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de Vink PJ, Koops AA, D'Arrigo G, Cruciani G, Spyrakis F, Brunsveld L. Cooperativity as quantification and optimization paradigm for nuclear receptor modulators. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2744-2752. [PMID: 35340861 PMCID: PMC8890100 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06426f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cooperativity framework describes the formation of nuclear receptor ternary complexes and deconvolutes ligand and cofactor binding into intrinsic affinities and a cooperativity factor, providing a conceptually new understanding of NR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J. de Vink
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Auke A. Koops
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia D'Arrigo
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Garoche C, Boulahtouf A, Grimaldi M, Chiavarina B, Toporova L, den Broeder MJ, Legler J, Bourguet W, Balaguer P. Interspecies Differences in Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ by Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16489-16501. [PMID: 34843233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are able to deregulate the hormone system, notably through interactions with nuclear receptors (NRs). The mechanisms of action and biological effects of many EDCs have mainly been tested on human and mouse but other species such as zebrafish and xenopus are increasingly used as a model to study the effects of EDCs. Among NRs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a main target of EDCs, for which most experimental data have been obtained from human and mouse models. To assess interspecies differences, we tested known human PPARγ ligands on reporter cell lines expressing either human, mouse, zebrafish, or xenopus PPARγ. Using these cell lines, we were able to highlight major interspecies differences. Known hPPARγ pharmaceutical ligands modulated hPPARγ and mPPARγ activities in a similar manner, while xPPARγ was less responsive and zfPPARγ was not modulated at all by these compounds. On the contrary, human liver X receptor (hLXR) ligands GW 3965 and WAY-252623 were only active on zfPPARγ. Among environmental compounds, several molecules activated the PPARγ of the four species similarly, e.g., phthalates (MEHP), perfluorinated compounds (PFOA, PFOS), and halogenated derivatives of BPA (TBBPA, TCBPA), but some of them like diclofenac and the organophosphorus compounds tri-o-tolyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate were most active on zfPPARγ. This study confirms or shows for the first time the h, m, x, and zfPPARγ activities of several chemicals and demonstrates the importance of the use of species-specific models to study endocrine and metabolism disruption by environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Garoche
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Abdelhay Boulahtouf
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Barbara Chiavarina
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Lucia Toporova
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Marjo J den Broeder
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Inserm U1053, CNRS, Université Montpellier, 34290 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34290 Montpellier, France
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53
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Mao Y, Han CY, Hao L, Bang IH, Bae EJ, Park BH. p21-activated kinase 4 phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Υ and suppresses skeletal muscle regeneration. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1776-1788. [PMID: 34431242 PMCID: PMC8718036 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle regeneration is an adaptive response to injury that is crucial to the maintenance of muscle mass and function. A p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) serine/threonine kinase is critical to the regulation of cytoskeletal changes, cell proliferation, and growth. However, PAK4's role in myoblast differentiation and regenerative myogenesis remains to be determined. METHODS We used a mouse model of myotoxin (notexin)-induced muscle regeneration. In vitro myogenesis was performed in the C2C12 myoblast cell line, primary myoblasts, and primary satellite cells. In vivo overexpression of PAK4 or kinase-inactive mutant PAK4S474A was conducted in skeletal muscle to examine PAK4's kinase-dependent effect on muscle regeneration. The regeneration process was evaluated by determining the number and size of multinucleated myofibres and expression patterns of myogenin and eMyHC. To explore whether PAK4 inhibition improves muscle regeneration, mice were injected intramuscularly with siRNA that targeted PAK4 or orally administered with a chemical inhibitor of PAK4. RESULTS p21-activated kinase 4 was highly expressed during the myoblast stage, but expression gradually and substantially decreased as myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. PAK4 overexpression, but not kinase-inactive mutant PAK4S474A overexpression, significantly impeded myoblast fusion and MyHC-positive