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Djenidi F, Adam J, Goubar A, Durgeau A, Meurice G, de Montpréville V, Validire P, Besse B, Mami-Chouaib F. CD8+CD103+ Tumor–Infiltrating Lymphocytes Are Tumor-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells and a Prognostic Factor for Survival in Lung Cancer Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3475-86. [PMID: 25725111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayçal Djenidi
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Julien Adam
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM Unité 981, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aïcha Goubar
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; INSERM Unité 981, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélie Durgeau
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Plateforme de Bioinformatique, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent de Montpréville
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Centre Chirurgical Marie-Lannelongue, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 92350 Le-Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, 75014 Paris, France; and
| | - Benjamin Besse
- Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France; Département de Médecine, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 95805 Villejuif, France
| | - Fathia Mami-Chouaib
- INSERM Unité 1186, 94805 Villejuif, France; Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France;
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CD69 is the crucial regulator of intestinal inflammation: a new target molecule for IBD treatment? J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:497056. [PMID: 25759842 PMCID: PMC4352431 DOI: 10.1155/2015/497056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 has been identified as an early activation marker of lymphocytes. However, recent work has indicated that CD69 plays an essential role for the regulation of inflammatory processes. Particularly, CD69 is highly expressed by lymphocytes at mucosal sites being constantly exposed to the intestinal microflora (one of the nature's most complex and most densely populated microbial habitats) and food antigens, while only a small number of circulating leukocytes express this molecule. In this review we will discuss the role of CD69 in mucosal tissue and consider CD69 as a potential target for the development of novel treatments of intestinal inflammation.
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Jia Q, Yang Y, Wan Y. Tumor-infiltrating memory T-lymphocytes for prognostic prediction in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:1803-1813. [PMID: 25932108 PMCID: PMC4402755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathological evidence has continually supported the prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes for several solid tumours across diverse patient cohorts. To investigate the clinical relevance of tumour-infiltrating memory T lymphocytes, we investigated relevant publications to identify the significance of memory tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in predicting survival in cancer patients and analysed the influence of variations in the tumour stage and the infiltrated location thereon. METHODS Relevant publications that assessed the clinical relevance of memory TILs to the patient's overall survival (OS) were investigated. Disease-free survival (DFS) was also evaluated where possible. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated with stratified analysis and I(2) statistics. RESULTS In total, 16 relevant publications, including 4248 cancer patients, were analysed. In the pooled analysis, intra-tumour accumulation of memory TILs correlated positively with favourable clinical outcomes for both OS (pooled HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.76-2.40) and DFS (pooled HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.67-3.19). Various effects of the tumour stage and the anatomical region where the cells infiltrated were identified in survival prediction, using memory TILs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, infiltration of memory TILs can serve as a biomarker for survival prediction in cancer. Additional heterogeneous effects of the associated factors should be considered when categorizing high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Jia
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of CytomicsChongqing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of CytomicsChongqing, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of CytomicsChongqing, China
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54
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Sowell RT, Marzo AL. Resident-Memory CD8 T Cells and mTOR: Generation, Protection, and Clinical Importance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25699054 PMCID: PMC4318394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Sowell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Amanda L Marzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
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Raine T, Liu JZ, Anderson CA, Parkes M, Kaser A. Generation of primary human intestinal T cell transcriptomes reveals differential expression at genetic risk loci for immune-mediated disease. Gut 2015; 64:250-9. [PMID: 24799394 PMCID: PMC4316924 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants within multiple risk loci as predisposing to intestinal inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease. Most risk variants affect regulation of transcription, but a critical challenge is to identify which genes and which cell types these variants affect. We aimed to characterise whole transcriptomes for each common T lymphocyte subset resident within the gut mucosa, and use these to infer biological insights and highlight candidate genes of interest within GWAS risk loci. DESIGN We isolated the four major intestinal T cell populations from pinch biopsies from healthy subjects and generated transcriptomes for each. We computationally integrated these transcriptomes with GWAS data from immune-related diseases. RESULTS Robust, high quality transcriptomic data were generated from 1 ng of RNA from precisely sorted cell subsets. Gene expression patterns clearly differentiated intestinal T cells from counterparts in peripheral blood and revealed distinct signalling pathways for each intestinal T cell subset. Intestinal-specific T cell transcripts were enriched in GWAS risk loci for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and coeliac disease, but also specific extraintestinal immune-mediated diseases, allowing prediction of novel candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of transcriptomes for minimally manipulated intestinal T lymphocyte subsets in humans. We have demonstrated that careful processing of mucosal biopsies allows the generation of transcriptomes from as few as 1000 highly purified cells with minimal interindividual variation. Bioinformatic integration of transcriptomic data with recent GWAS data identified specific candidate genes and cell types for inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Raine
