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Kanellopoulos JM, Almeida-da-Silva CLC, Rüütel Boudinot S, Ojcius DM. Structural and Functional Features of the P2X4 Receptor: An Immunological Perspective. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645834. [PMID: 33897694 PMCID: PMC8059410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important mediators of activation, triggering various responses through plasma membrane P2 and P1 receptors. P2 receptors are further subdivided into ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. P2X4 is an ATP-gated cation channel broadly expressed in most tissues of the body. Within the P2X family, P2X4 has a unique subcellular distribution, being preferentially localized in lysosomes. In these organelles, high ATP concentrations do not trigger P2X4 because of the low pH. However, when the pH increases to 7.4, P2X4 can be stimulated by intra-lysosomal ATP, which is in its active, tetra-anionic form. Elucidation of P2X4, P2X3 and P2X7 structures has shed some light on the functional differences between these purinergic receptors. The potential interaction between P2X4 and P2X7 has been extensively studied. Despite intensive effort, it has not been possible yet to determine whether P2X4 and P2X7 interact as heterotrimers or homotrimers at the plasma membrane. However, several publications have shown that functional interactions between P2X4 and P2X7 do occur. Importantly, these studies indicate that P2X4 potentiates P2X7-dependent activation of inflammasomes, leading to increased release of IL-1β and IL-18. The role of P2X4 in various diseases could be beneficial or deleterious even though the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are still poorly defined. However, in diseases whose physiopathology involves activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, P2X4 was found to exacerbate severity of disease. The recent production of monoclonal antibodies specific for the human and mouse P2X4, some of which are endowed with agonist or antagonist properties, raises the possibility that they could be used therapeutically. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the human P2RX4 gene has uncovered the association of P2RX4 gene variants with susceptibility to several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - David M Ojcius
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Zefferino R, Piccoli C, Di Gioia S, Capitanio N, Conese M. How Cells Communicate with Each Other in the Tumor Microenvironment: Suggestions to Design Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Cancer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052550. [PMID: 33806300 PMCID: PMC7961918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin- and pannexin (Panx)-formed hemichannels (HCs) and gap junctions (GJs) operate an interaction with the extracellular matrix and GJ intercellular communication (GJIC), and on account of this they are involved in cancer onset and progression towards invasiveness and metastatization. When we deal with cancer, it is not correct to omit the immune system, as well as neglecting its role in resisting or succumbing to formation and progression of incipient neoplasia until the formation of micrometastasis, nevertheless what really occurs in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which are the main players and which are the tumor or body allies, is still unclear. The goal of this article is to discuss how the pivotal players act, which can enhance or contrast cancer progression during two important process: "Activating Invasion and Metastasis" and the "Avoiding Immune Destruction", with a particular emphasis on the interplay among GJIC, Panx-HCs, and the purinergic system in the TME without disregarding the inflammasome and cytokines thereof derived. In particular, the complex and contrasting roles of Panx1/P2X7R signalosome in tumor facilitation and/or inhibition is discussed in regard to the early/late phases of the carcinogenesis. Finally, considering this complex interplay in the TME between cancer cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and focusing on their means of communication, we should be capable of revealing harmful messages that help the cancer growth and transform them in body allies, thus designing novel therapeutic strategies to fight cancer in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Zefferino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0881-884673
| | - Claudia Piccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Sante Di Gioia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (N.C.)
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.G.); (M.C.)
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A Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine-2-Carboxamide Derivative Attenuates Inflammatory Responses and Cell Migration in LPS-Treated BV2 Cells via the Suppression of ROS Generation and TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052527. [PMID: 33802409 PMCID: PMC7959294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 1,8-naphthyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives with various substituents (HSR2101-HSR2113) were synthesized and evaluated for their effects on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell migration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 microglial cells. Among the tested compounds, HSR2104 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effects on the LPS-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Therefore, this compound was chosen for further investigation. We found that HSR2104 attenuated levels of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in LPS-treated BV2 cells. In addition, it markedly suppressed LPS-induced cell migration as well as the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, HSR2104 abated the LPS-triggered nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through inhibition of inhibitor kappa Bα phosphorylation. Furthermore, it reduced the expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in LPS-treated BV2 cells. Similar results were observed with TAK242, a specific inhibitor of TLR4, suggesting that TLR4 is an upstream regulator of NF-κB signaling in BV2 cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that HSR2104 exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-migratory activities in LPS-treated BV2 cells via the suppression of ROS and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on our observations, HSR2104 may have a beneficial impact on inflammatory responses and microglial cell migration involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Lowery RL, Mendes MS, Sanders BT, Murphy AJ, Whitelaw BS, Lamantia CE, Majewska AK. Loss of P2Y12 Has Behavioral Effects in the Adult Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041868. [PMID: 33668516 PMCID: PMC7918634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While microglia have been established as critical mediators of synaptic plasticity, the molecular signals underlying this process are still being uncovered. Increasing evidence suggests that microglia utilize these signals in a temporally and regionally heterogeneous manner. Subsequently, it is necessary to understand the conditions under which different molecular signals are employed by microglia to mediate the physiological process of synaptic remodeling in development and adulthood. While the microglial purinergic receptor P2Y12 is required for ocular dominance plasticity, an adolescent form of experience-dependent plasticity, it remains unknown whether P2Y12 functions in other forms of plasticity at different developmental time points or in different brain regions. Using a combination of ex vivo characterization and behavioral testing, we examined how the loss of P2Y12 affects developmental processes and behavioral performance in adulthood in mice. We found P2Y12 was not required for an early form of plasticity in the developing visual thalamus and did not affect microglial migration into barrels in the developing somatosensory cortex. In adult mice, however, the loss of P2Y12 resulted in alterations in recognition and social memory, as well as anxiety-like behaviors, suggesting that while P2Y12 is not a universal regulator of synaptic plasticity, the loss of P2Y12 is sufficient to cause functional defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Lowery
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Monique S. Mendes
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brandon T. Sanders
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Allison J. Murphy
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Brendan S. Whitelaw
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Cassandra E. Lamantia
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
| | - Ania K. Majewska
- Center for Visual Science, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (R.L.L.); (M.S.M.); (B.T.S.); (A.J.M.); (B.S.W.); (C.E.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-276-2254
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Kuijpers M, Azarnia Tehran D, Haucke V, Soykan T. The axonal endolysosomal and autophagic systems. J Neurochem 2021; 158:589-602. [PMID: 33372296 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurons, because of their elaborate morphology and the long distances between distal axons and the soma as well as their longevity, pose special challenges to autophagy and to the endolysosomal system, two of the main degradative routes for turnover of defective proteins and organelles. Autophagosomes sequester cytoplasmic or organellar cargos by engulfing them into their lumen before fusion with degradative lysosomes enriched in neuronal somata and participate in retrograde signaling to the soma. Endosomes are mainly involved in the sorting, recycling, or lysosomal turnover of internalized or membrane-bound macromolecules to maintain axonal membrane homeostasis. Lysosomes and the multiple shades of lysosome-related organelles also serve non-degradative roles, for example, in nutrient signaling and in synapse formation. Recent years have begun to shed light on the distinctive organization of the autophagy and endolysosomal systems in neurons, in particular their roles in axons. We review here our current understanding of the localization, distribution, and growing list of functions of these organelles in the axon in health and disease and outline perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Kuijpers
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Berlin, Germany.,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tolga Soykan
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
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Tancini B, Buratta S, Delo F, Sagini K, Chiaradia E, Pellegrino RM, Emiliani C, Urbanelli L. Lysosomal Exocytosis: The Extracellular Role of an Intracellular Organelle. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 33316913 PMCID: PMC7764620 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic cell compartments containing a large set of hydrolytic enzymes. These lysosomal hydrolases degrade proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids into their constituents. Materials to be degraded can reach lysosomes either from inside the cell, by autophagy, or from outside the cell, by different forms of endocytosis. In addition to their degradative functions, lysosomes are also able to extracellularly release their contents by lysosomal exocytosis. These organelles move from the perinuclear region along microtubules towards the proximity of the plasma membrane, then the lysosomal and plasma membrane fuse together via a Ca2+-dependent process. The fusion of the lysosomal membrane with plasma membrane plays an important role in plasma membrane repair, while the secretion of lysosomal content is relevant for the remodelling of extracellular matrix and release of functional substrates. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, share as a pathological feature the accumulation of undigested material within organelles of the endolysosomal system. Recent studies suggest that lysosomal exocytosis stimulation may have beneficial effects on the accumulation of these unprocessed aggregates, leading to their extracellular elimination. However, many details of the molecular machinery required for lysosomal exocytosis are only beginning to be unravelled. Here, we are going to review the current literature on molecular mechanisms and biological functions underlying lysosomal exocytosis, to shed light on the potential of lysosomal exocytosis stimulation as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Roberto Maria Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (B.T.); (S.B.); (F.D.); (K.S.); (R.M.P.)
