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Kim SS, Rait A, Garrido-Sanabria ER, Pirollo KF, Harford JB, Chang EH. Nanotherapeutics for Gene Modulation that Prevents Apoptosis in the Brain and Fatal Neuroinflammation. Mol Ther 2017; 26:84-94. [PMID: 29103910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure of therapeutic agents to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been a major impediment in the treatment of neurological disorders and brain tumors. We have addressed this issue using an immunoliposome nanocomplex (designated scL) that delivers therapeutic nucleic acids across the BBB into the deep brain via transcytosis mediated by transferrin receptors. We validated brain delivery of payloads after systemic administration by monitoring uptake of fluorescently labeled payloads and by confirming up- or down-modulation of specific target gene expression in the brain, mainly in neuronal cells. As proof of concept for the therapeutic potential of our delivery system, we employed scL delivering an siRNA targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha to suppress neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis and to protect mice in lethal endotoxemia triggered by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Brain delivery of therapeutic payloads via scL has major implications for the development of treatments for neurological disorders and brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA; SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Antonina Rait
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Joe B Harford
- SynerGene Therapeutics, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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52
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Up-regulation of TRAF2 Suppresses Neuronal Apoptosis after Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:589-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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53
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Villa-Cedillo SA, Rodríguez-Rocha H, Zavala-Flores LM, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, García-García A, Loera-Arias MDJ, Saucedo-Cárdenas O. Asn194Lys mutation in RVG29 peptide increases GFP transgene delivery by endocytosis to neuroblastoma and astrocyte cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28643952 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A cell-penetrating peptide-based delivery system could target specific types of cells for therapeutic genes delivery. To increase the gene delivery efficiency into neuronal phenotype cells, we introduced an Asn194Lys mutation to RVG29 peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein and added a nuclear localization signal to enhance its nuclear import. METHODS Mutant RVG or wild-type RVG peptide, a karyophilic peptide (KP) and a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein (pGL) were bound by electrostatic charges to form four different kinds of RVG complexes. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the gene transfection efficiency into astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), SH-SY5Y, HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells. The cellular uptake mechanism of RVG29 complexes was examined using endocytosis inhibitors. KEY FINDINGS The mRVG29 peptide has the ability to enhance the nuclear import of plasmids. The Asn194Lys mutation in RVG29 peptide of the pGL-mRVG29 complex and the addition of KP to the pGL-RVG29-KP complex increased the capacity to deliver DNA by endocytosis in astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS The complexes pGL-mRVG29 and pGL-RVG29-KP have specificity for transfecting astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells. The karyophilic capacity of this new mRVG peptide render it promising candidate to act as gene delivery vector into the brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Laura Mireya Zavala-Flores
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Aracely García-García
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Odila Saucedo-Cárdenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.,Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Mexico
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54
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Oswald M, Geissler S, Goepferich A. Targeting the Central Nervous System (CNS): A Review of Rabies Virus-Targeting Strategies. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2177-2196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Oswald
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Geissler
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 94030 Regensburg, Germany
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55
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Management of Alzheimer’s disease—An insight of the enzymatic and other novel potential targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:700-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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56
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Xiao B, Ma P, Ma L, Chen Q, Si X, Walter L, Merlin D. Effects of tripolyphosphate on cellular uptake and RNA interference efficiency of chitosan-based nanoparticles in Raw 264.7 macrophages. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 490:520-528. [PMID: 27918990 PMCID: PMC5222762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine that is mainly secreted by macrophages during inflammation. Here, we synthesized a series of N-(2-hydroxy)propyl-3-trimethyl ammonium chitosan chlorides (HTCCs), and then used a complex coacervation technique or tripolyphosphate (TPP)-assisted ionotropic gelation strategy to complex the HTCCs with TNF-α siRNA (siTNF) to form nanoparticles (NPs). The resultant NPs had a desirable particle size (210-279nm), a slightly positive zeta potential (14-22mV), and negligible cytotoxicity against Raw 264.7 macrophages and colon-26 cells. Subsequent cellular uptake tests demonstrated that the introduction of TPP to the NPs markedly increased their cellular uptake efficiency (to nearly 100%) compared with TPP-free NPs, and yielded a correspondingly higher intracellular concentration of siRNA. Critically, in vitro gene silencing experiments revealed that all of the TPP-containing NPs showed excellent efficiency in inhibiting the mRNA expression level of TNF-α (by approximately 85-92%, which was much higher than that obtained using Oligofectamine/siTNF complexes). Collectively, these results obviously suggest that our non-toxic TPP-containing chitosan-based NPs can be exploited as efficient siTNF carriers for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Institute for Biomedical Science, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302, USA.
| | - Panpan Ma
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lijun Ma
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qiubing Chen
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Si
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lewins Walter
- Institute for Biomedical Science, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302, USA
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Science, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur 30033, USA
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57
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Huang Y, Cheng Q, Jin X, Ji JL, Guo S, Zheng S, Wang X, Cao H, Gao S, Liang XJ, Du Q, Liang Z. Systemic and tumor-targeted delivery of siRNA by cyclic NGR and isoDGR motif-containing peptides. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:494-510. [PMID: 26783563 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00429b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The drug development of siRNA has been seriously hindered by the lack of an effective, safe and clinically applicable delivery system. The cyclic NGR motif and its isomerization product isoDGR recruit CD13 and integrin as their specific receptors, both of which are overexpressed by tumor and neovascular cells. In this study, a bi-functional peptide, named NGR-10R, was designed and tested for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. Through the formation of peptide/siRNA nanoparticles, RNase resistance was greatly enhanced for the siRNAs. Both FACS and confocal assays revealed that the peptide/siRNA complexes were effectively internalized by MDA-MB-231 cells. Gene silencing assays indicated that anti-Lamin A/C siRNA delivered by NGR-10R robustly repressed gene expression in MDA-MB-231 and HUVEC (a CD13(+)/αvβ3(+) cell). Importantly, the siRNAs were efficiently delivered into tumor tissues and localized around the nuclei, as revealed by in vivo imaging and cryosection examination. In summary, NGR-10R not only efficiently delivered siRNAs into MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro but also delivered siRNAs into tumor cells in vivo, taking advantage of its specific binding to CD13 (neovascular) or αvβ3 (MDA-MB-231). Therefore, the NGR-10R peptide provides a promising siRNA delivery reagent that could be used for drug development, particularly for anti-tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xingyu Jin
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Jia-Li Ji
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Shutao Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuquan Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huiqing Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shan Gao
- Suzhou Ribo Life Science Co. Ltd, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Quan Du
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zicai Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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58
