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CX 3C chemokine receptor 1 deficiency modulates microglia morphology but does not affect lesion size and short-term deficits after experimental stroke. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:11. [PMID: 28061814 PMCID: PMC5219711 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fractalkine/CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) pathway has been identified to play an essential role in the chemotaxis of microglia, leukocyte trafficking and microglia/macrophage recruitment. It has also been shown to be important in the regulation of the inflammatory response in the early phase after experimental stroke. The present study was performed to investigate if CX3CR1 deficiency affects microglia during the first 14 days with consequences for tissue damage after experimental stroke. Results CX3CR1 deficiency significantly increased the number of intersections of GFP positive microglia in the proximal peri-infarct area at 2, 7 and 14 days following tMCAO compared to heterozygous and wildtype littermates. In addition, the length of microglial branches increased until day 7 in CX3CR1 knockout mice while the presence of a functional CX3CR1 allele resulted in a gradual reduction of their length following tMCAO. After stroke, wildtype, heterozygous and CX3CR1 deficient mice did not show differences in the composite neuroscore and assessment of infarct volumes from CX3CR1 wildtype, heterozygous and deficient mice revealed no differences between the genotypes 7 and 14 days after stroke. Conclusion Results demonstrate that CX3CR1 deficiency affects the morphology of GFP positive microglia located in the proximal peri-infarct region during the first 14 days after tMCAO. Our data also indicate that CX3CR1 deficiency does not affect definite infarct volumes. Modulation of the CX3CR1 pathway may have implication for microglia function contributing to mechanisms of tissue reorganization in the post-ischemic brain.
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Hay M, Vanderah TW, Samareh-Jahani F, Constantopoulos E, Uprety AR, Barnes CA, Konhilas J. Cognitive impairment in heart failure: A protective role for angiotensin-(1-7). Behav Neurosci 2017; 131:99-114. [PMID: 28054808 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have increased hospital readmission rates and mortality if they are concomitantly diagnosed with cognitive decline and memory loss. Accordingly, we developed a preclinical model of CHF-induced cognitive impairment with the goal of developing novel protective therapies against CHF related cognitive decline. CHF was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery to instigate a myocardial infarction (MI). By 4- and 8-weeks post-MI, CHF mice had approximately a 50% and 70% decline in ejection fraction as measured by echocardiography. At both 4- and 8-weeks post-MI, spatial memory performance in CHF mice as tested using the Morris water task was significantly impaired as compared with sham. In addition, CHF mice had significantly worse performance on object recognition when compared with shams as measured by discrimination ratios during the novel object recognition NOR task. At 8-weeks post-MI, a subgroup of CHF mice were given Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) (50mcg/kg/hr) subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Following 3 weeks treatment with systemic Ang-(1-7), the CHF mice NOR discrimination ratios were similar to shams and significantly better than the performance of CHF mice treated with saline. Ang-(1-7) also improved spatial memory in CHF mice as compared with shams. Ang-(1-7) had no effect on cardiac function. Inflammatory biomarker studies from plasma revealed a pattern of neuroprotection that may underlie the observed improvements in cognition. These results demonstrate a preclinical mouse model of CHF that exhibits both spatial memory and object recognition dysfunction. Furthermore, this CHF-induced cognitive impairment is attenuated by treatment with systemic Ang-(1-7). (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ajay R Uprety
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona
| | - Carol A Barnes
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Arizona
| | - John Konhilas
- Department of Physiology and Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona
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Huang M, Wan Y, Mao L, He QW, Xia YP, Li M, Li YN, Jin HJ, Hu B. Inhibiting the Migration of M1 Microglia at Hyperacute Period Could Improve Outcome of tMCAO Rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 23:222-232. [PMID: 27991729 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study whether inhibiting microglia migration to the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ) at the early phase could improve neurological outcomes after stroke. METHODS The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. AMD3100, a highly selective CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist, was used to inhibit microglia migration. Microglia was evaluated by immunofluorescence in vivo, and their migration was tested by transwell assay in vitro. Expressions of cytokines were detected by real-time PCR. Infarct volume was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Functional recovery of tMCAO rats was evaluated by behavior tests. RESULTS M1 microglia in the IBZ was rapidly increased within 3 days after tMCAO, accompanied with enhanced expression of CXCR4. Chemokine CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) was also increased in the IBZ. And AMD3100 could obviously decline M1 microglia migration induced by CXCL12 and secretion of related inflammatory cytokines in the IBZ after stroke. This was accompanied by significant attenuated infarct volume and improved neurological outcomes. CONCLUSION This study confirms the protective efficacy of inhibiting microglia migration at the hyperacute phase as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke in tMCAO model of rats, and its therapeutic time window could last for 24 h after cerebral ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121967. [PMID: 27898011 PMCID: PMC5187767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inflammatory processes are able to concomitantly induce both beneficial and detrimental effects. In this narrative review, we updated evidence on the inflammatory pathways and mediators that are investigated as promising therapeutic targets. We searched for papers on PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 2016. The terms searched alone or in combination were: ischemic stroke, inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia reperfusion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity. Inflammation in AIS is characterized by a storm of cytokines, chemokines, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) released by several cells contributing to exacerbate the tissue injury both in the acute and reparative phases. Interestingly, many biomarkers have been studied, but none of these reflected the complexity of systemic immune response. Reperfusion therapies showed a good efficacy in the recovery after an AIS. New therapies appear promising both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but still need more detailed studies to be translated in the ordinary clinical practice. In spite of clinical progresses, no beneficial long-term interventions targeting inflammation are currently available. Our knowledge about cells, biomarkers, and inflammatory markers is growing and is hoped to better evaluate the impact of new treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and cell-based therapies.
