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Evangelista F, Roth AJ, Prisayanh P, Temple BR, Li N, Qian Y, Culton DA, Liu Z, Harrison OJ, Brasch J, Honig B, Shapiro L, Diaz LA. Pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies from endemic pemphigus foliaceus recognize a desmoglein-1 conformational epitope. J Autoimmun 2018; 89:171-185. [PMID: 29307589 PMCID: PMC5902409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fogo Selvagem (FS), the endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus, is mediated by pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies against the amino-terminal extracellular cadherin domain of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 1 (Dsg1). Here we define the detailed epitopes of these pathogenic antibodies. Proteolytic footprinting showed that IgG4 from 95% of FS donor sera (19/20) recognized a 16-residue peptide (A129LNSMGQDLERPLELR144) from the EC1 domain of Dsg1 that overlaps the binding site for an adhesive-partner desmosomal cadherin molecule. Mutation of Dsg1 residues M133 and Q135 reduced the binding of FS IgG4 autoantibodies to Dsg1 by ∼50%. Molecular modeling identified two nearby EC1 domain residues (Q82 and V83) likely to contribute to the epitope. Mutation of these residues completely abolished the binding of FS IgG4 to Dsg1. Bead aggregation assays showed that native binding interactions between Dsg1 and desmocollin 1 (Dsc1), which underlie desmosome structure, were abolished by Fab fragments of FS IgG4. These results further define the molecular mechanism by which FS IgG4 autoantibodies interfere with desmosome structure and lead to cell-cell detachment, the hallmark of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Evangelista
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Universidad Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Peru
| | - Aleeza J Roth
- Pathology Diagnostic Liaison-Northeast Region, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Phillip Prisayanh
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brenda R Temple
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; R.L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ye Qian
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Donna A Culton
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia Brasch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Bumiller-Bini V, Cipolla GA, de Almeida RC, Petzl-Erler ML, Augusto DG, Boldt ABW. Sparking Fire Under the Skin? Answers From the Association of Complement Genes With Pemphigus Foliaceus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:695. [PMID: 29686679 PMCID: PMC5900433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin blisters of pemphigus foliaceus (PF) present concomitant deposition of autoantibodies and components of the complement system (CS), whose gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to different autoimmune diseases. To investigate these in PF, we evaluated 992 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 44 CS genes, genotyped through microarray hybridization in 229 PF patients and 194 controls. After excluding SNPs with minor allele frequency <1%, out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls or in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 ≥ 0.8), 201 SNPs remained for logistic regression. Polymorphisms of 11 genes were associated with PF. MASP1 encodes a crucial serine protease of the lectin pathway (rs13094773: OR = 0.5, p = 0.0316; rs850309: OR = 0.23, p = 0.03; rs3864098: OR = 1.53, p = 0.0383; rs698104: OR = 1.52, p = 0.0424; rs72549154: OR = 0.55, p = 0.0453). C9 (rs187875: OR = 1.46, p = 0.0189; rs700218: OR = 0.12, p = 0.0471) and C8A (rs11206934: OR = 4.02, p = 0.0323) encode proteins of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and C5AR1 (rs10404456: OR = 1.43, p = 0.0155), a potent anaphylatoxin-receptor. Two encode complement regulators: MAC-blocking CD59 (rs1047581: OR = 0.62, p = 0.0152) and alternative pathway-blocking CFH (rs34388368: OR = 2.57, p = 0.0195). One encodes opsonin: C3 (rs4807895: OR = 2.52, p = 0.0239), whereas four encode receptors for C3 fragments: CR1 (haplotype with rs6656401: OR = 1.37, p = 0.0382), CR2 (rs2182911: OR = 0.23, p = 0.0263), ITGAM (CR3, rs12928810: OR = 0.66, p = 0.0435), and ITGAX (CR4, rs11574637: OR = 0.63, p = 0.0056). Associations reinforced former findings, regarding differential gene expression, serum levels, C3, and MAC deposition on lesions. Deregulation of previously barely noticed processes, e.g., the lectin and alternative pathways and opsonization-mediated phagocytosis, also modulate PF susceptibility. The results open new crucial avenues for understanding disease etiology and may improve PF treatment through additional therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Bumiller-Bini
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adelman Cipolla
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Coutinho de Almeida
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Danillo Gardenal Augusto
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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53
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Pollmann R, Schmidt T, Eming R, Hertl M. Pemphigus: a Comprehensive Review on Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 54:1-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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54
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Genome-wide association and HLA region fine-mapping studies identify susceptibility loci for multiple common infections. Nat Commun 2017; 8:599. [PMID: 28928442 PMCID: PMC5605711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases have a profound impact on our health and many studies suggest that host genetics play a major role in the pathogenesis of most of them. We perform 23 genome-wide association studies for common infections and infection-associated procedures, including chickenpox, shingles, cold sores, mononucleosis, mumps, hepatitis B, plantar warts, positive tuberculosis test results, strep throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, yeast infections, urinary tract infections, tonsillectomy, childhood ear infections, myringotomy, measles, hepatitis A, rheumatic fever, common colds, rubella and chronic sinus infection, in over 200,000 individuals of European ancestry. We detect 59 genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10−8) associations in genes with key roles in immunity and embryonic development. We apply fine-mapping analysis to dissect associations in the human leukocyte antigen region, which suggests important roles of specific amino acid polymorphisms in the antigen-binding clefts. Our findings provide an important step toward dissecting the host genetic architecture of response to common infections. Susceptibility to infectious diseases is, among others, influenced by the genetic landscape of the host. Here, Tian and colleagues perform genome-wide association studies for 23 common infections and find 59 risk loci for 17 of these, both within the HLA region and non-HLA loci.