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Antimisiaris S, Mourtas S, Papadia K. Targeted si-RNA with liposomes and exosomes (extracellular vesicles): How to unlock the potential. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:293-312. [PMID: 28163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of RNA interference therapeutics has been initiated 18 years ago, and the main bottleneck for translation of the technology into therapeutic products remains the delivery of functional RNA molecules into the cell cytoplasm. In the present review article after an introduction about the theoretical basis of RNAi therapy and the main challenges encountered for its realization, an overview of the different types of delivery systems or carriers, used as potential systems to overcome RNAi delivery issues, will be provided. Characteristic examples or results obtained with the most promising systems will be discussed. Focus will be given mostly on the applications of liposomes or other types of lipid carriers, such as exosomes, towards improved delivery of RNAi to therapeutic targets. Finally the approach of integrating the advantages of these two vesicular systems, liposomes and exosomes, as a potential solution to realize RNAi therapy, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26504, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
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59
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Tang Y, Zeng Z, He X, Wang T, Ning X, Feng X. SiRNA Crosslinked Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Inflammation-induced Liver Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600228. [PMID: 28251047 PMCID: PMC5323819 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a powerful tool for gene regulation, and has a broad potential as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, therapeutics based on siRNA have had limited clinical success due to their undesirable pharmacokinetic properties. This study presents pH-sensitive nanoparticles-based siRNA delivery systems (PNSDS), which are positive-charge-free nanocarriers, composed of siRNA chemically crosslinked with multi-armed poly(ethylene glycol) carriers via acid-labile acetal linkers. The unique siRNA crosslinked structure of PNSDS allows it to have minimal cytotoxicity, high siRNA loading efficiency, and a stimulus-responsive property that enables the selective intracellular release of siRNA in response to pH conditions. This study demonstrates that PNSDS can deliver tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) siRNA into macrophages and induce the efficient down regulation of the targeted gene in complete cell culture media. Moreover, PNSDS with mannose targeting moieties can selectively accumulate in mice liver, induce specific inhibition of macrophage TNF-α expression in vivo, and consequently protect mice from inflammation-induced liver damages. Therefore, this novel siRNA delivering platform would greatly improve the therapeutic potential of RNAi based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Tang
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Ziying Zeng
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Xiao He
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Xuli Feng
- Innovative Drug Research CenterChongqing UniversityChongqing401331P. R. China
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60
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Tai W, Gao X. Functional peptides for siRNA delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 110-111:157-168. [PMID: 27530388 PMCID: PMC5305781 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
siRNA is considered as a potent therapeutic agent because of its high specificity and efficiency in suppressing genes that are overexpressed during disease development. For nearly two decades, a significant amount of efforts has been dedicated to bringing the siRNA technology into clinical uses. However, only limited success has been achieved to date, largely due to the lack of a cell type-specific, safe, and efficient delivery technology to carry siRNA into the target cells' cytosol where RNA interference takes place. Among the emerging candidate nanocarriers for siRNA delivery, peptides have gained popularity because of their structural and functional diversity. A variety of peptides have been discovered for their ability to translocate siRNA into living cells via different mechanisms such as direct penetration through the cellular membrane, endocytosis-mediated cell entry followed by endosomolysis, and receptor-mediated uptake. This review is focused on the multiple roles played by peptides in siRNA delivery, such as membrane penetration, endosome disruption, targeting, as well as the combination of these functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Tai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, William H Foege Building N561, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaohu Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, William H Foege Building N561, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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61
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Mononuclear phagocytes as a target, not a barrier, for drug delivery. J Control Release 2017; 259:53-61. [PMID: 28108325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes have been generally recognized as a barrier to drug delivery. Recently, a new understanding of mononuclear phagocytes (MPS) ontogeny has surfaced and their functions in disease have been unveiled, demonstrating the need for re-evaluation of perspectives on mononuclear phagocytes in drug delivery. In this review, we described mononuclear phagocyte biology and focus on their accumulation mechanisms in disease sites with explanations of monocyte heterogeneity. In the 'MPS as a barrier' section, we summarized recent studies on mechanisms to avoid phagocytosis based on two different biological principles: protein adsorption and self-recognition. In the 'MPS as a target' section, more detailed descriptions were given on mononuclear phagocyte-targeted drug delivery systems and their applications to various diseases. Collectively, we emphasize in this review that mononuclear phagocytes are potent targets for future drug delivery systems. Mononuclear phagocyte-targeted delivery systems should be created with an understanding of mononuclear phagocyte ontogeny and pathology. Each specific subset of phagocytes should be targeted differently by location and function for improved disease-drug delivery while avoiding RES clearance such as Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages.
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62
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Ullah I, Chung K, Beloor J, Kim J, Cho M, Kim N, Lee KY, Kumar P, Lee SK. Trileucine residues in a ligand-CPP-based siRNA delivery platform improve endosomal escape of siRNA. J Drug Target 2016; 25:320-329. [PMID: 27820977 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1258566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
siRNA entrapment within endosomes is a significant problem encountered with siRNA delivery platforms that co-opt receptor-mediated entry pathways. Attachment of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), such as nona-arginine (9R) to a cell receptor-binding ligand like the Rabies virus glycoprotein, RVG, allows effective siRNA delivery to the cytoplasm by non-endocytic pathways, but a significant amount of siRNA complexes also enters the cell by ligand-induced receptor endocytosis and remain localized in endosomes. Here, we report that the incorporation of trileucine (3 Leu) residues as an endo-osmolytic moiety in the peptide improves endosomal escape and intracellular delivery of siRNA. The trileucine motif did not affect early non-endosomal mechanism of cytoplasmic siRNA delivery but enhanced target gene silencing by >20% only beyond 24 h of transfection when siRNA delivery is mostly through the endocytic route and siRNA trapped in the endosomes at later stages were subject to release into cytoplasm. The mechanism may involve endosomal membrane disruption as trileucine residues lysed RBCs selectively under endosomal pH conditions. Interestingly <3 Leu or >3 Leu residues were not as effective, suggesting that 3 Leu residues are useful for enhancing cytoplasmic delivery of siRNA routed through endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kunho Chung
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea.,b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Jagadish Beloor
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Jongkil Kim
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Minyoung Cho
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Kuen Yong Lee
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Priti Kumar
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT, USA
| | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- a Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nanoscience and Technology , Hanyang University , Seoul , South Korea
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63
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Rabies vaccine development by expression of recombinant viral glycoprotein. Arch Virol 2016; 162:323-332. [PMID: 27796547 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (RVGP) is the main antigen of rabies virus and is the only viral component present in all new rabies vaccines being proposed. Many approaches have been taken since DNA recombinant technology became available to express an immunogenic recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP). These attempts are reviewed here, and the relevant results are discussed with respect to the general characteristics of the rRVGP, the expression system used, the expression levels achieved, the similarity of the rRVGP to the native glycoprotein, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine preparation. The most recent studies of rabies vaccine development have concentrated on in vivo expression of rRVGP by viral vector transduction, serving as the biotechnological basis for a new generation of rabies vaccines.
