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San-Juan-Vergara H, Zurek E, Ajami NJ, Mogollon C, Peña M, Portnoy I, Vélez JI, Cadena-Cruz C, Diaz-Olmos Y, Hurtado-Gómez L, Sanchez-Sit S, Hernández D, Urruchurtu I, Di-Ruggiero P, Guardo-García E, Torres N, Vidal-Orjuela O, Viasus D, Petrosino JF, Cervantes-Acosta G. A Lachnospiraceae-dominated bacterial signature in the fecal microbiota of HIV-infected individuals from Colombia, South America. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4479. [PMID: 29540734 PMCID: PMC5852036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection has a tremendous impact on the immune system's proper functioning. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is significantly disarrayed during HIV infection. Compositional changes in the gut microbiota might contribute to the mucosal barrier disruption, and consequently to microbial translocation. We performed an observational, cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating changes in the fecal microbiota of HIV-infected individuals from Colombia. We analyzed the fecal microbiota of 37 individuals via 16S rRNA gene sequencing; 25 HIV-infected patients and 12 control (non-infected) individuals, which were similar in body mass index, age, gender balance and socioeconomic status. To the best of our knowledge, no such studies have been conducted in Latin American countries. Given its compositional nature, microbiota data were normalized and transformed using Aitchison's Centered Log-Ratio. Overall, a change in the network structure in HIV-infected patients was revealed by using the SPIEC-EASI MB tool. Genera such as Blautia, Dorea, Yersinia, Escherichia-Shigella complex, Staphylococcus, and Bacteroides were highly relevant in HIV-infected individuals. Differential abundance analysis by both sparse Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis and Random Forest identified a greater abundance of Lachnospiraceae-OTU69, Blautia, Dorea, Roseburia, and Erysipelotrichaceae in HIV-infected individuals. We show here, for the first time, a predominantly Lachnospiraceae-based signature in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Zurek
- División de Ingenierías, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mario Peña
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Ivan Portnoy
- División de Ingenierías, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jorge I Vélez
- División de Ingenierías, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Christian Cadena-Cruz
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Yirys Diaz-Olmos
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Leidy Hurtado-Gómez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Silvana Sanchez-Sit
- Maestría en Estadística Aplicada, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Vidal-Orjuela
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Diego Viasus
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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52
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Advances in the role of follicular T helper cells in graft versus host diseases. LIVER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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53
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McKay JT, Haro MA, Daly CA, Yammani RD, Pang B, Swords WE, Haas KM. PD-L2 Regulates B-1 Cell Antibody Production against Phosphorylcholine through an IL-5-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2020-2029. [PMID: 28768724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells produce natural Abs which provide an integral first line of defense against pathogens while also performing important homeostatic housekeeping functions. In this study, we demonstrate that programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) regulates the production of natural Abs against phosphorylcholine (PC). Naive PD-L2-deficient (PD-L2-/-) mice produced significantly more PC-reactive IgM and IgA. This afforded PD-L2-/- mice with selectively enhanced protection against PC-expressing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, but not PC-negative nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, relative to wild-type mice. PD-L2-/- mice had significantly increased PC-specific CD138+ splenic plasmablasts bearing a B-1a phenotype, and produced PC-reactive Abs largely of the T15 Id. Importantly, PC-reactive B-1 cells expressed PD-L2 and irradiated chimeras demonstrated that B cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression regulated PC-specific Ab production. In addition to increased PC-specific IgM, naive PD-L2-/- mice and irradiated chimeras reconstituted with PD-L2-/- B cells had significantly higher levels of IL-5, a potent stimulator of B-1 cell Ab production. PD-L2 mAb blockade of wild-type B-1 cells in culture significantly increased CD138 and Blimp1 expression and PC-specific IgM, but did not affect proliferation. PD-L2 mAb blockade significantly increased IL-5+ T cells in culture. Both IL-5 neutralization and STAT5 inhibition blunted the effects of PD-L2 mAb blockade on B-1 cells. Thus, B-1 cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression inhibits IL-5 production by T cells and thereby limits natural Ab production by B-1 cells. These findings have broad implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at altering natural Ab levels critical for protection against infectious disease, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome T McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Abstract
免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A, IgA)在黏膜的免疫功能中起关键作用, 是维持肠道黏膜稳态的重要物质. 分泌型IgA(secretory IgA, SIgA)的分泌组分保护免疫球蛋白不被蛋白水解酶降解, SIgA在肠道内各种免疫因子、免疫细胞以及其他免疫球蛋白的参与下完成肠道内的免疫监视、免疫自稳、免疫调控. 本文主要就肠道中SIgA的结构、合成转运、分泌调节、作用和其相关临床疾病的研究进展作一综述.
