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Recapitulating kidney development: Progress and challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:153-168. [PMID: 30184476 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research into the molecular and cellular regulation of kidney morphogenesis in rodent models, particularly the mouse, has provided both an atlas of the mammalian kidney and a roadmap for recreating kidney cell types with potential applications for the treatment of kidney disease. With advances in both our capacity to maintain nephron progenitors in culture, reprogram to kidney cell types and direct the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to kidney endpoints, renal regeneration via cellular therapy or tissue engineering may be possible. Human kidney models also have potential for disease modelling and drug screening. Such applications will rely upon the accuracy of the model at the cellular level and the capacity for stem-cell derived kidney tissue to recapitulate both normal and diseased kidney tissue. In this review, we will discuss the available cell sources, how well they model the human kidney and how far we are from application either as models or for tissue engineering.
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52
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Held M, Santeramo I, Wilm B, Murray P, Lévy R. Ex vivo live cell tracking in kidney organoids using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199918. [PMID: 30048451 PMCID: PMC6062017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening cells for their differentiation potential requires a combination of tissue culture models and imaging methods that allow for long-term tracking of the location and function of cells. Embryonic kidney re-aggregation in vitro assays have been established which allow for the monitoring of organotypic cell behaviour in re-aggregated and chimeric renal organoids. However, evaluation of cell integration is hampered by the high photonic load of standard fluorescence microscopy which poses challenges for imaging three-dimensional systems in real-time over a time course. Therefore, we employed light sheet microscopy, a technique that vastly reduces photobleaching and phototoxic effects. We have also developed a new method for culturing the re-aggregates which involves immersed culture, generating organoids which more closely reflect development in vivo. To facilitate imaging from various angles, we embedded the organoids in a freely rotatable hydrogel cylinder. Endpoint fixing and staining were performed to provide additional biomolecular information. We succeeded in imaging labelled cells within re-aggregated kidney organoids over 15 hours and tracking their fate while simultaneously monitoring the development of organotypic morphological structures. Our results show that Wt1-expressing embryonic kidney cells obtained from transgenic mice could integrate into re-aggregated chimeric kidney organoids and contribute to developing nephrons. Furthermore, the nascent proximal tubules that formed in the re-aggregated tissues using the new culture method displayed secretory function, as evidenced by their ability to secrete an organic anion mimic into the tubular lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Held
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Santeramo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Murray
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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53
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Becherucci F, Mazzinghi B, Allinovi M, Angelotti ML, Romagnani P. Regenerating the kidney using human pluripotent stem cells and renal progenitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:795-806. [PMID: 29939787 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1492546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease is a major health-care problem worldwide and its cost is becoming no longer affordable. Indeed, restoring damaged renal structures or building a new kidney represents an ambitious and ideal alternative to renal replacement therapy. Streams of research have explored the possible application of pluripotent stem cells (SCs) (embryonic SCs and induced pluripotent SCs) in different strategies aimed at regenerate functioning nephrons and at understanding the mechanisms of kidney regeneration. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will focus on the main potential applications of human pluripotent SCs to kidney regeneration, including those leading to rebuilding new kidneys or part of them (organoids, scaffolds, biological microdevices) as well as those aimed at understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of renal disease and regenerative processes (modeling of kidney disease, genome editing). Moreover, we will discuss the role of endogenous renal progenitors cells in order to understand and promote kidney regeneration, as an attractive alternative to pluripotent SCs. EXPERT OPINION Opportunities and pitfalls of all these strategies will be underlined, finally leading to the conclusion that a deeper knowledge of the biology of pluripotent SCs is mandatory, in order to allow us to hypothesize their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Becherucci
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzinghi
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Marco Allinovi
- b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- a Nephrology and Dialysis Unit , Meyer Children's University Hospital , Florence , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio" , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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54
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An optimal serum-free defined condition for in vitro culture of kidney organoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:996-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vijayavenkataraman S, Yan WC, Lu WF, Wang CH, Fuh JYH. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 132:296-332. [PMID: 29990578 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting is a pioneering technology that enables fabrication of biomimetic, multiscale, multi-cellular tissues with highly complex tissue microenvironment, intricate cytoarchitecture, structure-function hierarchy, and tissue-specific compositional and mechanical heterogeneity. Given the huge demand for organ transplantation, coupled with limited organ donors, bioprinting is a potential technology that could solve this crisis of organ shortage by fabrication of fully-functional whole organs. Though organ bioprinting is a far-fetched goal, there has been a considerable and commendable progress in the field of bioprinting that could be used as transplantable tissues in regenerative medicine. This paper presents a first-time review of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine, where the current status and contemporary issues of 3D bioprinting pertaining to the eleven organ systems of the human body including skeletal, muscular, nervous, lymphatic, endocrine, reproductive, integumentary, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and circulatory systems were critically reviewed. The implications of 3D bioprinting in drug discovery, development, and delivery systems are also briefly discussed, in terms of in vitro drug testing models, and personalized medicine. While there is a substantial progress in the field of bioprinting in the recent past, there is still a long way to go to fully realize the translational potential of this technology. Computational studies for study of tissue growth or tissue fusion post-printing, improving the scalability of this technology to fabricate human-scale tissues, development of hybrid systems with integration of different bioprinting modalities, formulation of new bioinks with tuneable mechanical and rheological properties, mechanobiological studies on cell-bioink interaction, 4D bioprinting with smart (stimuli-responsive) hydrogels, and addressing the ethical, social, and regulatory issues concerning bioprinting are potential futuristic focus areas that would aid in successful clinical translation of this technology.