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64
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Tuettenberg A, Steinbrink K, Schuppan D. Myeloid cells as orchestrators of the tumor microenvironment: novel targets for nanoparticular cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2735-2751. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells are central players of a heterogeneous myeloid cell population, with the ability to suppress innate and adaptive immune responses and thus to promote tumor growth. Their influx and local proliferation are mainly induced by the cancers themselves, and their numbers in the tumor microenvironment and the peripheral blood correlate with decreased survival. Therapeutic targeting these innate immune cells, either aiming at their elimination or polarization toward tumor suppressive cells is an attractive novel approach to control tumor progression and block metastasis. We review the current understanding of cancer immunology including immune surveillance and immune editing in the context of these prominent innate suppressor cells, and their targetability by nanoparticular immunotherapy with small molecules or siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tuettenberg
- Department of Dermatology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology & Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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65
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Nakatake S, Murakami Y, Ikeda Y, Morioka N, Tachibana T, Fujiwara K, Yoshida N, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Yoshida S, Ishibashi T, Nakabeppu Y, Sonoda KH. MUTYH promotes oxidative microglial activation and inherited retinal degeneration. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87781. [PMID: 27699246 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited disease that causes blindness. The biological and cellular mechanisms by which oxidative stress mediates neuronal cell death are largely unknown. In a mouse model of RP (rd10 mice), we show that oxidative DNA damage activates microglia through MutY homolog-mediated (MUYTH-mediated) base excision repair (BER), thereby exacerbating retinal inflammation and degeneration. In the early stage of retinal degeneration, oxidative DNA damage accumulated in the microglia and caused single-strand breaks (SSBs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. In contrast, Mutyh deficiency in rd10 mice prevented SSB formation in microglia, which in turn suppressed microglial activation and photoreceptor cell death. Moreover, Mutyh-deficient primary microglial cells attenuated the polarization to the inflammatory and cytotoxic phenotype under oxidative stress. Thus, MUTYH-mediated BER in oxidative microglial activation may be a novel target to dampen the disease progression in RP and other neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Nakatake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Morioka
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohta Fujiwara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Akita University, Hondo, Akita, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Notomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Joo J, Kwon EJ, Kang J, Skalak M, Anglin EJ, Mann AP, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ. Porous silicon-graphene oxide core-shell nanoparticles for targeted delivery of siRNA to the injured brain. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2016; 1:407-414. [PMID: 29732165 PMCID: PMC5935492 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00082g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of a nanoparticle-based RNAi delivery platform that protects siRNA payloads against nuclease-induced degradation and efficiently delivers them to target cells. The nanocarrier is based on biodegradable mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs), where the voids of the nanoparticles are loaded with siRNA and the nanoparticles are encapsulated with graphene oxide nanosheets (GO-pSiNPs). The graphene oxide encapsulant delays release of the oligonucleotide payloads in vitro by a factor of 3. When conjugated to a targeting peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG), the nanoparticles show 2-fold greater cellular uptake and gene silencing. Intravenous administration of the nanoparticles into brain-injured mice results in substantial accumulation specifically at the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jinyoung Kang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Skalak
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emily J Anglin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aman P Mann
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Soto MS, O'Brien ER, Andreou K, Scrace SF, Zakaria R, Jenkinson MD, O'Neill E, Sibson NR. Disruption of tumour-host communication by downregulation of LFA-1 reduces COX-2 and e-NOS expression and inhibits brain metastasis growth. Oncotarget 2016; 7:52375-52391. [PMID: 27447568 PMCID: PMC5239559 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 20% of cancer patients will suffer metastatic spread to the brain, and prognosis remains poor. Communication between tumour cells and host tissue is essential during metastasis, yet little is known of the processes underlying such interactions in the brain.Here we test the hypothesis that cross-talk between tumour cells and host brain cells, through tumour cell leukocyte function associated protein-1 (LFA-1), is critical in metastasis development. Temporal expression of LFA-1 and its major ligand intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was determined in two different mouse models of brain metastasis. Marked upregulation of both proteins was found, co-localising with astrocytes, microglia and tumour cells themselves. Silencing of LFA-1 expression in MDA231Br-GFP cells prior to intracerebral injection resulted in > 70% reduction in tumour burden compared to control MDA231Br-GFP cells (p < 0.005, n = 5). Subsequent qRT-PCR analysis of brain tissue revealed significant reductions in COX-2, VEGF and eNOS from host brain tissue, but not tumour cells, in mice injected with LFA-1 knockdown cells (p < 0.0001, n = 5). Finally, expression of both LFA-1 and ICAM-1 was demonstrated in human brain metastasis samples.The results of this study suggest LFA-1 as a new target in brain metastasis therapy and highlight the potential synergy with current anti-COX-2 and anti-NOS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Emma R. O'Brien
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kleopatra Andreou
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Simon F. Scrace
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Rasheed Zakaria
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Michael D. Jenkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L97LJ, UK
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Nicola R. Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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Lavorgna G, Vago R, Sarmini M, Montorsi F, Salonia A, Bellone M. Long non-coding RNAs as novel therapeutic targets in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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69
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Ma L, Liu TW, Wallig MA, Dobrucki IT, Dobrucki LW, Nelson ER, Swanson KS, Smith AM. Efficient Targeting of Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity with Polysaccharide Nanocarriers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6952-62. [PMID: 27281538 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity leads to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The causal link between obesity and these pathologies has recently been identified as chronic low-grade systemic inflammation initiated by pro-inflammatory macrophages in visceral adipose tissue. Current medications based on small-molecule drugs yield significant off-target side effects with long-term use, and therefore there is a major need for targeted therapies. Here we report that nanoscale polysaccharides based on biocompatible glucose polymers can efficiently target adipose macrophages in obese mice. We synthesized a series of dextran conjugates with tunable size linked to contrast agents for positron emission tomography, fluorophores for optical microscopy, and anti-inflammatory drugs for therapeutic modulation of macrophage phenotype. We observed that larger conjugates efficiently distribute to visceral adipose tissue and selectively associate with macrophages after regional peritoneal administration. Up to 63% of the injected dose remained in visceral adipose tissue 24 h after administration, resulting in >2-fold higher local concentration compared to liver, the dominant site of uptake for most nanomedicines. Furthermore, a single-dose treatment of anti-inflammatory conjugates significantly reduced pro-inflammatory markers in adipose tissue of obese mice. Importantly, all components of these therapeutic agents are approved for clinical use. This work provides a promising nanomaterials-based delivery strategy to inhibit critical factors leading to obesity comorbidities and demonstrates a unique transport mechanism for drug delivery to visceral tissues. This approach may be further applied for high-efficiency targeting of other inflammatory diseases of visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tzu-Wen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew A Wallig
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Iwona T Dobrucki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew M Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ‡Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, §Division of Nutritional Sciences, ∥Department of Pathobiology, ⊥Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, #Department of Bioengineering, □Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and University of Illinois Cancer Center, and ⬡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Acid-Sensitive Sheddable PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles Increase the Delivery of TNF-α siRNA in Chronic Inflammation Sites. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e340. [PMID: 27434685 PMCID: PMC5330937 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in utilizing small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNF-α), in chronic inflammation therapy. However, delivery systems that can increase the distribution of the siRNA in chronic inflammation sites after intravenous administration are needed. Herein we report that innovative functionalization of the surface of siRNA-incorporated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles significantly increases the delivery of the siRNA in the chronic inflammation sites in a mouse model. The TNF-α siRNA incorporated PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by the standard double emulsion method, but using stearoyl-hydrazone-polyethylene glycol 2000, a unique acid-sensitive surface active agent, as the emulsifying agent, which renders (i) the nanoparticles PEGylated and (ii) the PEGylation sheddable in low pH environment such as that in chronic inflammation sites. In a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic inflammation, the acid-sensitive sheddable PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles showed significantly higher accumulation or distribution in chronic inflammation sites than PLGA nanoparticles prepared with an acid-insensitive emulsifying agent (i.e., stearoyl-amide-polyethylene glycol 2000) and significantly increased the distribution of the TNF-α siRNA incorporated into the nanoparticles in inflamed mouse foot.