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Liu YJ, Zhang T, Cheng D, Yang J, Chen S, Wang X, Li X, Duan D, Lou H, Zhu L, Luo J, Ho MS, Wang XD, Duan S. Late endosomes promote microglia migration via cytosolic translocation of immature protease cathD. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/50/eaba5783. [PMID: 33298434 PMCID: PMC7725477 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba5783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organelle transport requires dynamic cytoskeleton remodeling, but whether cytoskeletal dynamics are, in turn, regulated by organelles remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that late endosomes, a type of prelysosomal organelles, facilitate actin-cytoskeleton remodeling via cytosolic translocation of immature protease cathepsin D (cathD) during microglia migration. After cytosolic translocation, late endosome-derived cathD juxtaposes actin filaments at the leading edge of lamellipodia. Suppressing cathD expression or blocking its cytosolic translocation impairs the maintenance but not the initiation of lamellipodial extension. Moreover, immature cathD balances the activity of the actin-severing protein cofilin to maintain globular-actin (G-actin) monomer pool for local actin recycling. Our study identifies cathD as a key lysosomal molecule that unconventionally contributes to actin cytoskeleton remodeling via cytosolic translocation during adenosine triphosphate-evoked microglia migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daxiao Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sicong Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xingyue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Duo Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huifang Lou
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liya Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianhong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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58
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Purinergic signaling orchestrating neuron-glia communication. Pharmacol Res 2020; 162:105253. [PMID: 33080321 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P2X and P2Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A1 and A2A receptors) in the crosstalk between neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. An initial emphasis will be given to the cooperation between adenosine receptors to sharpen information salience encoding across synapses. The interplay between ATP and adenosine signaling in the communication between astrocytes and neurons will then be presented in context of the integrative properties of the astrocytic syncytium, allowing to implement heterosynaptic depression processes in neuronal networks. The process of microglia 'activation' and its control by astrocytes and neurons will then be analyzed under the perspective of an interplay between different P2 receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. In spite of these indications of a prominent role of purinergic signaling in the bidirectional communication between neurons and glia, its therapeutical exploitation still awaits obtaining an integrated view of the spatio-temporal action of ATP signaling and adenosine signaling, clearly distinguishing the involvement of both purinergic signaling systems in the regulation of physiological processes and in the control of pathogenic-like responses upon brain dysfunction or damage.
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Abstract
Neurotransmitter switching is a form of brain plasticity in which an environmental stimulus causes neurons to replace one neurotransmitter with another, often resulting in changes in behavior. This raises the possibility of applying a specific environmental stimulus to induce a switch that can enhance a desirable behavior or ameliorate symptoms of a specific pathology. For example, a stimulus inducing an increase in the number of neurons expressing dopamine could treat Parkinson's disease, or one affecting the number expressing serotonin could alleviate depression. This may already be producing successful treatment outcomes without our knowing that transmitter switching is involved, with improvement of motor function through physical activity and cure of seasonal depression with phototherapy. This review presents prospects for future investigation of neurotransmitter switching, considering opportunities and challenges for future research and describing how the investigation of transmitter switching is likely to evolve with new tools, thus reshaping our understanding of both normal brain function and mental illness.
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60
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Wu J, Yang Y, Song J. Expression of SLC17A9 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:182. [PMID: 32934749 PMCID: PMC7471742 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance of solute carrier family 17 member 9 (SLC17A9) in cancer tissues of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ninety-eight patients with HCC were admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to December 2014. Their clinical data was retrospectively analyzed. The expression of SLC17A9 in HCC cancer tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier curve, log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model analysis were used to analyze the tumor-free survival rate and overall survival rate. SLC17A9 expression was associated with Edmondson grade (P=0.04) and distant metastasis (P=0.03). The tumor-free survival (P=0.03) and overall survival (P=0.01) of SLC17A9-high expression patients were significantly lower than those in SLC17A9-low expression patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that SLC17A9 expression (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.27–2.47, P=0.02) was an independent risk factor for tumor-free survival in patients with HCC, and the expression of SLC17A9 (HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 0.99–3.77, P=0.04) was an independent risk factor for overall survival in patients with HCC. In conclusion, SLC17A9 can be used as a new molecular marker to predict the poor prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdong Wu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hebei 430010, P.R. China
| | - Yongfei Yang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hebei 430010, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Song
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hebei 430010, P.R. China
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Morphological and Motility Features of the Stable Bleb-Driven Monopodial Form of Entamoeba and Its Importance in Encystation. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00903-19. [PMID: 32393510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00903-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica and its reptilian counterpart and encystation model Entamoeba invadens formed a polarized monopodial morphology when treated with pentoxifylline. This morphology was propelled by retrograde flow of the cell surface resulting from a cyclic sol-gel conversion of cytoplasm and a stable bleb at the leading edge. Pentoxifylline treatment switched the unpolarized, adherent trophozoites to the nonadherent, stable bleb-driven form and altered the motility pattern from slow and random to fast, directionally persistent, and highly chemotactic. Interestingly, exogenously added adenosine produced multiple protrusions and random motility, an opposite phenotype to that of pentoxifylline. Thus, pentoxifylline, an adenosine antagonist, may be inducing the monopodial morphology by preventing lateral protrusions and restricting the leading edge to one site. The polarized form of E. invadens was aggregation competent, and time-lapse microscopy of encystation revealed its appearance during early hours, mediating the cell aggregation by directional cell migration. The addition of purine nucleotides to in vitro encystation culture prevented the formation of polarized morphology and inhibited the cell aggregation and, thus, the encystation, which further showed the importance of the polarized form in the Entamoeba life cycle. Cell polarity and motility are essential in the pathogenesis of Entamoeba parasites, and the stable bleb-driven polarized morphology of Entamoeba may also be important in invasive amoebiasis.
