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Qiu T, Guo BB, Wang LZ, Zhang H, Xu Y, Jiang XY. [Association between overweight/obesity in parents and autism spectrum disorders in offspring]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:383-386. [PMID: 29764575 PMCID: PMC7389070 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between overweight/obesity in parents before maternal pregnancy and the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. METHODS A total of 36 children who were diagnosed with ASD (ASD group) and 72 normal children matched for sex and age (control group) were enrolled. A questionnaire survey was performed to collect the general information, including body height and body weight of parents before maternal pregnancy and maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between overweight/obesity in parents before maternal pregnancy and ASD in offspring. RESULTS The ASD group had a significantly higher detection rate of overweight/obesity in the father than the control group (56% vs 32%; P=0.018) before maternal pregnancy. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that overweight/obesity of the father before maternal pregnancy was a risk factor for ASD in offspring (OR=2.66 and 2.58 respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overweight/obesity of the father before maternal pregnancy is an independent risk factor for ASD in offspring, and therefore, it is important for the father to control his body mass index within the normal range before maternal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qiu
- Department of Child Health Care, The Affiliated Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China.
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Sanchez CE, Barry C, Sabhlok A, Russell K, Majors A, Kollins SH, Fuemmeler BF. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopmental outcomes: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2018; 19:464-484. [PMID: 29164765 PMCID: PMC6059608 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review examined evidence of the association between maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity status and child neurodevelopmental outcomes. PubMed and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched for empirical studies published before April 2017 using keywords related to prenatal obesity and children's neurodevelopment. Of 1483 identified papers, 41 were included in the systematic review, and 32 articles representing 36 cohorts were included in the meta-analysis. Findings indicated that compared with children of normal weight mothers, children whose mothers were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy were at increased risk for compromised neurodevelopmental outcomes (overweight: OR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.11, 1.24], I2 = 65.51; obese: OR = 1.51; 95% CI [1.35, 1.69], I2 = 79.63). Pre-pregnancy obesity increased the risk of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (OR = 1.62; 95% CI [1.23, 2.14], I2 = 70.15), autism spectrum disorder (OR = 1.36; 95% CI [1.08, 1.70], I2 = 60.52), developmental delay (OR = 1.58; 95% CI [1.39, 1.79], I2 = 75.77) and emotional/behavioural problems (OR = 1.42; 95% CI [1.26, 1.59], I2 = 87.74). Given the current obesity prevalence among young adults and women of childbearing age, this association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and atypical child neurodevelopment represents a potentially high public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Barry
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A Sabhlok
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K Russell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A Majors
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Cristiano C, Lama A, Lembo F, Mollica MP, Calignano A, Mattace Raso G. Interplay Between Peripheral and Central Inflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Possible Nutritional and Therapeutic Strategies. Front Physiol 2018; 9:184. [PMID: 29563885 PMCID: PMC5845898 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre- and post-natal factors can affect brain development and function, impacting health outcomes with particular relevance to neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Maternal obesity and its associated complications have been related to the increased risk of ASDs in offspring. Indeed, animals exposed to maternal obesity or high fat diets are prone to social communication impairment and repetitive behavior, the hallmarks of autism. During development, fatty acids and sugars, as well as satiety hormones, like insulin and leptin, and inflammatory factors related to obesity-induced low grade inflammation, could play a role in the impairment of neuroendocrine system and brain neuronal circuits regulating behavior in offspring. On the other side, post-natal factors, such as mode of delivery, stress, diet, or antibiotic treatment are associated to a modification of gut microbiota composition, perturbing microbiota-gut-brain axis. Indeed, the interplay between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system not only occurs through neural, hormonal, and immune pathways, but also through microbe-derived metabolic products. The modification of unhealthy perinatal and postnatal environment, manipulation of gut microbiota, nutritional, and dietary interventions could represent possible strategies in preventing or limiting ASDs, through targeting inflammatory process and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Graham AM, Rasmussen JM, Rudolph MD, Heim CM, Gilmore JH, Styner M, Potkin SG, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Fair DA, Buss C. Maternal Systemic Interleukin-6 During Pregnancy Is Associated With Newborn Amygdala Phenotypes and Subsequent Behavior at 2 Years of Age. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:109-119. [PMID: 28754515 PMCID: PMC5723539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal inflammation during pregnancy increases the risk for offspring psychiatric disorders and other adverse long-term health outcomes. The influence of inflammation on the developing fetal brain is hypothesized as one potential mechanism but has not been examined in humans. METHODS Participants were adult women (N = 86) who were recruited during early pregnancy and whose offspring were born after 34 weeks' gestation. A biological indicator of maternal inflammation (interleukin-6) that has been shown to influence fetal brain development in animal models was quantified serially in early, mid-, and late pregnancy. Structural and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in neonates shortly after birth. Infants' amygdalae were individually segmented for measures of volume and as seeds for resting state functional connectivity. At 24 months of age, children completed a snack delay task to assess impulse control. RESULTS Higher average maternal interleukin-6 concentration during pregnancy was prospectively associated with larger right amygdala volume and stronger bilateral amygdala connectivity to brain regions involved in sensory processing and integration (fusiform, somatosensory cortex, and thalamus), salience detection (anterior insula), and learning and memory (caudate and parahippocampal gyrus). Larger newborn right amygdala volume and stronger left amygdala connectivity were in turn associated with lower impulse control at 24 months of age, and mediated the association between higher maternal interleukin-6 concentrations and lower impulse control. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new evidence in humans linking maternal inflammation during pregnancy with newborn brain and emerging behavioral phenotypes relevant for psychiatric disorders. A better understanding of intrauterine conditions that influence offspring disease susceptibility is warranted to inform targeted early intervention and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Graham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Marc D Rudolph
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christine M Heim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - John H Gilmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven G Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
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Udagawa J, Hino K. Impact of Maternal Stress in Pregnancy on Brain Function of the Offspring. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2018; 71:188-194. [PMID: 27725421 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.71.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to prenatal stressors, including malnutrition, maternal immune activation (MIA), and adverse life events, is associated with increased risks of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. The first trimester of pregnancy is particularly a vulnerable period. During this period, the self-renewal of neural stem cells and neurogenesis vigorously occur, and synaptic connections are partially formed in the telencephalon. Disturbance of this neuronal proliferation and migration during the first trimester may underlie the increased susceptibility to these disorders. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, are critical mechanisms for regulating gene expression. They can be affected by stress and are associated with an increase in susceptibility to schizophrenia and developmental disabilities. Injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or lipopolysaccharide induces MIA, enhances the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and leads to the activation of microglia and the subsequent epigenetic modification of neurons or glia in the offspring. Furthermore, maternal high-fat diet and obesity similarly induce MIA and therefore may increase the risk of developmental disabilities. In addition, maternal stress reprograms the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which regulates the stress response in the offspring. Thus, exposure to prenatal stress may increase the susceptibility to schizophrenia, ASD, or ADHD in the offspring through epigenetic modifications, MIA, and alteration of the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Udagawa
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science
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Barisic T, Mandic V, Barac I. Associations of Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Term Pregnancy Outcomes. Mater Sociomed 2017; 29:52-57. [PMID: 28484356 PMCID: PMC5402376 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2017.29.52-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is one of the greatest health problems in the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined obesity as a disease in which the excess of adipose tissue accumulates in such a degree that is endangers health. Obesity is a very complex multifactor disease that is developed under the influence of genetic and metabolic factors, environment, social and cultural environment as well as bad habits. The causes of obesity can be numerous. The most common source of obesity is the development of energetic imbalance. Material and methods: A retrospective study of medical records in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Hospital in Mostar was conducted. It included 1300 pregnant women and their children that were delivered in the time period from January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2015. It was conducted a retrospective study which involved 1300 pregnant women who gave births in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of University Clinical Hospital in Mostar in the period from January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2015 and their newborns. Results: The difference in age of pregnant women with different body mass index was not statistically relevant. The average age of pregnant women with normal body mass was 29.52 ± 5.48, overweight pregnant women 30.30 ± 5.138, and obese pregnant women 30.00 ± 5.103 (F = 2.730; p = 0.066). The youngest was 24, and the oldest was 49 years old. The average gestational age at delivery was 39.23 ± 1.556 (min 28; max. 42 weeks of gestation). The majority of pregnant