myotube formation in C2C12 cells, primary myoblasts, and satellite cells (P < 0.01). Conversely, PAK4 silencing led to an 8.7% and a 20.3% increase in the number of multinucleated larger myotubes in C2C12 cells and primary myoblasts. Further, in vivo overexpression of PAK4 by adenovirus injection to mice prior to and after myotoxin-induced injury led to a 52.6% decrease in the number of eMyHC-positive myofibres on Day 5 in tibialis anterior muscles as compared with those injected with control adenoviruses (P < 0.01), while Ad-PAK4S474A showed comparable muscle regeneration parameters. PAK4-induced repression of muscle regeneration coincided with an increase in phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression and a decrease in phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signalling. In contrast, PAK4 silencing reduced PTEN expression in mice. Consistent with these findings, prodrug of PAK4 inhibitor CZh-226 (30 mg/kg) orally administered to mice repressed PTEN expression and accelerated myotube formation. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that PAK4 directly phosphorylates PPARγ at S273 to increase its transcription activity, thereby up-regulating PTEN expression. Importantly, an analysis of the Genotype-Tissue Expression database showed a positive correlation between PAK4 and PTEN in human skeletal muscle tissues (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS p1-activated kinase 4 is a new member of PPARγ kinase, and PAK4 inhibition may have a therapeutic role as an accelerant of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang Yeob Han
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Lihua Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - In Hyuk Bang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Dixit G, Prabhu A. The pleiotropic peroxisome proliferator activated receptors: Regulation and therapeutics. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 124:104723. [PMID: 34822814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key regulators of metabolic events in our body. Owing to their implication in maintenance of homeostasis, both PPAR agonists and antagonists assume therapeutic significance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of each of the PPAR isotypes in the healthy body and during disease is crucial to exploiting their full therapeutic potential. This article is an attempt to present a rational analysis of the multifaceted therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of isotype-specific PPAR agonists, dual PPAR agonists, pan PPAR agonists as well as PPAR antagonists. A holistic understanding of the mechanistic dimensions of these key metabolic regulators will guide future efforts to identify novel molecules in the realm of metabolic, inflammatory and immunotherapeutic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Arati Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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55
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of cajanonic acid A derivatives as potential PPARγ antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 52:128410. [PMID: 34626784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Four series of cajanonic acid A (CAA) derivatives have been designed and synthesized. The newly prepared compounds have been screened for glucose consumption activity in HepG2 cell lines and PPARγ antagonistic activity in HEK293 cell lines. Compound 26g bearing a tetrahydroisoquinolinone scaffold showed the most potent PPARγ antagonistic and hypoglycemic activities. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and the results further confirmed that 26g was a potent hypoglycemic agent. In addition, the possible binding modes for compound 26g in the PPARγ protein have been investigated in this study.
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56
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The Role and Mechanism of Oxidative Stress and Nuclear Receptors in the Development of NAFLD. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6889533. [PMID: 34745420 PMCID: PMC8566046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6889533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic liver diseases. It is now acknowledged that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized as a redox-centered disease due to the role of ROS in hepatic metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms accounting for these alternations are not completely understood. Several nuclear receptors (NRs) are dysregulated in NAFLD, and have a direct influence on the expression of a set of genes relating to the progress of hepatic lipid homeostasis and ROS generation. Meanwhile, the NRs act as redox sensors in response to metabolic stress. Therefore, targeting NRs may represent a promising strategy for improving oxidation damage and treating NAFLD. This review summarizes the link between impaired lipid metabolism and oxidative stress and highlights some NRs involved in regulating oxidant/antioxidant turnover in the context of NAFLD, shedding light on potential therapies based on NR-mediated modulation of ROS generation and lipid accumulation.