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Geng X, Sun Y, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Zhang K, Xiao L, Qu L, Li Z. Fluorescent Carbon Dots for in Situ Monitoring of Lysosomal ATP Levels. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7940-7946. [PMID: 32406677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the ATP levels in lysosomes in situ is crucial for understanding their involvement in various biological processes but remains difficult due to the interference of ATP in other organelles or the cytoplasm. Here, we report a lysosome-specific fluorescent carbon dot (CD), which can be used to detect ATP in acidic lysosomes with "off-on" changes of yellow fluorescence. These CDs were successfully applied in real-time monitoring of the fluctuating concentration of lysosomal ATP induced by drug stimulation (e.g., chloroquine, etoposide, and oligomycin). Because of the excellent specificity, these CDs are promising agents for drug screening and medical diagnostics through lysosomal ATP monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqiang Sun
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lehui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
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63
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Yang Y, Zhang Z. Microglia and Wnt Pathways: Prospects for Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:110. [PMID: 32477095 PMCID: PMC7241259 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a major health issue for more than one century since it was first reported in 1906. As one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, AD is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the affected brain area. Microglia are the major regulators of neuroinflammation in the brain, and neuroinflammation has become recognized as the core pathophysiological process of various neurodegenerative diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), microglia play a dual role in AD development. For one thing, they degrade amyloid β (Aβ) to resist its deposition; for another, microglia release pro-inflammatory and inflammatory factors, contributing to neuroinflammation as well as the spreading of Aβ and tau pathology. Wnt pathways are important regulators of cell fate and cell activities. The dysregulation of Wnt pathways is responsible for both abnormal tau phosphorylation and synaptic loss in AD. Recent studies have also confirmed the regulatory effect of Wnt signaling on microglial inflammation. Thus, the study of microglia, Wnt pathways, and their possible interactions may open up a new direction for understanding the mechanisms of neuroinflammation in AD. In this review, we summarize the functions of microglia and Wnt pathways and their roles in AD in order to provide new ideas for understanding the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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64
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Regulation of Microglial Functions by Purinergic Mechanisms in the Healthy and Diseased CNS. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051108. [PMID: 32365642 PMCID: PMC7290360 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by cell-damaging factors, they get transformed into an amoeboid phenotype releasing various cell products including pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, and the excytotoxic ATP and glutamate. In addition, they engulf pathogenic bacteria or cell debris and phagocytose them. However, already resting/surveying microglia have a number of important physiological functions in the CNS; for example, they shield small disruptions of the blood–brain barrier by their processes, dynamically interact with synaptic structures, and clear surplus synapses during development. In neurodegenerative illnesses, they aggravate the original disease by a microglia-based compulsory neuroinflammatory reaction. Therefore, the blockade of this reaction improves the outcome of Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. The function of microglia is regulated by a whole array of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y12, P2Y6, P2Y4, P2X4, P2X7, A2A, and A3, as targets of endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. ATP is sequentially degraded by the ecto-nucleotidases and 5′-nucleotidase enzymes to the almost inactive inosine as an end product. The appropriate selective agonists/antagonists for purinergic receptors as well as the respective enzyme inhibitors may profoundly interfere with microglial functions and reconstitute the homeostasis of the CNS disturbed by neuroinflammation.
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65
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Fluorescent Labeling and Quantification of Vesicular ATP Release Using Live Cell Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2041:209-221. [PMID: 31646491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9717-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is actively transported into vesicles for purinergic neurotransmission by the vesicular nucleotide transporter, VNUT, encoded by the gene, solute carrier 17, member 9 (SLC17A9). In this chapter, methods are described for fluorescent labeling of VNUT positive cells and quantification of vesicular ATP release using live cell imaging. Directions for preparation of viable dissociated neurons and cellular labeling with an antibody against VNUT and for ATP containing synaptic vesicles with fluorescent ATP markers, quinacrine or MANT-ATP, are detailed. Using confocal microscope live cell imaging, cells positive for VNUT can be observed colocalized with fluorescent ATP vesicular markers, which occur as discrete puncta near the cell membrane. Vesicular release, stimulated with a depolarizing, high potassium physiological saline solution induces ATP marker fluorescence reduction at the cell membrane and this can be quantified over time to assess ATP release. Pretreatment with the voltage gated calcium channel blocker, cadmium, blocks depolarization-induced membrane fluorescence changes, suggesting that VNUT-positive neurons release ATP via calcium-dependent exocytosis. This technique may be applied for quantifying vesicular ATP release across the peripheral and central nervous system and is useful for unveiling the intricacies of purinergic neurotransmission.
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66
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Larsson I, Uhlén M, Zhang C, Mardinoglu A. Genome-Scale Metabolic Modeling of Glioblastoma Reveals Promising Targets for Drug Development. Front Genet 2020; 11:381. [PMID: 32362913 PMCID: PMC7181968 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive type of brain cancer with a poor prognosis for affected patients. The current line of treatment only gives the patients a survival time of on average 15 months. In this work, we use genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) together with other systems biology tools to examine the global transcriptomics-data of GBM-patients obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying GBM and identify potential therapeutic targets for effective treatment of patients. The work presented consists of two main parts. The first part stratifies the patients into two groups, high and low survival, and compares their gene expression. The second part uses GBM and healthy brain tissue GEMs to simulate gene knockout in a GBM cell model to find potential therapeutic targets and predict their side effect in healthy brain tissue. We (1) find that genes upregulated in the patients with low survival are linked to various stages of the glioma invasion process, and (2) identify five essential genes for GBM, whose inhibition is non-toxic to healthy brain tissue, therefore promising to investigate further as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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67
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Lysosomal Exocytosis, Exosome Release and Secretory Autophagy: The Autophagic- and Endo-Lysosomal Systems Go Extracellular. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072576. [PMID: 32276321 PMCID: PMC7178086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the consolidated role in degrading and recycling cellular waste, the autophagic- and endo-lysosomal systems play a crucial role in extracellular release pathways. Lysosomal exocytosis is a process leading to the secretion of lysosomal content upon lysosome fusion with plasma membrane and is an important mechanism of cellular clearance, necessary to maintain cell fitness. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles originating from the inward budding of the membrane of late endosomes, which may not fuse with lysosomes but be released extracellularly upon exocytosis. In addition to garbage disposal tools, they are now considered a cell-to-cell communication mechanism. Autophagy is a cellular process leading to sequestration of cytosolic cargoes for their degradation within lysosomes. However, the autophagic machinery is also involved in unconventional protein secretion and autophagy-dependent secretion, which are fundamental mechanisms for toxic protein disposal, immune signalling and pathogen surveillance. These cellular processes underline the crosstalk between the autophagic and the endosomal system and indicate an intersection between degradative and secretory functions. Further, they suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying fusion, either with lysosomes or plasma membrane, are key determinants to maintain cell homeostasis upon stressing stimuli. When they fail, the accumulation of undigested substrates leads to pathological consequences, as indicated by the involvement of autophagic and lysosomal alteration in human diseases, namely lysosomal storage disorders, age-related neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge on the functional role of extracellular release pathways involving lysosomes and the autophagic- and endo-lysosomal systems, evaluating their implication in health and disease.
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68
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Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072319. [PMID: 32230861 PMCID: PMC7177615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven novel isoquinoline-1-carboxamides (HSR1101~1111) were synthesized and evaluated for their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell migration in BV2 microglial cells. Three compounds (HSR1101~1103) exhibited the most potent suppression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide (NO), without significant cytotoxicity. Among them, only N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) isoquinoline-1-carboxamide (HSR1101) was found to reverse LPS-suppressed anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, so it was selected for further characterization. HSR1101 attenuated LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Particularly, HSR1101 abated LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB through inhibition of IκB phosphorylation. Furthermore, HSR1101 inhibited LPS-induced cell migration and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK. The specific MAPK inhibitors, U0126, SP600125, and SB203580, suppressed LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators, cell migration, and NF-κB nuclear translocation, indicating that MAPKs may be the upstream kinase of NF-κB signaling. Collectively, these results demonstrate that HSR1101 is a potent and promising compound suppressing LPS-induced inflammation and cell migration in BV2 microglial cells, and that inhibition of the MAPKs/NF-κB pathway mediates its anti-inflammatory and anti-migratory effects. Based on our findings, HSR1101 may have beneficial impacts on various neurodegenerative disorders associated with neuroinflammation and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Thu Do
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (B.P.B.)
| | - Bich Phuong Bui
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (B.P.B.)
| | - Seongrak Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Heesoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (J.-K.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (B.P.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.C.)