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Zhou J, Plagge A, Murray P. Functional comparison of distinct Brachyury+ states in a renal differentiation assay. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.031799. [PMID: 29666052 PMCID: PMC5992531 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodermal populations can be generated in vitro from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) using three-dimensional (3-D) aggregates called embryoid bodies or two-dimensional (2-D) monolayer culture systems. Here, we investigated whether Brachyury-expressing mesodermal cells generated using 3-D or 2-D culture systems are equivalent or, instead, have different properties. Using a Brachyury-GFP/E2-Crimson reporter mESC line, we isolated Brachyury-GFP + mesoderm cells using flow-activated cell sorting and compared their gene expression profiles and ex vivo differentiation patterns. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed significant up-regulation of Cdx2, Foxf1 and Hoxb1 in the Brachyury-GFP+ cells isolated from the 3-D system compared with those isolated from the 2-D system. Furthermore, using an ex vivo mouse kidney rudiment assay, we found that, irrespective of their source, Brachyury-GFP+ cells failed to integrate into developing nephrons, which are derived from the intermediate mesoderm. However, Brachyury-GFP+ cells isolated under 3-D conditions appeared to differentiate into endothelial-like cells within the kidney rudiments, whereas the Brachyury-GFP+ isolated from the 2-D conditions only did so to a limited degree. The high expression of Foxf1 in the 3-D Brachyury-GFP+ cells combined with their tendency to differentiate into endothelial-like cells suggests that these mesodermal cells may represent lateral plate mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Antonius Plagge
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Acellular Mouse Kidney ECM can be Used as a Three-Dimensional Substrate to Test the Differentiation Potential of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Renal Progenitors. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:513-531. [PMID: 28239758 PMCID: PMC5493730 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies for tissue regeneration and bio-artificial organ development is based on our understanding of embryogenesis. Differentiation protocols attempt to recapitulate the signaling modalities of gastrulation and organogenesis, coupled with cell selection regimens to isolate the cells of choice. This strategy is impeded by the lack of optimal in vitro culture systems since traditional culture systems do not allow for the three-dimensional interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. While artificial three-dimensional scaffolds are available, using the natural extracellular matrix scaffold is advantageous because it has a distinct architecture that is difficult to replicate. The adult extracellular matrix is predicted to mediate signaling related to tissue repair not embryogenesis but existing similarities between the two argues that the extracellular matrix will influence the differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. Previous studies using undifferentiated embryonic stem cells grown directly on acellular kidney ECM demonstrated that the acellular kidney supported cell growth but limited differentiation occurred. Using mouse kidney extracellular matrix and mouse embryonic stem cells we report that the extracellular matrix can support the development of kidney structures if the stem cells are first differentiated to kidney progenitor cells before being applied to the acellular organ.
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58
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Lithium induces mesenchymal-epithelial differentiation during human kidney development by activation of the Wnt signalling system. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531810 PMCID: PMC5841285 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-017-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney function is directly linked to the number of nephrons which are generated until 32–36 weeks gestation in humans. Failure to make nephrons during development leads to congenital renal malformations, whilst nephron loss in adulthood occurs in progressive renal disease. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular processes which underlie human nephron development may help design new treatments for renal disease. Mesenchyme to epithelial transition (MET) is critical for forming nephrons, and molecular pathways which control rodent MET have been identified. However, we do not know whether they are relevant in human kidney development. In this study, we isolated mesenchymal cell lines derived from human first trimester kidneys in monolayer culture and investigated their differentiation potential. We found that the mesenchymal cells could convert into osteogenic, but not adipogenic or endothelial lineages. Furthermore, addition of lithium chloride led to MET which was accompanied by increases in epithelial (CDH1) and tubular (ENPEP) markers and downregulation of renal progenitor (SIX2, EYA1, CD133) and mesenchymal markers (HGF, CD24). Prior to phenotypic changes, lithium chloride altered Wnt signalling with elevations in AXIN2, GSK3β phosphorylation and β-catenin. Collectively, these studies provide the first evidence that lithium-induced Wnt activation causes MET in human kidneys. Therapies targeting Wnts may be critical in the quest to regenerate nephrons for human renal diseases.
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59
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Turunen S, Kaisto S, Skovorodkin I, Mironov V, Kalpio T, Vainio S, Rak-Raszewska A. 3D bioprinting of the kidney—hype or hope? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/celltissue.2018.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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60
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Troy/TNFRSF19 marks epithelial progenitor cells during mouse kidney development that continue to contribute to turnover in adult kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11190-E11198. [PMID: 29237753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714145115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During kidney development, progressively committed progenitor cells give rise to the distinct segments of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Similar segment-committed progenitor cells are thought to be involved in the homeostasis of adult kidney. However, markers for most segment-committed progenitor cells remain to be identified. Here, we evaluate Troy/TNFRSF19 as a segment-committed nephron progenitor cell marker. Troy is expressed in the ureteric bud during embryonic development. During postnatal nephrogenesis, Troy+ cells are present in the cortex and papilla and display an immature tubular phenotype. Tracing of Troy+ cells during nephrogenesis demonstrates that Troy+ cells clonally give rise to tubular structures that persist for up to 2 y after induction. Troy+ cells have a 40-fold higher capacity than Troy- cells to form organoids, which is considered a stem cell property in vitro. In the adult kidney, Troy+ cells are present in the papilla and these cells continue to contribute to collecting duct formation during homeostasis. The number of Troy-derived cells increases after folic acid-induced injury. Our data show that Troy marks a renal stem/progenitor cell population in the developing kidney that in adult kidney contributes to homeostasis, predominantly of the collecting duct, and regeneration.
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61
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Asymmetric BMP4 signalling improves the realism of kidney organoids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14824. [PMID: 29093551 PMCID: PMC5665994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a strategy for increasing the anatomical realism of organoids by applying asymmetric cues to mimic spatial information that is present in natural embryonic development, and demonstrate it using mouse kidney organoids. Existing methods for making kidney organoids in mice yield developing nephrons arranged around a symmetrical collecting duct tree that has no ureter. We use transplant experiments to demonstrate plasticity in the fate choice between collecting duct and ureter, and show that an environment rich in BMP4 promotes differentiation of early collecting ducts into uroplakin-positive, unbranched, ureter-like epithelial tubules. Further, we show that application of BMP4-releasing beads in one place in an organoid can break the symmetry of the system, causing a nearby collecting duct to develop into a uroplakin-positive, broad, unbranched, ureter-like ‘trunk’ from one end of which true collecting duct branches radiate and induce nephron development in an arrangement similar to natural kidneys. The idea of using local symmetry-breaking cues to improve the realism of organoids may have applications to organoid systems other than the kidney.