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A novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand improves insulin sensitivity and promotes browning of white adipose tissue in obese mice. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101363. [PMID: 34710641 PMCID: PMC8627988 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) is a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The antidiabetic drug thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are potent insulin sensitizers as full agonists of PPARγ, but cause unwanted side effects. Recent discoveries have shown that TZDs improve insulin sensitivity by blocking PPARγ phosphorylation at S273, which decouples the full agonism-associated side effects. PPARγ ligands that act through the blockage of PPARγ phosphorylation but lack the full agonist activity would be expected to improve insulin sensitivity without TZD-associated side effects, however, chemicals that carry such traits and bind to PPARγ with high-affinity are lacking. Moreover, TZDs are known to promote white-to-brown adipocyte conversion and energy expenditure and appear to require their full agonism on PPARγ for this activity. It is unknown whether a partial or non-TZD agonist of PPARγ is capable of promoting browning effect. In this study, we developed a novel non-TZD partial agonist of PPARγ and investigated its function on insulin sensitivity and white-to-brown conversion and energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice. Methods A novel indole-based chemical WO95E was designed via medicinal chemistry and tested for PPARγ binding and activity and for the effect on PPARγ phosphorylation. Diet-induced obese mice were administered with WO95E for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, body weight, fat tissue weight, adipocyte size, morphology, energy expenditure, and expression levels of genes involved in PPARγ activity, thermogenesis/browning, and TZD-related side effects were evaluated. Results WO95E binds to PPARγ with high affinity and acts as a PPARγ partial agonist. WO95E inhibits PPARγ phosphorylation and regulates PPARγ phosphorylation-dependent genes. WO95E ameliorates insulin resistance and glucose tolerance in mice of diet-induced obesity, with minimal TZD use-associated side effects. We found that WO95E promotes white-to-brown adipocyte conversion and energy expenditure and hence protects against diet-induced obesity. WO95E decreases the size of adipocytes and suppresses adipose tissue inflammation. WO95E also suppresses obesity-associated liver steatosis. Conclusions WO95E improves insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis and promotes browning and energy expenditure by acting as a novel PPARγ phosphorylation inhibitor/partial agonist. Our findings suggest the potential of this compound or its derivative for the therapeutic treatment of insulin resistance and obesity. A novel non-TZD PPARγ modulator WO95E acts as a PPARγ partial agonist and inhibits PPARγ phosphorylation at S273. WO95E ameliorates insulin resistance and glucose tolerance and protects against diet-induced weight gain in DIO mice. WO95E is the first non-TZD PPARγ partial agonist that promotes white-to-brown adipocyte conversion and energy expenditure. WO95E exhibits minimal TZD use-associated side effects.
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58
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Sano H, Namekata K, Niki M, Semba K, Murao F, Harada T, Mitamura Y. Ocular expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:628-637. [PMID: 34693664 PMCID: PMC9017639 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) phosphorylation mediated by cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is one of the main mechanisms of action of antidiabetic drugs. In this study, we analyzed the ocular expression and activation of Cdk5 in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Materials and Methods The concentrations of PPARγ, Cdk5 and its activating subunit (p35) were determined in the vitreous body of 24 PDR and 63 control eyes by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein expression levels of PPARγ, Cdk5 and p35 were measured in proliferative neovascular membranes from seven PDR eyes and non‐neovascular epiretinal membranes from five control eyes by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. Results PPARγ, Cdk5 and p35 concentrations in the vitreous body were significantly higher in the PDR group compared with the control group. There was also a positive significant correlation of Cdk5 with PPARγ and p35 in the PDR group. Furthermore, the messenger ribonucleic acid expression levels of PPARγ, Cdk5 and p35 in proliferative neovascular membranes were significantly higher in the PDR group compared with the control group. Immunostaining showed increased protein expression levels of PPARγ, Cdk5 and p35 in proliferative neovascular membranes in the PDR group compared with the control group. Conclusions Cdk5 activation is involved in PDR pathogenesis through PPARγ expression, and inhibition of Cdk5‐mediated PPARγ phosphorylation might be a new therapeutic target for treatment of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Namekata
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Niki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.,Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Murao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Harada
- Visual Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor Roscovitine prevents diet-induced metabolic disruption in obese mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20365. [PMID: 34645915 PMCID: PMC8514475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most strategies to treat obesity-related disorders have involved prevention of diet-induced weight gain in lean mice. Treatment of obese individuals will require therapies that reverse the detrimental effects of excess body weight. Cyclin-dependent kinases have been shown to contribute to obesity and its adverse complications. Here, we show that roscovitine; a an orally available cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; given to male mice during the last six weeks of a 19-week high fat diet, reduced weight gain and prevented accompanying insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, visceral adipose tissue (eWAT) inflammation/fibrosis as well as restored insulin secretion and enhanced whole body energy expenditure. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis of eWAT demonstrated that roscovitine suppressed expression of peptides and phosphopeptides linked to inflammation and extracellular matrix proteins. It also identified 17 putative protein kinases perturbed by roscovitine, including CMGC kinases, AGC kinases and CAMK kinases. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that lipid metabolism, TCA cycle, fatty acid beta oxidation and creatine biosynthesis are enriched following roscovitine treatment. For brown adipose tissue (BAT), analysis of upstream kinases controlling the phosphoproteome revealed two major kinase groups, AGC and CMGC kinases. Among the top enriched pathways were insulin signaling, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, thyroid hormone signaling, thermogenesis and cAMP-PKG signaling. We conclude that roscovitine is effective at preventing prolonged diet-induced metabolic disruption and restoring mitochondrial activity in BAT and eWAT.