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55
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Wanat KA, Dominguez AR, Carter Z, Legua P, Bustamante B, Micheletti RG. Bedside diagnostics in dermatology: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:197-218. [PMID: 28711082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections are frequently encountered in clinical practice, resulting in numerous cutaneous manifestations. Although diagnosis of these infections has changed over time because of technological advancements, such as polymerase chain reaction, bedside diagnostic techniques still play an important role in diagnosis and management, enabling rapid and low-cost diagnosis and implementation of appropriate therapies. This 2-part article will review both common and infrequent uses of bedside diagnostic techniques that dermatologists can incorporate into daily practice. This article examines the utility of bedside tests for the diagnosis of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. The second article in this series reviews the use of bedside diagnostics for parasitic and noninfectious disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolyn A Wanat
- Department of Dermatology, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Arturo R Dominguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zachary Carter
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pedro Legua
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Beatriz Bustamante
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Tropicales y Dermatológicas, Hospital Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert G Micheletti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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56
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Cho A, Bradley B, Kauffman R, Priyamvada L, Kovalenkov Y, Feldman R, Wrammert J. Robust memory responses against influenza vaccination in pemphigus patients previously treated with rituximab. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93222. [PMID: 28614800 PMCID: PMC5470882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a therapeutic anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody widely used to treat B cell lymphoma and autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune blistering skin diseases (AIBD). While rituximab fully depletes peripheral blood B cells, it remains unclear whether some preexisting B cell memory to pathogens or vaccines may survive depletion, especially in lymphoid tissues, and if these memory B cells can undergo homeostatic expansion during recovery from depletion. The limited data available on vaccine efficacy in this setting have been derived from rituximab-treated patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy or other potent immunosuppressants. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of seasonal influenza vaccine responses in AIBD patients previously treated with rituximab, who generally did not receive additional therapeutic interventions. We found that, despite a lack of influenza-specific memory B cells in the blood, patients mount robust recall responses to vaccination, comparable to healthy controls, both at a cellular and a serological level. Repertoire analyses of plasmablast responses suggest that they likely derive from a diverse pool of tissue-resident memory cells, refractory to depletion. Overall, these data have important implications for establishing an effective vaccine schedule for AIBD patients and the clinical care of rituximab-treated patients in general and contribute to our basic understanding of maintenance of normal and pathogenic human B cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Bridget Bradley
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Kauffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Lalita Priyamvada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Yevgeniy Kovalenkov
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
| | - Ron Feldman
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease.,Emory Vaccine Center, and
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57
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Walter E, Vielmuth F, Rotkopf L, Sárdy M, Horváth ON, Goebeler M, Schmidt E, Eming R, Hertl M, Spindler V, Waschke J. Different signaling patterns contribute to loss of keratinocyte cohesion dependent on autoantibody profile in pemphigus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3579. [PMID: 28620161 PMCID: PMC5472593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus is an autoimmune blistering skin disease caused primarily by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg)1 and 3. Here, we characterized the mechanisms engaged by pemphigus IgG from patients with different clinical phenotypes and autoantibody profiles. All pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) IgG and AK23, a monoclonal mouse antibody against Dsg3, caused loss of cell cohesion, cytokeratin retraction and p38MAPK activation. Strong alterations in Dsg3 distribution were caused by mucosal (aDsg3 antibodies), mucocutaneous (aDsg1 + aDsg3) as well as atypical (aDsg3) PV-IgG. All PV-IgG fractions and AK23 compromised Dsg3 but not Dsg1 binding and enhanced Src activity. In contrast, rapid Ca2+ influx and Erk activation were induced by mucocutaneous PV-IgG and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) IgG (aDsg1) whereas cAMP was increased by mucosal and mucocutaneous PV-IgG only. Selective inhibition of p38MAPK, Src or PKC blocked loss of keratinocyte cohesion in response to all autoantibody fractions whereas Erk inhibition was protective against mucocutaneous PV-IgG and PF-IgG only. These results demonstrate that signaling patterns parallel the clinical phenotype as some mechanisms involved in loss of cell cohesion are caused by antibodies targeting Dsg3 whereas others correlate with autoantibodies against Dsg1. The concept of key desmosome regulators may explain observations from several experimental models of pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Walter
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Lukas Rotkopf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Orsolya N Horváth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Enno Schmidt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (Lied), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80336, Germany.
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58
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Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N, de la Guardia M. Non-invasive diagnosis of oral cancer: The role of electro-analytical methods and nanomaterials. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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59
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Hatzfeld M, Keil R, Magin TM. Desmosomes and Intermediate Filaments: Their Consequences for Tissue Mechanics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a029157. [PMID: 28096266 PMCID: PMC5453391 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) and desmosomes connect the actin and keratin filament networks of adjacent cells into a mechanical unit. Whereas AJs function in mechanosensing and in transducing mechanical forces between the plasma membrane and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, desmosomes and intermediate filaments (IFs) provide mechanical stability required to maintain tissue architecture and integrity when the tissues are exposed to mechanical stress. Desmosomes are essential for stable intercellular cohesion, whereas keratins determine cell mechanics but are not involved in generating tension. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of IFs and desmosomes in tissue mechanics and discuss whether the desmosome-keratin scaffold might be actively involved in mechanosensing and in the conversion of chemical signals into mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - René Keil
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Pathobiochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Institute of Biology, Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation (SIKT), University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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60
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Sokol E, Nijenhuis M, Sjollema KA, Jonkman MF, Pas HH, Giepmans BNG. Particle Bombardment of Ex Vivo Skin to Deliver DNA and Express Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:107-118. [PMID: 28063041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Particle bombardment of gold microparticles coated with plasmids, which are accelerated to high velocity, is used for transfection of cells within tissue. Using this method, cDNA encoding proteins of interest introduced into ex vivo living human skin enables studying of proteins of interest in real time. Here, technical aspects of particle bombardment of ex vivo skin are described using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as readout for efficiency. This method can be applied on numerous tissues, including in living model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Sokol
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Nijenhuis
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas A Sjollema
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendri H Pas
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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61
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Research Techniques Made Simple: Mouse Models of Autoimmune Blistering Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e1-e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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62
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Celentano A, Mignogna MD, McCullough M, Cirillo N. Pathophysiology of the Desmo-Adhesome. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:496-505. [PMID: 27505028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of desmosomal diseases have provided a clear demonstration of the key role played by desmosomes in tissue and organ physiology, highlighting the importance of their dynamic and finely regulated structure. In this context, non-desmosomal regulatory molecules have acquired increasing relevance in the study of this organelle resulting in extending the desmosomal interactome, named the "desmo-adhesome." Spatiotemporal changes in the expression and regulation of the desmo-adhesome underlie a number of genetic, infectious, autoimmune, and malignant conditions. The aim of the present article was to examine the structural and functional relationship of the desmosome, by providing a comprehensive, yet focused overview of the constituents targeted in human disease. The inclusion of the novel regulatory network in the desmo-adhesome pathophysiology opens new avenues to a deeper understanding of desmosomal diseases, potentially unveiling pathogenic mechanisms waiting to be explored. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 496-505, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Celentano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Davide Mignogna