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Wu KJ, Yu SJ, Shia KS, Wu CH, Song JS, Kuan HH, Yeh KC, Chen CT, Bae E, Wang Y. A Novel CXCR4 Antagonist CX549 Induces Neuroprotection in Stroke Brain. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:571-583. [PMID: 27938478 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a receptor for a pleiotropic chemokine CXCL12. Previous studies have shown that the acute administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reduced neuroinflammation in stroke brain and mobilized bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The purpose of this study was to characterize the neuroprotective and neurotrophic effect of a novel CXCR4 antagonist CX549. We demonstrated that CX549 had a higher affinity for CXCR4 and was more potent than AMD3100 to inhibit CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis in culture. CX549 effectively reduced the activation of microglia and improved neuronal survival after injury in neuron/microglia cocultures. Early poststroke treatment with CX549 significantly improved behavioral function, reduced brain infarction, and suppressed the expression of inflammatory markers. Compared to AMD3100, CX549 has a higher affinity for CXCR4, is more efficient to mobilize HSCs for transplantation, and induces behavioral improvement. Our data support that CX549 is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, is neuroprotective against ischemic brain injury, and may have clinical implications for the treatment of stroke.
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Zhao S, Qu H, Zhao Y, Xiao T, Zhao M, Li Y, Jolkkonen J, Cao Y, Zhao C. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reverses the neurogenesis and behavioral recovery promoted by forced limb-use in stroke rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:809-21. [PMID: 26444377 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forced limb-use can enhance neurogenesis and behavioral recovery as well as increasing the level of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in stroke rats. We examined whether the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway is involved in the enhanced neurogenesis and promoted behavioral recovery induced by forced limb-use in the chronic phase of stroke. METHODS The CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, was used to block the SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway in the ischemic rats. Brain ischemia was induced by endothelin-1. One week after ischemia, the unimpaired forelimb of rats was immobilized for 3 weeks. The proliferation, migration, and survival of DCX-positive cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), and the dendritic complexity of DCX-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), as well as the inflammatory response in the infarcted striatum were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Functional recovery was assessed in beam-walking and water maze tests. RESULTS Forced limb-use enhanced the proliferation, migration, dendritic complexity and the survival of newborn neurons. Furthermore, forced limb-use suppressed the inflammatory response and improved both motor and cognitive functions after stroke. AMD3100 significantly abrogated the enhanced neurogenesis and behavioral recovery induced by forced limb-use without influencing the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway seems to be involved in the enhancement of neurogenesis and behavioral recovery induced by post-stroke forced limb-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huiling Qu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Gervois P, Wolfs E, Ratajczak J, Dillen Y, Vangansewinkel T, Hilkens P, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Struys T. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Ischemic Stroke: Preclinical Results and the Potential of Imaging-Assisted Evaluation of Donor Cell Fate and Mechanisms of Brain Regeneration. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:1080-1126. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gervois
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Yörg Dillen
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Morphology Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University; Campus Diepenbeek; Bioville Diepenbeek Belgium
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Zhu C, Yao WL, Tan W, Zhang CH. SDF-1 and CXCR4 play an important role in adult SVZ lineage cell proliferation and differentiation. Brain Res 2016; 1657:223-231. [PMID: 27288704 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) plays an important role in maintaining adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs). SDF-1 is also known to enhance recovery by recruiting NPCs to damaged regions and recent studies have revealed that SDF-1α exhibits pleiotropism, thereby differentially affecting NPC subpopulations. In this study, we investigated the role of SDF-1 in in vitro NPC self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation, following treatment with different concentrations of SDF-1 or a CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100. We observed that AMD3100 inhibited the formation of primary neurospheres. However, SDF-1 and AMD3100 exhibited no effect on proliferation upon inclusion of growth factors in the media. Following growth factor withdrawal, AMD3100 and SDF-1 treatment resulted in differential effects on NPC proliferation. SDF-1, at a concentration of 500ng/ml, resulted in an increase in the relative proportion of oligodendrocytes following growth factor withdrawal-induced differentiation. Using CXCR4 knockout mice, we observed that SDF-1 affected NPC proliferation in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ). We also investigated the occurrence of differential CXCR4 expression at different stages during lineage progression. These results clearly indicate that signaling interactions between SDF-1 and CXCR4 play an important role in adult SVZ lineage cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Wen-Long Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chuan-Han Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Craig AJ, Housley GD. Evaluation of Gene Therapy as an Intervention Strategy to Treat Brain Injury from Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:34. [PMID: 27252622 PMCID: PMC4877374 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, with a lack of treatments available to prevent cell death, regenerate damaged cells and pathways, or promote neurogenesis. The extended period of hours to weeks over which tissue damage continues to occur makes this disorder a candidate for gene therapy. This review highlights the development of gene therapy in the area of stroke, with the evolution of viral administration, in experimental stroke models, from pre-injury to clinically relevant timeframes of hours to days post-stroke. The putative therapeutic proteins being examined include anti-apoptotic, pro-survival, anti-inflammatory, and guidance proteins, targeting multiple pathways within the complex pathology, with promising results. The balance of findings from animal models suggests that gene therapy provides a viable translational platform for treatment of ischemic brain injury arising from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Craig