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71
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Wang Z, Hu Z, Zhang D, Zhuo M, Cheng J, Xu X, Xing Y, Fan J. Silencing tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro from small interfering RNA-decorated titanium nanotube array can facilitate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3205-14. [PMID: 27478375 PMCID: PMC4951061 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium implants are known for their bone bonding ability. However, the osseointegration may be severely disturbed in the inflammation environment. In order to enhance osseointegration of the implant in an inflamed environment, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was used to functionalize titanium surface for gene silencing. The chitosan–tripolyphosphate–hyaluronate complexes were used to formulate nanoparticles (NPs) with siRNA, which were adsorbed directly by the anodized titanium surface. The surface characterization was analyzed by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, as well as contact angle measurement. The fluorescence microscope was used to monitor the degradation of the layer. The coculture system was established with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown directly on functionalized titanium surface and RAW264.7 cells (preactivated by lipopolysaccharide) grown upside in a transwell chamber. The transfection and knockdown efficiency of TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells were determined by fluorescence microscope, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cytoskeleton and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs were also analyzed. Regular vertical aligned nanotubes (~100 nm diameter and ~300 nm length) were generated after anodization of polished titanium. After loading with NPs, the nanotubes were filled and covered by a layer of amorphous particles. The surface topography changed and wettability decreased after covering with NPs. As expected, a burst degradation of the film was observed, which could provide sufficient NPs in the released supernatant and result in transfection and knockdown effects in RAW264.7 cells. The cytoskeleton arrangement of MSCs was elongated and the osteogenic differentiation was also significantly improved on NPs loading surface. In conclusion, the siRNA decorated titanium implant could simultaneously suppress inflammation and improve osteogenesis, which may be suitable for peri-implant bone formation under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, No 113 Hospital of PLA, Ningbo
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital of PLA, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, No 113 Hospital of PLA, Ningbo
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72
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Rajitha P, Gopinath D, Biswas R, Sabitha M, Jayakumar R. Chitosan nanoparticles in drug therapy of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1177-94. [PMID: 27087148 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1178232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chitosan, a polymer from the chitin family has diverse pharmaceutical and bio-medical utility because of its easy widespread availability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, rich functionalities and high drug-loading capacity. Recent pharmaceutical research has examined the use of chitosan-based systems for drug delivery applications in various diseases. The availability of functional groups permits the conjugation of specific ligands and thus helps to target loaded drugs to the site of infection/inflammation. Slow biodegradation of chitosan permits controlled and sustained release of loaded moieties; reduces the dosing frequency and is useful for improving patient compliance in infectious drug therapy. The muco-adhesion offered by chitosan makes it an attractive candidate for anti-inflammatory drug delivery, where rapid clearance of the active moiety due to the increased tissue permeability is the major problem. The pH-dependent swelling and drug release properties of chitosan present a means of passive targeting of active drug moieties to inflammatory sites. AREAS COVERED Development of chitosan-based nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery applications is reviewed. The current state of chitosan-based nanosystems; with particular emphasis on drug therapy in inflammatory and infectious diseases is also covered. EXPERT OPINION The authors believe that chitosan-based nanosystems, due to the special and specific advantages, will have a promising role in the management of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajitha
- a Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University , Kochi , India
| | - Divya Gopinath
- a Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University , Kochi , India
| | - Raja Biswas
- b Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University , Kochi , India
| | - M Sabitha
- a Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University , Kochi , India
| | - R Jayakumar
- b Amrita Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University , Kochi , India
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Yadav S, Gandham SK, Panicucci R, Amiji MM. Intranasal brain delivery of cationic nanoemulsion-encapsulated TNFα siRNA in prevention of experimental neuroinflammation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:987-1002. [PMID: 26767514 PMCID: PMC4837036 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intranasal cationic nanoemulsion encapsulating an anti-TNFα siRNA, for potential anti-inflammatory therapy. TNFα siRNA nanoemulsions were prepared and characterized for particle size, surface charge, morphology, and stability and encapsulation efficiency. Qualitative and quantitative intracellular uptake studies by confocal imaging and flow cytometry, respectively, showed higher uptake compared to Lipofectamine® transfected siRNA. Nanoemulsion significantly lowered TNFα levels in LPS-stimulated cells. Upon intranasal delivery of cationic nanoemulsions almost 5 fold higher uptake was observed in the rat brain compared to non-encapsulated siRNA. More importantly, intranasal delivery of TNFα siRNA nanoemulsions in vivo markedly reduced the unregulated levels of TNFα in an LPS-induced model of neuroinflammation. These results indicate that intranasal delivery of cationic nanoemulsions encapsulating TNFα siRNA offered an efficient means of gene knockdown and this approach has significant potential in prevention of neuroinflammation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Neuroinflammation is often seen in patients with neurodegenerative disorders and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) plays a significant role in contributing to neuronal dysfunction. As a result, inhibition of TNFα may alleviate disease severity. In this article, the authors investigated using a cationic nanoemulsion system carrying TNFα siRNA intra-nasally to protect against neuroinflammation. This new method may provide a future approach in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA; Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Srujan K Gandham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA USA.