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jimmy Z Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carl A Anderson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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56
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Hu Y, Lee YT, Kaech SM, Garvy B, Cauley LS. Smad4 promotes differentiation of effector and circulating memory CD8 T cells but is dispensable for tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2407-14. [PMID: 25637015 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are a unique subset of virus-specific CTLs that bolster local immune responses after becoming lodged in previously infected tissues. These cells provide enhanced protection by intercepting returning pathogens before a new infection gets established. In contrast, central memory CD8 T cells circulate in the bloodstream and proliferate in secondary lymphoid organs before replenishing effector and memory CD8 T cell populations in remote parts of the body. Both populations of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells participate in immunity to influenza virus infection; however, the signaling pathways that instruct developing memory CD8 T cells to distribute to specific tissues are poorly defined. We show that TGF-β promotes the development of pulmonary tissue-resident memory T cells via a signaling pathway that does not require the downstream signaling intermediate Sma- and Mad-related protein (Smad)4. In contrast, circulating memory CD8 T cells have no requirement for TGF-β but show signs of arrested development in the absence of Smad4, including aberrant CD103 expression. These signaling pathways alter the distribution of virus-specific CTLs in the lungs but do not prevent robust cytokine responses. Our data show that Smad4 is required for normal differentiation of multiple subsets of virus-specific CD8 T cells. In normal circumstances, Smad4 may be activated via a pathway that bypasses the TGF-β receptor. Improved understanding of these signaling pathways could be used to augment vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Hu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032
| | | | | | - Beth Garvy
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032;
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57
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Jia Q, Zhou J, Chen G, Shi Y, Yu H, Guan P, Lin R, Jiang N, Yu P, Li QJ, Wan Y. Diversity index of mucosal resident T lymphocyte repertoire predicts clinical prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1001230. [PMID: 26137399 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic immunopathology of human cancers is the induction of tumor antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses within solid tumor tissues. Current strategies for immune monitoring focus on the quantification of the density and differentiation status of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes; however, properties of the TCR repertoire ‒ including antigen specificity, clonality, as well as its prognostic significance ‒ remain elusive. In this study, we enrolled 28 gastric cancer patients and collected tumor tissues, adjacent normal mucosal tissues, and peripheral blood samples to study the landscape and compartmentalization of these patients' TCR β repertoire by deep sequencing analyses. Our results illustrated antigen-driven expansion within the tumor compartment and the contracted size of shared clonotypes in mucosa and peripheral blood. Most importantly, the diversity of mucosal T lymphocytes could independently predict prognosis, which strongly underscores critical roles of resident mucosal T-cells in executing post-surgery immunosurveillance against tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Jia
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China ; Biomedical Analysis Center; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China ; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cellomics ; Chongqing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Biomedical Analysis Center; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China ; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cellomics ; Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China
| | - Haili Yu
- Biomedical Analysis Center; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China ; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cellomics ; Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Biomedical Analysis Center; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China ; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cellomics ; Chongqing, China
| | - Regina Lin
- Department of Immunology; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC USA
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cockrell School of Engineering; University of Texas at Austin ; Austin, TX USA
| | - Peiwu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive; Southwest Hospital; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cellomics ; Chongqing, China ; Department of Immunology; Duke University Medical Center ; Durham, NC USA
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center; Third Military Medical University ; Chongqing, China ; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Cellomics ; Chongqing, China
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59