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Nguyen H, Aum D, Mashkouri S, Rao G, Vega Gonzales-Portillo JD, Reyes S, Borlongan CV. Growth factor therapy sequesters inflammation in affording neuroprotection in cerebrovascular diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:915-26. [PMID: 27152762 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1184086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the key role of inflammation in the progression of cerebrovascular diseases. Inflammation can persist over prolonged period of time after the initial insult providing a wider therapeutic window. Despite the acute endogenous upregulation of many growth factors after the injury, it is not sufficient to protect against inflammation and to regenerate the brain. Therapeutic approaches targeting both dampening inflammation and enhancing growth factors are likely to provide beneficial outcomes in cerebrovascular disease. AREAS COVERED In this mini review, we discuss major growth factors and their beneficial properties to combat the inflammation in cerebrovascular diseases. Emerging biotechnologies which facilitate the therapeutic effects of growth factors are also presented in an effort to provide insights into the future combination therapies incorporating both central and peripheral abrogation of inflammation. Expert commentary: Many studies discussed in this review have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of growth factors in treating cerebrovascular diseases. It is unlikely that one growth factor can be used to treat these complex diseases. Combination of growth factors and anti-inflammatory modulators may clinically improve outcomes for patients. In particular, transplantation of stem cells may be able to achieve both goals of modulating inflammation and upregulating growth factors. Large preclinical studies and multiple laboratory collaborations are needed to advance these findings from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - David Aum
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Sherwin Mashkouri
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Gautam Rao
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | | | - Stephanny Reyes
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- a Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa , FL , USA
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Elevated Serum Levels of CXC Chemokine Ligand-12 Are Associated with Unfavorable Functional Outcome and Mortality at 6-Month Follow-up in Chinese Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:895-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Shim R, Wong CHY. Ischemia, Immunosuppression and Infection--Tackling the Predicaments of Post-Stroke Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010064. [PMID: 26742037 PMCID: PMC4730309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of stroke has risen over the past decade and will continue to be one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. While a large portion of immediate death following stroke is due to cerebral infarction and neurological complications, the most common medical complication in stroke patients is infection. In fact, infections, such as pneumonia and urinary tract infections, greatly worsen the clinical outcome of stroke patients. Recent evidence suggests that the disrupted interplay between the central nervous system and immune system contributes to the development of infection after stroke. The suppression of systemic immunity by the nervous system is thought to protect the brain from further inflammatory insult, yet this comes at the cost of increased susceptibility to infection after stroke. To improve patient outcome, there have been attempts to lessen the stroke-associated bacterial burden through the prophylactic use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, preventative antibiotic treatments have been unsuccessful, and therefore have been discouraged. Additionally, with the ever-rising obstacle of antibiotic-resistance, future therapeutic options to reverse immune impairment after stroke by augmentation of host immunity may be a viable alternative option. However, cautionary steps are required to ensure that collateral ischemic damage caused by cerebral inflammation remains minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Shim
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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Itoh K, Maki T, Lok J, Arai K. Mechanisms of cell-cell interaction in oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:135-49. [PMID: 25960351 PMCID: PMC4569526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a clinically important aspect of several central nervous system diseases, including stroke. Cerebral white matter primarily consists of axonal bundles ensheathed with myelin secreted by mature oligodendrocytes, which play an important role in neurotransmission between different areas of gray matter. During the acute phase of stroke, damage to oligodendrocytes leads to white matter dysfunction through the loss of myelin. On the contrary, during the chronic phase, white matter components promote an environment, which is favorable for neural repair, vascular remodeling, and remyelination. For effective remyelination to take place, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play critical roles by proliferating and differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes, which help to decrease the burden of axonal injury. Notably, other types of cells contribute to these OPC responses under the ischemic conditions. This mini-review summarizes the non-cell autonomous mechanisms in oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after white matter damage, focusing on how OPCs receive support from their neighboring cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Itoh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Microarray Profiling and Co-Expression Network Analysis of LncRNAs and mRNAs in Neonatal Rats Following Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Damage. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13850. [PMID: 26349411 PMCID: PMC4563552 DOI: 10.1038/srep13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in cellular homeostasis. However, little is known about their effect in developing rat brains with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). To explore the expression and function of lncRNA in HIBD, we analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNAs in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brains and sham control using microarray analysis. The results showed a remarkable difference in lncRNA between HI and sham brains. A total of 322 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in HI brains, compared to sham control. Among these, BC088414 was one of the most significantly urpregulated lncRNAs. In addition, 375 coding genes were differentially expressed between HI brains and sham control. Pathway and gene ontology analysis indicated that the upregulated coding genes mostly involved in wounding, inflammation and defense, whereas the downregulated transcripts were largely associated with neurogenesis and repair. Moreover, coding non-coding co-expression network analysis showed that the BC088414 lncRNA expression was correlated with apoptosis-related genes, including Casp6 and Adrb2. Silencing of lncRNA BC088414 in PC12 cells caused reduced mRNA level of Casp6 and Adrb2, decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. These results suggested lncRNA might participate in the pathogenesis of HIBD via regulating coding genes.