women; 660 of them (50.8 %), were overweight in the early stages of their pregnancy, there were 322 (24.8 %) obese women, and there were 318 (24.5 %) normal weight women. At the end of the pregnancy, the highest number was that of obese pregnant women 925 (71.2 %), while 328 (25.2 %) pregnant women were overweight, and only 47 (3.6 %) pregnant women had normal weight. Conclusion: Nutritive status and weight gain of a mother during pregnancy are an important indication of her health and of the foetus growth. Overweightness and obesity of a mother before pregnancy and during pregnancy has a negative influence on the health of the mother and infant. Moreover, it is linked with risk and a negative pregnancy outcome. BMI was associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Barisic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Clinical Hospital Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Ivana Barac
- Ministry of health of FBiH, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Robertson RC, Seira Oriach C, Murphy K, Moloney GM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Paul Ross R, Stanton C. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids critically regulate behaviour and gut microbiota development in adolescence and adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:21-37. [PMID: 27423492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopment is strongly influenced by maternal and early-postnatal diet. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are vital structural and functional components of the developing brain. The gut microbiota is also influenced by n-3 PUFA status, however, little is known about the role of maternal and early-life n-3 PUFA intake on offspring gut microbiota development and subsequent interactions with central nervous system functioning and behavioural outcomes. METHODS Pregnant female C57BL/6 mice and their male offspring were fed a control (CON), omega-3 deficient (O3-) or omega-3 supplemented (O3+) diet. Cognitive, depressive and social behaviours were assessed through a battery of behaviour tests in the male offspring at both adolescence (week 4-5) and adulthood (week 11-13). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) activation was assessed by analysis of stress-induced corticosterone production. Fecal microbiota composition was analysed by 16S sequencing at both adolescent and adulthood. In addition, stimulated spleen cytokine levels were assessed. RESULTS n-3 PUFA interventions induced subtle changes in offspring early-life and adolescent behaviours, which were further evident in adulthood, such that O3- animals displayed impaired communication, social and depression-related behaviours and O3+ animals displayed enhanced cognition. O3- mice displayed an elevated Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and blunted systemic LPS responsiveness. Contrastingly, O3+ mice displayed greater fecal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus abundance and dampened HPA-axis activity. CONCLUSIONS Neurobehavioural development related to cognitive, anxiety and social behaviours, is highly dependent upon in utero and lifelong n-3 PUFA availability. In addition, neurobehavioural changes induced by altering n-3 PUFA status are closely associated with comprehensive alterations in gut microbiota composition, HPA-axis activity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruairi C Robertson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Seira Oriach
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Kiera Murphy
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard M Moloney
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - R Paul Ross
- School of Science Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Thompson JR, Valleau JC, Barling AN, Franco JG, DeCapo M, Bagley JL, Sullivan EL. Exposure to a High-Fat Diet during Early Development Programs Behavior and Impairs the Central Serotonergic System in Juvenile Non-Human Primates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:164. [PMID: 28785241 PMCID: PMC5519527 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to maternal obesity and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption not only poses metabolic risks to offspring but also impacts brain development and mental health. Using a non-human primate model, we observed a persistent increase in anxiety in juvenile offspring exposed to a maternal HFD. Postweaning HFD consumption also increased anxiety and independently increased stereotypic behaviors. These behavioral changes were associated with modified cortisol stress response and impairments in the development of the central serotonin synthesis, with altered tryptophan hydroxylase-2 mRNA expression in the dorsal and median raphe. Postweaning HFD consumption decreased serotonergic immunoreactivity in area 10 of the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that perinatal exposure to HFD consumption programs development of the brain and endocrine system, leading to behavioral impairments associated with mental health and neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, an early nutritional intervention (consumption of the control diet at weaning) was not sufficient to ameliorate many of the behavioral changes, such as increased anxiety, that were induced by maternal HFD consumption. Given the level of dietary fat consumption and maternal obesity in developed nations these findings have important implications for the mental health of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R. Thompson
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jeanette C. Valleau
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ashley N. Barling
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Juliana G. Franco
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Madison DeCapo
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Bagley
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Elinor L. Sullivan
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Elinor L. Sullivan,