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Cohen JL, Shen Y, Aouadi M, Vangala P, Tencerova M, Amano SU, Nicoloro SM, Yawe JC, Czech MP. Peptide- and Amine-Modified Glucan Particles for the Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:964-978. [PMID: 26815386 PMCID: PMC5153885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translation of siRNA technology into the clinic is limited by the need for improved delivery systems that target specific cell types. Macrophages are particularly attractive targets for RNAi therapy because they promote pathogenic inflammatory responses in a number of important human diseases. We previously demonstrated that a multicomponent formulation of β-1,3-d-glucan-encapsulated siRNA particles (GeRPs) can specifically and potently silence genes in mouse macrophages. A major advance would be to simplify the GeRP system by reducing the number of delivery components, thus enabling more facile manufacturing and future commercialization. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of a simplified glucan-based particle (GP) capable of delivering siRNA in vivo to selectively silence macrophage genes. Covalent attachment of small-molecule amines and short peptides containing weak bases to GPs facilitated electrostatic interaction of the particles with siRNA and aided in the endosomal release of siRNA by the proton-sponge effect. Modified GPs were nontoxic and were efficiently internalized by macrophages in vitro. When injected intraperitoneally (i.p.), several of the new peptide-modified GPs were found to efficiently deliver siRNA to peritoneal macrophages in lean, healthy mice. In an animal model of obesity-induced inflammation, i.p. administration of one of the peptide-modified GPs (GP-EP14) bound to siRNA selectively reduced the expression of target inflammatory cytokines in the visceral adipose tissue macrophages. Decreasing adipose tissue inflammation resulted in an improvement of glucose metabolism in these metabolically challenged animals. Thus, modified GPs represent a promising new simplified system for the efficient delivery of therapeutic siRNAs specifically to phagocytic cells in vivo for modulation of inflammation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Cohen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Myriam Aouadi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Pranitha Vangala
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Shinya U. Amano
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Sarah M. Nicoloro
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Joseph C. Yawe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Michael P. Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Kudsiova L, Welser K, Campbell F, Mohammadi A, Dawson N, Cui L, Hailes HC, Lawrence MJ, Tabor AB. Delivery of siRNA using ternary complexes containing branched cationic peptides: the role of peptide sequence, branching and targeting. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:934-51. [PMID: 26794416 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00754b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ternary nanocomplexes, composed of bifunctional cationic peptides, lipids and siRNA, as delivery vehicles for siRNA have been investigated. The study is the first to determine the optimal sequence and architecture of the bifunctional cationic peptide used for siRNA packaging and delivery using lipopolyplexes. Specifically three series of cationic peptides of differing sequence, degrees of branching and cell-targeting sequences were co-formulated with siRNA and vesicles prepared from a 1 : 1 molar ratio of the cationic lipid DOTMA and the helper lipid, DOPE. The level of siRNA knockdown achieved in the human alveolar cell line, A549-luc cells, in both reduced serum and in serum supplemented media was evaluated, and the results correlated to the nanocomplex structure (established using a range of physico-chemical tools, namely small angle neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurement); the conformational properties of each component (circular dichroism); the degree of protection of the siRNA in the lipopolyplex (using gel shift assays) and to the cellular uptake, localisation and toxicity of the nanocomplexes (confocal microscopy). Although the size, charge, structure and stability of the various lipopolyplexes were broadly similar, it was clear that lipopolyplexes formulated from branched peptides containing His-Lys sequences perform best as siRNA delivery agents in serum, with protection of the siRNA in serum balanced against efficient release of the siRNA into the cytoplasm of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Kudsiova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Katharina Welser
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Frederick Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Atefeh Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Natalie Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Lili Cui
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - M Jayne Lawrence
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alethea B Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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He H, Zheng N, Song Z, Kim KH, Yao C, Zhang R, Zhang C, Huang Y, Uckun FM, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Yin L. Suppression of Hepatic Inflammation via Systemic siRNA Delivery by Membrane-Disruptive and Endosomolytic Helical Polypeptide Hybrid Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1859-70. [PMID: 26811880 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of inflammatory diseases represents one of the biggest clinical challenges. RNA interference (RNAi) against TNF-α provides a promising modality toward anti-inflammation therapy, but its therapeutic potential is greatly hampered by the by the lack of efficient siRNA delivery vehicles in vivo. Herein, we report a hybrid nanoparticulate (HNP) system based on a cationic helical polypeptide PPABLG for the efficient delivery of TNF-α siRNA. The helical structure of PPABLG features pore formation on cellular and endosomal membranes to facilitate the direct translocation as well as endosomal escape of TNF-α siRNA in macrophages, representing a unique superiority to a majority of the existing polycation-based gene vectors that experience severe endosomal entrapment and lysosomal degradation. As such, HNPs containing TNF-α siRNA afforded effective systemic TNF-α knockdown following systemic administration at a low dose of 50 μg of siRNA/kg and thus demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory effect to rescue animals from LPS/d-GalN-induced hepatic sepsis. This study therefore verifies that the bioactive secondary structure of polypeptides significantly dominates the in vivo siRNA delivery efficiency, and the unique properties of PPABLG HNPs render remarkable potentials for anti-inflammation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyung Hoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rujing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuhui Huang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fatih M Uckun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Systems Immunobiology Laboratory, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital , Los Angeles, California 90027, United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University , 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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77
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Silencing CCR2 in Macrophages Alleviates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Associated Metabolic Syndrome in Dietary Obese Mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e280. [PMID: 26812653 PMCID: PMC5012549 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophage (ATM)-mediated inflammation is a key feature contributing to the adverse metabolic outcomes of dietary obesity. Recruitment of macrophages to obese adipose tissues (AT) can occur through the engagement of CCR2, the receptor for MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), which is expressed on peripheral monocytes/macrophages. Here, we show that i.p. administration of a rabies virus glycoprotein-derived acetylcholine receptor-binding peptide effectively delivers complexed siRNA into peritoneal macrophages and ATMs in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Treatment with siRNA against CCR2 inhibited macrophage infiltration and accumulation in AT and, therefore, proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages. Consequently, the treatment significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity profiles, and also alleviated the associated symptoms of hepatic steatosis and reduced hepatic triglyceride production. These results demonstrate that disruption of macrophage chemotaxis to the AT through cell-targeted gene knockdown strategies can provide a therapeutic intervention for obesity-related metabolic diseases. The study also highlights a siRNA delivery approach for targeting specific monocyte subsets that contribute to obesity-associated inflammation without affecting the function of other tissue-resident macrophages that are essential for host homeostasis and survival.
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78
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Xie Y, Merkel OM. Pulmonary Delivery of siRNA via Polymeric Vectors as Therapies of Asthma. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:681-8. [PMID: 26148454 PMCID: PMC4665213 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Despite the fact that current therapies, such as the combination of inhaled corticosteroids and β2-agonists, can control the symptoms of asthma in most patients, there is still an urgent need for an alternative anti-inflammatory therapy for patients who suffer from severe asthma but lack acceptable response to conventional therapies. Many molecular factors are involved in the inflammatory process in asthma, and thus blocking the function of these factors could efficiently alleviate airway inflammation. RNA interference (RNAi) is often thought to be the answer in the search for more efficient and biocompatible treatments. However, difficulties of efficient delivery of small interference RNA (siRNA), the key factor in RNAi, to target cells and tissues have limited its clinical application. In this review, we summarize cytokines and chemokines, transcription factors, tyrosine kinases, and costimulatory factors that have been reported as targets of siRNA-mediated treatment in experimental asthma. Additionally, we conclude several targeted delivery systems of siRNA to specific cells such as T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which could potentially be applied in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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79
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Complete destruction of deep-tissue buried tumors via combination of gene silencing and gold nanoechinus-mediated photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 62:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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80
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Systemic Administration of siRNA via cRGD-containing Peptide. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12458. [PMID: 26300278 PMCID: PMC4547141 DOI: 10.1038/srep12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been demonstrated to specifically silence their target genes in disease models and clinical trials, in vivo siRNA delivery is still the technical bottleneck that limits their use in therapeutic applications. In this study, a bifunctional peptide named RGD10-10R was designed and tested for its ability to deliver siRNA in vitro and in vivo. Because of their electrostatic interactions with polyarginine (10R), negatively charged siRNAs were readily complexed with RGD10-10R peptides, forming spherical RGD10-10R/siRNA nanoparticles. In addition to enhancing their serum stability by preventing RNase from attacking siRNA through steric hindrance, peptide binding facilitated siRNA transfection into MDA-MB-231 cells, as demonstrated by FACS and confocal microscopy assays and by the repressed expression of target genes. When RGD10 peptide, a receptor competitor of RGD10-10R, was added to the transfection system, the cellular internalization of RGD10-10R/siRNA was significantly compromised, suggesting a mechanism of ligand/receptor interaction. Tissue distribution assays indicated that the peptide/siRNA complex preferentially accumulated in the liver and in several exocrine/endocrine glands. Furthermore, tumor-targeted delivery of siRNA was also demonstrated by in vivo imaging and cryosection assays. In summary, RGD10-10R might constitute a novel siRNA delivery tool that could potentially be applied in tumor treatment.