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Li Y, Tang G, Liu Y, He X, Huang J, Lin X, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Wang Y. CXCL12 Gene Therapy Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced White Matter Injury in Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1122-30. [PMID: 26253714 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Remyelination is an important repair process after ischemic stroke-induced white matter injury. It often fails because of the insufficient recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the demyelinated site or the inefficient differentiation of OPCs to oligodendrocytes. We investigated whether CXCL12 gene therapy promoted remyelination after middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice. The results showed that CXCL12 gene therapy at 1 week after ischemia could protect myelin sheath integrity in the perifocal region, increase the number of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα)-positive and PDGFRα/bromodeoxyuridine-double positive OPCs in the subventricular zone, and further enhance their migration to the ischemic lesion area. Coadministration of AMD3100, the antagonist for CXCL12 receptor CXCR4, eliminated the beneficial effect of CXCL12 on myelin sheath integrity and negatively influenced OPC proliferation and migration. At 5 weeks after ischemia, CXCR4 was found on the PDGFRα- and/or neuron/glia type 2 (NG2)-positive OPCs but not on the myelin basic protein-positive mature myelin sheaths, and CXCR7 was only expressed on the mature myelin sheath in the ischemic mouse brain. Our data indicated that CXCL12 gene therapy effectively protected white matter and promoted its repair after ischemic injury. The treatment at 1 week after ischemia is effective, suggesting that this strategy has a longer therapeutic time window than the treatments currently available. SIGNIFICANCE This study has demonstrated for the first time that CXCL12 gene therapy significantly ameliorates brain ischemia-induced white matter injury and promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation in the subventricular zone and migration to the perifocal area in the ischemic mouse brain. Additional data showed that CXCR4 receptor plays an important role during the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and CXCR7 might play a role during maturation. In contrast to many experimental studies that provide treatment before ischemic insult, CXCL12 gene therapy was performed 1 week after brain ischemia, which significantly prolonged the therapeutic time window of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Le Thuc O, Blondeau N, Nahon JL, Rovère C. The complex contribution of chemokines to neuroinflammation: switching from beneficial to detrimental effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1351:127-40. [PMID: 26251227 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate mechanism that defends organisms against harmful stimuli. Inflammation leads to the production and secretion of proinflammatory mediators that activate and recruit immune cells to damaged tissues, including the brain, to resolve the cause of inflammation. In the central nervous system, inflammation is referred to as neuroinflammation, which occurs in various pathological conditions of the brain. The primary role of neuroinflammation is to protect the brain. However, prolonged and/or inappropriate inflammation can be harmful for the brain, from individual cells to the whole tissue. This review focuses on a particular type of inflammatory mediator, chemokines, and describes their complex effects both under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the brain. The clinical relevance of the multiple characters of chemokines is highlighted with respect to acute and chronic inflammation of the brain, including their actions in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
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68
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Wu TY, Liu L, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu YZ, Shen XL, Gong H, Yang YY, Bi XY, Jiang CL, Wang YX. High-mobility group box-1 was released actively and involved in LPS induced depressive-like behavior. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 64:99-106. [PMID: 25795092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression disorder is a common mental illness, of which the pathogenesis is not well understood. Studies suggest that immunity imbalance and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be associated with the pathogenesis of depression. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has gained much attention as an important player in innate immune responses and an modulating factor in several inflammatory diseases. Here we sought to explore the role of HMGB1 in the development of depression. Depression model was established with low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Depressive behavior was reflected with increased immobility time in tail suspension test. Accompanying with depressive-like behavior, translocation of HMGB1 from nuclei to cytoplasm was observed by immunofluorescence assays. Meanwhile, no significant necrosis was observed evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. These data indicated that HMGB1 was released actively in the central nervous system. In addition, treating the mice with human recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) could induce the development of depressive-like behavior. Blockage of HMGB1 with GZA abrogated the depressive-like behavior induced by LPS or rHMGB1. These results implicated that HMGB1 was involved in LPS-induced depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Yun Wu
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yun-Zi Liu
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Liang Shen
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Hong Gong
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Ying Bi