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62
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Davies JA. Adaptive self-organization in the embryo: its importance to adult anatomy and to tissue engineering. J Anat 2017; 232:524-533. [PMID: 29023694 PMCID: PMC5835792 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of healthy humans shows much minor variation, and twin‐studies reveal at least some of this variation cannot be explained genetically. A plausible explanation is that fine‐scale anatomy is not specified directly in a genetic programme, but emerges from self‐organizing behaviours of cells that, for example, place a new capillary where it happens to be needed to prevent local hypoxia. Self‐organizing behaviour can be identified by manipulating growing tissues (e.g. putting them under a spatial constraint) and observing an adaptive change that conserves the character of the normal tissue while altering its precise anatomy. Self‐organization can be practically useful in tissue engineering but it is limited; generally, it is good for producing realistic small‐scale anatomy but large‐scale features will be missing. This is because self‐organizing organoids miss critical symmetry‐breaking influences present in the embryo: simulating these artificially, for example, with local signal sources, makes anatomy realistic even at large scales. A growing understanding of the mechanisms of self‐organization is now allowing synthetic biologists to take their first tentative steps towards constructing artificial multicellular systems that spontaneously organize themselves into patterns, which may soon be extended into three‐dimensional shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
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63
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Kim YK, Refaeli I, Brooks CR, Jing P, Gulieva RE, Hughes MR, Cruz NM, Liu Y, Churchill AJ, Wang Y, Fu H, Pippin JW, Lin LY, Shankland SJ, Vogl AW, McNagny KM, Freedman BS. Gene-Edited Human Kidney Organoids Reveal Mechanisms of Disease in Podocyte Development. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2366-2378. [PMID: 28905451 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A critical event during kidney organogenesis is the differentiation of podocytes, specialized epithelial cells that filter blood plasma to form urine. Podocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-podocytes) have recently been generated in nephron-like kidney organoids, but the developmental stage of these cells and their capacity to reveal disease mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we show that hPSC-podocytes phenocopy mammalian podocytes at the capillary loop stage (CLS), recapitulating key features of ultrastructure, gene expression, and mutant phenotype. hPSC-podocytes in vitro progressively establish junction-rich basal membranes (nephrin+ podocin+ ZO-1+ ) and microvillus-rich apical membranes (podocalyxin+ ), similar to CLS podocytes in vivo. Ultrastructural, biophysical, and transcriptomic analysis of podocalyxin-knockout hPSCs and derived podocytes, generated using CRISPR/Cas9, reveals defects in the assembly of microvilli and lateral spaces between developing podocytes, resulting in failed junctional migration. These defects are phenocopied in CLS glomeruli of podocalyxin-deficient mice, which cannot produce urine, thereby demonstrating that podocalyxin has a conserved and essential role in mammalian podocyte maturation. Defining the maturity of hPSC-podocytes and their capacity to reveal and recapitulate pathophysiological mechanisms establishes a powerful framework for studying human kidney disease and regeneration. Stem Cells 2017;35:2366-2378.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyun Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ido Refaeli
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Craig R Brooks
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peifeng Jing
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ramila E Gulieva
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nelly M Cruz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yannan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Angela J Churchill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hongxia Fu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lih Y Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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64
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Davies J. Using synthetic biology to explore principles of development. Development 2017; 144:1146-1158. [PMID: 28351865 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Developmental biology is mainly analytical: researchers study embryos, suggest hypotheses and test them through experimental perturbation. From the results of many experiments, the community distils the principles thought to underlie embryogenesis. Verifying these principles, however, is a challenge. One promising approach is to use synthetic biology techniques to engineer simple genetic or cellular systems that follow these principles and to see whether they perform as expected. As I review here, this approach has already been used to test ideas of patterning, differentiation and morphogenesis. It is also being applied to evo-devo studies to explore alternative mechanisms of development and 'roads not taken' by natural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Davies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XB, UK
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65
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The inter-dependence of basic and applied biomedical sciences: Lessons from kidney development and tissue-engineering. Porto Biomed J 2017; 2:136-139. [PMID: 32258606 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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66
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Abstract
Classical tissue engineering is aimed mainly at producing anatomically and physiologically realistic replacements for normal human tissues. It is done either by encouraging cellular colonization of manufactured matrices or cellular recolonization of decellularized natural extracellular matrices from donor organs, or by allowing cells to self-organize into organs as they do during fetal life. For repair of normal bodies, this will be adequate but there are reasons for making unusual, non-evolved tissues (repair of unusual bodies, interface to electromechanical prostheses, incorporating living cells into life-support machines). Synthetic biology is aimed mainly at engineering cells so that they can perform custom functions: applying synthetic biological approaches to tissue engineering may be one way of engineering custom structures. In this article, we outline the ‘embryological cycle’ of patterning, differentiation and morphogenesis and review progress that has been made in constructing synthetic biological systems to reproduce these processes in new ways. The state-of-the-art remains a long way from making truly synthetic tissues, but there are now at least foundations for future work.
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67
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Cycles of vascular plexus formation within the nephrogenic zone of the developing mouse kidney. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3273. [PMID: 28607473 PMCID: PMC5468301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal vasculature is required for blood filtration, blood pressure regulation, and pH maintenance, as well as other specialised kidney functions. Yet, despite its importance, many aspects of its development are poorly understood. To provide a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of kidney vascularisation, we collected images of embryonic mouse kidneys at various developmental time-points. Here we describe the first stages of kidney vascularisation and demonstrate that polygonal networks of vessels (endothelial plexuses) form in cycles at the periphery of the kidney. We show that kidney vascularisation initiates at E11, when vessels connected to the embryonic circulation form a ring around the ureteric bud. From E13.5, endothelial plexuses organise around populations of cap mesenchymal and ureteric bud cells in a cyclical, predictable manner. Specifically, as the ureteric bud bifurcates, endothelia form across the bifurcation site as the cap mesenchyme splits. The plexuses are vascular, carry erythrocytes, are enclosed within a basement membrane, and can always be traced back to the renal artery. Our results are a major step towards understanding how the global architecture of the renal vasculature is achieved.