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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63
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Aoki V, Rivitti EA, Diaz LA. Update on fogo selvagem, an endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus. J Dermatol 2016; 42:18-26. [PMID: 25558948 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus are organ-specific autoimmune diseases, where autoantibodies (mainly immunoglobulin [Ig]G) directed against epidermal targets (glycoproteins of the desmosomal core) are detected. Endemic pemphigus foliaceus or fogo selvagem (FS) is one of the variants of pemphigus foliaceus pemphigus foliaceus that shares the same clinical and immunopathological features of the classic non-endemic pemphigus foliaceus form, including pathogenic IgG (mainly IgG4) autoantibodies directed against the ectodomain of desmoglein 1 (Dsg1), that lead to acantholysis. Pathogenesis of FS is complex, involving genetic, environmental and immunological factors. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1 alleles DRB1*0404, *1402, *1406 or *0102 have been previously identified as risk factors for FS (relative risk, >14). Individuals exposed to hematophagous insects are more susceptible to develop the disease. Non-pathogenic anti-Dsg1 antibodies of the IgG1 subclass, directed against the extracellular 5 domain of Dsg1, are detected in patients in the preclinical stage of the disease, and also in healthy controls living in endemic areas. In counterpart, patients with FS show pathogenic anti-Dsg1 IgG4 autoantibodies that bind the pathogenic extracellular 1 and 2 domains of Dsg1, emphasizing the intramolecular epitope-spreading hypothesis. A possible explanation for the development of the autoimmune process would be antigenic mimicry, initiated by environmental stimuli in those genetically predisposed individuals. Characterization of the pathogenesis of FS will allow the development of specific therapeutic targets, and the elucidation of other autoimmune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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64
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Lecas S, Boursier E, Fitoussi R, Vié K, Momas I, Seta N, Achard S. In vitro model adapted to the study of skin ageing induced by air pollution. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:60-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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65
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Celentano A, Cirillo N. Desmosomes in disease: a guide for clinicians. Oral Dis 2016; 23:157-167. [PMID: 27329525 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The large number of diseases occurring when desmosome constituents are impaired provides striking evidence for the key role of desmosomes in maintaining tissue integrity. A detailed understanding of the molecular alterations causing desmosomal dysfunction has, in turn, underpinned the development of novel diagnostic tools. This has salient clinical implications for dentists and oral medicine practitioners because the majority of desmosomal diseases affect the oral cavity. In the present article, we review the autoimmune, infectious, genetic, and neoplastic diseases that target the desmosome, with particular emphasis on clinical manifestations, diagnostic pathways, and relevant laboratory investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - N Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health CRC, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Völlner F, Ali J, Kurrle N, Exner Y, Eming R, Hertl M, Banning A, Tikkanen R. Loss of flotillin expression results in weakened desmosomal adhesion and Pemphigus vulgaris-like localisation of desmoglein-3 in human keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28820. [PMID: 27346727 PMCID: PMC4922016 DOI: 10.1038/srep28820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are adhesion plaques that mediate cell-cell adhesion in many tissues, including the epidermis, and generate mechanical resistance to tissues. The extracellular domains of desmosomal cadherin proteins, desmogleins and desmocollins, are required for the interaction with cadherins of the neighbouring cells, whereas their cytoplasmic tails associate with cytoplasmic proteins which mediate connection to intermediate filaments. Disruption of desmosomal adhesion by mutations, autoantibodies or bacterial toxins results in severe human disorders of e.g. the skin and the heart. Despite the vital role of desmosomes in various tissues, the details of their molecular assembly are not clear. We here show that the two members of the flotillin protein family directly interact with the cytoplasmic tails of desmogleins. Depletion of flotillins in human keratinocytes results in weakened desmosomal adhesion and reduced expression of desmoglein-3, most likely due to a reduction in the desmosomal pool due to increased turnover. In the absence of flotillins, desmoglein-3 shows an altered localisation pattern in the cell-cell junctions of keratinocytes, which is highly similar to the localisation observed upon treatment with pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies. Thus, our data show that flotillins, which have previously been connected to the classical cadherins, are also of importance for the desmosomal cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Völlner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jawahir Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Kurrle
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Exner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Antje Banning
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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67
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Sun XK, Chen JF, Shen H. Immunohistochemical study of toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 9 expressions in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid lesions. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:429-36. [PMID: 27221282 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are severe autoimmune skin diseases. Whether innate immunity could be a trigger or a part of the pathogeneses is unknown. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of the innate immune system, with no previous evaluation of TLRs in autoimmune bullous diseases. This work aims to investigate TLRs 2, 4, and 9 expressions in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Thirty-six patients with pemphigus vulgaris (PV), pemphigus foliaceus (PF), bullous pemphigoid (BP), and six healthy controls were studied. Skin biopsies from the patients and the controls were examined immunohistochemically for TLR2, 4, and 9 expressions. The TLR4 expressed mainly at the basal layer of epidermis in controls, but in the cases with autoimmune bullous diseases, TLR4 staining located at basal layer and suprabasal layer, even superficial layer of epidermis. The immunostaining-intensity-distribution (IID) index of TLR4 in patients with PF (13.83, P = 0.001), PV (13.08, P = 0.003), and BP (11.42, P = 0.042) were significantly higher than that of the controls (6.17). TLR2 and TLR9 showed no significantly changes at epidermal expression (P > 0.05) compared with controls. There was no correlation found between the expressions of these TLRs. This work, thus, shows a re-localization of TLR4 expression sites with increased expression in pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid lesions. Targeting TLR4 signaling is expected to be a novel treatment strategy for autoimmune bullous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Kun Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, No.38, XiHu Street, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jun-Fan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, No.38, XiHu Street, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, No.38, XiHu Street, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
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68
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Brochado MJF, Nascimento DF, Campos W, Deghaide NHS, Donadi EA, Roselino AM. Differential HLA class I and class II associations in pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris patients from a prevalent Southeastern Brazilian region. J Autoimmun 2016; 72:19-24. [PMID: 27178774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors, particularly those concerning HLA class II, have been associated with the pathogenesis of pemphigus. Taking advantage of an area where pemphigus foliaceus (PF) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) are prevalent in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, we have studied the HLA class I (A, B and C) and class II (DRB1 and DQA1/DQB1) profiles in 86 and 83 patients with PF and PV, respectively, as compared with 1592 controls from the same region. Among all the HLA alleles described herein, the more prevalent susceptibility alleles for PF were HLA-A*11, 33, -B*14; -DRB1*01:01, *01:02; -DQA1*01:02; and -DQB1*05:01. In PV patients, the HLA-B*38; -C*12; -DRB1*04:02, *08:04, *14:01, *14:04; -DQA1*03:01; and -DQB1*03:02 and *05:03 alleles were associated with susceptibility. The HLA-DRB1*01:02 allele and the HLA-DRB1*01-DQA1*01-DQB1*05 haplotype in PF patients and the HLA-DRB1*04:02 and *14:01 alleles and the HLA-DRB1*14-DQA1*01-DQB1*05 haplotype in PV patients were related with the highest etiologic fraction values. Distinct genetic patterns and not yet described HLA susceptibility/protection alleles/haplotypes profiles have been observed in this series. Our findings corroborate the differential genetic markers in PF and PV in an area where pemphigus is prevalent but not yet reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Franco Brochado
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Francisca Nascimento
- Post-Graduate Clinical Medical Area, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Phytopathology, Biological Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neifi Hassan Saloum Deghaide
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Donadi
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Roselino
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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69
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Williams KW, Milner JD, Freeman AF. Eosinophilia Associated with Disorders of Immune Deficiency or Immune Dysregulation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016. [PMID: 26209898 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased serum eosinophil levels have been associated with multiple disorders of immune deficiency or immune dysregulation. Although primary immunodeficiency diseases are rare, it is important to consider these in the differential diagnosis of patients with eosinophilia. In this review, the clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and genetic basis of disease of several disorders of immune deficiency or dysregulation are discussed. The article includes autosomal dominant hyper IgE syndrome, DOCK8 deficiency, phosphoglucomutase 3 deficiency, ADA-SCID, Omenn syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, Comel-Netherton syndrome, and severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli W Williams