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55
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Nabi R, Moldoveanu Z, Wei Q, Golub ET, Durkin HG, Greenblatt RM, Herold BC, Nowicki MJ, Kassaye S, Cho MW, Pinter A, Landay AL, Mestecky J, Kozlowski PA. Differences in serum IgA responses to HIV-1 gp41 in elite controllers compared to viral suppressors on highly active antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180245. [PMID: 28671952 PMCID: PMC5495342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms responsible for natural control of human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV) replication in elite controllers (EC) remain incompletely defined. To determine if EC generate high quality HIV-specific IgA responses, we used Western blotting to compare the specificities and frequencies of IgA to HIV antigens in serum of gender-, age- and race-matched EC and aviremic controllers (HC) and viremic noncontrollers (HN) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Concentrations and avidity of IgA to HIV antigens were measured using ELISA or multiplex assays. Measurements for IgG were performed in parallel. EC were found to have stronger p24- and V1V2-specific IgG responses than HN, but there were no IgG differences for EC and HC. In contrast, IgA in EC serum bound more frequently to gp160 and gag proteins than IgA in HC or HN. The avidity of anti-gp41 IgA was also greater in EC, and these subjects had stronger IgA responses to the gp41 heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), a reported target of anti-bacterial RNA polymerase antibodies that cross react with gp41. However, EC did not demonstrate greater IgA responses to E. coli RNA polymerase or to peptides containing the shared LRAI sequence, suggesting that most of their HR1-specific IgA antibodies were not induced by intestinal microbiota. In both EC and HAART recipients, the concentrations of HIV-specific IgG were greater than HIV-specific IgA, but their avidities were comparable, implying that they could compete for antigen. Exceptions were C1 peptides and V1V2 loops. IgG and IgA responses to these antigens were discordant, with IgG reacting to V1V2, and IgA reacting to C1, especially in EC. Interestingly, EC with IgG hypergammaglobulinemia had greater HIV-specific IgA and IgG responses than EC with normal total IgG levels. Heterogeneity in EC antibody responses may therefore be due to a more focused HIV-specific B cell response in some of these individuals. Overall, these data suggest that development of HIV-specific IgA responses and affinity maturation of anti-gp41 IgA antibodies occurs to a greater extent in EC than in subjects on HAART. Future studies will be required to determine if IgA antibodies in EC may contribute in control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth T. Golub
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Helen G. Durkin
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Greenblatt
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostastistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Marek J. Nowicki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Seble Kassaye
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael W. Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunity and Emerging Pathogens, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
- Institute of immunology and Microbiology 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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Corsello G, Carta M, Marinello R, Picca M, De Marco G, Micillo M, Ferrara D, Vigneri P, Cecere G, Ferri P, Roggero P, Bedogni G, Mosca F, Paparo L, Nocerino R, Berni Canani R. Preventive Effect of Cow's Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on Common Infectious Diseases in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:E669. [PMID: 28654019 PMCID: PMC5537784 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fermented foods have been proposed to prevent common infectious diseases (CIDs) in children attending day care or preschool. OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy of dietary supplementation with cow's skim milk fermented with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 in reducing CIDs in children attending day care or preschool. Methods: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on healthy children (aged 12-48 months) consuming daily 7 grams of cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 (group A), or placebo (maltodextrins group B) attending day care or preschool during the winter season. The main outcome was the proportion of children who experienced ≥1 episode of CID during a 3-month follow-up. Fecal biomarkers of innate (α- and β-defensins, cathelicidin) and acquired immunity (secretory IgA) were also monitored. Results: A total of 126 children (71 males, 56%) with a mean (SD) age of 33 (9) months completed the study, 66 in group A and 60 in group B. At intention to treat analysis, the proportion of children presenting ≥1 CID was 60% in group A vs. 83% in group B, corresponding to an absolute risk difference (ARD) of -23% (95% CI: -37% to -9%, p < 0.01). At per-protocol-analysis (PPA), the proportion of children presenting ≥1 CID was 18% in group A vs. 40% in group B, corresponding to an absolute risk difference (ARD) of -22% (95% CI: -37% to -6%, p < 0.01). PPA showed that the proportion of children presenting ≥1 acute gastroenteritis (AGE) was significantly lower in group A (18% vs. 40%, p < 0.05). The ARD for the occurrence of ≥1 AGE was -22% (95% CI: -37% to -6%, p < 0.01) in group A. Similar findings were obtained at PPA regarding the proportion of children presenting ≥1 upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), which was significantly lower in group A (51% vs. 74%, p < 0.05), corresponding to an ARD of -23% (95% CI: -40% to -7%, p < 0.01). Significant changes in innate and acquired immunity biomarkers were observed only in subjects in group A. Conclusions: Dietary supplementation with cow's skim milk fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 is an efficient strategy in preventing CIDs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Corsello
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Carta
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Roberto Marinello
- Federazione Italiana Medici Pediatri Lombardia, 46100 Mantova, Italy.
| | - Marina Picca
- Pediatric Society of Primary Health Care (SICuPP), 20135 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio De Marco
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Micillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Dante Ferrara
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo, 90121 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Gaetano Cecere
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Ferri
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Roggero
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Basovizza, 34012 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy.