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68
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Kaminski MM, Tosic J, Pichler R, Arnold SJ, Lienkamp SS. Engineering kidney cells: reprogramming and directed differentiation to renal tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:185-197. [PMID: 28560692 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing knowledge of how cell identity is determined at the molecular level has enabled the generation of diverse tissue types, including renal cells from pluripotent or somatic cells. Recently, several in vitro protocols involving either directed differentiation or transcription-factor-based reprogramming to kidney cells have been established. Embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells can be guided towards a kidney fate by exposing them to combinations of growth factors or small molecules. Here, renal development is recapitulated in vitro resulting in kidney cells or organoids that show striking similarities to mammalian embryonic nephrons. In addition, culture conditions are also defined that allow the expansion of renal progenitor cells in vitro. Another route towards the generation of kidney cells is direct reprogramming. Key transcription factors are used to directly impose renal cell identity on somatic cells, thus circumventing the pluripotent stage. This complementary approach to stem-cell-based differentiation has been demonstrated to generate renal tubule cells and nephron progenitors. In-vitro-generated renal cells offer new opportunities for modelling inherited and acquired renal diseases on a patient-specific genetic background. These cells represent a potential source for developing novel models for kidney diseases, drug screening and nephrotoxicity testing and might represent the first steps towards kidney cell replacement therapies. In this review, we summarize current approaches for the generation of renal cells in vitro and discuss the advantages of each approach and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Tosic
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Pichler
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soeren S Lienkamp
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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69
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Saarela U, Akram SU, Desgrange A, Rak-Raszewska A, Shan J, Cereghini S, Ronkainen VP, Heikkilä J, Skovorodkin I, Vainio SJ. Novel fixed z-direction (FiZD) kidney primordia and an organoid culture system for time-lapse confocal imaging. Development 2017; 144:1113-1117. [PMID: 28219945 PMCID: PMC5358112 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue, organ and organoid cultures provide suitable models for developmental studies, but our understanding of how the organs are assembled at the single-cell level still remains unclear. We describe here a novel fixed z-direction (FiZD) culture setup that permits high-resolution confocal imaging of organoids and embryonic tissues. In a FiZD culture a permeable membrane compresses the tissues onto a glass coverslip and the spacers adjust the thickness, enabling the tissue to grow for up to 12 days. Thus, the kidney rudiment and the organoids can adjust to the limited z-directional space and yet advance the process of kidney morphogenesis, enabling long-term time-lapse and high-resolution confocal imaging. As the data quality achieved was sufficient for computer-assisted cell segmentation and analysis, the method can be used for studying morphogenesis ex vivo at the level of the single constituent cells of a complex mammalian organogenesis model system. Summary: Time-lapse confocal imaging of organoids and embryonic tissues through fixed z-direction culture allows long-term single-cell resolution live imaging of tissue growth and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Saarela
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Saad Ullah Akram
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Center for Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Audrey Desgrange
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS - UMR7622 Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra Rak-Raszewska
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jingdong Shan
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Silvia Cereghini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS - UMR7622 Developmental Biology, Paris F-75005, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - CNRS UMR7622 Developmental Biology, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Janne Heikkilä
- Center for Machine Vision Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilya Skovorodkin
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland .,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland .,Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biocenter Oulu and InfoTech, 90220 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell Matrix Research, 90220 Oulu, Finland
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70
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Lefevre JG, Chiu HS, Combes AN, Vanslambrouck JM, Ju A, Hamilton NA, Little MH. Self-organisation after embryonic kidney dissociation is driven via selective adhesion of ureteric epithelial cells. Development 2017; 144:1087-1096. [PMID: 28174247 DOI: 10.1242/dev.140228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, after directed differentiation in vitro, can spontaneously generate complex tissues via self-organisation of the component cells. Self-organisation can also reform embryonic organ structure after tissue disruption. It has previously been demonstrated that dissociated embryonic kidneys can recreate component epithelial and mesenchymal relationships sufficient to allow continued kidney morphogenesis. Here, we investigate the timing and underlying mechanisms driving self-organisation after dissociation of the embryonic kidney using time-lapse imaging, high-resolution confocal analyses and mathematical modelling. Organotypic self-organisation sufficient for nephron initiation was observed within a 24 h period. This involved cell movement, with structure emerging after the clustering of ureteric epithelial cells, a process consistent with models of random cell movement with preferential cell adhesion. Ureteric epithelialisation rapidly followed the formation of ureteric cell clusters with the reformation of nephron-forming niches representing a later event. Disruption of P-cadherin interactions was seen to impair this ureteric epithelial cell clustering without affecting epithelial maturation. This understanding could facilitate improved regulation of patterning within organoids and facilitate kidney engineering approaches guided by cell-cell self-organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Lefevre
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Han S Chiu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander N Combes
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica M Vanslambrouck
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Ali Ju
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Hamilton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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71
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In Vitro Propagation and Branching Morphogenesis from Single Ureteric Bud Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:401-416. [PMID: 28089670 PMCID: PMC5311471 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to maintain and rebuild ureteric bud (UB)-like structures from UB cells in vitro could provide a useful tool for kidney regeneration. We aimed in our present study to establish a serum-free culture system that enables the expansion of UB progenitor cells, i.e., UB tip cells, and reconstruction of UB-like structures. We found that fibroblast growth factors or retinoic acid (RA) was sufficient for the survival of UB cells in serum-free condition, while the proliferation and maintenance of UB tip cells required glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor together with signaling from either WNT-β-catenin pathway or RA. The activation of WNT-β-catenin signaling in UB cells by endogenous WNT proteins required R-spondins. Together with Rho kinase inhibitor, our culture system facilitated the expansion of UB tip cells to form UB-like structures from dispersed single cells. The UB-like structures thus formed retained the original UB characteristics and integrated into the native embryonic kidneys. FGFs and RA signaling sustain UB cell survival in serum-free culture condition WNT-β-catenin and RA signaling maintain the expansion of UB tip cells WNT proteins in UB cells activate WNT-β-catenin signaling through R-spondins Single UB cells form UB-like structures in vitro that integrate into native kidneys
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72
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Chuah JKC, Zink D. Stem cell-derived kidney cells and organoids: Recent breakthroughs and emerging applications. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 35:150-167. [PMID: 28017905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The global rise in the numbers of kidney patients and the shortage in transplantable organs have led to an increasing interest in kidney-specific regenerative therapies, renal disease modelling and bioartificial kidneys. Sources for large quantities of high-quality renal cells and tissues would be required, also for applications in in vitro platforms for compound safety and efficacy screening. Stem cell-based approaches for the generation of renal-like cells and tissues would be most attractive, but such methods were not available until recently. This situation has drastically changed since 2013, and various protocols for the generation of renal-like cells and precursors from pluripotent stem cells (PSC) have been established. The most recent breakthroughs were related to the establishment of various protocols for the generation of PSC-derived kidney organoids. In combination with recent advances in genome editing, bioprinting and the establishment of predictive renal screening platforms this results in exciting new possibilities. This review will give a comprehensive overview over current PSC-based protocols for the generation of renal-like cells, precursors and organoids, and their current and potential applications in regenerative medicine, compound screening, disease modelling and bioartificial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kai Chin Chuah
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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73