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Lab of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Wester HJ, Keller U, Schottelius M, Beer A, Philipp-Abbrederis K, Hoffmann F, Šimeček J, Gerngross C, Lassmann M, Herrmann K, Pellegata N, Rudelius M, Kessler H, Schwaiger M. Disclosing the CXCR4 expression in lymphoproliferative diseases by targeted molecular imaging. Theranostics 2015; 5:618-30. [PMID: 25825601 PMCID: PMC4377730 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions play a pivotal role in cell attraction and cellular trafficking, both in normal tissue homeostasis and in disease. In cancer, chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) expression is an adverse prognostic factor. Early clinical studies suggest that targeting CXCR4 with suitable high-affinity antagonists might be a novel means for therapy. In addition to the preclinical evaluation of [(68)Ga]Pentixafor in mice bearing human lymphoma xenografts as an exemplary CXCR4-expressing tumor entity, we report on the first clinical applications of [(68)Ga]Pentixafor-Positron Emission Tomography as a powerful method for CXCR4 imaging in cancer patients. [(68)Ga]Pentixafor binds with high affinity and selectivity to human CXCR4 and exhibits a favorable dosimetry. [(68)Ga]Pentixafor-PET provides images with excellent specificity and contrast. This non-invasive imaging technology for quantitative assessment of CXCR4 expression allows to further elucidate the role of CXCR4/CXCL12 ligand interaction in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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In vivo analysis of neuroinflammation in the late chronic phase after experimental stroke. Neuroscience 2015; 292:71-80. [PMID: 25701708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In vivo imaging of inflammatory processes is a valuable tool in stroke research. We here investigated the combination of two imaging modalities in the chronic phase after cerebral ischemia: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using intravenously applied ultra small supraparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIO), and positron emission tomography (PET) with the tracer [(11)C]PK11195. METHODS Rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) by the macrosphere model and monitored by MRI and PET for 28 or 56 days, followed by immunohistochemical endpoint analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing USPIO-MRI data in the chronic phase up to 8 weeks after stroke. RESULTS Phagocytes with internalized USPIOs induced MRI-T2(∗) signal alterations in the brain. Combined analysis with [(11)C]PK11195-PET allowed quantification of phagocytic activity and other neuroinflammatory processes. From 4 weeks after induction of ischemia, inflammation was dominated by phagocytes. Immunohistochemistry revealed colocalization of Iba1+ microglia with [(11)C]PK11195 and ED1/CD68 with USPIOs. USPIO-related iron was distinguished from alternatively deposited iron by assessing MRI before and after USPIO application. Tissue affected by non-phagocytic inflammation during the first week mostly remained in a viably vital but remodeled state after 4 or 8 weeks, while phagocytic activity was associated with severe injury and necrosis accordingly. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the combined approach of USPIO-MRI and [(11)C]PK11195-PET allows to observe post-stroke inflammatory processes in the living animal in an intraindividual and longitudinal fashion, predicting long-term tissue fate. The non-invasive imaging methods do not affect the immune system and have been applied to human subjects before. Translation into clinical applications is therefore feasible.
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Walter HL, van der Maten G, Antunes AR, Wieloch T, Ruscher K. Treatment with AMD3100 attenuates the microglial response and improves outcome after experimental stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:24. [PMID: 25881123 PMCID: PMC4329193 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery of lost neurological function after stroke is limited and dependent on multiple mechanisms including inflammatory processes. Selective pharmacological modulation of inflammation might be a promising approach to improve stroke outcome. Methods We used 1,1′-[1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis[1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane] (AMD3100), an antagonist to the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and potential allosteric agonist to CXCR7, administered to mice twice daily from day 2 after induction of photothrombosis (PT). In addition to functional outcome, the dynamics of post-stroke microglia response were monitored in vivo by 2-photon-laser-microscopy in heterozygous transgenic CX3CR1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice (CX3CR1GFP/+) and complemented with analyses for fractalkine (FKN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results We found a significantly enhanced recovery and modified microglia activation without affecting infarct size in mice treated with AMD3100 after PT. AMD3100 treatment significantly reduced the number of microglia in the peri-infarct area accompanied by stabilization of soma size and ramified cell morphology. Within the ischemic infarct core of AMD3100 treated wild-type mice we obtained significantly reduced levels of the endogenous CX3CR1 ligand FKN and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Interestingly, in CX3CR1-deficient mice (homozygous transgenic CX3CR1-GFP mice) subjected to PT, the levels of FKN were significantly lower compared to their wild-type littermates. Moreover, AMD3100 treatment did not induce any relevant changes of cytokine levels in CX3CR1 deficient mice. Conclusion After AMD3100 treatment, attenuation of microglia activation contributes to enhanced recovery of lost neurological function in experimental stroke possibly due to a depression of FKN levels in the brain. We further hypothesize that this mechanism is dependent on a functional receptor CX3CR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene L Walter
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gerlinde van der Maten
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ana Rita Antunes
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden.