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69
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Shen D, Shen X, Schwarz W, Grygorczyk R, Wang L. P2Y 13 and P2X 7 receptors modulate mechanically induced adenosine triphosphate release from mast cells. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:499-508. [PMID: 32155290 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Subcutaneous mast cells (MCs) are vulnerable to mechanical stimulation from external environment. Thus, MCs immune function could be modulated by their mechanosensitivity. This property has been identified as the trigger mechanism of needling acupuncture, a traditional oriental therapy. Previously we have demonstrated the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a stress-responsive signalling molecule, from mechanical-perturbed MCs. The current work explores its underlying mechanisms. We noticed that propagation of intracellular free Ca2+ occurred among HMC-1 cells in response to 50% hypotonic shock. Additionally, amplifying cascade of ATP-induced ATP release was observed in RBL-2H3 cells stimulated by medium displacement, which could be mimicked by exogenous ATP (exoATP). Secondary ATP liberation induced by low level (50 nmol/L) of exoATP was reduced by inhibiting ecto-ATPase-dependent ADP production with ARL67156, or blocking P2 receptors with suramin or PPADS, or with specific P2Y13 receptor antagonist MRS2211, or siRNA. Secondary ATP release induced by higher dose (200 μmol/L) of exoATP, sufficient to stimulate P2X7 receptor, was attenuated by suramin, PPADS or specific P2X7 receptor antagonist BBG, or siRNA. Finally, RT-PCR confirmed mRNA expression of P2Y13 and P2X7 in RBL-2H3 cells. Additionally, such secondary ATP release was attenuated by DPCPX, specific antagonist of adenosine A1 receptor, but not by MRS2179, specific inhibitor of P2Y1 receptor. In summary, mechanosensitive ATP release from MCs is facilitated by paracrine/autocrine stimulation of P2Y13 and P2X7 receptors. This multi-receptor combination could mediate transmission of information from a local site to distal areas, enabling communication with multiple surrounding cells to coordinate and synchronize their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shen
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyong Shen
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Acupuncture and Meridians, Shanghai, China
| | - Wolfgang Schwarz
- Institute for Biophysics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Ryszard Grygorczyk
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de I'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lina Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function (14DZ2260500), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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70
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Li J, Su T, Yang L, Deng L, Zhang C, He Y. High SLC17A9 expression correlates with poor survival in gastric carcinoma. Future Oncol 2019; 15:4155-4166. [PMID: 31799885 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To elucidate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of SLC17A9 expression in gastric carcinoma (GC). Methods: SLC17A9 mRNA level and its relationship with TP53 mutation was analyzed. SLC17A9 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 161 patients. Results: SLC17A9 mRNA and protein expression were higher in GC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.01). SLC17A9 mRNA expression was higher in GC tissues having mutated TP53 than in tissues with wild-type TP53 (p < 0.001). High SLC17A9 expression was also significantly associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival and was also found to be an independent prognostic factor for long-term survival in GC patients.Conclusion: Our results show that SLC17A9 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Li
- Digestive Medicine Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Taiqiang Su
- Digestive Medicine Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
- General Surgical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Lingna Deng
- Scientific Research Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Digestive Medicine Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Yulong He
- Digestive Medicine Centre, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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71
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Paalme V, Rump A, Mädo K, Teras M, Truumees B, Aitai H, Ratas K, Bourge M, Chiang CS, Ghalali A, Tordjmann T, Teras J, Boudinot P, Kanellopoulos JM, Rüütel Boudinot S. Human Peripheral Blood Eosinophils Express High Levels of the Purinergic Receptor P2X4. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2074. [PMID: 31552031 PMCID: PMC6746186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are important mediators of cell activation and trigger multiple responses via membrane receptors known as purinergic receptors (P2). P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, activated by extracellular ATP. P2X4 is one of the most sensitive purinergic receptors, that is typically expressed by neurons, microglia, and some epithelial and endothelial cells. P2X4 mediates neuropathic pain via brain-derived neurotrophic factor and is also involved in inflammation in response to high ATP release. It is therefore involved in multiple inflammatory pathologies as well as neurodegenerative diseases. We have produced monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against this important human P2X4 receptor. Focusing on two mAbs, we showed that they also recognize mouse and rat P2X4. We demonstrated that these mAbs can be used in flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry, but not in Western blot assays, indicating that they target conformational epitopes. We also characterized the expression of P2X4 receptor on mouse and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We showed that P2X4 is expressed at the surface of several leukocyte cell types, with the highest expression level on eosinophils, making them potentially sensitive to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). P2X4 is expressed by leucocytes, in human and mouse, with a significant gender difference, males having higher surface expression levels than females. Our findings reveal that PBL express significant levels of P2X4 receptor, and suggest an important role of this receptor in leukocyte activation by ATP, particularly in P2X4high expressing eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viiu Paalme
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Airi Rump
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kati Mädo
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marina Teras
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Helen Aitai
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mickael Bourge
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environment Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jüri Teras
- North Estonia Medical Centre Foundation, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Jean M Kanellopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Structural Biology, I2BC-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Immunology Unit, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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72
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Chen J, Hou S, Yang J. ATP is stored in lysosomes of greater epithelial ridge supporting cells in newborn rat cochleae. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19469-19481. [PMID: 31264740 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which plays a crucial role in both developing and mature cochleae, is released from greater epithelial ridge (GER) supporting cells of the rat cochlea, but the organelles in which ATP is stored have not yet been identified. Thus, we studied the organelles involved in ATP storage and suggest that lysosomes provide this function. GER supporting cells of newborn rats were isolated, purified, and cultured, and labeled vesicles within the supporting cells were identified via confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ATP release from GER supporting cells after glycyl-L-phenylalanine-β-naphthylamide (GPN) treatment was measured. The specifically labeled organelles observed by confocal microscopy and TEM were lysosomes, and GPN treatment enhanced ATP luminescence in the extracellular fluid of the supporting cells. The release of ATP from supporting cells was affected by changes in intra- and extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. In addition, changes in the intracellular Ca2+ caused by inhibiting the phospholipase signaling pathway affected the release of ATP from supporting cells. We demonstrated that ATP is stored in the lysosomes of GER supporting cells within newborn rat cochleae and that ATP release from GER supporting cells may be Ca2+ -dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shule Hou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Ear Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine on Ear and Nose Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Miras-Portugal MT, Menéndez-Méndez A, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Ortega F, Delicado EG, Pérez-Sen R, Gualix J. Physiopathological Role of the Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT) in the Central Nervous System: Relevance of the Vesicular Nucleotide Release as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:224. [PMID: 31156398 PMCID: PMC6533569 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular storage of neurotransmitters, which allows their subsequent exocytotic release, is essential for chemical transmission in the central nervous system. Neurotransmitter uptake into secretory vesicles is carried out by vesicular transporters, which use the electrochemical proton gradient generated by a vacuolar H+-ATPase to drive neurotransmitter vesicular accumulation. ATP and other nucleotides are relevant extracellular signaling molecules that participate in a variety of biological processes. Although the active transport of nucleotides into secretory vesicles has been characterized from the pharmacological and biochemical point of view, the protein responsible for such vesicular accumulation remained unidentified for some time. In 2008, the human SLC17A9 gene, the last identified member of the SLC17 transporters, was found to encode the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT). VNUT is expressed in various ATP-secreting cells and is able to transport a wide variety of nucleotides in a vesicular membrane potential-dependent manner. VNUT knockout mice lack vesicular storage and release of ATP, resulting in blockage of the purinergic transmission. This review summarizes the current studies on VNUT and analyzes the physiological relevance of the vesicular nucleotide transport in the central nervous system. The possible role of VNUT in the development of some pathological processes, such as chronic neuropathic pain or glaucoma is also discussed. The putative involvement of VNUT in these pathologies raises the possibility of the use of VNUT inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María T Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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74
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Yang Y, Xu M, Zhu X, Yao J, Shen B, Dong XP. Lysosomal Ca 2+ release channel TRPML1 regulates lysosome size by promoting mTORC1 activity. Eur J Cell Biol 2019; 98:116-123. [PMID: 31122790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal Ca2+ release channel TRPML1 has been suggested to regulate lysosome size by activating calmodulin (CaM). To further understand how TRPML1 and CaM regulate lysosome size, in this study, we report that inhibiting mTORC1 causes enlarged lysosomes, and the recovery of enlarged lysosomes is suppressed by inhibiting mTORC1. We also show that lysosome vacuolation induced by inhibiting TRPML1 is corrected by mTORC1 upregulation, and the facilitating effect of TRPML1 on the recovery of enlarged lysosomes is suppressed by inhibiting mTORC1. In the meantime, lysosome vacuolation induced by inhibiting CaM is corrected by mTORC1 upregulation, and mTORC1 overexpression corrects the inhibitory effect of CaM antagonist on the recovery of enlarged lysosomes. Conversely, the vacuolation induced by suppressing mTORC1 is not corrected by upregulating CaM. These data suggest that mTORC1 functions downstream of TRPML1 and CaM to regulate lysosome size. Together with our recent finding showing that TRPML1, CaM and mTORC1 form a macromolecular complex to control mTORC1 activity, we suggest that TRPML1 and CaM control lysosome fission through regulating mTORC1, identifying an mTORC1-dependent molecular mechanism for lysosomal membrane fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mengnan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,230032, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics, Ministry of Education, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bing Shen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,230032, China
| | - Xian-Ping Dong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei,230032, China.