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81
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Walia V, Kumar R, Mitra A. Lipopolysaccharide and Concanavalin A Differentially Induce the Expression of Immune Response Genes in Caprine Monocyte Derived Macrophages. Anim Biotechnol 2015; 26:298-303. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2015.1013112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishakh Walia
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Animal Genetics Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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82
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
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83
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Graversen JH, Moestrup SK. Drug Trafficking into Macrophages via the Endocytotic Receptor CD163. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:228-52. [PMID: 26111002 PMCID: PMC4496642 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory diseases, macrophages are a main producer of a range of cytokines regulating the inflammatory state. This also includes inflammation induced by tumor growth, which recruits so-called tumor-associated macrophages supporting tumor growth. Macrophages are therefore relevant targets for cytotoxic or phenotype-modulating drugs in the treatment of inflammatory and cancerous diseases. Such targeting of macrophages has been tried using the natural propensity of macrophages to non-specifically phagocytose circulating foreign particulate material. In addition, the specific targeting of macrophage-expressed receptors has been used in order to obtain a selective uptake in macrophages and reduce adverse effects of off-target delivery of drugs. CD163 is a highly expressed macrophage-specific endocytic receptor that has been studied for intracellular delivery of small molecule drugs to macrophages using targeted liposomes or antibody drug conjugates. This review will focus on the biology of CD163 and its potential role as a target for selective macrophage targeting compared with other macrophage targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Søren Kragh Moestrup
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløws Vej 25, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000-Odense C, Denmark.
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84
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Abstract
Whilst small interfering (si) RNAs have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality for treating a diversity of human diseases, delivery constitutes the most serious obstacle to siRNA drug development. As the most used delivery agents can enter all cell types, specificity must be built into the delivery agents or directly attached to the siRNA molecules. The use of antibodies, peptides, Peptide-Fc fusions, aptamers, and other targeting ligands has now enabled efficient gene silencing in the desired cell populations/tissues in vitro and in vivo. The present review summarizes these current innovations, which are important for the design of safe therapeutic siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouldy Sioud
- Departments of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Radiumhospitalet-Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, Montebello, 310, Oslo, Norway,
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85
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Beloor J, Ramakrishna S, Nam K, Seon Choi C, Kim J, Kim SH, Cho HJ, Shin H, Kim H, Kim SW, Lee SK, Kumar P. Effective gene delivery into human stem cells with a cell-targeting Peptide-modified bioreducible polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2069-2079. [PMID: 25515928 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are poorly permissive to non-viral gene transfection reagents. In this study, we explored the possibility of improving gene delivery into human embryonic (hESC) and mesenchymal (hMSC) stem cells by synergizing the activity of a cell-binding ligand with a polymer that releases nucleic acids in a cytoplasm-responsive manner. A 29 amino acid long peptide, RVG, targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) was identified to bind both hMSC and H9-derived hESC. Conjugating RVG to a redox-sensitive biodegradable dendrimer-type arginine-grafted polymer (PAM-ABP) enabled nanoparticle formation with plasmid DNA without altering the environment-sensitive DNA release property and favorable toxicity profile of the parent polymer. Importantly, RVG-PAM-ABP quantitatively enhanced transfection into both hMSC and hESC compared to commercial transfection reagents like Lipofectamine 2000 and Fugene. ∼60% and 50% of hMSC and hESC were respectively transfected, and at increased levels on a per cell basis, without affecting pluripotency marker expression. RVG-PAM-ABP is thus a novel bioreducible, biocompatible, non-toxic, synthetic gene delivery system for nAchR-expressing stem cells. Our data also demonstrates that a cell-binding ligand like RVG can cooperate with a gene delivery system like PAM-ABP to enable transfection of poorly-permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Beloor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
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86
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Scomparin A, Polyak D, Krivitsky A, Satchi-Fainaro R. Achieving successful delivery of oligonucleotides--From physico-chemical characterization to in vivo evaluation. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1294-309. [PMID: 25916823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is one of the most promising fields in modern medicine to treat several diseases, ranging from cancer to cardiac diseases, passing through viral infections and metabolic pathologies. Since the discovery of the potential therapeutic properties of non-self oligonucleotides, it was clear that it is important to develop delivery systems that are able to increase plasma stability and bestow membrane-crossing abilities to the oligonucleotides in order to reach their cytoplasmic targets. Polymer therapeutics, among other systems, are widely investigated as delivery systems for therapeutic agents, such as oligonucleotides. Physico-chemical characterization of the supramolecular polyplexes obtained upon charge interaction or covalent conjugation between the polymeric carrier and the oligonucleotides is critical. Appropriate characterization is fundamental in order to predict and understand the in vivo silencing efficacy and to avoid undesired side effects and toxicity profile. Shedding light on the physico-chemical and in vitro requirements of a polyplex leads to an efficient in vivo delivery system for RNAi therapeutics. In this review, we will present the most common techniques for characterization of obtained polymer/oligonucleotide polyplexes and an up-to-date state of the art in vivo preclinical and clinical studies. This is the first review to deal with the difficulties in appropriate characterization of small interfering RNA (siRNA) or microRNA (miRNA) polyplexes and conjugates which limit the clinical translation of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scomparin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dina Polyak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adva Krivitsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Room 607, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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87
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Tagalakis AD, Castellaro S, Zhou H, Bienemann A, Munye MM, McCarthy D, White EA, Hart SL. A method for concentrating lipid peptide DNA and siRNA nanocomplexes that retains their structure and transfection efficiency. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2673-83. [PMID: 25878500 PMCID: PMC4388080 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s78935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonviral gene and small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery formulations are extensively used for biological and therapeutic research in cell culture experiments, but less so in in vivo and clinical research. Difficulties with formulating the nanoparticles for uniformity and stability at concentrations required for in vivo and clinical use are limiting their progression in these areas. Here, we report a simple but effective method of formulating monodisperse nanocomplexes from a ternary formulation of lipids, targeting peptides, and nucleic acids at a low starting concentration of 0.2 mg/mL of DNA, and we then increase their concentration up to 4.5 mg/mL by reverse dialysis against a concentrated polymer solution at room temperature. The nanocomplexes did not aggregate and they had maintained their biophysical properties, but, importantly, they also mediated DNA transfection and siRNA silencing in cultured cells. Moreover, concentrated anionic nanocomplexes administered by convection-enhanced delivery in the striatum showed efficient silencing of the β-secretase gene BACE1. This method of preparing nanocomplexes could probably be used to concentrate other nonviral formulations and may enable more widespread use of nanoparticles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides D Tagalakis
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sara Castellaro
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK ; Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alison Bienemann
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, AMBI Labs, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Mustafa M Munye