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Beura LK, Anderson KG, Schenkel JM, Locquiao JJ, Fraser KA, Vezys V, Pepper M, Masopust D. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus persistence promotes effector-like memory differentiation and enhances mucosal T cell distribution. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:217-25. [PMID: 25395301 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi0314-154r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are desired that maintain abundant memory T cells at nonlymphoid sites of microbial exposure, where they may be anatomically positioned for immediate pathogen interception. Here, we test the impact of antigen persistence on mouse CD8 and CD4 T cell distribution and differentiation by comparing responses to infections with different strains of LCMV that cause either acute or chronic infections. We used in vivo labeling techniques that discriminate between T cells present within tissues and abundant populations that fail to be removed from vascular compartments, despite perfusion. LCMV persistence caused up to ∼30-fold more virus-specific CD8 T cells to distribute to the lung compared with acute infection. Persistent infection also maintained mucosal-homing α4β7 integrin expression, higher granzyme B expression, alterations in the expression of the TRM markers CD69 and CD103, and greater accumulation of virus-specific CD8 T cells in the large intestine, liver, kidney, and female reproductive tract. Persistent infection also increased LCMV-specific CD4 T cell quantity in mucosal tissues and induced maintenance of CXCR4, an HIV coreceptor. This study clarifies the relationship between viral persistence and CD4 and CD8 T cell distribution and mucosal phenotype, indicating that chronic LCMV infection magnifies T cell migration to nonlymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kristin G Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Locquiao
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kathryn A Fraser
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Soong RS, Song L, Trieu J, Knoff J, He L, Tsai YC, Huh W, Chang YN, Cheng WF, Roden RBS, Wu TC, Trimble CL, Hung CF. Toll-like receptor agonist imiquimod facilitates antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the genital tract leading to tumor control through IFNγ. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5456-67. [PMID: 24893628 PMCID: PMC4216740 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imiquimod is a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist used topically to treat external genital warts and basal cell carcinoma. We examined the combination of topical imiquimod with intramuscular administration of CRT/E7, a therapeutic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine comprised of a naked DNA vector expressing calreticulin fused to HPV16 E7. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using an orthotopic HPV16 E6/E7(+) syngeneic tumor, TC-1, as a model of high-grade cervical/vaginal/vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, we assessed if combining CRT/E7 vaccination with cervicovaginal deposition of imiquimod could result in synergistic activities promoting immune-mediated tumor clearance. RESULTS Imiquimod induced cervicovaginal accumulation of activated E7-specific CD8(+) T cells elicited by CRT/E7 vaccination. Recruitment was not dependent upon the specificity of the activated CD8(+) T cells, but was significantly reduced in mice lacking the IFNγ receptor. Intravaginal imiquimod deposition induced upregulation of CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNA expression in the genital tract, which are produced in response to IFNγ receptor signaling and attract cells expressing their ligand, CXCR3. The T cells attracted by imiquimod to the cervicovaginal tract expressed CXCR3 as well as CD49a, an integrin involved in homing and retention of CD8(+) T cells at mucosal sites. Our results indicate that intramuscular CRT/E7 vaccination in conjunction with intravaginal imiquimod deposition recruits antigen-specific CXCR3(+) CD8(+) T cells to the genital tract. CONCLUSIONS Several therapeutic HPV vaccination clinical trials using a spectrum of DNA vaccines, including vaccination in concert with cervical imiquimod, are ongoing. Our study identifies a mechanism by which these strategies could provide therapeutic benefit. Our findings support accumulating evidence that manipulation of the tumor microenvironment can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of strategies that induce tumor-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Shyang Soong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung City, Taiwan. College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Liwen Song
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jayne Knoff
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liangmei He
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ya-Chea Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Warner Huh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Richard B S Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Cornelia L Trimble
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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61
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Laidlaw BJ, Zhang N, Marshall HD, Staron MM, Guan T, Hu Y, Cauley LS, Craft J, Kaech SM. CD4+ T cell help guides formation of CD103+ lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells during influenza viral infection. Immunity 2014; 41:633-45. [PMID: 25308332 PMCID: PMC4324721 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells provide enhanced protection against infection at mucosal sites. Here we found that CD4(+) T cells are important for the formation of functional lung-resident CD8(+) T cells after influenza virus infection. In the absence of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells displayed reduced expression of CD103 (Itgae), were mislocalized away from airway epithelia, and demonstrated an impaired ability to recruit CD8(+) T cells to the lung airways upon heterosubtypic challenge. CD4(+) T cell-derived interferon-γ was necessary for generating lung-resident CD103(+) CD8(+) Trm cells. Furthermore, expression of the transcription factor T-bet was increased in "unhelped" lung Trm cells, and a reduction in T-bet rescued CD103 expression in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help. Thus, CD4(+) T cell-dependent signals are important to limit expression of T-bet and allow for the development of CD103(+) CD8(+) Trm cells in the lung airways following respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mathew M Staron
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yinghong Hu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.