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 33 North Drive, Building 33, Room 2W10A, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10/CRC, Room 5-3950, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10/CRC, Room 12C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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70
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Hänel KH, Pfaff CM, Cornelissen C, Amann PM, Marquardt Y, Czaja K, Kim A, Lüscher B, Baron JM. Control of the Physical and Antimicrobial Skin Barrier by an IL-31-IL-1 Signaling Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3233-44. [PMID: 26944931 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increasing prevalence, is closely associated with skin barrier defects. A cytokine related to disease severity and inhibition of keratinocyte differentiation is IL-31. To identify its molecular targets, IL-31-dependent gene expression was determined in three-dimensional organotypic skin models. IL-31-regulated genes are involved in the formation of an intact physical skin barrier. Many of these genes were poorly induced during differentiation as a consequence of IL-31 treatment, resulting in increased penetrability to allergens and irritants. Furthermore, studies employing cell-sorted skin equivalents in SCID/NOD mice demonstrated enhanced transepidermal water loss following s.c. administration of IL-31. We identified the IL-1 cytokine network as a downstream effector of IL-31 signaling. Anakinra, an IL-1R antagonist, blocked the IL-31 effects on skin differentiation. In addition to the effects on the physical barrier, IL-31 stimulated the expression of antimicrobial peptides, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth on the three-dimensional organotypic skin models. This was evident already at low doses of IL-31, insufficient to interfere with the physical barrier. Together, these findings demonstrate that IL-31 affects keratinocyte differentiation in multiple ways and that the IL-1 cytokine network is a major downstream effector of IL-31 signaling in deregulating the physical skin barrier. Moreover, by interfering with IL-31, a currently evaluated drug target, we will have to consider that low doses of IL-31 promote the antimicrobial barrier, and thus a complete inhibition of IL-31 signaling may be undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Hänel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Carolina M Pfaff
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Christian Cornelissen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Philipp M Amann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Czaja
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arianna Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Jens M Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
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71
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Askarian F, Ajayi C, Hanssen AM, van Sorge NM, Pettersen I, Diep DB, Sollid JUE, Johannessen M. The interaction between Staphylococcus aureus SdrD and desmoglein 1 is important for adhesion to host cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22134. [PMID: 26924733 PMCID: PMC4770587 DOI: 10.1038/srep22134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known as a frequent colonizer of the skin and mucosa. Among bacterial factors involved in colonization are adhesins such as the microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). Serine aspartate repeat containing protein D (SdrD) is involved in adhesion to human squamous cells isolated from the nose. Here, we identify Desmoglein 1 (Dsg1) as a novel interaction partner for SdrD. Genetic deletion of sdrD in S. aureus NCTC8325-4 through allelic replacement resulted in decreased bacterial adherence to Dsg1- expressing HaCaT cells in vitro. Complementary gain-of-function was demonstrated by heterologous expression of SdrD in Lactococcus lactis, which increased adherence to HaCaT cells. Also ectopic expression of Dsg1 in HEK293 cells resulted in increased adherence of S. aureus NCTC8325-4 in vitro. Increased adherence of NCTC8325-4, compared to NCTC8325-4ΔsdrD, to the recombinant immobilized Dsg1 demonstrated direct interaction between SdrD and Dsg1. Specificity of SdrD interaction with Dsg1 was further verified using flow cytometry and confirmed binding of recombinant SdrD to HaCaT cells expressing Dsg1 on their surface. These data demonstrate that Dsg1 is a host ligand for SdrD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Clement Ajayi
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Anne-Merethe Hanssen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Ingvild Pettersen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Dzung B Diep
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås, Norway
| | - Johanna U E Sollid
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research group of Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Artic University of Norway, Norway
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72
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Geller S, Gat A, Harel A, Mashiah J, Zeeli T, Eming R, Ishii N, Hertl M, Hashimoto T, Sprecher E. Childhood Pemphigus Foliaceus with Exclusive Immunoglobulin G Autoantibodies to Desmocollins. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:e10-3. [PMID: 26758100 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus refers to a group of potentially fatal blistering skin diseases that are often due to the deleterious effects of autoantibodies directed against desmosomal antigens. Although desmogleins have been mainly implicated as autoantigens in pemphigus, a steadily growing body of evidence suggests that other desmosomal proteins may be causally involved as well. Antibodies directed against desmocollin-3 have been shown to play a direct role in the pathogenesis of several types of pemphigus. Here we describe the case of a child with localized pemphigus foliaceus and immunoglobulin G (IgG) reactivity exclusively directed to desmocollins. The present report suggests that autoantibodies against nondesmoglein antigens may play a role in the pathogenesis of superficial pemphigus, in addition to pemphigus vulgaris, paraneoplastic pemphigus, and IgA pemphigus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamir Geller
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrea Gat
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avikam Harel
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Mashiah
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Zeeli
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Norito Ishii
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute of Cutaneous Cell Biology, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Rötzer V, Hartlieb E, Vielmuth F, Gliem M, Spindler V, Waschke J. E-cadherin and Src associate with extradesmosomal Dsg3 and modulate desmosome assembly and adhesion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4885-97. [PMID: 26115704 PMCID: PMC11113844 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes provide strong intercellular cohesion essential for the integrity of cells and tissues exposed to continuous mechanical stress. For desmosome assembly, constitutively synthesized desmosomal cadherins translocate to the cell-cell border, cluster and mature in the presence of Ca(2+) to stable cell contacts. As adherens junctions precede the formation of desmosomes, we investigated in this study the relationship between the classical cadherin E-cadherin and the desmosomal cadherin Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), the latter of which is indispensable for cell-cell adhesion in keratinocytes. By using autoantibodies from patients with the blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we showed in loss of function studies that E-cadherin compensates for effects of desmosomal disassembly. Overexpression of E-cadherin reduced the loss of cell cohesion induced by PV autoantibodies and attenuated activation of p38 MAPK. Silencing of E-cadherin abolished the localization of Dsg3 at the membrane and resulted in a shift of Dsg3 from the cytoskeletal to the non-cytoskeletal protein pool which conforms to the notion that E-cadherin regulates desmosome assembly. Mechanistically, we identified a complex consisting of extradesmosomal Dsg3, E-cadherin, β-catenin and Src and that the stability of this complex is regulated by Src. Moreover, Dsg3 and E-cadherin are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in a Src-dependent manner and Src activity is required for recruiting Dsg3 to the cytoskeletal pool as well as for desmosome maturation towards a Ca(2+)-insensitive state. Our data provide new insights into the role of E-cadherin and the contribution of Src signaling for formation and maintenance of desmosomal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rötzer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hartlieb
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Gliem
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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74
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The kallikrein-related peptidase family: Dysregulation and functions during cancer progression. Biochimie 2015; 122:283-99. [PMID: 26343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012. Despite the progress made in cancer therapies, neoplastic diseases are still a major therapeutic challenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumour heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our medical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration of the association between KLK3/PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels and prostate cancer progression. In addition, a constantly increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the functional involvement of KLKs in cancer-related processes. These peptidases are now considered key players in the regulation of cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, chemo-resistance, and importantly, in mediating interactions between cancer cells and other cell populations found in the tumour microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression. These functional roles of KLKs in a cancer context further highlight their potential in designing new anti-cancer approaches. In this review, we comprehensively review the biochemical features of KLKs, their functional roles in carcinogenesis, followed by the latest developments and the successful utility of KLK-based therapeutics in counteracting cancer progression.