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Yamaguchi S, Morizane R, Homma K, Monkawa T, Suzuki S, Fujii S, Koda M, Hiratsuka K, Yamashita M, Yoshida T, Wakino S, Hayashi K, Sasaki J, Hori S, Itoh H. Generation of kidney tubular organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38353. [PMID: 27982115 PMCID: PMC5159864 DOI: 10.1038/srep38353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell research have resulted in methods to generate kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which contain cells of multiple lineages including nephron epithelial cells. Methods to purify specific types of cells from differentiated hPSCs, however, have not been established well. For bioengineering, cell transplantation, and disease modeling, it would be useful to establish those methods to obtain pure populations of specific types of kidney cells. Here, we report a simple two-step differentiation protocol to generate kidney tubular organoids from hPSCs with direct purification of KSP (kidney specific protein)-positive cells using anti-KSP antibody. We first differentiated hPSCs into mesoderm cells using a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor for 3 days, then cultured cells in renal epithelial growth medium to induce KSP+ cells. We purified KSP+ cells using flow cytometry with anti-KSP antibody, which exhibited characteristics of all segments of kidney tubular cells and cultured KSP+ cells in 3D Matrigel, which formed tubular organoids in vitro. The formation of tubular organoids by KSP+ cells induced the acquisition of functional kidney tubules. KSP+ cells also allowed for the generation of chimeric kidney cultures in which human cells self-assembled into 3D tubular structures in combination with mouse embryonic kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 7 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Koichiro Homma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Monkawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sayuri Suzuki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shizuka Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Muneaki Koda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken Hiratsuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Apheresis and Dialysis Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Sasaki
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shingo Hori
- Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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74
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Takasato M, Little MH. A strategy for generating kidney organoids: Recapitulating the development in human pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol 2016; 420:210-220. [PMID: 27565022 PMCID: PMC6186756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide us any required tissue/cell types by recapitulating the development in vitro. The kidney is one of the most challenging organs to generate from hPSCs as the kidney progenitors are composed of at least 4 different cell types, including nephron, collecting duct, endothelial and interstitium progenitors, that are developmentally distinguished populations. Although the actual developmental process of the kidney during human embryogenesis has not been clarified yet, studies using model animals accumulated knowledge about the origins of kidney progenitors. The implications of these findings for the directed differentiation of hPSCs into the kidney include the mechanism of the intermediate mesoderm specification and its patterning along with anteroposterior axis. Using this knowledge, we previously reported successful generation of hPSCs-derived kidney organoids that contained all renal components and modelled human kidney development in vitro. In this review, we explain the developmental basis of the strategy behind this differentiation protocol and compare strategies of studies that also recently reported the induction of kidney cells from hPSCs. We also discuss the characterization of such kidney organoids and limitations and future applications of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Takasato
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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75
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Kaminski MM, Tosic J, Kresbach C, Engel H, Klockenbusch J, Müller AL, Pichler R, Grahammer F, Kretz O, Huber TB, Walz G, Arnold SJ, Lienkamp SS. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into renal tubular epithelial cells by defined transcription factors. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:1269-1280. [PMID: 27820600 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming by forced expression of transcription factors can convert one cell type into another. Thus, desired cell types can be generated bypassing pluripotency. However, direct reprogramming towards renal cells remains an unmet challenge. Here, we identify renal cell fate-inducing factors on the basis of their tissue specificity and evolutionarily conserved expression, and demonstrate that combined expression of Emx2, Hnf1b, Hnf4a and Pax8 converts mouse and human fibroblasts into induced renal tubular epithelial cells (iRECs). iRECs exhibit epithelial features, a global gene expression profile resembling their native counterparts, functional properties of differentiated renal tubule cells and sensitivity to nephrotoxic substances. Furthermore, iRECs integrate into kidney organoids and form tubules in decellularized kidneys. Our approach demonstrates that reprogramming factors can be identified by targeted in silico analysis. Renal tubular epithelial cells generated ex vivo by forced expression of transcription factors may facilitate disease modelling, drug and nephrotoxicity testing, and regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jelena Tosic
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catena Kresbach
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Engel
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Klockenbusch
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Müller
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Pichler
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Soeren S Lienkamp
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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76
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Sánchez-Romero N, Schophuizen CM, Giménez I, Masereeuw R. In vitro systems to study nephropharmacology: 2D versus 3D models. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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77
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Rak-Raszewska A, Vainio S. Nephrogenesis in organoids to develop novel drugs and progenitor cell based therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 790:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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78
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Little MH, Kairath P. Regenerative medicine in kidney disease. Kidney Int 2016; 90:289-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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79
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Chambers JM, McKee RA, Drummond BE, Wingert RA. Evolving technology: creating kidney organoids from stem cells. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2016; 3:305-318. [PMID: 28393110 PMCID: PMC5381928 DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a complex organ whose excretory and regulatory functions are vital for maintaining homeostasis. Previous techniques used to study the kidney, including various animal models and 2D cell culture systems to investigate the mechanisms of renal development and regeneration have many benefits but also possess inherent shortcomings. Some of those limitations can be addressed using the emerging technology of 3D organoids. An organoid is a 3D cluster of differentiated cells that are developed ex vivo by addition of various growth factors that result in a miniature organ containing structures present in the tissue of origin. Here, we discuss renal organoids, their development, and how they can be employed to further understand kidney development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Robert A McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Bridgette E Drummond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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80
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Generating kidney tissue from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16053. [PMID: 27551541 PMCID: PMC4979446 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With the isolation of human pluripotent stem cells came the possibility of generating specific cell types for regenerative medicine. This has required the development of protocols for directed differentiation into many distinct cell types. One of the more complicated tissue types to recreate is the kidney. Here we review recent progress towards the recreation of not only specific kidney cell types but complex kidney organoids, models of the developing human organ, in vitro. We will also discuss potential short and long term applications of these approaches.
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81
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Dauleh S, Santeramo I, Fielding C, Ward K, Herrmann A, Murray P, Wilm B. Characterisation of Cultured Mesothelial Cells Derived from the Murine Adult Omentum. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158997. [PMID: 27403660 PMCID: PMC4942062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human omentum has been long regarded as a healing patch, used by surgeons for its ability to immunomodulate, repair and vascularise injured tissues. A major component of the omentum are mesothelial cells, which display some of the characteristics of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. For instance, lineage tracing studies have shown that mesothelial cells give rise to adipocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, and human and rat mesothelial cells have been shown to differentiate into osteoblast- and adipocyte-like cells in vitro, indicating that they have considerable plasticity. However, so far, long-term cultures of mesothelial cells have not been successfully established due to early senescence. Here, we demonstrate that mesothelial cells isolated from the mouse omentum could be cultured for more than 30 passages. While epithelial markers were downregulated over passages in the mesothelial cells, their mesenchymal profile remained unchanged. Early passage mesothelial cells displayed clonogenicitiy, expressed several stem cell markers, and up to passage 5 and 13, respectively, could differentiate along the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages, demonstrating stem/progenitor characteristics and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Dauleh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Santeramo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Fielding
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Ward
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Herrmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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82
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Wnt Signaling in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8060057. [PMID: 27322325 PMCID: PMC4931622 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 90% of all kidney cancers. Due to poor diagnosis, high resistance to the systemic therapies and the fact that most RCC cases occur sporadically, current research switched its focus on studying the molecular mechanisms underlying RCC. The aim is the discovery of new effective and less toxic anti-cancer drugs and novel diagnostic markers. Besides the PI3K/Akt/mTOR, HGF/Met and VHL/hypoxia cellular signaling pathways, the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RCC is commonly studied. Wnt signaling and its targeted genes are known to actively participate in different biological processes during embryonic development and renal cancer. Recently, studies have shown that targeting this pathway by alternating/inhibiting its intracellular signal transduction can reduce cancer cells viability and inhibit their growth. The targets and drugs identified show promising potential to serve as novel RCC therapeutics and prognostic markers. This review aims to summarize the current status quo regarding recent research on RCC focusing on the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and how its understanding could facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets, new drugs and diagnostic biomarkers.