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62
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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63
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Reeves RK, Bosinger SE. Innate Immunity in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. NATURAL HOSTS OF SIV 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149674 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404734-1.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of innate immunity as a mature field. The study of innate immunity has had a significant impact on the concepts of HIV immunity, pathogenesis, and vaccines. In this chapter, basic concepts of innate immunity at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels will be introduced from the perspective of their interplay with HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). An emphasis will be placed on studies using SIV/non-human primate (NHP) models that shape current models of HIV pathogenesis. Finally, studies modulating the innate system in vivo in NHPs will be discussed.
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64
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Schenkel JM, Masopust D. Identification of a resident T-cell memory core transcriptional signature. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:8-9. [PMID: 24165982 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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65
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Diefenbach A. Innate lymphoid cells in the defense against infections. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2013; 3:143-51. [PMID: 24265932 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.3.2013.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrier surfaces are under constant attack by potentially dangerous microbes. Interestingly, mucosal tissues contain a large number of innate lymphocytes now collectively referred to as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Different groups of ILCs are being distinguished, each of which produce an array of cytokines strikingly resembling the profile of the various T helper cell effector subsets. Over the last couple of years, evidence has been emerging that the various ILC subsets play important roles in immune defense against mucosal infections. In this review, I will introduce the various groups of ILCs and then focus on their roles for immunity to mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Diefenbach
- Section of Molecular Infection Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg Germany
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66
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Wu T, Hu Y, Lee YT, Bouchard KR, Benechet A, Khanna K, Cauley LS. Lung-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) are indispensable for optimal cross-protection against pulmonary virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:215-24. [PMID: 24006506 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that some respiratory virus infections leave local populations of tissue TRM cells in the lungs which disappear as heterosubtypic immunity declines. The location of these TRM cells and their contribution to the protective CTL response have not been clearly defined. Here, fluorescence microscopy is used to show that some CD103(+) TRM cells remain embedded in the walls of the large airways long after pulmonary immunization but are absent from systemically primed mice. Viral clearance from the lungs of the locally immunized mice precedes the development of a robust Teff response in the lungs. Whereas large numbers of virus-specific CTLs collect around the bronchial tree during viral clearance, there is little involvement of the remaining lung tissue. Much larger numbers of TEM cells enter the lungs of the systemically immunized animals but do not prevent extensive viral replication or damage to the alveoli. Together, these experiments show that virus-specific antibodies and TRM cells are both required for optimal heterosubtypic immunity, whereas circulating memory CD8 T cells do not substantially alter the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- 1.University of Connecticut Health Center, L3062, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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Genome-wide analysis of T cell responses during acute and latent simian varicella virus infections in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:11751-61. [PMID: 23986583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01809-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (HZ [shingles]). Clinical observations suggest that VZV-specific T cell immunity plays a more critical role than humoral immunity in the prevention of VZV reactivation and development of herpes zoster. Although numerous studies have characterized T cell responses directed against select VZV open reading frames (ORFs), a comprehensive analysis of the T cell response to the entire VZV genome has not yet been conducted. We have recently shown that intrabronchial inoculation of young rhesus macaques with simian varicella virus (SVV), a homolog of VZV, recapitulates the hallmarks of acute and latent VZV infection in humans. In this study, we characterized the specificity of T cell responses during acute and latent SVV infection. Animals generated a robust and broad T cell response directed against both structural and nonstructural viral proteins during acute infection in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and peripheral blood. During latency, T cell responses were detected only in the BAL fluid and were lower and more restricted than those observed during acute infection. Interestingly, we identified a small set of ORFs that were immunogenic during both acute and latent infection in the BAL fluid. Given the close genome relatedness of SVV and VZV, our studies highlight immunogenic ORFs that may be further investigated as potential components of novel VZV vaccines that specifically boost T cell immunity.