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Edward A White
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences, AMBI Labs, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen L Hart
- Experimental and Personalised Medicine Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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88
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Sarvaiya J, Agrawal Y. Chitosan as a suitable nanocarrier material for anti-Alzheimer drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:454-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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89
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Yang YJ, Zhao PS, Wu HX, Wang HL, Zhao LL, Xue XH, Gai WW, Gao YW, Yang ST, Xia XZ. Production and characterization of a fusion peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG29). Protein Expr Purif 2014; 104:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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90
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Ye C, Choi JG, Abraham S, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Targeting DNA vaccines to myeloid cells using a small peptide. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:82-8. [PMID: 25270431 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeting DNA vaccines to dendritic cells (DCs) greatly enhances immunity. Although several approaches have been used to target protein Ags to DCs, currently there is no method that targets DNA vaccines directly to DCs. Here, we show that a small peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein fused to protamine residues (RVG-P) can target DNA to myeloid cells, including DCs, which results in enhanced humoral and T-cell responses. DCs targeted with a DNA vaccine encoding the immunodominant vaccinia B8R gene via RVG-P were able to restimulate vaccinia-specific memory T cells in vitro. Importantly, a single i.v. injection of B8R gene bound to RVG-P was able to prime a vaccinia-specific T-cell response that was able to rapidly clear a subsequent vaccinia challenge in mice. Moreover, delivery of DNA in DCs was enough to induce DC maturation and efficient Ag presentation without the need for adjuvants. Finally, immunization of mice with a DNA-vaccine encoding West Nile virus (WNV) prM and E proteins via RVG-P elicited high titers of WNV-neutralizing Abs that protected mice from lethal WNV challenge. Thus, RVG-P provides a reagent to target DNA vaccines to myeloid cells and elicit robust T-cell and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Ye
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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91
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Yang C, Gao S, Kjems J. Folic acid conjugated chitosan for targeted delivery of siRNA to activated macrophages in vitro and in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8608-8615. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01374c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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92
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Naturally enveloped AAV vectors for shielding neutralizing antibodies and robust gene delivery in vivo. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7598-609. [PMID: 24917028 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently adeno-associated virus (AAV) became the first clinically approved gene therapy product in the western world. To develop AAV for future clinical application in a widespread patient base, particularly in therapies which require intravenous (i.v.) administration of vector, the virus must be able to evade pre-existing antibodies to the wild type virus. Here we demonstrate that in mice, AAV vectors associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) can evade human anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies. We observed different antibody evasion and gene transfer abilities with populations of EVs isolated by different centrifugal forces. EV-associated AAV vector (ev-AAV) was up to 136-fold more resistant over a range of neutralizing antibody concentrations relative to standard AAV vector in vitro. Importantly in mice, at a concentration of passively transferred human antibodies which decreased i.v. administered standard AAV transduction of brain by 80%, transduction of ev-AAV transduction was not reduced and was 4000-fold higher. Finally, we show that expressing a brain targeting peptide on the EV surface allowed significant enhancement of transduction compared to untargeted ev-AAV. Using ev-AAV represents an effective, clinically relevant approach to evade human neutralizing anti-AAV antibodies after systemic administration of vector.
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93
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Mouhieddine TH, Kobeissy FH, Itani M, Nokkari A, Wang KK. Stem cells in neuroinjury and neurodegenerative disorders: challenges and future neurotherapeutic prospects. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:901-6. [PMID: 25206908 PMCID: PMC4146225 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.133129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury disorders is increasing worldwide. Research is now focusing on improving current neurogenesis techniques including neural stem cell therapy and other biochemical drug-based approaches to ameliorate these disorders. Unfortunately, we are still facing many obstacles that are rendering current neurotherapies ineffective in clinical trials for reasons that are yet to be discovered. That is why we should start by fully understanding the complex mechanisms of neurogenesis and the factors that affect it, or else, all our suggested therapies would fail since they would not be targeting the essence of the neurological disorder but rather the symptoms. One possible paradigm shift is to switch from neuroprotectant therapies towards neurodegeneration/neurorestorative approaches. In addition, other and our laboratories are increasingly focusing on combining the use of pharmacological agents (such as Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors or other growth factors (such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) and stem cell treatment to enhance the survivability and/or differentiation capacity of transplanted stem cells in neurotrauma or other neurodegeneration animal models. Ongoing stem cell research is surely on the verge of a breakthrough of multiple effective therapeutic options for neurodegenerative disorders. Once, we fully comprehend the process of neurogenesis and its components, we will fully be capable of manipulating and utilizing it. In this work, we discuss the current knowledge of neuroregenerative therapies and their associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek H. Mouhieddine
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas H. Kobeissy
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Muhieddine Itani
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint George University of London, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Amaly Nokkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kevin K.W. Wang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry, Gainesville, Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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94
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Nielsen C, Kjems J, Sørensen KR, Engelholm LH, Behrendt N. Advances in targeted delivery of small interfering RNA using simple bioconjugates. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:791-822. [PMID: 24669756 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.896898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Development of drugs based on RNA interference by small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been progressing slowly due to a number of challenges associated with the in vivo behavior of siRNA. A central problem is controlling siRNA delivery to specific cell types. Here, we review existing literature on one type of strategy for solving the issue of cell-specific delivery of siRNA, namely delivering the siRNA as part of simple bioconjugate constructs. AREAS COVERED This review presents current experience from strategies aimed at targeting siRNA to specific cell types, by associating the siRNA with a targeting moiety, in a simple bioconjugate construct. We discuss the use of different types of targeting moieties, as well as the different conjugation strategies employed for preparing these bioconjugate constructs that deliver the siRNA to target cells. We focus especially on the in-built or passive functionalities associated with each strategy, in order to identify key elements of successful siRNA delivery strategies with potential for further exploration. EXPERT OPINION By evaluating the current literature on this subject, we identify strategies and concepts that are suitable for future studies, to enable the development of highly efficient simple bioconjugates for targeted siRNA delivery with therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Copenhagen Biocenter, Finsen Laboratory , Ole Maaloes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N , Denmark +45 35 45 60 33 ;
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95