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75
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Li Z, Gu Y, Wen R, Shen F, Tian HL, Yang GY, Zhang Z. Lysosome exocytosis is involved in astrocyte ATP release after oxidative stress induced by H 2O 2. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:251-258. [PMID: 30928480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Studies demonstrated that oxidative damage decreased intracellular ATP level in astrocytes. However, the pathway mediated ATP level decrease is obscure. Our previous study found intracellular ATP could be released via lysosome exocytosis in astrocytes. Here, we explored whether lysosome exocytosis was involved in ATP release during oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in astrocytes. METHODS Astrocytes were isolated from the cortex of neonatal rats. Intracellular lysosomes and calcium signals were stained in astrocytes before and after H2O2 stimulation. ATP molecules location and ATP level were detected by immunostaining and bioluminescence method, respectively. Extracellular β-Hexosaminidase and LDH were examined by colorimetric method. RESULTS We found that ATP located in lysosome of astrocytes. H2O2 stimulation resulted in the decrease of lysosomes staining and the increase of extracellular ATP, compared to the control (p < 0.05). At the same time, intracellular Fluo4 signals and β-Hexosaminidase level were also increased (p < 0.05). Extracellular LDH level did not show an increase, suggesting that there is no cell membrane damage after H2O2 stimulation. Glycyl-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide blocked lysosome exocytosis and inhibited ATP release in astrocytes after H2O2-treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that H2O2 induced ATP release from intracellular to extracellular via lysosome exocytosis. The increase of intracellular Ca2+ was necessary for lysosome release under oxidative stress induced by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Li
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Ruoxue Wen
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fanxia Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Heng-Li Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Shanghai JiaoTong Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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76
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High expression of SLC17A9 correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2019; 84:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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77
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Aires ID, Boia R, Rodrigues-Neves AC, Madeira MH, Marques C, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Blockade of microglial adenosine A 2A receptor suppresses elevated pressure-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in retinal cells. Glia 2019; 67:896-914. [PMID: 30667095 PMCID: PMC6590475 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a retinal degenerative disease characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells and damage of the optic nerve. Recently, we demonstrated that antagonists of adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) control retinal inflammation and afford protection to rat retinal cells in glaucoma models. However, the precise contribution of microglia to retinal injury was not addressed, as well as the effect of A2A R blockade directly in microglia. Here we show that blocking microglial A2A R prevents microglial cell response to elevated pressure and it is sufficient to protect retinal cells from elevated pressure-induced death. The A2A R antagonist SCH 58261 or the knockdown of A2A R expression with siRNA in microglial cells prevented the increase in microglia response to elevated hydrostatic pressure. Furthermore, in retinal neural cell cultures, the A2A R antagonist decreased microglia proliferation, as well as the expression and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Microglia ablation prevented neural cell death triggered by elevated pressure. The A2A R blockade recapitulated the effects of microglia depletion, suggesting that blocking A2A R in microglia is able to control neurodegeneration in glaucoma-like conditions. Importantly, in human organotypic retinal cultures, A2A R blockade prevented the increase in reactive oxygen species and the morphological alterations in microglia triggered by elevated pressure. These findings place microglia as the main contributors for retinal cell death during elevated pressure and identify microglial A2A R as a therapeutic target to control retinal neuroinflammation and prevent neural apoptosis elicited by elevated pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Dinis Aires
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Madeira
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Marques
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
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78
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Peng P, Du Y, Zheng J, Wang H, Li T. Reconfigurable Bioinspired Framework Nucleic Acid Nanoplatform Dynamically Manipulated in Living Cells for Subcellular Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pai Peng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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79
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Peng P, Du Y, Zheng J, Wang H, Li T. Reconfigurable Bioinspired Framework Nucleic Acid Nanoplatform Dynamically Manipulated in Living Cells for Subcellular Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1648-1653. [PMID: 30525284 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In nature, the formation of spider silk fibers begins with dimerizing the pH-sensitive N-terminal domains of silk proteins (spidroins) upon lowering pH, and provides a natural masterpiece for programmable assembly. Inspired by the similarity of pH-dependent dimerization behaviors, introduced here is an i-motif-guided model to mimic the initial step of spidroin assembly at the subcellular level. A framework nucleic acid (FNA) nanoplatform is designed using two tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) with different branched vertexes carrying a bimolecular i-motif and a split ATP aptamer. Once TDNs enter acidic lysosomes within living cells, they assemble into a heterodimeric architecture, thereby enabling the formation of a larger-size framework and meanwhile subcellular imaging in response to endogenous ATP, which can be dynamically manipulated by adjusting intracellular pH and ATP levels with external drug stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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80
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Natural modulators of the hallmarks of immunogenic cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 162:55-70. [PMID: 30615863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds act as immunoadjuvants as their therapeutic effects trigger cancer stress response and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These reactions occur through an increase in the immunogenicity of cancer cells that undergo stress followed by immunogenic cell death (ICD). These processes result in a chemotherapeutic response with a potent immune-mediating reaction. Natural compounds that induce ICD may function as an interesting approach in converting cancer into its own vaccine. However, multiple parameters determine whether a compound can act as an ICD inducer, including the nature of the inducer, the premortem stress pathways, the cell death pathways, the intrinsic antigenicity of the cell, and the potency and availability of an immune cell response. Thus, the identification of hallmarks of ICD is important in determining the prognostic biomarkers for new therapeutic approaches and combination treatments.