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Kwon HS, Kim YS, Park HH, Choi H, Lee KY, Lee YJ, Heo SH, Chang DI, Koh SH. Increased VEGF and decreased SDF-1α in patients with silent brain infarction are associated with better prognosis after first-ever acute lacunar stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:704-10. [PMID: 25601176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-existing silent brain infarctions (SBIs) have been reported to be associated with better outcomes after first-ever symptomatic ischemic stroke, although the mechanism of this remains unclear. We investigated the association between SBIs, outcomes of acute lacunar infarction, and biomarkers including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). METHODS A total of 68 consecutive patients diagnosed with first-ever lacunar infarction (<20 mm) within 24 hours of symptom onset were included in this study. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were obtained. Plasma levels of VEGF, SDF-1α, MIF, and HMGB1 were assessed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kits. RESULTS SBIs were noted in 31 of the 68 patients. Although the initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores were not related with the presence of SBIs (P = .313), patients with SBIs had better outcomes at 3 months (P = .029). Additionally, plasma VEGF levels were higher (P = .035) and SDF-1α levels were lower (P < .001) in patients with SBIs. Logistic regression analysis indicated that VEGF and SDF-1α were independently associated with the presence of SBIs. CONCLUSIONS SBIs are associated with favorable outcomes in patients with first-ever acute lacunar infarction and higher levels of VEGF, and lower levels of SDF-1α in these patients may contribute to their more favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Jackson EK, Mi Z, Tofovic SP, Gillespie DG. Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition on arterial blood pressure is context dependent. Hypertension 2015; 65:238-49. [PMID: 25368027 PMCID: PMC4268428 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Because the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors on blood pressure are controversial, we examined the long-term effects of sitagliptin (80 mg/kg per day) on blood pressure (radiotelemetry) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto rats, and Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley rats (metabolic syndrome model). In SHR, chronic (3 weeks) sitagliptin significantly increased systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures by 10.3, 9.2, and 7.9 mm Hg, respectively, a response abolished by coadministration of BIBP3226 (2 mg/kg per day; selective Y1-receptor antagonist). Sitagliptin also significantly increased blood pressure in SHR treated with hydralazine (vasodilator; 25 mg/kg per day) or enalapril (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; 10 mg/kg per day). In Wistar-Kyoto rats, chronic sitagliptin slightly decreased systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures (-1.8, -1.1, and -0.4 mm Hg, respectively). In Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley rats, chronic sitagliptin decreased systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures by -7.7, -5.8, and -4.3 mm Hg, respectively, and did not alter the antihypertensive effects of chronic enalapril. Because DPP4 inhibitors impair the metabolism of neuropeptide Y1-36 (NPY1-36; Y1-receptor agonist) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1(7-36)NH2 (GLP-1 receptor agonist), we examined renovascular responses to NPY1-36 and GLP-1(7-36)NH2 in isolated perfused SHR and Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley kidneys pretreated with norepinephrine (to induce basal tone). In Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley kidneys, NPY1-36 and GLP-1(7-36)NH2 exerted little, if any, effect on renovascular tone. In contrast, in SHR kidneys, both NPY1-36 and GLP-1(7-36)NH2 elicited potent and efficacious vasoconstriction. IN CONCLUSION (1) The effects of DPP4 inhibitors on blood pressure are context dependent; (2) The context-dependent effects of DPP4 inhibitors are due in part to differential renovascular responses to DPP4’s most important substrates (NPY1–36 and GLP-1(7–36)NH2) [corrected]; (3) Y1 receptor antagonists may prevent the prohypertensive and possibly augment the antihypertensive effects of DPP4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K Jackson
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA.
| | - Zaichuan Mi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA
| | - Stevan P Tofovic
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA
| | - Delbert G Gillespie
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, PA
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Abstract
The ability to accurately and easily locate sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) with noninvasive imaging methods would assist in tumor staging and patient management. For this purpose, we developed a lymphatic imaging agent by mixing fluorine-18 aluminum fluoride-labeled NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N,N',N''-triacetic acid)-conjugated truncated Evans blue ((18)F-AlF-NEB) and Evans blue (EB) dye. After local injection, both (18)F-AlF-NEB and EB form complexes with endogenous albumin in the interstitial fluid and allow for visualizing the lymphatic system. Positron emission tomography (PET) and/or optical imaging of LNs was performed in three different animal models including a hind limb inflammation model, an orthotropic breast cancer model, and a metastatic breast cancer model. In all three models, the LNs can be distinguished clearly by the apparent blue color and strong fluorescence signal from EB as well as a high-intensity PET signal from (18)F-AlF-NEB. The lymphatic vessels between the LNs can also be optically visualized. The easy preparation, excellent PET and optical imaging quality, and biosafety suggest that this combination of (18)F-AlF-NEB and EB has great potential for clinical application to map sentinel LNs and provide intraoperative guidance.