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75
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Histological Response to Fluticasone Propionate in Patients With Eosinophilic Esophagitis Is Associated With Improved Functional Esophageal Mucosal Integrity. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1289-97. [PMID: 26303134 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The esophageal mucosal integrity is impaired in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). We aimed to evaluate the effect of fluticasone propionate on inflammation and functional and structural markers of esophageal mucosal barrier integrity in adult patients with EoE. METHODS In this prospective study, we included 15 EoE patients (median age (IQR), 43 (30-45) years). Patients underwent upper endoscopy before and after an 8-week course of swallowed fluticasone propionate 500 μg BID. Several parameters of esophageal mucosal barrier integrity were evaluated: esophageal electrical tissue impedance in vivo during endoscopy, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and transepithelial molecule flux in Ussing chambers using esophageal biopsy specimens, and intercellular spaces as a structural marker of permeability using electron microscopy. Esophageal eosinophils and mast cells were counted, and expression of inflammatory cytokines and barrier integrity proteins was investigated using qPCR. Esophageal symptoms and signs were also assessed. RESULTS Peak eosinophil and mast cell counts decreased significantly after fluticasone propionate treatment. The esophageal mucosal integrity increased substantially during treatment, as shown by increased extracellular impedance and TER (both P<0.01) and decreased transepithelial molecule flux in Ussing chambers (P<0.05). Whereas expression of genes encoding for inflammatory cytokines (IL5, IL13, eotaxin-3, periostin, TSLP) decreased after treatment, expression of genes encoding for barrier integrity proteins (filaggrin and desmoglein-1) increased. CONCLUSIONS Fluticasone propionate treatment decreases eosinophilic inflammation and improves the esophageal mucosal barrier integrity in adult EoE patients. Improvement of the mucosal barrier integrity correlates with normalization of expression of desmoglein-1 and filaggrin marker genes.
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Abstract
Desmosomes represent adhesive, spot-like intercellular junctions that in association with intermediate filaments mechanically link neighboring cells and stabilize tissue architecture. In addition to this structural function, desmosomes also act as signaling platforms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphogenesis, and apoptosis. Thus, deregulation of desmosomal proteins has to be considered to contribute to tumorigenesis. Proteolytic fragmentation and downregulation of desmosomal cadherins and plaque proteins by transcriptional or epigenetic mechanisms were observed in different cancer entities suggesting a tumor-suppressive role. However, discrepant data in the literature indicate that context-dependent differences based on alternative intracellular, signal transduction lead to altered outcome. Here, modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by plakoglobin or desmoplakin and of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling appears to be of special relevance. This review summarizes current evidence on how desmosomal proteins participate in carcinogenesis, and depicts the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Huber
- a Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Nonnenplan 2-4, 07743 Jena , Germany.,b Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital , Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena , Germany
| | - Iver Petersen
- c Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743 Jena , Germany
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77
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Pemphigus vulgaris antibodies target the mitochondrial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that protect keratinocytes from apoptolysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:76-80. [PMID: 25998908 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of detachment and death of keratinocytes in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) involves pro-apoptotic action of constellations of autoantibodies determining disease severity and response to treatment. The presence of antibodies to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and the therapeutic efficacy of cholinomimetics in PV is well-established. Recently, adsorption of anti-mitochondrial antibodies abolished the ability of PVIgGs to cause acantholysis, demonstrating their pathophysiological significance. Since, in addition to cell membrane, nAChRs are also present on the mitochondrial outer membrane, wherein they act to prevent activation of intrinsic (mitochondrial apoptosis), we hypothesized that mitochondrial (mt)-nAChRs might be targeted by PVIgGs. To test this hypothesis, we employed the immunoprecipitation-western blot assay of keratinocyte mitochondrial proteins that visualized the α3, α5, α7, α9, α10, β2 and β4 mt-nAChR subunits precipitated by PV IgGs, suggesting that functions of mt-nAChRs are compromised in PV. To pharmacologically counteract the pro-apoptotic action of anti-mitochondrial antibodies in PV, we exposed naked keratinocyte mitochondria to PVIgGs in the presence of the nicotinic agonist nicotine ± antagonists, and measured cytochrome c (CytC) release. Nicotine abolished PVIgG-dependent CytC release, showing a dose-dependent effect, suggesting that protection of mitochondria can be a novel mechanism of therapeutic action of nicotinic agonists in PV. The obtained results indicated that the mt-nAChRs targeted by anti-mitochondrial antibodies produced by PV patients are coupled to inhibition of CytC release, and that nicotinergic stimulation can abolish PVIgG-dependent activation of intrinsic apoptosis in KCs. Future studies should determine if and how the distinct anti-mt-nAChR antibodies penetrate KCs and correlate with disease severity.
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78
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Fujiwara M, Nagatomo A, Tsuda M, Obata S, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Suzuki ST. Desmocollin-2 alone forms functional desmosomal plaques, with the plaque formation requiring the juxtamembrane region and plakophilins. J Biochem 2015; 158:339-53. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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79
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Di Zenzo G, Zambruno G. Clonal analysis of B-cell response in pemphigus course: toward more effective therapies. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:651-654. [PMID: 25666671 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this issue, Hammers et al. report the first longitudinal study of B-cell responses in pemphigus vulgaris. They show persistence of the same sets of anti-desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) B-cell clones over time in two patients with active disease, suggesting that escape from tolerance is not a frequent event. In addition, the disappearance of anti-Dsg3 B-cell clones in two patients during long-term rituximab-induced remission supports the therapeutic potential of rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Zenzo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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80
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Abstract
Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions that mediate adhesion and couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cell-cell contact. This architectural arrangement integrates adhesion and cytoskeletal elements of adjacent cells. The importance of this robust adhesion system is evident in numerous human diseases, both inherited and acquired, which occur when desmosome function is compromised. This review focuses on autoimmune and infectious diseases that impair desmosome function. In addition, we discuss emerging evidence that desmosomal genes are often misregulated in cancer. The emphasis of our discussion is placed on the way in which human diseases can inform our understanding of basic desmosome biology and in turn, the means by which fundamental advances in the cell biology of desmosomes might lead to new treatments for acquired diseases of the desmosome.
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81
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Sokol E, Kramer D, Diercks GFH, Kuipers J, Jonkman MF, Pas HH, Giepmans BNG. Large-Scale Electron Microscopy Maps of Patient Skin and Mucosa Provide Insight into Pathogenesis of Blistering Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1763-1770. [PMID: 25789704 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale electron microscopy ("nanotomy") allows straight forward ultrastructural examination of tissue, cells, organelles, and macromolecules in a single data set. Such data set equals thousands of conventional electron microscopy images and is freely accessible (www.nanotomy.org). The software allows zooming in and out of the image from total overview to nanometer scale resolution in a 'Google Earth' approach. We studied the life-threatening human autoimmune blistering disease pemphigus, using nanotomy. The pathomechanism of cell-cell separation (acantholysis) that underlies the blistering is poorly understood. Ultrastructural examination of pemphigus tissue revealed previously unreported findings: (i) the presence of double-membrane structures between cells in all pemphigus types; (ii) the absence of desmosomes around spontaneous blisters in pemphigus foliaceus (PF); (iii) lower level blistering in PF when force induced; and (iv) intercellular widening at non-acantholytic cell layers. Thus, nanotomy delivers open-source electron microscopic maps of patient tissue, which can be analyzed for additional anomalies from any computer by experts from different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Sokol
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Duco Kramer
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles F H Diercks
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendri H Pas
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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82
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Human thymic epithelial primary cells produce exosomes carrying tissue-restricted antigens. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:727-34. [PMID: 25776846 PMCID: PMC4575951 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space and have been shown to be present in thymic tissue both in mice and in humans. The source of thymic exosomes is however still an enigma and hence it is not known whether thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are able to produce exosomes. In this work, we have cultured human TECs and isolated exosomes. These exosomes carry tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs), for example, myelin basic protein and desmoglein 3. The presence of TRAs indicates a possible role for thymic epithelium-derived exosomes in the selection process of thymocytes. The key contribution of these exosomes could be to disseminate self-antigens from the thymic epithelia, thus making them more accessible to the pool of maturing thymocytes. This would increase the coverage of TRAs within the thymus, and facilitate the process of positive and negative selection.