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Abstract
Worldwide, increasing numbers of patients are developing end-stage renal disease, and at present, the only treatment options are dialysis or kidney transplantation. Dialysis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, poor life quality and high economic costs. Transplantation is by far the better option, but there are insufficient numbers of donor kidneys available. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore alternative approaches. In this review, we discuss how this problem could potentially be addressed by using autologous cells and appropriate scaffolds to develop 'bioengineered' kidneys for transplantation. In particular, we will highlight recent breakthroughs in pluripotent stem cell biology that have led to the development of autologous renal progenitor cells capable of differentiating to all renal cell types and will discuss how these cells could be combined with appropriate scaffolds to develop a bioengineered kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wilm
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| | - Riccardo Tamburrini
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Giuseppe Orlando
- Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Wake Forest Baptist Hospital, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA
| | - Patricia Murray
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
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Leclerc K, Costantini F. Mosaic analysis of cell rearrangements during ureteric bud branching in dissociated/reaggregated kidney cultures and in vivo. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:483-96. [PMID: 26813041 PMCID: PMC4803602 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell rearrangements mediated by GDNF/Ret signaling underlie the formation of the ureteric bud (UB) tip domain during kidney development. Whether FGF signaling also influences these rearrangements is unknown. Chimeric embryos are a powerful tool for examining the genetic controls of cellular behaviors, but generating chimeras by traditional methods is expensive and laborious. Dissociated fetal kidney cells can reorganize to form complex structures including branching UB tubules, providing an easier method to generate renal chimeras. RESULTS Cell behaviors in normal or chimeric kidney cultures were investigated using time-lapse imaging. In Spry1(-/-) ↔ wild-type chimeras, cells lacking Spry1 (a negative regulator of Ret and FGF receptor signaling) preferentially occupied the UB tips, as previously observed in traditional chimeras, thus validating this experimental system. In Fgfr2(UB-/-) ↔ wild-type chimeras, the wild-type cells preferentially occupied the tips. Independent evidence for a role of Fgfr2 in UB tip formation was obtained using Mosaic mutant Analysis with Spatial and Temporal control of Recombination (MASTR). CONCLUSIONS Dissociation and reaggregation of fetal kidney cells of different genotypes, with suitable fluorescent markers, provides an efficient way to analyze cell behaviors in chimeric cultures. FGF/Fgfr2 signaling promotes UB cell rearrangements that form the tip domain, similarly to GDNF/Ret signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leclerc
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Frank Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, 701 W. 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
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Hariharan K, Kurtz A, Schmidt-Ott KM. Assembling Kidney Tissues from Cells: The Long Road from Organoids to Organs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:70. [PMID: 26618157 PMCID: PMC4641242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine has witnessed significant advances that can pave the way to creating de novo organs. Organoids of brain, heart, intestine, liver, lung and also kidney have been developed by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. While the success in producing tissue-specific units and organoids has been remarkable, the maintenance of an aggregation of such units in vitro is still a major challenge. While cell cultures are maintained by diffusion of oxygen and nutrients, three- dimensional in vitro organoids are generally limited in lifespan, size, and maturation due to the lack of a vascular system. Several groups have attempted to improve vascularization of organoids. Upon transplantation into a host, ramification of blood supply of host origin was observed within these organoids. Moreover, sustained circulation allows cells of an in vitro established renal organoid to mature and gain functionality in terms of absorption, secretion and filtration. Thus, the coordination of tissue differentiation and vascularization within developing organoids is an impending necessity to ensure survival, maturation, and functionality in vitro and tissue integration in vivo. In this review, we inquire how the foundation of circulation is laid down during the course of organogenesis, with special focus on the kidney. We will discuss whether nature offers a clue to assist the generation of a nephro-vascular unit that can attain functionality even prior to receiving external blood supply from a host. We revisit the steps that have been taken to induce nephrons and provide vascularity in lab grown tissues. We also discuss the possibilities offered by advancements in the field of vascular biology and developmental nephrology in order to achieve the long-term goal of producing transplantable kidneys in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Hariharan
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
| | - Kai M. Schmidt-Ott
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Charité- UniversitätsmedizinBerlin, Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlin, Germany
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Kumar N, Richter J, Cutts J, Bush KT, Trujillo C, Nigam SK, Gaasterland T, Brafman D, Willert K. Generation of an expandable intermediate mesoderm restricted progenitor cell line from human pluripotent stem cells. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26554899 PMCID: PMC4631902 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering entered a new era with the development of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which are capable of unlimited expansion whilst retaining the potential to differentiate into all mature cell populations. However, these cells harbor significant risks, including tumor formation upon transplantation. One way to mitigate this risk is to develop expandable progenitor cell populations with restricted differentiation potential. Here, we used a cellular microarray technology to identify a defined and optimized culture condition that supports the derivation and propagation of a cell population with mesodermal properties. This cell population, referred to as intermediate mesodermal progenitor (IMP) cells, is capable of unlimited expansion, lacks tumor formation potential, and, upon appropriate stimulation, readily acquires properties of a sub-population of kidney cells. Interestingly, IMP cells fail to differentiate into other mesodermally-derived tissues, including blood and heart, suggesting that these cells are restricted to an intermediate mesodermal fate. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08413.001 The development of ‘human pluripotent stem cells’ has the potential to revolutionize the future of medicine. This is because these cells can both replicate themselves indefinitely (i.e., they can self-renew) and develop into any of the cell types found in the human body (a process that is referred to as differentiation). These abilities mean that the cells could in theory be used to replace any tissues or organs that have been damaged by disease or injury. Unfortunately, transplanting stem cells that are capable of developing into any type of cell comes with the significant risk that these cells will form into a tumor. Once a cell has started to differentiate it can typically only go on to generate a restricted number of cell types. However, these differentiating cells also generally lose their ability to self-renew. Kumar et al. set out to challenge this fundamental property of differentiating cells. A high throughput-screening approach was used to test thousands of combinations of bioactive molecules (i.e., molecules that are known to affect living cells in different ways) to identify some that could promote the self-renewal of cells with a restricted potential to differentiate. Kumar et al. found specific conditions that could cause a population of cells, which they referred to as ‘intermediate mesodermal progenitor cells’ (or IMP cells for short), to self renew. These cells resemble those found in the middle layer of a very early human embryo, which typically go on to develop into only a subset of tissue types in the body—for example, muscle, kidneys and blood vessels, but not brain or lungs. Yet, when Kumar et al. stimulated the self-renewing IMP cells, these cells only differentiated into the cell types that make up the kidney and not any other types of cell. This tight restriction on the differentiation potential of these cells is highly important, because it means that these cells could greatly advance methods to generate kidney cells or even whole kidneys in the laboratory that are suitable for transplantation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08413.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jenna Richter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Josh Cutts
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Cleber Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Terry Gaasterland