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science-Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II" Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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57
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Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a critical role in gut mucosal immune defense. Initially provided by breastmilk, IgA production by the infant gut is gradually stimulated by developing gut microbiota. This study reports associations between infant fecal IgA concentrations 4 months after birth, breastfeeding status and other pre/postnatal exposures in 47 infants in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development cohort. Breastfed infants and first-born infants had higher median fecal IgA concentrations (23.11 v. 9.34 µg/g protein, P<0.01 and 22.19 v. 8.23 µg/g protein, P=0.04). IgA levels increased successively with exclusivity of breastfeeding (β-coefficient, 0.37, P<0.05). This statistical association was independent of maternal parity and household pets. In the absence of breastfeeding, female sex and pet exposure elevated fecal IgA to levels found in breastfed infants. In addition to breastfeeding, infant fecal IgA associations with pre/postnatal exposures may affect gut immunity and risk of allergic disease.
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Bridgman SL, Konya T, Azad MB, Guttman DS, Sears MR, Becker AB, Turvey SE, Mandhane PJ, Subbarao P, Scott JA, Field CJ, Kozyrskyj AL. High fecal IgA is associated with reduced Clostridium difficile colonization in infants. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:543-9. [PMID: 27235197 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colonization of infants with Clostridium difficile is on the rise. Although better tolerated by infants than adults, it is a risk factor for future allergic disease. The present study describes associations between infant fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and colonization with C. difficile in 47 infants enrolled in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) study. C. difficile colonization was observed in over half (53%) of the infants. Median IgA was lower in infants colonized with C. difficile (10.9 μg versus 25.5 μg per g protein; p = 0.18). A smaller proportion of infants with IgA in the highest tertile were colonized with C. difficile compared to the other tertiles (31.3% versus 64.5%, p = 0.03). In unadjusted analysis, odds of colonization with C. difficile was reduced by 75% (OR 0.25 95% CI 0.07, 0.91 p = 0.04) among infants with IgA in the highest tertile compared to those in the other tertiles. Following adjustment for parity, birth mode and breastfeeding, this association was even stronger (aOR 0.17, 95% CI 0.03, 0.94, p = 0.04). Our study provides evidence that high fecal IgA, independent of breastfeeding, is associated with reduced likelihood of C. difficile colonization in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tedd Konya
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, AB, Canada; Pediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, de Groote School of Medicine, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Pediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute and BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | | | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
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Stat3 Is Important for Follicular Regulatory T Cell Differentiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155040. [PMID: 27148746 PMCID: PMC4858255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of antibody is precisely controlled during the germinal center (GC) reaction. This process is dependent on the help from follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to germinal center (GC) B cells and is regulated by regulatory follicular T helper (Tfr) cells. How Tfr cells develop and how their suppressive activity functions are not well understood. Here, we found that Stat3 is indispensible for Tfr cell differentiation. After immunization with Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC), the loss of Tfr cells caused by deletion of Stat3 in Treg cells does not affect the size of Tfh or GC B cell population, but rather leads to strongly enhanced production of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2b. In Peyer’s patches (PPs) in the gut, we found that Stat3 expression in Treg cells is also required for Tfr cell formation to commensal organisms. However, loss of Tfr cells in the gut did not affect the numbers of Tfh cells and GC B cells, nor affect IgG1 or IgA switching by GC B cells. Overall, our study has uncovered unique roles of Stat3 in Tfr cell differentiation and the regulation of the antibody response.
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60
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Loschko J, Schreiber HA, Rieke GJ, Esterházy D, Meredith MM, Pedicord VA, Yao KH, Caballero S, Pamer EG, Mucida D, Nussenzweig MC. Absence of MHC class II on cDCs results in microbial-dependent intestinal inflammation. J Exp Med 2016; 213:517-34. [PMID: 27001748 PMCID: PMC4821651 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) play an essential role in host immunity by initiating adaptive T cell responses and by serving as innate immune sensors. Although both innate and adaptive functions of cDCs are well documented, their relative importance in maintaining immune homeostasis is poorly understood. To examine the significance of cDC-initiated adaptive immunity in maintaining homeostasis, independent of their innate activities, we generated a cDC-specific Cre mouse and crossed it to a floxed MHC class II (MHCII) mouse. Absence of MHCII on cDCs resulted in chronic intestinal inflammation that was alleviated by antibiotic treatment and entirely averted under germ-free conditions. Uncoupling innate and adaptive functions of cDCs revealed that innate immune functions of cDCs are insufficient to maintain homeostasis and antigen presentation by cDCs is essential for a mutualistic relationship between the host and intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Loschko
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Heidi A Schreiber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Gereon J Rieke
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065 Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daria Esterházy
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Matthew M Meredith
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Virginia A Pedicord
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Kai-Hui Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Silvia Caballero
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute Infectious Diseases Service Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute Infectious Diseases Service Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
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Dollé L, Tran HQ, Etienne-Mesmin L, Chassaing B. Policing of gut microbiota by the adaptive immune system. BMC Med 2016; 14:27. [PMID: 26867587 PMCID: PMC4751704 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a large and diverse microbial community that inhabits the intestine, containing about 100 trillion bacteria of 500-1000 distinct species that, collectively, provide benefits to the host. The human gut microbiota composition is determined by a myriad of factors, among them genetic and environmental, including diet and medication. The microbiota contributes to nutrient absorption and maturation of the immune system. As reciprocity, the host immune system plays a central role in shaping the composition and localization of the intestinal microbiota. Secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgAs), component of the adaptive immune system, are important player in the protection of epithelium, and are known to have an important impact on the regulation of microbiota composition. A recent study published in Immunity by Fransen and colleagues aimed to mechanistically decipher the interrelationship between sIgA and microbiota diversity/composition. This commentary will discuss these important new findings, as well as how future therapies can ultimately benefit from such discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Laboratory of Liver Cell Biology, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hao Q Tran