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Forbes DC, Peppas NA. Polycationic nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: comparing ARGET ATRP and UV-initiated formulations. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2908-2917. [PMID: 24548237 DOI: 10.1021/nn500101c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we develop and evaluate polycationic nanoparticles for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Delivery remains a major challenge for translating siRNA to the clinic, and overcoming the delivery challenge requires effective siRNA delivery vehicles that meet the demands of the specific delivery strategy. Cross-linked polycationic nanoparticle formulations were synthesized using ARGET ATRP or UV-initiated polymerization. The one-step, one-pot, surfactant-stabilized monomer-in-water synthesis technique may provide a simpler and faster alternative to complicated, multistep techniques and an alternative to methods that rely on toxic organic solvents. The polymer nanoparticles were synthesized using the cationic monomer 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, the hydrophobic monomer tert-butyl methacrylate to tune pH responsiveness, the hydrophilic monomer poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate to improve biocompatibility, and cross-linking agent tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate to enhance colloidal stability. Four formulations were evaluated for their suitability as siRNA delivery vehicles in vitro with the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T or the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. The polycationic nanoparticles demonstrated efficient and rapid loading of the anionic siRNA following complexation. Confocal microscopy as well as flow cytometry analysis of cells treated with polycationic nanoparticles loaded with fluorescently labeled siRNA demonstrated that the polycationic nanoparticles promoted cellular uptake of fluorescently labeled siRNA. Knockdown experiments using polycationic nanoparticles to deliver siRNA demonstrated evidence of knockdown, thus demonstrating potential as an alternative route to creating polycationic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Forbes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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96
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Ueno M, Yamashita T. Bidirectional tuning of microglia in the developing brain: from neurogenesis to neural circuit formation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:8-15. [PMID: 24607651 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The developing brain employs multi-step processes to construct neural circuitry. Recent studies have highlighted that microglia, traditionally known to be the resident immune cells in the brain, have essential roles in these processes, which range from neurogenesis to establishing synaptic connections. Microglia play bidirectional roles for maintaining proper circuitry: eliminating unnecessary cells, axons, and synapses, while supporting the neighboring ones. Although these processes are performed in different parts of the neuron, similar molecular mechanisms are possibly involved. This paper reviews recent progress on the knowledge of the roles of microglia in brain development, and further discusses the application of this knowledge in therapies for brain disorders and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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97
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Kosovrasti VY, Lukashev D, Nechev LV, Amiji MM. Novel RNA interference-based therapies for sepsis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:419-35. [PMID: 24397825 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.875524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is an extremely fast-paced disease, initiated by an infection that can progress to multiple organ dysfunction and death. The complexity associated with sepsis makes the therapies difficult to develop. Moreover, the 'one-fits-all' kind of therapy is far from being realistic. AREAS COVERED This review provides a conspectus of the current results of sepsis therapies and their benefits, focusing on the development of small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics for targeting immune cells and sepsis pathways. EXPERT OPINION The question, 'When will an effective therapy for sepsis be available for patients?' remains unanswered. New RNA interference-mediated therapies are emerging as novel approaches for the treatment of sepsis by downregulating key inflammatory cytokine expression. Strategies that exploit multimodal gene silencing using siRNA and targeted delivery systems are discussed in this review. Some of these strategies have shown positive results in preclinical model of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verbena Y Kosovrasti
- Northeastern University, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 140 The Fenway Building, R170, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 , USA
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98
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The controversial role of microglia in malignant gliomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:285246. [PMID: 23983766 PMCID: PMC3741958 DOI: 10.1155/2013/285246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas contain stroma and a variety of immune cells including abundant activated microglia/macrophages. Mounting evidence indicates that the glioma microenvironment converts the glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) into glioma-supportive, immunosuppressive cells; however, GAMs can retain intrinsic anti-tumor properties. Here, we review and discuss this duality and the potential therapeutic strategies that may inhibit their glioma-supportive and propagating functions.
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99
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Somasuntharam I, Boopathy AV, Khan RS, Martinez MD, Brown ME, Murthy N, Davis ME. Delivery of Nox2-NADPH oxidase siRNA with polyketal nanoparticles for improving cardiac function following myocardial infarction. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7790-8. [PMID: 23856052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of heart failure (HF), the leading cause of death in the developed world. Oxidative stress due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling leading to HF. NADPH oxidase with Nox2 as the catalytic subunit is a major source for cardiac ROS production. Nox2-NADPH expression is significantly increased in the infarcted myocardium, primarily in neutrophils, macrophages and myocytes. Moreover, mice lacking the Nox2 gene are protected from ischemic injury, implicating Nox2 as a potential therapeutic target. RNAi-mediated gene silencing holds great promise as a therapeutic owing to its high specificity and potency. However, in vivo delivery hurdles have limited its effective clinical use. Here, we demonstrate acid-degradable polyketal particles as delivery vehicles for Nox2-siRNA to the post-MI heart. In vitro, Nox2-siRNA particles are effectively taken up by macrophages and significantly knockdown Nox2 expression and activity. Following in vivo intramyocardial injection in experimental mice models of MI, Nox2-siRNA particles prevent upregulation of Nox2 and significantly recovered cardiac function. This study highlights the potential of polyketals as siRNA delivery vehicles to the MI heart and represents a viable therapeutic approach for targeting oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inthirai Somasuntharam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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100
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Xiao B, Laroui H, Ayyadurai S, Viennois E, Charania MA, Zhang Y, Merlin D. Mannosylated bioreducible nanoparticle-mediated macrophage-specific TNF-α RNA interference for IBD therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7471-82. [PMID: 23820013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of RNA interference (RNAi) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy has been limited by the lack of non-cytotoxic, efficient and targetable small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers. TNF-α is the major pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by macrophages during IBD. Here, a mannosylated bioreducible cationic polymer (PPM) was synthesized and further spontaneously assembled nanoparticles (NPs) assisted by sodium triphosphate (TPP). The TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs exhibited high uniformity (polydispersity index = 0.004), a small particle size (211-275 nm), excellent bioreducibility, and enhanced cellular uptake. Additionally, the generated NPs had negative cytotoxicity compared to control NPs fabricated by branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, 25 kDa) or Oligofectamine (OF) and siRNA. In vitro gene silencing experiments revealed that TPP-PPM/TNF-α siRNA NPs with a weight ratio of 40:1 showed the most efficient inhibition of the expression and secretion of TNF-α (approximately 69.9%, which was comparable to the 71.4% obtained using OF/siRNA NPs), and its RNAi efficiency was highly inhibited in the presence of mannose (20 mm). Finally, TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs showed potential therapeutic effects on colitis tissues, remarkably reducing TNF-α level. Collectively, these results suggest that non-toxic TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs can be exploited as efficient, macrophage-targeted carriers for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302, USA.
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