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Scripps Genome Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - David Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Karl Willert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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Xinaris C, Benedetti V, Novelli R, Abbate M, Rizzo P, Conti S, Tomasoni S, Corna D, Pozzobon M, Cavallotti D, Yokoo T, Morigi M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Functional Human Podocytes Generated in Organoids from Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1400-11. [PMID: 26516208 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating kidney organoids using human stem cells could offer promising prospects for research and therapeutic purposes. However, no cell-based strategy has generated nephrons displaying an intact three-dimensional epithelial filtering barrier. Here, we generated organoids using murine embryonic kidney cells, and documented that these tissues recapitulated the complex three-dimensional filtering structure of glomerular slits in vivo and accomplished selective glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Exploiting this technology, we mixed human amniotic fluid stem cells with mouse embryonic kidney cells to establish three-dimensional chimeric organoids that engrafted in vivo and grew to form vascularized glomeruli and tubular structures. Human cells contributed to the formation of glomerular structures, differentiated into podocytes with slit diaphragms, and internalized exogenously infused BSA, thus attaining in vivo degrees of specialization and function unprecedented for donor stem cells. In conclusion, human amniotic fluid stem cell chimeric organoids may offer new paths for studying renal development and human podocyte disease, and for facilitating drug discovery and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Xinaris
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Valentina Benedetti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rubina Novelli
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mauro Abbate
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Conti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Susanna Tomasoni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Corna
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research Fondazione Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Cavallotti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marina Morigi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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88
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Wilm B, Murray P. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells within Chimeric Kidney Rudiments Differentiate to Functional Podocytes after Transplantation into Mature Rat Kidneys. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1266-8. [PMID: 26516207 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wilm
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Murray
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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90
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Liu A, Zhang D, Liu L, Gong J, Liu C. A simple method for differentiation of H9 cells into neuroectoderm. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:471-7. [PMID: 26253416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent studies on the directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells report tissue self-organization in vitro such that multiple component cell types arise in concert and arrange with respect to each, thereby recapitulating the morphogenetic events typical for that organ. Such self-organization has generated pituitary, optic cup, liver, brain, intestine, stomach and now kidney. Here, we will describe the cell types present within the self-organizing kidney, how these signal to each other to form a kidney organoid and the potential applications of kidney organoids. RECENT FINDINGS Protocols for the directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells focus on recapitulating the developmental steps required during embryogenesis. In the case of the kidney, this has involved mesodermal differentiation through posterior primitive streak and intermediate mesoderm. Recent studies have observed the simultaneous formation of both ureteric epithelium and nephron progenitors in vitro. These component cell types signal to each other to initiate nephron formation as would occur during development. SUMMARY The generation of kidney organoids is a major advance in nephrology. Such organoids may be useful for disease modelling and drug screening. Ultimately, our capacity to generate organoids may extend to the development of tissues for transplantation.
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Toyohara T, Mae SI, Sueta SI, Inoue T, Yamagishi Y, Kawamoto T, Kasahara T, Hoshina A, Toyoda T, Tanaka H, Araoka T, Sato-Otsubo A, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Yamaji N, Ogawa S, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Cell Therapy Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Renal Progenitors Ameliorates Acute Kidney Injury in Mice. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015. [PMID: 26198166 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid loss of renal function resulting from various etiologies, with a mortality rate exceeding 60% among intensive care patients. Because conventional treatments have failed to alleviate this condition, the development of regenerative therapies using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) presents a promising new therapeutic option for AKI. We describe our methodology for generating renal progenitors from hiPSCs that show potential in ameliorating AKI. We established a multistep differentiation protocol for inducing hiPSCs into OSR1+SIX2+ renal progenitors capable of reconstituting three-dimensional proximal renal tubule-like structures in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that renal subcapsular transplantation of hiPSC-derived renal progenitors ameliorated the AKI in mice induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury, significantly suppressing the elevation of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels and attenuating histopathological changes, such as tubular necrosis, tubule dilatation with casts, and interstitial fibrosis. To our knowledge, few reports demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy with renal lineage cells generated from hiPSCs have been published. Our results suggest that regenerative medicine strategies for kidney diseases could be developed using hiPSC-derived renal cells. SIGNIFICANCE This report is the first to demonstrate that the transplantation of renal progenitor cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has therapeutic effectiveness in mouse models of acute kidney injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, this report clearly demonstrates that the therapeutic benefits come from trophic effects by the renal progenitor cells, and it identifies the renoprotective factors secreted by the progenitors. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of developing regenerative medicine strategy using iPS cells against renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Toyohara
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Mae
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Sueta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuyuki Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yukiko Yamagishi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kawamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tomoko Kasahara
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Azusa Hoshina
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiromi Tanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aiko Sato-Otsubo
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Noboru Yamaji
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Clinical Research Center, Chiba University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, USA
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94
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Davies JA. Self-organized Kidney Rudiments: Prospects for Better in vitro Nephrotoxicity Assays. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:117-23. [PMID: 26244008 PMCID: PMC4507472 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are essential to life but vulnerable to a range of toxicants, including therapeutic drugs and their metabolites. Indeed, nephrotoxicity is often a limiting factor in both drug use and drug development. Most toxicants damage kidneys by one of four mechanisms: damage to the membrane and its junctions, oxidative stress and free radical generation, activation of inflammatory processes, and interference with vascular regulation. Traditionally, animal models were used in preclinical screening for nephrotoxicity, but these can be poorly predictive of human reactions. Animal screens have been joined by simple single-cell–type in vitro assays using primary or immortalized human cells, particularly proximal tubule cells as these are especially vulnerable to toxicants. Recent research, aimed mainly at engineering new kidneys for transplant purposes, has resulted in a method for constructing anatomically realistic mini-kidneys from renogenic stem cells. So far, this has been done only using renogenic stem cells obtained directly from mouse embryos but, in principle, it should be possible to make them from renogenically directed human-induced pluripotent cells. If this can be done, the resulting human-based mini-kidneys would be a promising system for detecting some types of nephrotoxicity and for developing nephroprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Davies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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95
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Xinaris C, Brizi V, Remuzzi G. Organoid Models and Applications in Biomedical Research. Nephron Clin Pract 2015; 130:191-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000433566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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96