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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De Bruyne R, Gevaert P, Van Winckel M, De Ruyck N, Minne A, Bogaert D, Van Biervliet S, Vande Velde S, Smets F, Sokal E, Gottrand F, Vanhelst J, Detry B, Pilette C, Lambrecht BN, Dullaers M. Raised immunoglobulin A and circulating T follicular helper cells are linked to the development of food allergy in paediatric liver transplant patients. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1060-70. [PMID: 25702946 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant food allergy (LTFA) is increasingly observed after paediatric liver transplantation (LT). Although the immunopathology of LTFA remains unclear, immunoglobulin (Ig) E seems to be implicated. OBJECTIVE To study humoral and cellular immunity in paediatric LT patients in search for factors associated with LTFA, and compare with healthy controls (HC) and non-transplant food-allergic children (FA). METHODS We studied serum Ig levels in 29 LTFA, 43 non-food-allergic LT patients (LTnoFA), 21 FA patients and 36 HC. Serum-specific IgA and IgE against common food allergens in LTFA, IgA1 , IgA2 and joining-chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) were measured. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed by flow cytometry for B and T cell populations of interest. RESULTS Serum IgA and specific IgA were higher in LTFA compared to LTnoFA. LTFA patients had the highest proportion of circulating T follicular helper cells (cTfh). The percentage of cTfh correlated positively with serum IgA. Unique in LTFA was also the significant increase in serum markers of mucosal IgA and the decrease in the Th17 subset of CXCR5(-) CD4(+) cells compared to HC. Both LT patients exhibited a rise in IgA(+) memory B cells and plasmablasts compared to HC and FA. CONCLUSIONS LT has an impact on humoral immunity, remarkably in those patients developing FA. The increase in serum markers of mucosal IgA, food allergen-specific IgA and cTfh cells observed in LTFA, point towards a disturbance in intestinal immune homoeostasis in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Bruyne
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van Winckel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N De Ruyck
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Minne
- Department of Pediatrics, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Bogaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Van Biervliet
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Vande Velde
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Smets
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Sokal
- Service de Gastro-entérologie et Hépatologie Pédiatrique et Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Gottrand
- Inserm U995, Faculty of Medicine, CIC-PT-9301, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, University Lille2, Lille, France
| | - J Vanhelst
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lille-PT-1403-Inserm-CH&U, Inserm U995, Faculty of Medicine, University Lille2, Lille, France
| | - B Detry
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Walloon Excellence in Lifesciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO) Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B N Lambrecht
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Dullaers
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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63
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Nocerino R, Paparo L, Terrin G, Pezzella V, Amoroso A, Cosenza L, Cecere G, De Marco G, Micillo M, Albano F, Nugnes R, Ferri P, Ciccarelli G, Giaccio G, Spadaro R, Maddalena Y, Berni Canani F, Berni Canani R. Cow's milk and rice fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 prevent infectious diseases in children: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2015; 36:118-125. [PMID: 26732025 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Fermented foods have been proposed for the prevention of infectious diseases. We evaluated the efficacy of fermented foods in reducing common infectious diseases (CIDs) in children attending daycare. METHODS Prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (registered under Clinical Trials.gov identifier NCT01909128) on healthy children (aged 12-48 months) consuming daily cow's milk (group A) or rice (group B) fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74, or placebo (group C) for three months during the winter season. The main study outcome was the proportion of children who experienced at least one CID. All CIDs were diagnosed by family pediatricians. Fecal concentrations of innate (α- and β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37) and acquired immunity biomarkers (secretory IgA) were also evaluated. RESULTS 377 children (193 males, 51%) with a mean (SD) age of 32 (10) months completed the study: 137 in group A, 118 in group B and 122 in group C. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that the proportion of children who experienced at least one CID was lower in group A (51.8%) and B (65.9%) compared to group C (80.3%). Per-protocol analysis showed that the proportion of children presenting upper respiratory tract infections was lower in group A (48.2%) and group B (58.5%) compared with group C (70.5%). The proportion of children presenting acute gastroenteritis was also lower in group A (13.1%) and group B (19.5%) compared with group C (31.1%). A net increase of all fecal biomarkers of innate and acquired immunity was observed for groups A and B compared to group C. Moreover, there was a negative association between fecal biomarkers and the occurrence of CID. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation with cow's milk or rice fermented with L. paracasei CBA L74 prevents CIDs in children attending daycare possibly by means of a stimulation of innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenza Pezzella
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Amoroso
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Cosenza
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cecere
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio De Marco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Micillo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Albano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Nugnes
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Ferri
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarelli
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giaccio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Ylenia Maddalena
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy; CEINGE - Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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64
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MHC variation sculpts individualized microbial communities that control susceptibility to enteric infection. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8642. [PMID: 26494419 PMCID: PMC4621775 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presentation of protein antigens on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules coordinates vertebrate adaptive immune responses, thereby mediating susceptibility to a variety of autoimmune and infectious diseases. The composition of symbiotic microbial communities (the microbiota) is influenced by host immunity and can have a profound impact on host physiology. Here we use an MHC congenic mouse model to test the hypothesis that genetic variation at MHC genes among individuals mediates susceptibility to disease by controlling microbiota composition. We find that MHC genotype significantly influences antibody responses against commensals in the gut, and that these responses are correlated with the establishment of unique microbial communities. Transplantation experiments in germfree mice indicate that MHC-mediated differences in microbiota composition are sufficient to explain susceptibility to enteric infection. Our findings indicate that MHC polymorphisms contribute to defining an individual's unique microbial fingerprint that influences health.