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Plumlee CR, Sheridan BS, Cicek BB, Lefrançois L. Environmental cues dictate the fate of individual CD8+ T cells responding to infection. Immunity 2013; 39:347-56. [PMID: 23932571 PMCID: PMC3817618 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have examined pathways controlling effector T cell differentiation, but less is known about the fate of individual CD8+ T cells during infection. Here, we examine the antiviral and antibacterial responses of single CD8+ T cells from the polyclonal repertoire. The progeny of naive clonal CD8+ T cells displayed unique profiles of differentiation based on extrinsic pathogen-induced environmental cues, with some clones demonstrating extreme bias toward a single developmental pathway. Moreover, even within the same animal, a single naive CD8+ T cell exhibited distinct fates that were controlled by tissue-specific events. However, memory CD8+ T cells relied on intrinsic factors to control differentiation upon challenge. Our results demonstrate that stochastic and instructive events differentially contribute to shaping the primary and secondary CD8+ T cell response and provide insight into the underlying forces that drive effector differentiation and protective memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Plumlee
- Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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69
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Hu Y, Cauley L. Antigen and transforming growth factor Beta receptors contribute to long term functional and phenotypic heterogeneity of memory CD8 T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:227. [PMID: 23964275 PMCID: PMC3740294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-specific CD8 T cells provide a mechanism for selectively eliminating host cells that are harboring intracellular pathogens. The pathogens are killed when lytic molecules are injected into the cytoplasm of the infected cells and begin an apoptotic cascade. Activated CD8 T cells also release large quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate other immune cells in the local vicinity. As the alveoli are extraordinarily sensitive to cytokine induced damage, multiple layers of immune regulation limit the activities of immune cells that enter the lungs. These mechanisms include receptor-mediated signaling pathways in CD8 T cells that respond to peptide antigens and transforming growth factor β. Both pathways influence the functional and phenotypic properties of long-lived CD8 T cells populations in peripheral and lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Hu
- University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington, CT , USA
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70
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Guy-Grand D, Vassalli P, Eberl G, Pereira P, Burlen-Defranoux O, Lemaitre F, Di Santo JP, Freitas AA, Cumano A, Bandeira A. Origin, trafficking, and intraepithelial fate of gut-tropic T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1839-54. [PMID: 23918956 PMCID: PMC3754871 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Tropism to the small intestinal epithelium is a general property of unconventional and conventional recent thymic emigrants, but for both cell types only GALT-related cycling thoracic duct lymphocytes are the precursors of cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes. The small intestine epithelium (SI-Ep) harbors millions of unconventional (γδ and CD4− CD8− NK1.1− TCRαβ) and conventional (CD8αβ and CD4) T cells, designated intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). Here, we identified the circulating pool of SI-Ep–tropic T cells and studied their capacity to colonize the SI-Ep under steady-state conditions in SPF mice. Developmentally regulated levels of α4β7 endowed recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) of unconventional types with higher SI-Ep tropism than their conventional homologues. SI-Ep–tropic RTEs, which in all lineages emerged naive, homed to the SI-Ep, but this environment was inadequate to stimulate them to cycle. In contrast, conventional and, unexpectedly, unconventional T cells, particularly Vγ7+ (hallmark of γδ IELs), previously stimulated to cycle in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), proliferated in the SI-Ep. Cycling unconventional SI-Ep immigrants divided far more efficiently than their conventional homologues, thereby becoming predominant. This difference impacted on acquisition of high Granzyme B content, which required extensive proliferation. In conclusion, SI-Ep–tropic T cells follow a thymus–SI-Ep or a GALT–SI-Ep pathway, the latter generating highly competitive immigrants that are the sole precursors of cytotoxic IELs. These events occur continuously as part of the normal IEL dynamics.