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Yuri S, Nishikawa M, Yanagawa N, Jo OD, Yanagawa N. Maintenance of Mouse Nephron Progenitor Cells in Aggregates with Gamma-Secretase Inhibitor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129242. [PMID: 26075891 PMCID: PMC4468097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on how to maintain and expand nephron progenitor cells (NPC) in vitro is important to provide a potentially valuable source for kidney replacement therapies. In our present study, we examined the possibility of optimizing NPC maintenance in the "re-aggregate" system. We found that Six2-expressing (Six2(+))-NPC could be maintained in aggregates reconstituted with dispersed cells from E12.5 mouse embryonic kidneys for at least up to 21 days in culture. The maintenance of Six2(+)-NPC required the presence of ureteric bud cells. The number of Six2(+)-NPC increased by more than 20-fold at day 21, but plateaued after day 14. In an attempt to further sustain NPC proliferation by passage subculture, we found that the new (P1) aggregates reconstituted from the original (P0) aggregates failed to maintain NPC. However, based on the similarity between P1 aggregates and aggregates derived from E15.5 embryonic kidneys, we suspected that the differentiated NPC in P1 aggregates may interfere with NPC maintenance. In support of this notion, we found that preventing NPC differentiation by DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor that inhibits Notch signaling pathway, was effective to maintain and expand Six2(+)-NPC in P1 aggregates by up to 65-fold. The Six2(+)-NPC in P1 aggregates retained their potential to epithelialize upon exposure to Wnt signal. In conclusion, we demonstrated in our present study that the "re-aggregation" system can be useful for in vitro maintenance of NPC when combined with γ-secretase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yuri
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, California, United States of America
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SY); (NY)
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, California, United States of America
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Naomi Yanagawa
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, California, United States of America
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Oak D. Jo
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, California, United States of America
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Norimoto Yanagawa
- Medical and Research Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System at Sepulveda, North Hills, California, United States of America
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SY); (NY)
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97
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Organ In Vitro Culture: What Have We Learned about Early Kidney Development? Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:959807. [PMID: 26078765 PMCID: PMC4452498 DOI: 10.1155/2015/959807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When Clifford Grobstein set out to study the inductive interaction between tissues in the developing embryo, he developed a method that remained important for the study of renal development until now. From the late 1950s on, in vitro cultivation of the metanephric kidney became a standard method. It provided an artificial environment that served as an open platform to study organogenesis. This review provides an introduction to the technique of organ culture, describes how the Grobstein assay and its variants have been used to study aspects of mesenchymal induction, and describes the search for natural and chemical inducers of the metanephric mesenchyme. The review also focuses on renal development, starting with ectopic budding of the ureteric bud, ureteric bud branching, and the generation of the nephron and presents the search for stem cells and renal progenitor cells that contribute to specific structures and tissues during renal development. It also presents the current use of Grobstein assay and its modifications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering today. Together, this review highlights the importance of ex vivo kidney studies as a way to acquire new knowledge, which in the future can and will be implemented for developmental biology and regenerative medicine applications.
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98
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Transport of organic anions and cations in murine embryonic kidney development and in serially-reaggregated engineered kidneys. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9092. [PMID: 25766625 PMCID: PMC4357899 DOI: 10.1038/srep09092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in renal tissue engineering have shown that dissociated, early renogenic tissue from the developing embryo can self-assemble into morphologically accurate kidney-like organs arranged around a central collecting duct tree. In order for such self-assembled kidneys to be useful therapeutically or as models for drug screening, it is necessary to demonstrate that they are functional. One of the main functional characteristics of mature kidneys is transport of organic anions and cations into and out of the proximal tubule. Here, we show that the transport function of embryonic kidneys allowed to develop in culture follows a developmental time-course that is comparable to embryonic kidney development in vivo. We also demonstrate that serially-reaggregated engineered kidneys can transport organic anions and cations through specific uptake and efflux channels. These results support the physiological relevance of kidneys grown in culture, a commonly used model for kidney development and research, and suggest that serially-reaggregated kidneys self-assembled from separated cells have some functional characteristics of intact kidneys.
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99
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Papadimou E, Morigi M, Iatropoulos P, Xinaris C, Tomasoni S, Benedetti V, Longaretti L, Rota C, Todeschini M, Rizzo P, Introna M, Grazia de Simoni M, Remuzzi G, Goligorsky MS, Benigni A. Direct reprogramming of human bone marrow stromal cells into functional renal cells using cell-free extracts. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:685-98. [PMID: 25754206 PMCID: PMC4400646 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine is gaining recognition. Here, we show that human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), also known as bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, can be reprogrammed into renal proximal tubular-like epithelial cells using cell-free extracts. Streptolysin-O-permeabilized BMSCs exposed to HK2-cell extracts underwent morphological changes—formation of “domes” and tubule-like structures—and acquired epithelial functional properties such as transepithelial-resistance, albumin-binding, and uptake and specific markers E-cadherin and aquaporin-1. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of brush border microvilli and tight intercellular contacts. RNA sequencing showed tubular epithelial transcript abundance and revealed the upregulation of components of the EGFR pathway. Reprogrammed BMSCs integrated into self-forming kidney tissue and formed tubular structures. Reprogrammed BMSCs infused in immunodeficient mice with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury engrafted into proximal tubuli, reduced renal injury and improved function. Thus, reprogrammed BMSCs are a promising cell resource for future cell therapy. BMSCs cross lineage boundaries toward renal cells via cell-extract reprogramming Reprogrammed BMSCs acquire proximal tubular-like epithelial cell properties Reprogrammed BMSCs integrate into proximal tubuli and protect mice from AKI
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Papadimou
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Marina Morigi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paraskevas Iatropoulos
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Susanna Tomasoni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valentina Benedetti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Lorena Longaretti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Rota
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marta Todeschini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy "G. Lanzani," USC Hematology, 24122 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia de Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò," 24020 Ranica, Italy; Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Michael S Goligorsky
- Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Road, BSB C-06, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Ariela Benigni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
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100
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Abstract
The mammalian kidney forms via cell-cell interactions between an epithelial outgrowth of the nephric duct and the surrounding nephrogenic mesenchyme. Initial morphogenetic events include ureteric bud branching to form the collecting duct (CD) tree and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions to form the nephrons, requiring reciprocal induction between adjacent mesenchyme and epithelial cells. Within the tips of the branching ureteric epithelium, cells respond to mesenchyme-derived trophic factors by proliferation, migration, and mitosis-associated cell dispersal. Self-inhibition signals from one tip to another play a role in branch patterning. The position, survival, and fate of the nephrogenic mesenchyme are regulated by ECM and secreted signals from adjacent tip and stroma. Signals from the ureteric tip promote mesenchyme self-renewal and trigger nephron formation. Subsequent fusion to the CDs, nephron segmentation and maturation, and formation of a patent glomerular basement membrane also require specialized cell-cell interactions. Differential cadherin, laminin, nectin, and integrin expression, as well as intracellular kinesin and actin-mediated regulation of cell shape and adhesion, underlies these cell-cell interactions. Indeed, the capacity for the kidney to form via self-organization has now been established both via the recapitulation of expected morphogenetic interactions after complete dissociation and reassociation of cellular components during development as well as the in vitro formation of 3D kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. As we understand more about how the many cell-cell interactions required for kidney formation operate, this enables the prospect of bioengineering replacement structures based on these self-organizing properties.
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