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65
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Runtsch MC, Hu R, Alexander M, Wallace J, Kagele D, Petersen C, Valentine JF, Welker NC, Bronner MP, Chen X, Smith DP, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Round JL, O'Connell RM. MicroRNA-146a constrains multiple parameters of intestinal immunity and increases susceptibility to DSS colitis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:28556-72. [PMID: 26456940 PMCID: PMC4745677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-microbial interactions within the mammalian intestines must be properly regulated in order to promote host health and limit disease. Because the microbiota provide constant immunological signals to intestinal tissues, a variety of regulatory mechanisms have evolved to ensure proper immune responses to maintain homeostasis. However, many of the genes that comprise these regulatory pathways, including immune-modulating microRNAs (miRNAs), have not yet been identified or studied in the context of intestinal homeostasis. Here, we investigated the role of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) in regulating intestinal immunity and barrier function and found that this miRNA is expressed in a variety of gut tissues in adult mice. By comparing intestinal gene expression in WT and miR-146a-/- mice, we demonstrate that miR-146a represses a subset of gut barrier and inflammatory genes all within a network of immune-related signaling pathways. We also found that miR-146a restricts the expansion of intestinal T cell populations, including Th17, Tregs, and Tfh cells. GC B cells, Tfh ICOS expression, and the production of luminal IgA were also reduced by miR-146a in the gut. Consistent with an enhanced intestinal barrier, we found that miR-146a-/- mice are resistant to DSS-induced colitis, a model of Ulcerative Colitis (UC), and this correlated with elevated colonic miR-146a expression in human UC patients. Taken together, our data describe a role for miR-146a in constraining intestinal barrier function, a process that alters gut homeostasis and enhances at least some forms of intestinal disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C. Runtsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ruozhen Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Jared Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dominique Kagele
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Charisse Petersen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John F. Valentine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Noah C. Welker
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary P. Bronner
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xinjian Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel P. Smith
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - June L. Round
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ryan M. O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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66
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Berek C. Eosinophils: important players in humoral immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:57-64. [PMID: 26291602 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils perform numerous tasks. They are involved in inflammatory reactions associated with innate immune defence against parasitic infections and are also involved in pathological processes in response to allergens. Recently, however, it has become clear that eosinophils also play crucial non-inflammatory roles in the generation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Eosinophils, being a major source of the plasma cell survival factor APRIL (activation and proliferation-induced ligand), are essential not only for the long-term survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow, but also for the maintenance of these cells in the lamina propria which underlies the gut epithelium. At steady state under non-inflammatory conditions eosinophils are resident cells of the gastrointestinal tract, although only few are present in the major organized lymphoid tissue of the gut - the Peyer's patches (PP). Surprisingly, however, lack of eosinophils abolishes efficient class-switching of B cells to immunoglobulin (Ig)A in the germinal centres of PP. Thus, eosinophils are required to generate and to maintain mucosal IgA plasma cells, and as a consequence their absence leads to a marked reduction of IgA both in serum and in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). Eosinophils thus have an essential part in long-term humoral immune protection, as they are crucial for the longevity of antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow and, in addition, for gut immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berek
- B cell Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
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67
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Zhang XY, Liu ZM, Zhang HF, Li YS, Wen SH, Shen JT, Liu KX. Decreased PD-1/PD-L1 Expression Is Associated with the Reduction in Mucosal Immunoglobulin A in Mice with Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2662-9. [PMID: 25944714 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) disrupts intestinal mucosal integrity and immunoglobulin A (IgA) generation. It has recently been shown that the programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1) plays a crucial role in regulating intestinal secreted IgA (sIgA). AIMS To evaluate changes in PD-1 and PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on Peyer's patches (PP) CD4(+) T cells and to investigate the correlation between PD-1/PD-L1 and intestinal IgA production/mucosal integrity in mice following intestinal I/R. METHODS I/R injury was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h followed by 2-h reperfusion. PD-1/PD-L1 expression on PP CD4(+) T cells was measured in I/R and sham-operated mice. Additionally, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-21 (IL-21) mRNA in CD4(+) T cells and IgA(+) and IgM(+) in PP B cells, as well as intestinal mucosal injury and sIgA levels, were assessed. RESULTS PD-1/PD-L1, TGF-β1, and IL-21 expression was down-regulated after intestinal I/R. Furthermore, IgA(+) B cells decreased and IgM(+) B cells increased in mice with intestinal I/R. Importantly, decreased PD-1/PD-L1 expression was correlated with increased mucosal injury and decreased IgA levels, as well as with decreased TGF-β1 and IL-21 expression. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal I/R inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 expression on PP CD4(+) T cells, which was associated with an impaired intestinal immune system and mechanical barriers. Our study indicates that PD-1/PD-L1 expression on CD4(+) T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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68