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83
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Broussard JA, Getsios S, Green KJ. Desmosome regulation and signaling in disease. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:501-12. [PMID: 25693896 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes are cell-cell adhesive organelles with a well-known role in forming strong intercellular adhesion during embryogenesis and in adult tissues subject to mechanical stress, such as the heart and skin. More recently, desmosome components have also emerged as cell signaling regulators. Loss of expression or interference with the function of desmosome molecules results in diseases of the heart and skin and contributes to cancer progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that result in inherited and acquired disorders remain poorly understood. To address this question, researchers are directing their studies towards determining the functions that occur inside and outside of the junctions and the extent to which functions are adhesion-dependent or independent. This review focuses on recent discoveries that provide insights into the role of desmosomes and desmosome components in cell signaling and disease; wherever possible, we address molecular functions within and outside of the adhesive structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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84
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Abstract
Cell-cell adhesions are necessary for structural integrity and barrier formation of the epidermis. Here, we discuss insights from genetic and cell biological studies into the roles of individual cell-cell junctions and their composite proteins in regulating epidermal development and function. In addition to individual adhesive functions, we will discuss emerging ideas on mechanosensation/transduction of junctions in the epidermis, noncanonical roles for adhesion proteins, and crosstalk/interdependencies between the junctional systems. These studies have revealed that cell adhesion proteins are connected to many aspects of tissue physiology including growth control, differentiation, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn D Sumigray
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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85
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Epidermal cell junctions and their regulation by p63 in health and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:513-28. [PMID: 25645146 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As the outermost tissue of the body, the epidermis is the first physical barrier for any pressure, stress or trauma. Several specialized cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion structures, together with an intracellular network of dedicated intermediate filaments, are required to confer critical resilience to mechanical stress. The transcription factor p63 is a master regulator of gene expression in the epidermis and in other stratified epithelia. It has been extensively demonstrated that p63 positively controls a large number of tissue-specific genes, including those encoding a large fraction of tissue-restricted cell adhesion molecules. Consistent with p63 functions in cell adhesion and in epidermal differentiation, heterozygous mutations clustered mainly in the p63 C-terminus are causative of AEC syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cleft palate, ankyloblepharon and ectodermal dysplasia associated with severe skin erosions, bleeding and infections. The molecular basis of skin erosions in AEC patients is not fully understood, although defects in desmosomes and in other cell junctions are likely to be involved. Here, we provide an extensive review of the different epidermal cell junctions that cooperate to withstand mechanical stress and on the mechanisms by which p63 regulates gene expression of their components in healthy skin and in AEC syndrome. Collectively, advancement in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which epidermal cell junctions precisely exert their functions and how p63 orchestrates their coordinated expression, will ultimately lead to insight into developing future strategies for the treatment of AEC syndrome and more in generally for diseases that share an overlapping phenotype.
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86
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Rorke EA, Adhikary G, Young CA, Roop DR, Eckert RL. Suppressing AP1 factor signaling in the suprabasal epidermis produces a keratoderma phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:170-180. [PMID: 25050598 PMCID: PMC4268309 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Keratodermas comprise a heterogeneous group of highly debilitating and painful disorders characterized by thickening of the skin with marked hyperkeratosis. Some of these diseases are caused by genetic mutation, whereas other forms are acquired in response to environmental factors. Our understanding of signaling changes that underlie these diseases is limited. In the present study, we describe a keratoderma phenotype in mice in response to suprabasal epidermis-specific inhibition of activator protein 1 transcription factor signaling. These mice develop a severe phenotype characterized by hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and impaired epidermal barrier function. The skin is scaled, constricting bands encircle the tail and digits, the footpads are thickened and scaled, and loricrin staining is markedly reduced in the cornified layers and increased in the nucleus. Features of this phenotype, including nuclear loricrin localization and pseudoainhum (autoamputation), are characteristic of the Vohwinkel syndrome. We confirm that the phenotype develops in a loricrin-null genetic background, indicating that suppressed suprabasal AP1 factor function is sufficient to drive this disease. We also show that the phenotype regresses when suprabasal AP1 factor signaling is restored. Our findings suggest that suppression of AP1 factor signaling in the suprabasal epidermis is a key event in the pathogenesis of keratoderma.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/metabolism
- Abnormalities, Multiple/pathology
- Ainhum/genetics
- Ainhum/metabolism
- Ainhum/pathology
- Animals
- Constriction, Pathologic/genetics
- Constriction, Pathologic/metabolism
- Constriction, Pathologic/pathology
- Epidermis/pathology
- Epidermis/physiology
- Female
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/metabolism
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/pathology
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/genetics
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/pathology
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/genetics
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/metabolism
- Keratoderma, Palmoplantar/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Phenotype
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Rorke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina A Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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87
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Vielmuth F, Hartlieb E, Kugelmann D, Waschke J, Spindler V. Atomic force microscopy identifies regions of distinct desmoglein 3 adhesive properties on living keratinocytes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:511-20. [PMID: 25510735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes provide strong cell-cell adhesion which is crucial for the integrity of tissues such as the epidermis. However, nothing is known about the distribution and binding properties of desmosomal adhesion molecules on keratinocytes. Here we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to simultaneously visualize the topography of living human keratinocytes and the distribution and binding properties of the desmosomal adhesion molecule desmoglein 3 (Dsg3). Using recombinant Dsg3 as sensor, binding events were detectable diffusely and in clusters on the cell surface and at areas of cell-cell contact. This was blocked by removing Ca(2+) and by addition of Dsg3-specific antibodies indicating homophilic Dsg3 binding. Binding forces of Dsg3 molecules were lower on the cell surface compared to areas of cell-cell contact. Our data for the first time directly demonstrate the occurrence of Dsg3 molecules outside of desmosomes and show that Dsg3 adhesive properties differ depending on their localization. From the clinical editor: Using atomic force microscopy in the study of keratinocytes, this study directly demonstrates the occurrence of desmoglein 3 molecules outside of desmosomes and reveales that the adhesive properties of these molecules do differ depending on their localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vielmuth
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Eva Hartlieb
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jens Waschke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Volker Spindler
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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88
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Carew B, Wagner G. Cutaneous pemphigus vulgaris with absence of desmoglein 1 autoantibodies. An example of the extended desmoglein compensation theory. Australas J Dermatol 2014; 55:292-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Carew
- Queensland Institute of Dermatology, Denman St; Greenslopes Queensland Australia
| | - Godfrey Wagner
- Queensland Institute of Dermatology, Denman St; Greenslopes Queensland Australia
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89