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Liu ZJ, Chen C, Li FW, Shen JM, Yang YY, Leak RK, Ji XM, Du HS, Hu XM. Splenic responses in ischemic stroke: new insights into stroke pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:320-6. [PMID: 25475834 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischemic brain damage has gained considerable attention in stroke research. As the largest natural reservoir of immune cells, the spleen establishes critical connections with the ischemic brain during the progression of stroke and mobilizes its cells to the site of injury. Multiple "alarm" signals released from the injured brain are essential for the initiation of brain-spleen communication. Spleen-derived cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, are known to contribute significantly to ischemic brain damage. Understanding the dynamic splenic responses to stroke will not only provide insights into the evolvement of ischemic brain injury but will also identify potential targets for stroke treatment. Here, we review recent studies on the functions of the spleen in ischemic stroke. We have included a discussion of several therapeutic strategies that target splenic responses and reduce acute ischemic brain damage in preclinical studies. Future investigations on the effects of the spleen on long-term stroke recovery are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Jian Liu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Rissiek B, Koch-Nolte F, Magnus T. Nanobodies as modulators of inflammation: potential applications for acute brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:344. [PMID: 25374510 PMCID: PMC4204521 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies are single domain antibodies derived from llama heavy-chain only antibodies (HCAbs). They represent a new generation of biologicals with unique properties: nanobodies show excellent tissue distribution, high temperature and pH stability, are easy to produce recombinantly and can readily be converted into different formats such as Fc-fusion proteins or hetero-dimers. Moreover, nanobodies have the unique ability to bind molecular clefts, such as the active site of enzymes, thereby interfering with the function of the target protein. Over the last decade, numerous nanobodies have been developed against proteins involved in inflammation with the aim to modulate their immune functions. Here, we give an overview about recently developed nanobodies that target immunological pathways linked to neuroinflammation. Furthermore, we highlight strategies to modify nanobodies so that they can overcome the blood brain barrier and serve as highly specific therapeutics for acute inflammatory brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany
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Wang Y, Yue X, Kiesewetter DO, Wang Z, Lu J, Niu G, Teng G, Chen X. [(18)F]DPA-714 PET imaging of AMD3100 treatment in a mouse model of stroke. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3463-70. [PMID: 25157648 PMCID: PMC4186675 DOI: 10.1021/mp500234d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Chemokine
receptor 4 and stromal-cell-derived factor 1 have been
found to be related to the initiation of neuroinflammation in ischemic
brain. Herein, we aimed to monitor the changes of neuorinflammation
after AMD3100 treatment using a translocator protein (TSPO) specific
PET tracer in a mouse model of stroke. The transient MCAO model was
established with Balb/C mice. The success of the model was confirmed
by magnetic resonance imaging and FDG PET. The treatment started the
same day after surgery via daily intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg
of AMD3100/kg for three consecutive days. [18F]DPA-714
was used as the TSPO imaging tracer. In vivo PET
was performed at different time points after surgery in both control
and treated mice. Ex vivo histological and immunofluorescence
staining of brain slices was performed to confirm the lesion site
and inflammatory cell activation. The TSPO level was also evaluated
using Western blotting. Longitudinal PET scans revealed that the level
of [18F]DPA-714 uptake was significantly increased in the
ischemic brain area with a peak accumulation at around day 10 after
surgery, and the level of uptake remained high until day 16. The in vivo PET data were consistent with those from ex vivo immunofluorescence staining. After AMD3100 treatment,
the signal intensity was significantly decreased compared with that
of normal saline-treated control group. In conclusion, TSPO-targeted
PET imaging using [18F]DPA-714 can be used to monitor inflammatory
response after stroke and provide a useful method for evaluating the
efficacy of anti-inflammation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University , Nanjing 210009, China
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78
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Kuric E, Ruscher K. Dynamics of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells in the postischemic brain--influence of levodopa treatment. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:145. [PMID: 25178113 PMCID: PMC4149192 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia activates both the innate and the adaptive immune response, the latter being activated within days after the stroke onset and triggered by the recognition of foreign antigens. Methods In this study we have investigated the phenotype of antigen presenting cells and the levels of associated major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules in the postischemic brain after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) followed by levodopa/benserazide treatment. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to tMCAO for 105 minutes and received levodopa (20 mg/kg)/benserazide (15 mg/kg) for 5 days starting on day 2 after tMCAO. Thereafter, immune cells were isolated from the ischemic and contralateral hemisphere and analyzed by flow cytometry. Complementarily, the spatiotemporal profile of MHC II-positive (MHC II+) cells was studied in the ischemic brain during the first 30 days after tMCAO; protein levels of MHC II and the levels of inflammation associated cytokines were determined in the ischemic hemisphere. Results We found that microglia/macrophages represent the main MHC II expressing cell in the postischemic brain one week after tMCAO. No differences in absolute cell numbers were found between levodopa/benserazide and vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, MHC II protein levels were significant downregulated in the ischemic infarct core by levodopa/benserazide treatment. This reduction was accompanied by reduced levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4 in the ischemic hemisphere. In the contralateral hemisphere, we exclusively detected MHC II+ cells in the corpus callosum. Interestingly, the number of cells was increased by treatment with levodopa/benserazide independent from the infarct size 14 days after tMCAO. Conclusions Results suggest that dopamine signaling is involved in the adaptive immune response after stroke and involves microglia/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enida Kuric
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Lund, S-22184, Sweden.