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De Bruyne R, Bogaert D, De Ruyck N, Lambrecht BN, Van Winckel M, Gevaert P, Dullaers M. Calcineurin inhibitors dampen humoral immunity by acting directly on naive B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:542-50. [PMID: 25682989 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), used frequently in solid organ transplant patients, are known to inhibit T cell proliferation, but their effect on humoral immunity is far less studied. Total and naive B cells from healthy adult donors were cultured in immunoglobulin (Ig)A- or IgG/IgE-promoting conditions with increasing doses of cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin or methylprednisolone. The effect on cell number, cell division, plasmablast differentiation and class-switching was tested. To examine the effect on T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation, naive CD4(+) T cells were cultured with interleukin (IL)-12 and titrated immunosuppressive drug (IS) concentrations. Total B cell function was not affected by CNI. However, naive B cell proliferation was inhibited by cyclosporin and both CNI decreased plasmablast differentiation. Both CNI suppressed IgA, whereas only cyclosporin inhibited IgE class-switching. Rapamycin had a strong inhibitory effect on B cell function. Strikingly, methylprednisolone, increased plasmablast differentiation and IgE class-switching from naive B cells. Differentiation of Tfh cells decreased with increasing IS doses. CNI affected humoral immunity directly by suppressing naive B cells. CNI, as well as rapamycin and methylprednisolone, inhibited the in-vitro differentiation of Tfh from naive CD4(+) T cells. In view of its potent suppressive effect on B cell function and Tfh cell differentiation, rapamycin might be an interesting candidate in the management of B cell mediated complications post solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Bruyne
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital
| | - D Bogaert
- Department of Pediatrics, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital.,Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - N De Ruyck
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology
| | - B N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium, Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Van Winckel
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Princess Elisabeth Children's Hospital
| | - P Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology
| | - M Dullaers
- Clinical Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine
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69
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Ruff WE, Vieira SM, Kriegel MA. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015; 17:472. [PMID: 25475595 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-014-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infectious triggers are associated with the induction of transient antiphospholipid antibodies. One therefore wonders if microbes that permanently colonize us play a role in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The microbiota represents the collection of all microorganisms colonizing humans and is necessary for normal host physiology. The microbiota, however, is a constant stress on the immune system, which is tasked with recognizing and eliminating pathogenic microbes while tolerating commensal populations. A growing body of literature supports a critical role for the commensal-immune axis in the development of autoimmunity against colonized barriers (e.g., gut or skin) and sterile organs (e.g., pancreas or joints). Whether these interactions affect the development and sustainment of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells and pathogenic autoantibodies in APS is unknown. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the commensal-immune axis in autoimmunity with a focus on the potential relevance to APS. Additionally, we discuss emerging findings supporting the involvement of the gut microbiota in a spontaneous model of APS, the (NZW × BXSB)F1 hybrid, and formalize hypotheses to explain how interactions between the immune system and the microbiota may influence human APS etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Ruff
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, Suite 353G, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,
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70
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Whelan J, Gowdy KM, Shaikh SR. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate B cell activity in pre-clinical models: Implications for the immune response to infections. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:10-17. [PMID: 26022530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
B cell antigen presentation, cytokine production, and antibody production are targets of pharmacological intervention in inflammatory and infectious diseases. Here we review recent pre-clinical evidence demonstrating that pharmacologically relevant levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from marine fish oils influence key aspects of B cell function through multiple mechanisms. N-3 PUFAs modestly diminish B cell mediated stimulation of classically defined naïve CD4(+) Th1 cells through the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II pathway. This is consistent with existing data showing that n-3 PUFAs suppress the activation of Th1/Th17 cells through direct effects on helper T cells and indirect effects on antigen presenting cells. Mechanistically, n-3 PUFAs lower antigen presentation and T cell signaling by disrupting the formation of lipid microdomains within the immunological synapse. We then review data to show that n-3 PUFAs boost B cell activation and antibody production in the absence and presence of antigen stimulation. This has potential benefits for several clinical populations such as the aged and obese that have poor humoral immunity. The mode of action by which n-3 PUFA boost B cell activation and antibody production remains unclear, but may involve Th2 cytokines, enhanced production of specialized proresolving lipid mediators, and targeting of protein lateral organization in lipid microdomains. Finally, we highlight evidence to show that different n-3 PUFAs are not biologically equivalent, which has implications for the development of future interventions to target B cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
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71
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Palm NW, de Zoete MR, Cullen TW, Barry NA, Stefanowski J, Hao L, Degnan PH, Hu J, Peter I, Zhang W, Ruggiero E, Cho JH, Goodman AL, Flavell RA. Immunoglobulin A coating identifies colitogenic bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell 2015; 158:1000-1010. [PMID: 25171403 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 846] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Specific members of the intestinal microbiota dramatically affect inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. In humans, however, identifying bacteria that preferentially affect disease susceptibility and severity remains a major challenge. Here, we used flow-cytometry-based bacterial cell sorting and 16S sequencing to characterize taxa-specific coating of the intestinal microbiota with immunoglobulin A (IgA-SEQ) and show that high IgA coating uniquely identifies colitogenic intestinal bacteria in a mouse model of microbiota-driven colitis. We then used IgA-SEQ and extensive anaerobic culturing of fecal bacteria from IBD patients to create personalized disease-associated gut microbiota culture collections with predefined levels of IgA coating. Using these collections, we found that intestinal bacteria selected on the basis of high coating with IgA conferred dramatic susceptibility to colitis in germ-free mice. Thus, our studies suggest that IgA coating identifies inflammatory commensals that preferentially drive intestinal disease. Targeted elimination of such bacteria may reduce, reverse, or even prevent disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thomas W Cullen