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81
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Martínez-Frailes C, Di Lauro C, Bianchi C, de Diego-García L, Sebastián-Serrano Á, Boscá L, Díaz-Hernández M. Amyloid Peptide Induced Neuroinflammation Increases the P2X7 Receptor Expression in Microglial Cells, Impacting on Its Functionality. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:143. [PMID: 31031598 PMCID: PMC6474397 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Previous works have revealed that extracellular ATP, through its selective receptor P2X7 (P2X7R), is essential to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ. P2X7R is upregulated on microglial cells around the senile plaques. This upregulation progressively rises with age and is parallel with an accumulation of senile plaques and also correlates with the synaptic toxicity detected both in animal models reproducing AD and human patients of AD. Furthermore, the late onset of the first AD-associated symptoms suggests that aging associated-changes may be relevant to the disease progression. Thus, microglia motility and its capacity to respond to exogenous ATP stimulus decrease with aging. To evaluate whether the P2X7R age related-changes on microglia cells may be relevant to the AD progression, we generated a new transgenic mouse model crossing an Aβ peptide mouse model, J20 mice and the P2X7R reporter mice P2X7REGFP. Our results indicate that neuroinflammation induced by Aβ peptide causes changes in the P2X7R distribution pattern, increasing it s expression in microglial cells at advanced and late stages, when microgliosis occurs, but not in the early stages, in the absence of microgliosis. In addition, we found that P2X7R activation promotes microglial cells migration to senile plaques but decreases their phagocytic capacity. Moreover, we found a significant reduction of P2X7R transcription on neuronal cells at the early and advanced stages, but not at the late stages. Since previous studies have reported that either pharmacological inhibition or selective downregulation of P2X7R significantly improve behavioral alterations and reduce the incidence and size of senile plaques in the early and advanced stages of AD, the results presented here provide new evidence, indicating that this therapeutic approach could be also efficient in the late stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Frailes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Diego-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sebastián-Serrano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Miguel Díaz-Hernández,
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82
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Calovi S, Mut-Arbona P, Sperlágh B. Microglia and the Purinergic Signaling System. Neuroscience 2018; 405:137-147. [PMID: 30582977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system (CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the brain. Microglia are activated during diverse conditions, such as apoptosis, trauma, inflammation, and infection. The specific activities of microglia result from the confluence of environmental stimuli and the cellular state. It is likely that several signaling systems with different biological functions operate in competition and/or synergy, thus regulating similar microglial behaviors. The purinergic system is one of the fundamental signaling systems that establish microglial behavior in a wide spectrum of conditions. Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) belongs to the purinergic signaling system, which includes P2X, P2Y, and P1 receptors, as well as other proteins participating in ATP secretion and extracellular ATP degradation, and molecules that recognize purines as a ligand. In this review, we focus on the latest pre-clinical and basic purinergic system and microglial research, with particular attention to data collected in vivo and ex vivo. This chapter is divided into sections related to microglial ATP release, ATP degradation, and ATP-related actions mediated by P2X and P2Y receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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83
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Yang Q, Zhou J. Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells. Glia 2018; 67:1017-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao‐qiao Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jia‐wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China
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84
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Polymeric nanoparticles promote endocytosis of a survivin molecular beacon: Localization and fate of nanoparticles and beacon in human A549 cells. Life Sci 2018; 215:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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85
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Liu B, Cao W, Li J, Liu J. Lysosomal exocytosis of ATP is coupled to P2Y 2 receptor in marginal cells in the stria vascular in neonatal rats. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:62-71. [PMID: 30273839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is stored as lysosomal vesicles in marginal cells of the stria vascular in neonatal rats, but the mechanisms of ATP release are unclear. Primary cultures of marginal cells from 1-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were established. P2Y2 receptor and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor were immunolabelled in marginal cells of the stria vascular. We found that 30 μM ATP and 30 μM uridine triphosphate (UTP) evoked comparable significant increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, whereas the response was suppressed by 100 μM suramin, 10 μM 1-(6-(17β-3-methoxyester-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)-hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione(U-73122), 100 μM 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and 5 μM thapsigargin (TG), thus indicating that ATP coupled with the P2Y2R-PLC-IP3 pathway to evoke Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Incubation with 200 μM Gly-Phe-β-naphthylamide (GPN) selectively disrupted lysosomes and caused significant increases in [Ca2+]I; this effect was partly inhibited by P2Y2R-PLC-IP3 pathway antagonists. After pre-treatment with 5 μM TG, [Ca2+]i was significantly lower than that after treatment with P2Y2R-PLC-IP3 pathway antagonists under the same conditions, thus indicating that lysosomal Ca2+ triggers Ca2+ release from ER Ca2+ stores. Baseline [Ca2+]i declined after treatment with the Ca2+ chelator 50 μM bis-(aminophenolxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid acetoxyme-thyl ester (BAPTA-AM) and 4 IU/ml apyrase. 30 μM ATP decrease of the number of quinacrine-positive vesicles via lysosome exocytosis, whereas the number of lysosomes did not change. However, lysosome exocytosis was significantly suppressed by pre-treatment with 5 μM vacuolin-1. Release of ATP and β-hexosaminidase both increased after treatment with 200 μM GPN and 5 μM TG, but decreased after incubation with 50 μM BAPTA-AM, 4 IU/ml apyrase and 5 μM vacuolin-1. We suggest that ATP triggers Ca2+ release from the ER, thereby contributing to secretion of lysosomal ATP via lysosomal exocytosis. Lysosomal stored Ca2+ triggers Ca2+ release from the ER directly though the IP3 receptors, and lysosomal ATP evokes Ca2+ signals indirectly via the P2Y2R-PLC-IP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanxin Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiping Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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86
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Stock AJ, Kasus-Jacobi A, Pereira HA. The role of neutrophil granule proteins in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:240. [PMID: 30149799 PMCID: PMC6112130 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the innate immune system’s first line of defense. Neutrophils play a critical role in protecting the host against infectious pathogens, resolving sterile injuries, and mediating inflammatory responses. The granules of neutrophils and their constituent proteins are central to these functions. Although neutrophils may exert a protective role upon acute inflammatory conditions or insults, continued activity of neutrophils in chronic inflammatory diseases can contribute to tissue damage. Neutrophil granule proteins are involved in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions and diseases. However, the functions of these proteins in neuroinflammation and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remain to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss recent findings from our lab and others that suggest possible functions for neutrophils and the neutrophil granule proteins, CAP37, neutrophil elastase, and cathepsin G, in neuroinflammation, with an emphasis on AD. These findings reveal that neutrophil granule proteins may exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Further research should determine whether neutrophil granule proteins are valid targets for therapeutic interventions in chronic neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Stock
- The Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Rm 06B121, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Anne Kasus-Jacobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - H Anne Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1110 N. Stonewall Ave., CPB 255, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1105 N. Stonewall, Robert M. Bird Library, Rm 258, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1105 N. Stonewall, Robert M. Bird Library, Rm 258, Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA.
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87
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Osipova ED, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya OV, Morgun AV, Pisareva NV, Malinovskaya NA, Boitsova EB, Pozhilenkova EA, Belova OA, Salmin VV, Taranushenko TE, Noda M, Salmina AB. Gliotransmitters and cytokines in the control of blood-brain barrier permeability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:567-591. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe contribution of astrocytes and microglia to the regulation of neuroplasticity or neurovascular unit (NVU) is based on the coordinated secretion of gliotransmitters and cytokines and the release and uptake of metabolites. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and angiogenesis are influenced by perivascular cells contacting with the abluminal side of brain microvessel endothelial cells (pericytes, astrocytes) or by immune cells existing (microglia) or invading the NVU (macrophages) under pathologic conditions. The release of gliotransmitters or cytokines by activated astroglial and microglial cells is provided by distinct mechanisms, affects intercellular communication, and results in the establishment of microenvironment controlling BBB permeability and neuroinflammation. Glial glutamate transporters and connexin and pannexin hemichannels working in the tight functional coupling with the purinergic system serve as promising molecular targets for manipulating the intercellular communications that control BBB permeability in brain pathologies associated with excessive angiogenesis, cerebrovascular remodeling, and BBB-mediated neuroinflammation. Substantial progress in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the (patho)physiology of perivascular glia provides promising approaches to novel clinically relevant therapies for brain disorders. The present review summarizes the current understandings on the secretory machinery expressed in glial cells (glutamate transporters, connexin and pannexin hemichannels, exocytosis mechanisms, membrane-derived microvesicles, and inflammasomes) and the role of secreted gliotransmitters and cytokines in the regulation of NVU and BBB permeability in (patho)physiologic conditions.
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88
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Xiong Y, Sun S, Teng S, Jin M, Zhou Z. Ca 2+-Dependent and Ca 2+-Independent ATP Release in Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:224. [PMID: 30079012 PMCID: PMC6063199 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of The Air Force Institute of Aeromedicine, Beijing, China
| | - Suhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sasa Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
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89
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Park J, Wetzel I, Marriott I, Dréau D, D'Avanzo C, Kim DY, Tanzi RE, Cho H. A 3D human triculture system modeling neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:941-951. [PMID: 29950669 PMCID: PMC6800152 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by beta-amyloid accumulation, phosphorylated tau formation, hyperactivation of glial cells, and neuronal loss. The mechanisms of AD pathogenesis, however, remain poorly understood, partially due to the lack of relevant models that can comprehensively recapitulate multistage intercellular interactions in human AD brains. Here we present a new three-dimensional (3D) human AD triculture model using neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in a 3D microfluidic platform. Our model provided key representative AD features: beta-amyloid aggregation, phosphorylated tau accumulation, and neuroinflammatory activity. In particular, the model mirrored microglial recruitment, neurotoxic activities such as axonal cleavage, and NO release damaging AD neurons and astrocytes. Our model will serve to facilitate the development of more precise human brain models for basic mechanistic studies in neural-glial interactions and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,The Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Isaac Wetzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,The Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Didier Dréau
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Carla D'Avanzo
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Doo Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hansang Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA. .,The Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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90
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Extracellular ATP activates hyaluronan synthase 2 ( HAS2) in epidermal keratinocytes via P2Y 2, Ca 2+ signaling, and MAPK pathways. Biochem J 2018; 475:1755-1772. [PMID: 29626161 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides are used as signaling molecules by several cell types. In epidermis, their release is triggered by insults such as ultraviolet radiation, barrier disruption, and tissue wounding, and by specific nerve terminals firing. Increased synthesis of hyaluronan, a ubiquitous extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan, also occurs in response to stress, leading to the attractive hypothesis that nucleotide signaling and hyaluronan synthesis could also be linked. In HaCaT keratinocytes, ATP caused a rapid and strong but transient activation of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression via protein kinase C-, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and calcium response element-binding protein-dependent pathways by activating the purinergic P2Y2 receptor. Smaller but more persistent up-regulation of HAS3 and CD44, and delayed up-regulation of HAS1 were also observed. Accumulation of peri- and extracellular hyaluronan followed 4-6 h after stimulation, an effect further enhanced by the hyaluronan precursor glucosamine. AMP and adenosine, the degradation products of ATP, markedly inhibited HAS2 expression and, despite concomitant up-regulation of HAS1 and HAS3, inhibited hyaluronan synthesis. Functionally, ATP moderately increased cell migration, whereas AMP and adenosine had no effect. Our data highlight the strong influence of adenosinergic signaling on hyaluronan metabolism in human keratinocytes. Epidermal insults are associated with extracellular ATP release, as well as rapid up-regulation of HAS2/3, CD44, and hyaluronan synthesis, and we show here that the two phenomena are linked. Furthermore, as ATP is rapidly degraded, the opposite effects of its less phosphorylated derivatives facilitate a rapid shut-off of the hyaluronan response, providing a feedback mechanism to prevent excessive reactions when more persistent signals are absent.