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Edlow AG. Maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:95-110. [PMID: 27684946 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence from both human epidemiologic and animal studies that prenatal and lactational exposure to maternal obesity and high-fat diet are associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring. These disorders include cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cerebral palsy, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. This review synthesizes human and animal data linking maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption to abnormal fetal brain development and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity in offspring. In addition, it highlights key mechanisms by which maternal obesity and maternal diet might impact fetal and offspring neurodevelopment, including neuroinflammation; increased oxidative stress, dysregulated insulin, glucose, and leptin signaling; dysregulated serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling; and perturbations in synaptic plasticity. Finally, the review summarizes available evidence regarding investigational therapeutic approaches to mitigate the harmful effects of maternal obesity on fetal and offspring neurodevelopment. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Graf AE, Lallier SW, Waidyaratne G, Thompson MD, Tipple TE, Hester ME, Trask AJ, Rogers LK. Maternal high fat diet exposure is associated with increased hepcidin levels, decreased myelination, and neurobehavioral changes in male offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:369-378. [PMID: 27519153 PMCID: PMC5611850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity induces chronic inflammatory responses that impact the fetus/neonate during the perinatal period. Inflammation, iron regulation, and myelination are closely interconnected and disruptions in these processes may have deleterious effects on neurodevelopment. Hepcidin levels are increased in response to inflammation causing subsequent decreases in ferroportin and available iron needed for myelination. Our current studies were designed to test the hypotheses that: 1) maternal high fat diet (HFD) prior to and during pregnancy is sufficient to induce inflammation and alter iron regulation in the brain of the offspring, and 2) HFD exposure is associated with altered myelination and neurobehavioral deficits in the offspring. Our data revealed modest increases in inflammatory cytokines in the serum of dams fed HFD prior to pregnancy compared to dams fed a control diet (CD). Early increases in IL-5 and decreases in IL-10 were observed in serum at PN7 while IL-5 remained elevated at PN21 in the HFD-exposed pups. At PN0, most cytokine levels in whole brain homogenates were higher in the pups born to HFD-fed dams but were not different or were lower than in pups born to CD-fed dams at PN21. Conversely, the inflammation mediated transcription factor Nurr77 remained elevated at PN21. At birth, brain hepcidin, ferroportin, and l-ferritin levels were elevated in pups born to HFD-fed dams compared to pups born to CD-fed dams. Hepcidin levels remained elevated at PN7 and PN21 while ferroportin and l-ferritin levels were lower at PN7 and were not different at PN21. Decreases in myelination in the medial cortex were observed in male but not in female pups born to maternal HFD-fed dams at PN21. These structural changes correlated with changes in behavior (novel object recognition) in at 4months in males only. Our data indicate that maternal obesity (HFD) results in disruption of iron regulation in the brains of the offspring with structural and neurobehavioral deficits in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Graf
- Centers for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Scott W. Lallier
- Centers for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, United States
| | - Gavisha Waidyaratne
- Centers for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, United States
| | - Michael D. Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Trent E. Tipple
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mark E. Hester
- Centers for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, United States
| | - Aaron J. Trask
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lynette K. Rogers
- Centers for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Corresponding author at:. Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 575 Children’s Cross Road, Columbus, OH 43215, United States. (L.K. Rogers)
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Maternal Body Mass Index and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: A Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34248. [PMID: 27687989 PMCID: PMC5043237 DOI: 10.1038/srep34248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial results of the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring were reported among several studies. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall association between maternal BMI and risk of ASD in offspring. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched until January 2016. Cohort and case-control studies addressing the association between maternal BMI and risk of ASD in offspring were included. We used random-effect models to estimate the summary relative risks (RRs), we also performed a dose-response meta-analysis to estimate the trend from the correlated log RR estimates across levels of BMI quantitatively. Totally, 6 cohort studies and 1 case-control study involving 8,403 cases and 509,167 participants were included for analysis. The summary RR (95% confidence interval) for ASD in offspring in relation to maternal underweight, overweight, and obesity vs. normal weight during pre-pregnancy or pregnancy, was 1.07 (0.93, 1.23), 1.28 (1.19, 1.36) and 1.36 (1.03, 1.78), respectively. A linear dose-response relationship was found, with a pooled RR of 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) for each 5 kg/m2. increment in maternal BMI. The present study suggests that excessive maternal BMI is associated with increased ASD risk in offspring.