- Microbial Diversity Institute and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Natasha A Barry
- Microbial Diversity Institute and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jonathan Stefanowski
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Liming Hao
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Patrick H Degnan
- Microbial Diversity Institute and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jianzhong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ruggiero
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Judy H Cho
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrew L Goodman
- Microbial Diversity Institute and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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72
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of CD4(+) T cells that accumulate in the B cell-rich regions of secondary lymphoid organs and provide activation signals essential for long-lived humoral immunity. Herein, we describe a flow cytometric cell-based approach to identify Tfh cells within the total leukocyte population isolated from the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches of mice. This protocol focuses on markers that have established relevance in Tfh cell differentiation and function allowing its use across varied settings of infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Meli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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73
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74
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Mathias A, Pais B, Favre L, Benyacoub J, Corthésy B. Role of secretory IgA in the mucosal sensing of commensal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:688-95. [PMID: 25536286 PMCID: PMC4615909 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.983763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While the gut epithelium represents the largest mucosal tissue, the mechanisms underlying the interaction between intestinal bacteria and the host epithelium lead to multiple outcomes that remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Deciphering such events may provide valuable information as to the mode of action of commensal and probiotic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal environment. Potential roles of such microorganisms along the privileged target represented by the intestinal immune system include maturation processes prior, during and after weaning, and the reduction of inflammatory reactions in pathogenic conditions. As commensal bacteria are naturally coated by natural and antigen-specific SIgA in the gut lumen, understanding the consequences of such an interaction may provide new clues on how the antibody contributes to homeostasis at mucosal surfaces. This review discusses several aspects of the role of SIgA in the essential communication existing between the host epithelium and members of its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Mathias
- R&D Laboratory; Division of Immunology and Allergy; Center des Laboratoires d’Epalinges; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Pais
- R&D Laboratory; Division of Immunology and Allergy; Center des Laboratoires d’Epalinges; Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Favre
- Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jalil Benyacoub
- Nutrition and Health; Nestlé Research Center; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Blaise Corthésy
- R&D Laboratory; Division of Immunology and Allergy; Center des Laboratoires d’Epalinges; Epalinges, Switzerland,Correspondence to: Blaise Corthésy;
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75
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Jacobs JP, Braun J. Immune and genetic gardening of the intestinal microbiome. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4102-11. [PMID: 24613921 PMCID: PMC4156569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system - consisting of adaptive and innate immune cells as well as the epithelium - is profoundly influenced by its microbial environment. There is now growing evidence that the converse is also true, that the immune system shapes the composition of the intestinal microbiome. During conditions of health, this bidirectional interaction achieves a homeostasis in which inappropriate immune responses to non-pathogenic microbes are averted and immune activity suppresses blooms of potentially pathogenic microbes (pathobionts). Genetic alteration in immune/epithelial function can affect host gardening of the intestinal microbiome, contributing to the diversity of intestinal microbiota within a population and in some cases allowing for unfavorable microbial ecologies (dysbiosis) that confer disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Jacobs
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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76
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Brucklacher-Waldert V, Carr EJ, Linterman MA, Veldhoen M. Cellular Plasticity of CD4+ T Cells in the Intestine. Front Immunol 2014; 5:488. [PMID: 25339956 PMCID: PMC4188036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrier sites such as the gastrointestinal tract are in constant contact with the environment, which contains both beneficial and harmful components. The immune system at the epithelia must make the distinction between these components to balance tolerance, protection, and immunopathology. This is achieved via multifaceted immune recognition, highly organized lymphoid structures, and the interaction of many types of immune cells. The adaptive immune response in the gut is orchestrated by CD4+ helper T (Th) cells, which are integral to gut immunity. In recent years, it has become apparent that the functional identity of these Th cells is not as fixed as initially thought. Plasticity in differentiated T cell subsets has now been firmly established, in both health and disease. The gut, in particular, utilizes CD4+ T cell plasticity to mold CD4+ T cell phenotypes to maintain its finely poised balance of tolerance and inflammation and to encourage biodiversity within the enteric microbiome. In this review, we will discuss intestinal helper T cell plasticity and our current understanding of its mechanisms, including our growing knowledge of an evolutionarily ancient symbiosis between microbiota and malleable CD4+ T cell effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward J Carr
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute , Cambridge , UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute , Cambridge , UK
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute , Cambridge , UK
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77
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Abstract
How diversity of the microbiota is generated and maintained is an open question. In this issue of Immunity, Kawamoto et al. show that T follicular regulatory cells foster microbiota diversity via the regulation of IgA selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rescigno
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy.