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Johnson JL, Najor NA, Green KJ. Desmosomes: regulators of cellular signaling and adhesion in epidermal health and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a015297. [PMID: 25368015 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that mediate cell-cell adhesion and anchor the intermediate filament network to the plasma membrane, providing mechanical resilience to tissues such as the epidermis and heart. In addition to their critical roles in adhesion, desmosomal proteins are emerging as mediators of cell signaling important for proper cell and tissue functions. In this review we highlight what is known about desmosomal proteins regulating adhesion and signaling in healthy skin-in morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis, wound healing, and protection against environmental damage. We also discuss how human diseases that target desmosome molecules directly or interfere indirectly with these mechanical and signaling functions to contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Nicole A Najor
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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90
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Eming R, Hennerici T, Bäcklund J, Feliciani C, Visconti KC, Willenborg S, Wohde J, Holmdahl R, Sønderstrup G, Hertl M. Pathogenic IgG antibodies against desmoglein 3 in pemphigus vulgaris are regulated by HLA-DRB1*04:02-restricted T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4391-9. [PMID: 25252957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is considered as a model for an autoantibody-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorder. IgG autoantibodies directed against the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), the major autoantigen in PV, cause loss of epidermal keratinocyte adhesion, resulting in blisters and erosions of the skin and mucous membranes. The association of human autoimmune diseases with distinct HLA alleles is a well-known phenomenon, such as the association with HLA-DRB1*04:02 in PV. However, direct evidence that HLA-DRB1*04:02-restricted autoreactive CD4(+) T cells recognizing immunodominant epitopes of Dsg3 initiate the production of Dsg3-reactive IgG autoantibodies is still missing. In this study, we show in a humanized HLA-DRB1*04:02-transgenic mouse model that HLA-DRB1*04:02-restricted T cell recognition of human Dsg3 epitopes leads to the induction of pathogenic IgG Abs that induce loss of epidermal adhesion, a hallmark in the immune pathogenesis of PV. Activation of Dsg3-reactive CD4(+) T cells by distinct human Dsg3 peptides that bind to HLA-DRβ1*04:02 is tightly regulated by the HLA-DRB1*04:02 allele and leads, via CD40-CD40L-dependent T cell-B cell interaction, to the production of IgG Abs that recognize both N- and COOH-terminal epitopes of the human Dsg3 ectodomain. These findings demonstrate key cellular and humoral immune events in the autoimmune cascade of PV in a humanized HLA-transgenic mouse model. We show that CD4(+) T cells recognizing immunodominant Dsg3 epitopes in the context of the PV-associated HLA-DRB1*04:02 induce the secretion of Dsg3-specific IgG in vivo. Finally, these results identify Dsg3-reactive CD4(+) T cells as potential therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Eming
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Tina Hennerici
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Johan Bäcklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudio Feliciani
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy; and
| | - Kevin C Visconti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sebastian Willenborg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Wohde
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grete Sønderstrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael Hertl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Philipps University, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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91
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Koster MI, Dinella J, Chen J, O'Shea C, Koch PJ. Integrating animal models and in vitro tissue models to elucidate the role of desmosomal proteins in diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:55-63. [PMID: 24460201 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.876015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide tissues with structural stability. These junctions might also act as signaling centers that transmit environmental clues to the cell, thereby affecting cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation. The importance of desmosomes is underscored by devastating skin and heart diseases caused by mutations in desmosomal genes. Recent observations suggest that abnormal desmosomal protein expression might indirectly contribute to skin disorders previously not linked to these proteins. For example, it has been postulated that reduced desmosomal protein expression occurs in patients affected by Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC), a skin fragility disorder caused by mutations in the transcription factor TP63. Currently, it is not clear how these changes in desmosomal gene expression contribute to AEC. We will discuss new approaches that combine in vitro and in vivo models to elucidate the role of desmosomal gene deregulation in human skin diseases such as AEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranke I Koster
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Charles C Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
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92
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Todorovic V, Koetsier JL, Godsel LM, Green KJ. Plakophilin 3 mediates Rap1-dependent desmosome assembly and adherens junction maturation. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:3749-64. [PMID: 25208567 PMCID: PMC4230782 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomal Armadillo family member Pkp3 is established as a coordinator of desmosome and adherens junction assembly and maturation through its physical and functional association with Rap1. It thus functions in a manner distinct from the closely related Pkp2. The pathways driving desmosome and adherens junction assembly are temporally and spatially coordinated, but how they are functionally coupled is poorly understood. Here we show that the Armadillo protein plakophilin 3 (Pkp3) mediates both desmosome assembly and E-cadherin maturation through Rap1 GTPase, thus functioning in a manner distinct from the closely related plakophilin 2 (Pkp2). Whereas Pkp2 and Pkp3 share the ability to mediate the initial phase of desmoplakin (DP) accumulation at sites of cell–cell contact, they play distinct roles in later steps: Pkp3 is required for assembly of a cytoplasmic population of DP-enriched junction precursors, whereas Pkp2 is required for transfer of the precursors to the membrane. Moreover, Pkp3 forms a complex with Rap1 GTPase, promoting its activation and facilitating desmosome assembly. We show further that Pkp3 deficiency causes disruption of an E-cadherin/Rap1 complex required for adherens junction sealing. These findings reveal Pkp3 as a coordinator of desmosome and adherens junction assembly and maturation through its functional association with Rap1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Todorovic
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Jennifer L Koetsier
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lisa M Godsel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 R.H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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93
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Dehner C, Rötzer V, Waschke J, Spindler V. A Desmoplakin Point Mutation with Enhanced Keratin Association Ameliorates Pemphigus Vulgaris Autoantibody-Mediated Loss of Cell Cohesion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2528-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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94
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Kitajima Y. 150(th) anniversary series: Desmosomes and autoimmune disease, perspective of dynamic desmosome remodeling and its impairments in pemphigus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:269-80. [PMID: 25078507 DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2014.943397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Desmosomes are the most important intercellular adhering junctions that adhere two adjacent keratinocytes directly with desmosomal cadherins, that is, desmogleins (Dsgs) and desmocollins, forming an epidermal sheet. Recently, two cell-cell adhesion states of desmosomes, that is, "stable hyper-adhesion" and "dynamic weak-adhesion" conditions have been recognized. They are mutually reversible through cell signaling events involving protein kinase C (PKC), Src and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) during Ca(2+)-switching and wound healing. This remodeling is impaired in pemphigus vulgaris (PV, an autoimmune blistering disease), caused by anti-Dsg3 antibodies. The antibody binding to Dsg3 activates PKC, Src and EGFR, linked to generation of dynamic weak-adhesion desmosomes, followed by p38MAPK-mediated endocytosis of Dsg3, resulting in the specific depletion of Dsg3 from desmosomes and acantholysis. A variety of pemphigus outside-in signaling may explain different clinical (non-inflammatory, inflammatory, and necrolytic) types of pemphigus. Pemphigus could be referred to a "desmosome-remodeling disease involving pemphigus IgG-activated outside-in signaling events".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kitajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kizawa Memorial Hospital, Professor Emeritus Gifu University School of Medicine , Minokamo City, Gifu Prefecture , Japan
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95
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Kurata M, Mizukawa Y, Aoyama Y, Shiohara T. Herpes simplex virus reactivation as a trigger of mucous lesions in pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:554-60. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kurata
- Department of Dermatology Kyorin University School of Medicine Shinkawa, 6‐20‐2 Mitaka Tokyo 181‐8611 Japan
| | - Y. Mizukawa