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Differences in brain functional connectivity at resting state in neonates born to healthy obese or normal-weight mothers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1931-1934. [PMID: 27677619 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown associations between maternal obesity at pre- or early pregnancy and long-term neurodevelopment in children, suggesting in utero effects of maternal obesity on offspring brain development. In this study, we examined whether brain functional connectivity to the prefrontal lobe network is different in newborns from normal-weight or obese mothers. Thirty-four full-term healthy infants from uncomplicated pregnancies were included, with 18 born to normal-weight and 16 born to obese mothers. Two weeks after delivery, the infants underwent an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination during natural sleep, which included structural imaging and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) scans. Independent component analysis was used to identify the prefrontal lobe network, and dual regression was used to compare functional connectivity between groups. Infants born to normal-weight mothers had higher recruiting (P<0.05, corrected) of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex regions to the prefrontal network after adjusting for maternal intelligence quotient, gestational weight gain and infant postmenstrual age, gender, birth weight/length, head circumference and neonatal diet. The functional connectivity strength in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex negatively correlated (P<0.05) with maternal fat mass percentage measured at early pregnancy. This preliminary study indicates that exposure to maternal obesity in utero may be associated with changes in resting-state functional connectivity in the newborn offspring's brain.
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Li YM, Ou JJ, Liu L, Zhang D, Zhao JP, Tang SY. Association Between Maternal Obesity and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring: A Meta-analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 46:95-102. [PMID: 26254893 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the link between maternal obesity and risk of autism among offspring is unclear, the present study assessed this association. A systematic search of an electronic database was performed to identify observational studies that examined the association between maternal obesity and autism. The outcome measures were odds ratios comparing offspring autism risk between obese and normal-weight mothers. Five observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. A fixed-effects model was used since low heterogeneity was observed between studies. The pooled adjusted odds ratio was 1.47 (95 % CI 1.24-1.74). The meta-analysis results support an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder in children of women who were obese during pregnancy. However, further study is warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Min Li
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Jun Ou
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhao
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Si-Yuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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65
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Mercury as a possible link between maternal obesity and autism spectrum disorder. Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:90-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chen MH, Lan WH, Hsu JW, Huang KL, Su TP, Li CT, Lin WC, Tsai CF, Tsai SJ, Lee YC, Chen YS, Pan TL, Chang WH, Chen TJ, Bai YM. Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study. Diabetes Care 2016; 39:788-93. [PMID: 27006513 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have suggested the association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)-related risk factors, such as obesity and dyslipidemia. However, the association between ASD and type 2 DM remains unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for enrolling 6,122 adolescents and young adults with ASD and 24,488 age- and sex-matched control subjects between 2002 and 2009 and monitored them until the end of 2011. Participants who developed type 2 DM during the follow-up period were identified. RESULTS Adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] 2.71 [95% CI 1.64-4.48]) and young adults (HR 5.31 [95% CI 2.85-9.90]) with ASD had a higher risk of developing type 2 DM than those without ASD, after adjustment for demographic data, atypical antipsychotics use, and medical comorbidities. Sensitivity analyses after excluding first year (HR 3.03 [95% CI 2.03-4.51]) and first 3-year (HR 2.62 [95% CI 1.62-4.23]) observation periods were consistent. Short-term (HR 1.97 [95% CI 1.20-3.23]) and long-term (HR 1.64 [95% CI 1.02-2.63]) use of atypical antipsychotics were associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent type 2 DM. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents and young adults with ASD were more likely to develop type 2 DM during the follow-up. In addition, those with ASD using atypical antipsychotics exhibited a high risk. Therefore, further research is necessary to investigate the common pathophysiology of ASD and type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsuan Lan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ping Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chiao Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Sheue Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Han Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Hospital and Health Care Administration, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The Effects of Maternal Obesity on Neonates, Infants, Children, Adolescents, and Adults. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2016; 59:216-27. [DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li M, Fallin MD, Riley A, Landa R, Walker SO, Silverstein M, Caruso D, Pearson C, Kiang S, Dahm JL, Hong X, Wang G, Wang MC, Zuckerman B, Wang X. The Association of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes With Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20152206. [PMID: 26826214 PMCID: PMC4732357 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and diabetes are highly prevalent among pregnant women in the United States. No study has examined the independent and combined effects of maternal prepregnancy obesity and maternal diabetes on the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in parallel with other developmental disorders (DDs). METHODS This study is based on 2734 children (including 102 ASD cases), a subset of the Boston Birth Cohort who completed at least 1 postnatal study visit at Boston Medical Center between 1998 and 2014. Child ASD and other DDs were based on physician diagnoses as documented in electronic medical records. Risks of ASD and other DDs were compared among 6 groups defined by maternal prepregnancy obesity and diabetes status by using Cox proportional hazard regression controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS When examined individually, maternal prepregnancy obesity and pregestational diabetes (PGDM) were each associated with risk of ASD. When examined in combination, only mothers with obesity and PGDM (hazard ratio 3.91, 95% confidence interval 1.76-8.68) and those with obesity and gestational diabetes (hazard ratio 3.04, 95% confidence interval 1.21-7.63) had a significantly increased risk of offspring ASD. Intellectual disabilities (IDs), but not other DDs, showed a similar pattern of increased risk associated with combined obesity and PGDM. This pattern of risk was mostly accounted for by cases with co-occurring ASD and ID. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prepregnancy obesity and maternal diabetes in combination were associated with increased risk for ASD and ID. ASD with ID may be etiologically distinct from ASD without ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Li
- Departments of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health
| | | | - Anne Riley
- Departments of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health
| | - Rebecca Landa
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland;,Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and
| | | | - Michael Silverstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deanna Caruso
- Departments of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health
| | - Colleen Pearson
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon Kiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xiumei Hong
- Departments of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health
| | - Guoying Wang
- Departments of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barry Zuckerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Departments of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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Nuttall JR. The plausibility of maternal toxicant exposure and nutritional status as contributing factors to the risk of autism spectrum disorders. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 20:209-218. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2015.1103437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan R. Nuttall
- Departments of Nutrition and Environmental Toxicology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Sullivan EL, Riper KM, Lockard R, Valleau JC. Maternal high-fat diet programming of the neuroendocrine system and behavior. Horm Behav 2015; 76:153-61. [PMID: 25913366 PMCID: PMC4619177 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Maternal obesity, metabolic state, and diet during gestation have profound effects on offspring development. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental and mental health disorders has risen rapidly in the last several decades in parallel with the rise in obesity rates. Evidence from epidemiological studies indicates that maternal obesity and metabolic complications increase the risk of offspring developing behavioral disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and schizophrenia. Animal models show that a maternal diet high in fat similarly disrupts behavioral programming of offspring, with animals showing social impairments, increased anxiety and depressive behaviors, reduced cognitive development, and hyperactivity. Maternal obesity, metabolic conditions, and high fat diet consumption increase maternal leptin, insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and inflammatory cytokines. This leads to increased risk of placental dysfunction, and altered fetal neuroendocrine development. Changes in brain development that likely contribute to the increased risk of behavioral and mental health disorders include increased inflammation in the brain, as well as alterations in the serotonergic system, dopaminergic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor L Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Kellie M Riper
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rachel Lockard
- Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeanette C Valleau
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Early-life adversity and brain development: Is the microbiome a missing piece of the puzzle? Neuroscience 2015; 342:37-54. [PMID: 26432952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal and postnatal early-life periods are both dynamic and vulnerable windows for brain development. During these important neurodevelopmental phases, essential processes and structures are established. Exposure to adverse events that interfere with this critical sequence of events confers a high risk for the subsequent emergence of mental illness later in life. It is increasingly accepted that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes substantially to shaping the development of the central nervous system. Conversely, several studies have shown that early-life events can also impact on this gut community. Due to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, it is possible that aberrant situations affecting either organ in early life can impact on the other. Studies have now shown that deviations from the gold standard trajectory of gut microbiota establishment and development in early life can lead not only to disorders of the gastrointestinal tract but also complex metabolic and immune disorders. These are being extended to disorders of the central nervous system and understanding how the gut microbiome shapes brain and behavior during early life is an important new frontier in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - G Clarke
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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72
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Walton RG, Monte WC. Dietary methanol and autism. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:441-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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73