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91
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Merlo S, Spampinato SF, Beneventano M, Sortino MA. The contribution of microglia to early synaptic compensatory responses that precede β-amyloid-induced neuronal death. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7297. [PMID: 29740062 PMCID: PMC5940848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial-neuronal cross-talk has a critical role in the development of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's Disease, where it affects neuronal responses to β-amyloid peptide (Aβ)-induced toxicity. We set out to identify factors regulating synaptic responses to Aβ, dissecting the specific role of glial signaling. A low concentration of aggregated Aβ42 induced selective up-regulation of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and release in rat organotypic hippocampal cultures as well as in cortical pure microglia. Conditioned media from resting (CMC) or Aβ42-treated (CMA) microglia were tested for their effects on synaptophysin expression in SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells during challenge with Aβ42. Both CMC and CMA prevented Aβ-induced synaptophysin loss. In the presence of Aβ + CMA, synaptophysin was over-expressed, although it appeared partly clumped in cell bodies. Synaptophysin over-expression was not directly dependent on BDNF signaling on neuronal-like cells, but relied on autocrine BDNF action on microglia. FM1-43 labeling experiments revealed compromised synaptic vesicle recycling in Aβ42-treated neuronal-like cells, rescued by microglial conditioned medium. In these conditions, significant and prolonged neuroprotection was observed. Our results point to microglia as a target for early intervention, given its positive role in supporting neuronal compensatory responses to Aβ synaptotoxicity, which potentially lead to their extended survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Federica Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martina Beneventano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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92
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Slow Release of HIV-1 Protein Nef from Vesicle-like Structures Is Inhibited by Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Single Human Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:102-118. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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93
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Beckel JM, Gómez NM, Lu W, Campagno KE, Nabet B, Albalawi F, Lim JC, Boesze-Battaglia K, Mitchell CH. Stimulation of TLR3 triggers release of lysosomal ATP in astrocytes and epithelial cells that requires TRPML1 channels. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5726. [PMID: 29636491 PMCID: PMC5893592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactions between innate immunity, lysosomal function, and purinergic pathways may link signaling systems in cellular pathologies. We found activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) triggers lysosomal ATP release from both astrocytes and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. ATP efflux was accompanied by lysosomal acid phosphatase and beta hexosaminidase release. Poly(I:C) alkalinized lysosomes, and lysosomal alkalization with bafilomycin or chloroquine triggered ATP release. Lysosomal rupture with glycyl-L-phenylalanine-2-naphthylamide (GPN) eliminated both ATP and acid phosphatase release. Secretory lysosome marker LAMP3 colocalized with VNUT, while MANT-ATP colocalized with LysoTracker. Unmodified membrane-impermeant 21-nt and "non-targeting" scrambled 21-nt siRNA triggered ATP and acid phosphatase release, while smaller 16-nt RNA was ineffective. Poly(I:C)-dependent ATP release was reduced by TBK-1 block and in TRPML1-/- cells, while TRPML activation with ML-SA1 was sufficient to release both ATP and acid phosphatase. The ability of poly(I:C) to raise cytoplasmic Ca2+ was abolished by removing extracellular ATP with apyrase, suggesting ATP release by poly(I:C) increased cellular signaling. Starvation but not rapamycin prevented lysosomal ATP release. In summary, stimulation of TLR3 triggers lysosomal alkalization and release of lysosomal ATP through activation of TRPML1; this links innate immunity to purinergic signaling via lysosomal physiology, and suggests even scrambled siRNA can influence these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Beckel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Néstor Más Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Keith E Campagno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bardia Nabet
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farraj Albalawi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason C Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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94
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Madry C, Arancibia-Cárcamo IL, Kyrargyri V, Chan VTT, Hamilton NB, Attwell D. Effects of the ecto-ATPase apyrase on microglial ramification and surveillance reflect cell depolarization, not ATP depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1608-E1617. [PMID: 29382767 PMCID: PMC5816168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715354115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's innate immune cells, have highly motile processes which constantly survey the brain to detect infection, remove dying cells, and prune synapses during brain development. ATP released by tissue damage is known to attract microglial processes, but it is controversial whether an ambient level of ATP is needed to promote constant microglial surveillance in the normal brain. Applying the ATPase apyrase, an enzyme which hydrolyzes ATP and ADP, reduces microglial process ramification and surveillance, suggesting that ambient ATP/ADP maintains microglial surveillance. However, attempting to raise the level of ATP/ADP by blocking the endogenous ecto-ATPase (termed NTPDase1/CD39), which also hydrolyzes ATP/ADP, does not affect the cells' ramification or surveillance, nor their membrane currents, which respond to even small rises of extracellular [ATP] or [ADP] with the activation of K+ channels. This indicates a lack of detectable ambient ATP/ADP and ecto-ATPase activity, contradicting the results with apyrase. We resolve this contradiction by demonstrating that contamination of commercially available apyrase by a high K+ concentration reduces ramification and surveillance by depolarizing microglia. Exposure to the same K+ concentration (without apyrase added) reduced ramification and surveillance as with apyrase. Dialysis of apyrase to remove K+ retained its ATP-hydrolyzing activity but abolished the microglial depolarization and decrease of ramification produced by the undialyzed enzyme. Thus, applying apyrase affects microglia by an action independent of ATP, and no ambient purinergic signaling is required to maintain microglial ramification and surveillance. These results also have implications for hundreds of prior studies that employed apyrase to hydrolyze ATP/ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Madry
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - I Lorena Arancibia-Cárcamo
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Kyrargyri
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Victor T T Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola B Hamilton
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;
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95
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Abstract
Murrell-Lagnado provides insight into new research revealing the physiological role of lysosomal P2X4 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth D Murrell-Lagnado
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, England, UK
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96
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Menéndez-Méndez A, Díaz-Hernández JI, Ortega F, Gualix J, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Miras-Portugal MT. Specific Temporal Distribution and Subcellular Localization of a Functional Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT) in Cerebellar Granule Neurons. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29311945 PMCID: PMC5744399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important extracellular neurotransmitter that participates in several critical processes like cell differentiation, neuroprotection or axon guidance. Prior to its exocytosis, ATP must be stored in secretory vesicles, a process that is mediated by the Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter (VNUT). This transporter has been identified as the product of the SLC17A9 gene and it is prominently expressed in discrete brain areas, including the cerebellum. The main population of cerebellar neurons, the glutamatergic granule neurons, depends on purinergic signaling to trigger neuroprotective responses. However, while nucleotide receptors like P2X7 and P2Y13 are known to be involved in neuroprotection, the mechanisms that regulate ATP release in relation to such events are less clearly understood. In this work, we demonstrate that cerebellar granule cells express a functional VNUT that is involved in the regulation of ATP exocytosis. Numerous vesicles loaded with this nucleotide can be detected in these granule cells and are staining by the fluorescent ATP-marker, quinacrine. High potassium stimulation reduces quinacrine fluorescence in granule cells, indicating they release ATP via calcium dependent exocytosis. Specific subcellular markers were used to assess the localization of VNUT in granule cells, and the transporter was detected in both the axonal and somatodendritic compartments, most predominantly in the latter. However, co-localization with the specific lysosomal marker LAMP-1 indicated that VNUT can also be found in non-synaptic vesicles, such as lysosomes. Interestingly, the weak co-localization between VNUT and VGLUT1 suggests that the ATP and glutamate vesicle pools are segregated, as also observed in the cerebellar cortex. During post-natal cerebellar development, VNUT is found in granule cell precursors, co-localizing with markers of immature cells like doublecortin, suggesting that this transporter may be implicated in the initial stages of granule cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I Díaz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María T Miras-Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Neurochemistry Research (IUIN), Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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97