- Department of Dermatology Kyorin University School of Medicine Shinkawa, 6‐20‐2 Mitaka Tokyo 181‐8611 Japan
| | - Y. Aoyama
- Department of Dermatology Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama 700‐8558 Japan
| | - T. Shiohara
- Department of Dermatology Kyorin University School of Medicine Shinkawa, 6‐20‐2 Mitaka Tokyo 181‐8611 Japan
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96
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Sumigray K, Zhou K, Lechler T. Cell-cell adhesions and cell contractility are upregulated upon desmosome disruption. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101824. [PMID: 25006807 PMCID: PMC4090201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmosomes are perturbed in a number of disease states – including genetic disorders, autoimmune and bacterial diseases. Here, we report unexpected changes in other cell-cell adhesion structures upon loss of desmosome function. We found that perturbation of desmosomes by either loss of the core desmosomal protein desmoplakin or treatment with pathogenic anti-desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) antibodies resulted in changes in adherens junctions consistent with increased tension. The total amount of myosin IIA was increased in desmoplakin-null epidermis, and myosin IIA became highly localized to cell contacts in both desmoplakin-null and anti-Dsg3-treated mouse keratinocytes. Inhibition of myosin II activity reversed the changes to adherens junctions seen upon desmosome disruption. The increased cortical myosin IIA promoted epithelial sheet fragility, as myosin IIA-null cells were less susceptible to disruption by anti-Dsg3 antibodies. In addition to the changes in adherens junctions, we found a significant increase in the expression of a number of claudin genes, which encode for transmembrane components of the tight junction that provide barrier function. These data demonstrate that desmosome disruption results in extensive transcriptional and posttranslational changes that alter the activity of other cell adhesion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn Sumigray
- Depts. of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kang Zhou
- Depts. of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Terry Lechler
- Depts. of Dermatology and Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Oliveira MEF, Culton DA, Prisayanh P, Qaqish BF, Diaz LA. E-cadherin autoantibody profile in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2014; 169:812-8. [PMID: 23725016 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune skin blistering disease. The main targets of autoantibodies are the desmosomal proteins desmoglein (Dsg)3 and Dsg1. Anti-E-cadherin antibody is the second most frequent antibody found in pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem), but the frequency in PV is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the anti-E-cadherin antibody profile in the two major subtypes of PV: mucosal PV (mPV) and mucocutaneous PV (mcPV). METHODS Sera from 80 patients with PV and 80 controls were tested. Patients with PV were subdivided into mPV (n = 18) and mcPV (n = 62). Samples were tested by E-cadherin, Dsg1 and Dsg3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and immunoprecipitation coupled with Western blotting (IP-WB). RESULTS Both mPV and mcPV sera have antibodies against E-cadherin as demonstrated by ELISA and IP-WB. Both subtypes of PV have low levels of anti-E-cadherin antibodies, but significantly higher levels than healthy controls by ELISA (P < 0·0001). No difference exists in antibody levels between subgroups (P = 0·82). By IP-WB, 78% of mcPV sera reacted to E-cadherin, vs. 33% of mPV sera tested. Correlation analysis suggests a moderate correlation between anti-E-cadherin antibodies and Dsg1 antibodies (average r = 0·61), but no correlation with Dsg3 antibodies (average r = 0·19). Patients with mPV can have lower levels of Dsg1 antibodies compared with controls by ELISA (P < 0·0001). A few mPV sera also reacted to Dsg1 protein by IP-WB (17%). CONCLUSIONS Anti-E-cadherin antibodies are present in both major subtypes of PV. A moderate correlation exists between E-cadherin and Dsg1 antibodies. Patients with mPV can have low levels of both E-cadherin and Dsg1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E F Oliveira
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, U.S.A
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98
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Handler MZ, Schwartz RA. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: diagnosis and management in children and adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 28:1418-23. [PMID: 24841497 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening disorder caused most often by a phage group II Staphylococcus aureus infection. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is more common in newborns than in adults. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome tends to appear abruptly with diffuse erythema and fever. The diagnosis can be confirmed by a skin biopsy specimen, which can be expedited by frozen section processing, as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome should be distinguished from life threatening toxic epidermal necrolysis. Histologically, the superficial epidermis is detached, the separation level being at the granular layer. The diffuse skin loss is due to a circulating bacterial exotoxin. The aetiological exfoliating toxin is a serine protease that splits only desmoglein 1. The exfoliative toxins are spread haematogenously from a localized source of infection, causing widespread epidermal damage at distant sites. Sepsis and pneumonia are the most feared complications. The purpose of this review is to summarize advances in understanding of this serious disorder and provide therapeutic options for both paediatric and adult patients. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that paediatric patients have an increased incidence of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome during the summer and autumn. Mortality is less than 10% in children, but is between 40% and 63% in adults, despite antibacterial therapy. Previously, intravenous immunoglobulin had been recommended to combat Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, but a recent study associates its use with prolonged hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Handler
- Department of Dermatology, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
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99
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Ising M, Mather KA, Zimmermann P, Brückl T, Höhne N, Heck A, Schenk LA, Rujescu D, Armstrong NJ, Sachdev PS, Reppermund S. Genetic effects on information processing speed are moderated by age - converging results from three samples. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:501-7. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
| | - K. A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | | | - T. Brückl
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
| | - N. Höhne
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
| | - A. Heck
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
- Present address: Institute of Psychology; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - L. A. Schenk
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
- Present address: Department of Systems Neuroscience; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - D. Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics; Martin-Luther-University; Halle Germany
| | | | - P. S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney Australia
| | - S. Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
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Rötzer V, Breit A, Waschke J, Spindler V. Adducin is required for desmosomal cohesion in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14925-40. [PMID: 24711455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adducin is a protein organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton and a target of RhoA and PKC signaling. However, the role for intercellular cohesion is unknown. We found that adducin silencing induced disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, reduced intercellular adhesion of human keratinocytes, and decreased the levels of the desmosomal adhesion molecule desmoglein (Dsg)3 by reducing its membrane incorporation. Because loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 depletion is observed in the autoantibody-mediated blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we applied antibody fractions of PV patients. A rapid phosphorylation of adducin at serine 726 was detected in response to these autoantibodies. To mechanistically link autoantibody binding and adducin phosphorylation, we evaluated the role of several disease-relevant signaling molecules. Adducin phosphorylation at serine 726 was dependent on Ca(2+) influx and PKC but occurred independent of p38 MAPK and PKA. Adducin phosphorylation is protective, because phosphorylation-deficient mutants resulted in loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 fragmentation. Thus, PKC elicits both positive and negative effects on cell adhesion, since its contribution to cell dissociation in pemphigus is well established. We additionally evaluated the effect of RhoA on adducin phosphorylation because RhoA activation was shown to block pemphigus autoantibody-induced cell dissociation. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect of RhoA activation was dependent on the presence of adducin and its phosphorylation at serine 726. These experiments provide novel mechanisms for regulation of desmosomal adhesion by RhoA- and PKC-mediated adducin phosphorylation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rötzer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
| | - Andreas Breit
- the Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
| | - Volker Spindler
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
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