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71
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Radulovic K, Rossini V, Manta C, Holzmann K, Kestler HA, Niess JH. The early activation marker CD69 regulates the expression of chemokines and CD4 T cell accumulation in intestine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65413. [PMID: 23776480 PMCID: PMC3680485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of naïve and activated lymphocytes is regulated by the expression of various molecules such as chemokine receptors and ligands. CD69, the early activation marker of C-type lectin domain family, is also shown to regulate the lymphocyte migration by affecting their egress from the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of CD69 in accumulation of CD4 T cells in intestine using murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. We found that genetic deletion of CD69 in mice increases the expression of the chemokines CCL-1, CXCL-10 and CCL-19 in CD4+ T cells and/or CD4− cells. Efficient in vitro migration of CD69-deficient CD4 T cells toward the chemokine stimuli was the result of increased expression and/or affinity of chemokine receptors. In vivo CD69−/− CD4 T cells accumulate in the intestine in higher numbers than B6 CD4 T cells as observed in competitive homing assay, dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis and antigen-specific transfer colitis. In DSS colitis CD69−/− CD4 T cell accumulation in colonic lamina propria (cLP) was associated with increased expression of CCL-1, CXCL-10 and CCL-19 genes. Furthermore, treatment of DSS-administrated CD69−/− mice with the mixture of CCL-1, CXCL-10 and CCL-19 neutralizing Abs significantly decreased the histopathological signs of colitis. Transfer of OT-II×CD69−/− CD45RBhigh CD4 T cells into RAG−/− hosts induced CD4 T cell accumulation in cLP. This study showed CD69 as negative regulator of inflammatory responses in intestine as it decreases the expression of chemotactic receptors and ligands and reduces the accumulation of CD4 T cells in cLP during colitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokine CCL19
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokines/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
- Dextran Sulfate/toxicity
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microarray Analysis
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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72
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Sensing and alarm function of resident memory CD8⁺ T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:509-13. [PMID: 23542740 PMCID: PMC3631432 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells eliminate intracellular infections through two contact-dependent effector functions: cytolysis and secretion of antiviral cytokines. Here we identify the following additional function for memory CD8(+) T cells that persist at front-line sites of microbial exposure: to serve as local sensors of previously encountered antigens that precipitate innate-like alarm signals and draw circulating memory CD8(+) T cells into the tissue. When memory CD8(+) T cells residing in the female mouse reproductive tract encountered cognate antigen, they expressed interferon-γ (IFN-γ), potentiated robust local expression of inflammatory chemokines and induced rapid recruitment of circulating memory CD8(+) T cells. Anamnestic responses in front-line tissues are thus an integrated collaboration between front-line and circulating populations of memory CD8(+) T cells, and vaccines should establish both populations to maximize rapid responses.
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73
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Fuchs A, Vermi W, Lee JS, Lonardi S, Gilfillan S, Newberry RD, Cella M, Colonna M. Intraepithelial type 1 innate lymphoid cells are a unique subset of IL-12- and IL-15-responsive IFN-γ-producing cells. Immunity 2013; 38:769-81. [PMID: 23453631 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets promote immune responses to pathogens by producing distinct signature cytokines in response to changes in the cytokine microenvironment. We previously identified human ILC3 distinguished by interleukin-22 (IL-22) secretion. Here we characterized a human ILC1 subset that produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in response to IL-12 and IL-15 and had a unique integrin profile, intraepithelial location, hallmarks of TGF-β imprinting, and a memory-activated phenotype. Because tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells share this profile, intraepithelial ILC1 may be their innate counterparts. In mice, intraepithelial ILC1 were distinguished by CD160 expression and required Nfil3- and Tbx21-encoded transcription factors for development, but not IL-15 receptor-α, indicating that intraepithelial ILC1 are distinct from conventional NK cells. Intraepithelial ILC1 were amplified in Crohn's disease patients and contributed to pathology in the anti-CD40-induced colitis model in mice. Thus, intraepithelial ILC1 may initiate IFN-γ responses against pathogens but contribute to pathology when dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fuchs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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