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78
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Mylvaganam GH, Velu V, Hong JJ, Sadagopal S, Kwa S, Basu R, Lawson B, Villinger F, Amara RR. Diminished viral control during simian immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with aberrant PD-1hi CD4 T cell enrichment in the lymphoid follicles of the rectal mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4527-36. [PMID: 25246494 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) has been shown to regulate CD8 T cell function during chronic SIV infection; however, its role on CD4 T cells, specifically in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, is less well understood. In this study, we show that a subset of CD4 T cells expresses high levels of PD-1 (PD-1(hi)) in the rectal mucosa, a preferential site of virus replication. The majority of these PD-1(hi) CD4 T cells expressed Bcl-6 and CXCR5, markers characteristic of T follicular helper cells in the lymph nodes. Following a pathogenic SIV infection, the frequency of PD-1(hi) cells (as a percentage of CD4 T cells) dramatically increased in the rectal mucosa; however, a significant fraction of them did not express CXCR5. Furthermore, only a small fraction of PD-1(hi) cells expressed CCR5, and despite this low level of viral coreceptor expression, a significant fraction of these cells were productively infected. Interestingly, vaccinated SIV controllers did not present with this aberrant PD-1(hi) CD4 T cell enrichment, and this lack of enrichment was associated with the presence of higher frequencies of SIV-specific granzyme B(+) CD8 T cells within the lymphoid tissue, suggesting a role for antiviral CD8 T cells in limiting aberrant expansion of PD-1(hi) CD4 T cells. These results highlight the importance of developing vaccines that enhance antiviral CD8 T cells at sites of preferential viral replication and support the need for developing therapeutic interventions that limit expansion of SIV(+)PD-1(hi) CD4 T cells at mucosal sites as a means to enhance viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Jung-Joo Hong
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shanmugalakshmi Sadagopal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Suefen Kwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Rahul Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Benton Lawson
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329; and
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79
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Abstract
Eosinophils are found in abundance in the gut. In this issue of Immunity, Chu et al. (2014) report that eosinophil-deficient mice have impaired intestinal immunoglobulin A production, accompanied by a disrupted mucosal layer and alterations in microbiota density and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Global Health Institute, Station 19, Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Sidonia Fagarasan
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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80
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Abstract
In mammals, the gastrointestinal tract is colonized by extremely dense and diverse bacterial communities that are beneficial for health. Maintenance of the complexity and the proper localization and distribution of gut bacteria is of prime importance because when disrupted, the microbial community attacks the host's tissues and causes inflammatory reactions. Our immune system provides the necessary mechanisms to maintain the homeostatic balance between microbial communities and the host. IgA plays crucial roles in regulation of host-bacteria interactions in the gut. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in our body, mostly produced by the IgA plasma cells residing in the lamina propria of the small and large intestine. Although it was well known that IgA provides protection against pathogens, only recently has it become clear that IgA plays critical roles in regulation of bacterial communities in the gut in steady-state conditions. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the various mechanisms of IgA synthesis in multiple anatomical sites and discuss how IgA limits bacterial access to the internal milieu of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Suzuki
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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81
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Cooperativity among secretory IgA, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and the gut microbiota promotes host-microbial mutualism. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:10-21. [PMID: 24877874 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies in the intestinal tract form the first line of antigen-specific immune defense, preventing access of pathogens as well as commensal microbes to the body proper. SIgA is transported into external secretions by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Evidence is reported here that the gut microbiota regulates production of SIgA and pIgR, which act together to regulate the composition and activity of the microbiota. SIgA in the intestinal mucus layer helps to maintain spatial segregation between the microbiota and the epithelial surface without compromising the metabolic activity of the microbes. Products shed by members of the microbial community promote production of SIgA and pIgR by activating pattern recognition receptors on host epithelial and immune cells. Maternal SIgA in breast milk provides protection to newborn mammals until the developing intestinal immune system begins to produce its own SIgA. Disruption of the SIgA-pIgR-microbial triad can increase the risk of infectious, allergic and inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
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82
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Kemgang TS, Kapila S, Shanmugam VP, Kapila R. Cross-talk between probiotic lactobacilli and host immune system. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:303-19. [PMID: 24738909 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which probiotic lactobacilli affect the immune system is strain specific. As the immune system is a multicompartmental system, each strain has its way to interact with it and induce a visible and quantifiable effect. This review summarizes the interplay existing between the host immune system and probiotic lactobacilli, that is, with emphasis on lactobacilli as a prototype probiotic genus. Several aspects including the bacterial-host cross-talk with the mucosal and systemic immune system are presented, as well as short sections on the competing effect towards pathogenic bacteria and their uses as delivery vehicle for antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Kemgang
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India; Department of Food Science/Nutrition, National School of AgroIndustrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Adamaoua, Cameroon
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83
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunomodulation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michelle Linterman
- Babraham Institute, Lymphocyte Signalling and Development ISP, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUK
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