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79
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Li Y, Huang J, He X, Tang G, Tang YH, Liu Y, Lin X, Lu Y, Yang GY, Wang Y. Postacute Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1α Expression Promotes Neurovascular Recovery in Ischemic Mice. Stroke 2014; 45:1822-9. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.005078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Hui Tang
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Lu
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- From the Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering (Y.L., J.H., X.H., G.T., Y.-H.T., X.L., Y. Lu, G.-Y.Y., Y.W.) and Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine (Y. Liu, G.-Y.Y.), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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80
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Hsu WT, Jui HY, Huang YH, Su MYM, Wu YW, Tseng WYI, Hsu MC, Chiang BL, Wu KK, Lee CM. CXCR4 Antagonist TG-0054 Mobilizes Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Attenuates Inflammation, and Preserves Cardiac Systolic Function in a Porcine Model of Myocardial Infarction. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1313-28. [PMID: 24823505 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 and the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) governs the sequestration and mobilization of bone marrow stem cells. We investigated the therapeutic potential of TG-0054, a novel CXCR4 antagonist, in attenuating cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI). In miniature pigs (minipigs), TG-0054 mobilized CD34(+)CXCR4(+), CD133(+)CXCR4(+), and CD271(+)CXCR4(+) cells into peripheral circulation. After isolation and expansion, TG-0054-mobilized CD271(+) cells were proved to be mesenchymal stem cells (designated CD271-MSCs) since they had trilineage differentiation potential, surface markers of MSCs, and immunosuppressive effects on allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. MI was induced in 22 minipigs using balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by intravenous injections of 2.85 mg/kg of TG-0054 or saline at 3 days and 7 days post-MI. Serial MRI analyses revealed that TG-0054 treatment prevented left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at 12 weeks after MI (change of LV ejection fraction from baseline, -1.0 ± 6.2% in the TG-0054 group versus -7.9 ± 5.8% in the controls). The preserved cardiac function was accompanied by a significant decrease in the myocardial expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 at 7 days post-MI. Moreover, the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were persistently suppressed by the TG-0054 treatment. Infusion of TG-0054-mobilized CD271-MSCs reduced both myocardial and plasma cytokine levels in a pattern, which is temporally correlated with TG-0054 treatment. This study demonstrated that TG-0054 improves the impaired LV contractility following MI, at least in part, by mobilizing MSCs to attenuate the postinfarction inflammation. This insight may facilitate exploring novel stem cell-based therapy for treating post-MI heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Tseng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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81
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Kuric E, Ruscher K. Reduction of rat brain CD8+ T-cells by levodopa/benserazide treatment after experimental stroke. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2463-70. [PMID: 24754803 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The activation of inflammatory cascades in the ischemic hemisphere impairs mechanisms of tissue reorganization with consequences for recovery of lost neurological function. Recruitment of T-cell populations to the post-ischemic brain occurs and represents a significant part of the inflammatory response. This study was conducted to investigate if treatment with levodopa, potentially acting as an immunomodulator, affects the T-cell accumulation in the post-ischemic brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) for 105 min followed by levodopa/benserazide treatment (20 mg/kg/15 mg/kg) for 5 days initiated on day 2 post-stroke. One week after tMCAO, T-cell populations were analysed from brains, and levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1, IL-4, IL-5, interferon gamma and IL-13 were analysed. After levodopa/benserazide treatment, we found a significant reduction of cytotoxic T-cells (CD3+ CD8+ ) in the ischemic hemisphere together with reduced levels of T-cell-associated cytokine IL-5, while other T-cell populations (CD3+, CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ CD4+ CD25+) were unchanged compared with vehicle-treated rats. Moreover, a reduced number of cells was associated with reduced levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, expressed in endothelial cells, in the infarct core of levodopa/benserazide-treated animals. Together, we provide the first evidence that dopamine can act as a potential immunomodulator by attenuating inflammation in the post-ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enida Kuric
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184, Lund, Sweden
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82
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Reversal of stroke induced lymphocytopenia by levodopa/benserazide treatment. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 269:94-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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83
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Quattromani MJ, Cordeau P, Ruscher K, Kriz J, Wieloch T. Enriched housing down-regulates the Toll-like receptor 2 response in the mouse brain after experimental stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 66:66-73. [PMID: 24613658 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-ischemic inflammation plays an important role in the evolution of brain injury, recovery and repair after stroke. Housing rodents in an enriched environment provides multisensory stimulation to the brain and enhances functional recovery after experimental stroke, also depressing the release of cytokines and chemokines in the peri-infarct. In order to identify targets for late stroke treatment, we studied the dynamics of inflammation and the contribution of resident Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressing microglia cells. We took advantage of the biophotonic/bioluminescent imaging technique using the reporter mouse-expressing luciferase and GFP reporter genes under transcriptional control of the murine TLR2 promoter (TLR2-luc/GFP mice) for non-invasive in vivo analysis of TLR2 activation/response in photothrombotic stroke after differential housing. Real-time imaging at 1day after stroke, revealed up-regulation of TLR2 in response to photothrombotic stroke that subsequently declined over time of recovery (14days). The inflammatory response was persistently down-regulated within days of enriched housing, enhancing recovery of lost sensori-motor function in TLR2-luc mice without affecting infarct size. The number of YM1-expressing microglia in the peri-infarct and areas remote from the infarct was also markedly attenuated. Using a live imaging approach, we demonstrate that multisensory stimulation rapidly, persistently and generally attenuates brain inflammation after experimental stroke, reducing the TLR2 response and leading to improved neurological outcome. TLR2-expressing microglia cells may provide targets for new stroke therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Jlenia Quattromani
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Le Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, 2601, de la Canardière, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Le Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, 2601, de la Canardière, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurosurgery, Lund University, BMC A13, 22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Madinier A, Wieloch T, Olsson R, Ruscher K. Impact of estrogen receptor beta activation on functional recovery after experimental stroke. Behav Brain Res 2014; 261:282-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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