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Drago F, Lombardi M, Prada I, Gabrielli M, Joshi P, Cojoc D, Franck J, Fournier I, Vizioli J, Verderio C. ATP Modifies the Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles Released by Microglia and Influences Their Action on Astrocytes. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:910. [PMID: 29321741 PMCID: PMC5733563 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP is among molecules promoting microglia activation and inducing the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are potent mediators of intercellular communication between microglia and the microenvironment. We previously showed that EVs produced under ATP stimulation (ATP-EVs) propagate a robust inflammatory reaction among astrocytes and microglia in vitro and in mice with subclinical neuroinflammation (Verderio et al., 2012). However, the proteome of EVs released upon ATP stimulation has not yet been elucidated. In this study we applied a label free proteomic approach to characterize the proteome of EVs released constitutively and during microglia activation with ATP. We show that ATP drives sorting in EVs of a set of proteins implicated in cell adhesion/extracellular matrix organization, autophagy-lysosomal pathway and cellular metabolism, that may influence the response of recipient astrocytes to EVs. These data provide new clues to molecular mechanisms involved in microglia response to ATP and in microglia signaling to the environment via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Drago
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France.,Fondazione Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Viagrande, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Pooja Joshi
- Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Dan Cojoc
- Institute of Materials (CNR), Trieste, Italy
| | - Julien Franck
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Jacopo Vizioli
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, U1192 - Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France
| | - Claudia Verderio
- IRCCS Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience (CNR), Milan, Italy
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98
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Sáez PJ, Vargas P, Shoji KF, Harcha PA, Lennon-Duménil AM, Sáez JC. ATP promotes the fast migration of dendritic cells through the activity of pannexin 1 channels and P2X 7 receptors. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/506/eaah7107. [PMID: 29162744 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon its release from injured cells, such as infected, transformed, inflamed, or necrotic cells, extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) acts as a danger signal that recruits phagocytes, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), to the site of injury. The sensing of extracellular ATP occurs through purinergic (P2) receptors. We investigated the cellular mechanisms linking purinergic signaling to DC motility. We found that ATP stimulated fast DC motility through an autocrine signaling loop, which was initiated by the activation of P2X7 receptors and further amplified by pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels. Upon stimulation of the P2X7 receptor by ATP, Panx1 contributed to fast DC motility by increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane, which resulted in supplementary ATP release. In the absence of Panx1, DCs failed to increase their speed of migration in response to ATP, despite exhibiting a normal P2X7 receptor-mediated Ca2+ response. In addition to DC migration, Panx1 channel- and P2X7 receptor-dependent signaling was further required to stimulate the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. In vivo, functional Panx1 channels were required for the homing of DCs to lymph nodes, although they were dispensable for DC maturation. These data suggest that P2X7 receptors and Panx1 channels are crucial players in the regulation of DC migration to endogenous danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile. .,INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 12 Rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pablo Vargas
- INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 12 Rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France.,CNRS UMR144, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 12 Rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kenji F Shoji
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Paloma A Harcha
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile.,Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360103, Chile
| | - Ana-María Lennon-Duménil
- INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) Research University, 12 Rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile. .,Instituto Milenio, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360103, Chile
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99
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Suurväli J, Boudinot P, Kanellopoulos J, Rüütel Boudinot S. P2X4: A fast and sensitive purinergic receptor. Biomed J 2017; 40:245-256. [PMID: 29179879 PMCID: PMC6138603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides have been recognized as important mediators of activation, triggering multiple responses via plasma membrane receptors known as P2 receptors. P2 receptors comprise P2X ionotropic receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. P2X receptors are expressed in many tissues, where they are involved in a number of functions including synaptic transmission, muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, inflammation, macrophage activation, differentiation and proliferation, neuropathic and inflammatory pain. P2X4 is one of the most sensitive purinergic receptors (at nanomolar ATP concentrations), about one thousand times more than the archetypal P2X7. P2X4 is widely expressed in central and peripheral neurons, in microglia, and also found in various epithelial tissues and endothelial cells. It localizes on the plasma membrane, but also in intracellular compartments. P2X4 is preferentially localized in lysosomes, where it is protected from proteolysis by its glycosylation. High ATP concentration in the lysosomes does not activate P2X4 at low pH; P2X4 gets activated by intra-lysosomal ATP only in its fully dissociated tetra-anionic form, when the pH increases to 7.4. Thus, P2X4 is functioning as a Ca2+-channel after the fusion of late endosomes and lysosomes. P2X4 modulates major neurotransmitter systems and regulates alcohol-induced responses in microglia. P2X4 is one of the key receptors mediating neuropathic pain. However, injury-induced upregulation of P2X4 expression is gender dependent and plays a key role in pain difference between males and females. P2X4 is also involved in inflammation. Extracellular ATP being a pro-inflammatory molecule, P2X4 can trigger inflammation in response to high ATP release. It is therefore involved in multiple pathologies, like post-ischemic inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, airways inflammation in asthma, neurodegenerative diseases and even metabolic syndrome. Although P2X4 remains poorly characterized, more studies are needed as it is likely to be a potential therapeutic target in these multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Suurväli
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
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100
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Sato K, Azuma R, Imai T, Shimokawa T. Enhancement of mTOR signaling contributes to acquired X-ray and C-ion resistance in mouse squamous carcinoma cell line. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:2004-2010. [PMID: 28718972 PMCID: PMC5623753 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate whether repetition of C‐ion (carbon ion beam) irradiation induces radioresistance as well as repeated X‐ray irradiation in cancer cell lines, and to find the key molecular pathway for radioresistance by comparing radioresistant cancer cells with their parental cells. A mouse squamous cell carcinoma cell line, NR‐S1, and radioresistant cancer cells, NR‐S1‐C30 (C30) and NR‐S1‐X60 (X60), established by repetition of C‐ion and X‐ray irradiation, respectively, were used. X‐ray and C‐ion sensitivity, changes in lysosome, mitochondria, intracellular ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling were evaluated. Moreover, the effect of rapamycin on radioresistance was also assessed. X‐ray and C‐ion resistance of C30 cells was moderate, and the resistance of X60 cells was the highest in this study. In X60 cells, the amount of lysosome, mitochondria, intracellular ATP and ROS level were significantly increased, and mTOR and p70S6K (ribosomal protein S6 kinase p70) phosphorylation were enhanced compared with C30 and NR‐S1 cells. The inhibition of mTOR signaling was effective for X‐ray and C‐ion radiosensitization in both cell lines, especially in X60 cells in which X‐ray and C‐ion resistance was decreased to the same level as that in NR‐S1 cells. Our results indicated that the contribution to generate X‐ray and C‐ion resistance was less for repeated C‐ion irradiations compared with repeated X‐ray irradiation. Moreover, we found that activated mTOR signaling contributes to X‐ray and C‐ion resistance in the X60 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Sato
- Cancer Metastasis Research Team, Advanced Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Clinical Genetic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikako Azuma
- Cancer Metastasis Research Team, Advanced Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Toho University, Chiba
| | - Takashi Imai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimokawa
- Cancer Metastasis Research Team, Advanced Radiation Biology Research Program, Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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