvation. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:1873-1879. [PMID: 28854599 PMCID: PMC5534330 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some sacoglossan sea slugs sequester functional plastids (kleptoplasts) from their food, which continue to fix CO2 in a light dependent manner inside the animals. In plants and algae, plastid and mitochondrial metabolism are linked in ways that reach beyond the provision of energy-rich carbon compounds through photosynthesis, but how slug mitochondria respond to starvation or alterations in plastid biochemistry has not been explored. We assembled the mitochondrial genomes of the plastid-sequestering sea slugs Elysia timida and Elysia cornigera from RNA-Seq data that was complemented with standard sequencing of mitochondrial DNA through primer walking. Our data confirm the sister species relationship of the two Sacoglossa and from the analysis of changes in mitochondrial-associated metabolism during starvation we speculate that kleptoplasts might aid in the rerouting or recycling of reducing power independent of, yet maybe improved by, photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cessa Rauch
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gregor Christa
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jan de Vries
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christian Woehle
- Institute for Genomic Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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96
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Scialò F, Fernández-Ayala DJ, Sanz A. Role of Mitochondrial Reverse Electron Transport in ROS Signaling: Potential Roles in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2017; 8:428. [PMID: 28701960 PMCID: PMC5486155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can cause oxidative damage and have been proposed to be the main cause of aging and age-related diseases including cancer, diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Accordingly, mitochondria from old individuals have higher levels of ROS. However, ROS also participate in cellular signaling, are instrumental for several physiological processes and boosting ROS levels in model organisms extends lifespan. The current consensus is that low levels of ROS are beneficial, facilitating adaptation to stress via signaling, whereas high levels of ROS are deleterious because they trigger oxidative stress. Based on this model the amount of ROS should determine the physiological effect. However, recent data suggests that the site at which ROS are generated is also instrumental in determining effects on cellular homeostasis. The best example of site-specific ROS signaling is reverse electron transport (RET). RET is produced when electrons from ubiquinol are transferred back to respiratory complex I, reducing NAD+ to NADH. This process generates a significant amount of ROS. RET has been shown to be instrumental for the activation of macrophages in response to bacterial infection, re-organization of the electron transport chain in response to changes in energy supply and adaptation of the carotid body to changes in oxygen levels. In Drosophila melanogaster, stimulating RET extends lifespan. Here, we review what is known about RET, as an example of site-specific ROS signaling, and its implications for the field of redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Scialò
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Fernández-Ayala
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC and CIBERER-ISCIIISeville, Spain
| | - Alberto Sanz
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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97
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Denny AP, Heather AK. Are Antioxidants a Potential Therapy for FSHD? A Review of the Literature. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7020295. [PMID: 28690764 PMCID: PMC5485364 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an inherited myopathy affecting approximately 1 in 7500 individuals worldwide. It is a progressive disease characterised by skeletal muscle weakness and wasting. A genetic mutation on the 4q35 chromosome results in the expression of the double homeobox 4 gene (DUX4) which drives oxidative stress, inflammation, toxicity, and atrophy within the skeletal muscle. FSHD is characterised by oxidative stress, and there is currently no cure and a lack of therapies for the disease. Antioxidants have been researched for many years, with investigators aiming to use antioxidants therapeutically for oxidative stress-associated diseases. This has included both natural and synthetic antioxidants. The use of antioxidants in preclinical or clinical models has been largely successful with a plethora of research reporting positive results. However, when translated to clinical trials, the use of antioxidants as a therapeutic intervention for a variety of disease has been largely unsuccessful. Moreover, specifically focusing on FSHD, limited research has been conducted on the use of antioxidants as a therapy in either preclinical or clinical models. This review summarises the current state of antioxidant use in the treatment of FSHD and discusses their potential avenue for therapeutic use for FSHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Philip Denny
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alison Kay Heather
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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98
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Xiong ZM, O'Donovan M, Sun L, Choi JY, Ren M, Cao K. Anti-Aging Potentials of Methylene Blue for Human Skin Longevity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2475. [PMID: 28559565 PMCID: PMC5449383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the major cause of skin aging that includes wrinkles, pigmentation, and weakened wound healing ability. Application of antioxidants in skin care is well accepted as an effective approach to delay the skin aging process. Methylene blue (MB), a traditional mitochondrial-targeting antioxidant, showed a potent ROS scavenging efficacy in cultured human skin fibroblasts derived from healthy donors and from patients with progeria, a genetic premature aging disease. In comparison with other widely used general and mitochondrial-targeting antioxidants, we found that MB was more effective in stimulating skin fibroblast proliferation and delaying cellular senescence. The skin irritation test, performed on an in vitro reconstructed 3D human skin model, indicated that MB was safe for long-term use, and did not cause irritation even at high concentrations. Application of MB to this 3D skin model further demonstrated that MB improved skin viability, promoted wound healing and increased skin hydration and dermis thickness. Gene expression analysis showed that MB treatment altered the expression of a subset of extracellular matrix proteins in the skin, including upregulation of elastin and collagen 2A1, two essential components for healthy skin. Altogether, our study suggests that MB has a great potential for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Mei Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mike O'Donovan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ji Young Choi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Margaret Ren