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Neri C, Edlow AG. Effects of Maternal Obesity on Fetal Programming: Molecular Approaches. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 6:a026591. [PMID: 26337113 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. Obesity and a high-fat diet have been shown to have deleterious effects on fetal programming, predisposing offspring to adverse cardiometabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although large epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal obesity and adverse outcomes for offspring, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Molecular approaches have played a key role in elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of fetal malprogramming in the setting of maternal obesity. These approaches include, among others, characterization of epigenetic modifications, microRNA expression, the gut microbiome, the transcriptome, and evaluation of specific mRNA expression via quantitative reverse transcription polmerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in fetuses and offspring of obese females. This work will review the data from animal models and human fluids/cells regarding the effects of maternal obesity on fetal and offspring neurodevelopment and cardiometabolic outcomes, with a particular focus on molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Neri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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Rivera HM, Christiansen KJ, Sullivan EL. The role of maternal obesity in the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:194. [PMID: 26150767 PMCID: PMC4471351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that perinatal exposure to maternal obesity, metabolic disease, including diabetes and hypertension, and unhealthy maternal diet has a long-term impact on offspring behavior and physiology. During the past three decades, the prevalence of both obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders has rapidly increased. Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that maternal obesity and metabolic complications increase the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders (food addiction, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa), and impairments in cognition in offspring. Animal models of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity also document persistent changes in offspring behavior and impairments in critical neural circuitry. Animals exposed to maternal obesity and HFD consumption display hyperactivity, impairments in social behavior, increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, substance addiction, food addiction, and diminished cognition. During development, these offspring are exposed to elevated levels of nutrients (fatty acids, glucose), hormones (leptin, insulin), and inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor). Such factors appear to permanently change neuroendocrine regulation and brain development in offspring. In addition, inflammation of the offspring brain during gestation impairs the development of neural pathways critical in the regulation of behavior, such as serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and melanocortinergic systems. Dysregulation of these circuits increases the risk of mental health disorders. Given the high rates of obesity in most developed nations, it is critical that the mechanisms by which maternal obesity programs offspring behavior are thoroughly characterized. Such knowledge will be critical in the development of preventative strategies and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Rivera
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR, USA ; Department of Biology, University of Portland Portland, OR, USA
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Iessa N, Bérard A. Update on Prepregnancy Maternal Obesity: Birth Defects and Childhood Outcomes. J Pediatr Genet 2015; 4:71-83. [PMID: 27617118 PMCID: PMC4918711 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global health epidemic. It is estimated that more than 20% of pregnancies are complicated by obesity. Prepregnancy obesity has been associated with birth defects such as neural tube defects, macrosomia, fetal death, and long-term effects such as asthma on the offspring. We provide a summary of the most recent studies and meta-analyses on obesity and birth outcome. Possible mechanisms of actions are explored and recommendations for further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Iessa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anick Bérard
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Kim DR, Bale TL, Epperson CN. Prenatal programming of mental illness: current understanding of relationship and mechanisms. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:5. [PMID: 25617041 PMCID: PMC4458064 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The British epidemiologist Dr. David J. Barker documented the relationship between infant birth weight and later onset of hypertension, coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. A stressful in utero environment can cause long-term consequences for offspring through prenatal programming. Prenatal programming most commonly occurs through epigenetic mechanisms and can be dependent on the type and timing of exposure as well as the sex of the fetus. In this review, we highlight the most recent evidence that prenatal programming is implicated in the development of psychiatric disorders in offspring exposed to maternal stress during pregnancy. Methodological differences between studies contribute to unavoidable heterogeneity in study findings. Current data suggest that fetal exposure to maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, excessive glucocorticoids, and inflammation with resulting epigenetic changes at both the placental and fetal levels are important areas of continued investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R. Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn Center for Women’s Behavioral Wellness, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Room 3050, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tracy L. Bale
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C. Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn Center for Women’s Behavioral Wellness, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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