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Kan Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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99
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Mittra B, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Miguel DC, Perrone Bezerra de Menezes J, Andrews NW. The iron-dependent mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SODA promotes Leishmania virulence. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12324-12338. [PMID: 28550086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the leading globally neglected diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide. Leishmania infection depends on the ability of insect-transmitted metacyclic promastigotes to invade mammalian hosts, differentiate into amastigotes, and replicate inside macrophages. To counter the hostile oxidative environment inside macrophages, these protozoans contain anti-oxidant systems that include iron-dependent superoxide dismutases (SODs) in mitochondria and glycosomes. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to this protective role, Leishmania mitochondrial SOD may also initiate H2O2-mediated redox signaling that regulates gene expression and metabolic changes associated with differentiation into virulent forms. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the specific role of SODA, the mitochondrial SOD isoform in Leishmania amazonensis Our inability to generate L. amazonensis SODA null mutants and the lethal phenotype observed following RNAi-mediated silencing of the Trypanosoma brucei SODA ortholog suggests that SODA is essential for trypanosomatid survival. L. amazonensis metacyclic promastigotes lacking one SODA allele failed to replicate in macrophages and were severely attenuated in their ability to generate cutaneous lesions in mice. Reduced expression of SODA also resulted in mitochondrial oxidative damage and failure of SODA/ΔsodA promastigotes to differentiate into axenic amastigotes. SODA expression above a critical threshold was also required for the development of metacyclic promastigotes, as SODA/ΔsodA cultures were strongly depleted in this infective form and more susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stress. Collectively, our data suggest that SODA promotes Leishmania virulence by protecting the parasites against mitochondrion-generated oxidative stress and by initiating ROS-mediated signaling mechanisms required for the differentiation of infective forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815
| | | | - Danilo Ciccone Miguel
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815
| | | | - Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815.
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100
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Ounpuu L, Klepinin A, Pook M, Teino I, Peet N, Paju K, Tepp K, Chekulayev V, Shevchuk I, Koks S, Maimets T, Kaambre T. 2102Ep embryonal carcinoma cells have compromised respiration and shifted bioenergetic profile distinct from H9 human embryonic stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2146-2154. [PMID: 28552560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cellular bioenergetics may be involved in stem cell differentiation. Considering that during cancerogenesis cells acquire numerous properties of stem cells, it is possible to assume that the energy metabolism in tumorigenic cells might be differently regulated. The aim of this study was to compare the mitochondrial bioenergetic profile of normal pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and relatively nullipotent embryonal carcinoma cells (2102Ep cell line). We examined three parameters related to cellular bioenergetics: phosphotransfer system, aerobic glycolysis, and oxygen consumption. Activities and expression levels of main enzymes that facilitate energy transfer were measured. The oxygen consumption rate studies were performed to investigate the respiratory capacity of cells. 2102Ep cells showed a shift in energy distribution towards adenylate kinase network. The total AK activity was almost 3 times higher in 2102Ep cells compared to hESCs (179.85±5.73 vs 64.39±2.55mU/mg of protein) and the expression of AK2 was significantly higher in these cells, while CK was downregulated. 2102Ep cells displayed reduced levels of oxygen consumption and increased levels of aerobic glycolysis compared to hESCs. The compromised respiration of 2102Ep cells is not the result of increased mitochondrial mass, increased proton leak, and reduced respiratory reserve capacity of the cells or impairment of respiratory chain complexes. Our data showed that the bioenergetic profile of 2102Ep cells clearly distinguishes them from normal hESCs. This should be considered when this cell line is used as a reference, and highlight the importance of further research concerning energy metabolism of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Ounpuu
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aleksandr Klepinin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Martin Pook
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Teino
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nadezda Peet
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalju Paju
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vladimir Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Igor Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sulev Koks
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toivo Maimets
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Tallinn University, Narva mnt 25, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia; Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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