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Akter F, Tsuyama T, Yoshizawa T, Sobuz SU, Yamagata K. SIRT7 regulates lipogenesis in adipocytes through deacetylation of PPARγ2. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1765-1774. [PMID: 33955199 PMCID: PMC8504911 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ2 is a transcription factor crucial for regulating adipogenesis and glucose/lipid metabolism, and synthetic PPARγ ligands, such as thiazolidinediones, are effective oral medication for type 2 diabetes. Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase, also controls metabolism. However, it is not known whether SIRT7 regulates the function of PPARγ2 by its deacetylation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Physical interaction between SIRT7 and PPARγ2, the effect of SIRT7 on PPARγ2 acetylation, and the deacetylation residue targeted by SIRT7 were investigated. The effects of PPARγ2 K382 acetylation on lipid accumulation, gene expression in C3H10T1/2 cell-derived adipocytes, and ligand-dependent transactivation activity were also evaluated. RESULTS We demonstrated that SIRT7 binds to PPARγ2 and deacetylates PPARγ2 at K382. C3H10T1/2-derived adipocytes expressing PPARγ2K382Q (a mimic of acetylated K) accumulated much less fat than adipocytes expressing wild-type PPARγ2 or PPARγ2K382R (a mimic of nonacetylated K). Global gene expression analysis of adipocytes expressing PPARγ2K382Q revealed that K382Q caused the dysregulation of a set of genes involved in lipogenesis, including Srebp1c, Acaca, Fasn, and Scd1. The rosiglitazone-dependent transcriptional activity of PPARγ2K382Q was reduced compared with that of PPARγ2K382R . CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that SIRT7-dependent PPARγ2 deacetylation at K382 controls lipogenesis in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Akter
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tomonori Tsuyama
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA)Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Shihab U. Sobuz
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Kazuya Yamagata
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA)Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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Miyamae Y. Insights into Dynamic Mechanism of Ligand Binding to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ toward Potential Pharmacological Applications. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1185-1195. [PMID: 34471046 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which regulates the transcription of a variety of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. These functions correlate with the onset of type-2 diabetes, obesity, and immune disorders, which makes PPARγ a promising target for drug development. The majority of PPARγ functions are regulated by binding of small molecule ligands, which cause conformational changes of PPARγ followed by coregulator recruitment. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ contains a large Y-shaped cavity that can be occupied by various classes of compounds such as full agonists, partial agonists, natural lipids, and in some cases, a combination of multiple molecules. Several crystal structure studies have revealed the binding modes of these compounds in the LBD and insight into the resulting conformational changes. Notably, the apo form of the PPARγ LBD contains a highly mobile region that can be stabilized by ligand binding. Furthermore, recent biophysical investigations have shed light on the dynamic mechanism of how ligands induce conformational changes in PPARγ and result in functional output. This information may be useful for the design of new and repurposed structures of ligands that serve a different function from original compounds and more potent pharmacological effects with less undesirable clinical outcomes. This review provides an overview of the peculiar characteristics of the PPARγ LBD by examining a series of structural studies focused on the dynamic mechanism of binding and the potential applications of strategies for ligand screening and chemical labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Miyamae
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba.,Alliance for Research on the Mediterranean and North Africa, University of Tsukuba
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Honda A, Kamata S, Satta C, Machida Y, Uchii K, Terasawa K, Nemoto A, Oyama T, Ishii I. Structural Basis for Anti-non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Diabetic Dyslipidemia Drug Saroglitazar as a PPAR α/γ Dual Agonist. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1210-1219. [PMID: 34471049 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptor-type transcription factors that consist of three subtypes (α, γ, and β/δ) with distinct functions and PPAR dual/pan agonists are expected to be the next generation of drugs for metabolic diseases. Saroglitazar is the first clinically approved PPARα/γ dual agonist for treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia and is currently in clinical trials to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, the structural information of its interaction with PPARα/γ remains unknown. We recently revealed the high-resolution co-crystal structure of saroglitazar and the PPARα-ligand binding domain (LBD) through X-ray crystallography, and in this study, we report the structure of saroglitazar and the PPARγ-LBD. Saroglitazar was located at the center of "Y"-shaped PPARγ-ligand-binding pocket (LBP), just as it was in the respective region of PPARα-LBP. Its carboxylic acid was attached to four amino acids (Ser289/His323/His449/Thr473), which contributes to the stabilization of Activating Function-2 helix 12, and its phenylpyrrole moiety was rotated 121.8 degrees in PPARγ-LBD from that in PPARα-LBD to interact with Phe264. PPARδ-LBD has the consensus four amino acids (Thr253/His287/His413/Tyr437) towards the carboxylic acids of its ligands, but it seems to lack sufficient space to accept saroglitazar because of the steric hindrance between the Trp228 or Arg248 residue of PPARδ-LBD and its methylthiophenyl moiety. Accordingly, in a coactivator recruitment assay, saroglitazar activated PPARα-LBD and PPARγ-LBD but not PPARδ-LBD, whereas glycine substitution of either Trp228, Arg248, or both of PPARδ-LBD conferred saroglitazar concentration-dependent activation. Our findings may be valuable in the molecular design of PPARα/γ dual or PPARα/γ/δ pan agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Honda
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shotaro Kamata
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Chihiro Satta
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yui Machida
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kie Uchii
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuki Terasawa
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ayane Nemoto
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takuji Oyama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University
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Ma L, Lian Y, Tang J, Chen F, Gao H, Zhou Z, Hou N, Yi W. Identification of the anti-fungal drug fenticonazole nitrate as a novel PPARγ-modulating ligand with good therapeutic index: Structure-based screening and biological validation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105860. [PMID: 34461220 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, SB-VHTS of the old drug library was conducted to seek for novel PPARγ ligand. In the end, an antifungal drug, FN, was identified in vitro and in vivo as a new and potent PPARγ-modulating ligand to demonstrate significantly anti-diabetic and anti-NAFLD efficacies with minimized side effects induced by PPARγ full agonists TZDs drugs. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that FN showed such desired pharmacological properties mainly through selectively activating the expressions of Adiponectin and GLUT4, effectively promoting the Akt Ser473 phosphorylation, inhibiting the expressions of proinflammatory genes including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and blocking the PPARγ Ser273 phosphorylation mediated by CDK5 without leading to adipogenesis and increasing the expressions of key adipogenic genes CD36, AP2, LPL, C/EBPα, FASN and PPARγ. Subsequently, a molecular docking study revealed an interesting binding mode between FN and PPARγ LBD including the hydrogen-bonding network among oxygen atom, sulfur atom and nitrogen atom in FN respectively with the PPARγ residues Cys285, Tyr327 and Ser342, which gave proof of concept for the above anti-diabetic action mechanism. Taken together, our findings not only suggest that FN can serve as the new, safe and highly efficacious anti-diabetic and anti-NAFLD agents for clinical use, they can also provide a molecular basis for the future development of PPARγ modulators with a high therapeutic index and the possibility to explore new uses of old drugs for immediate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ma
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yuling Lian
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Junyuan Tang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
| | - Ning Hou
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
| | - Wei Yi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation & Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China.
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Wang Z, Gao X, Li Q, Zhu H, Zhao X, Garcia-Barrio M, Zhang J, Guo Y, Chen YE, Zeng R, Wu JR, Chang L. Inhibition of a Novel CLK1-THRAP3-PPARγ Axis Improves Insulin Sensitivity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:699578. [PMID: 34526909 PMCID: PMC8435799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.699578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing energy expenditure by promoting "browning" in adipose tissues is a promising strategy to prevent obesity and associated diabetes. To uncover potential targets of cold exposure, which induces energy expenditure, we performed phosphoproteomics profiling in brown adipose tissue of mice housed in mild cold environment at 16°C. We identified CDC2-like kinase 1 (CLK1) as one of the kinases that were significantly downregulated by mild cold exposure. In addition, genetic knockout of CLK1 or chemical inhibition in mice ameliorated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance at 22°C. Through proteomics, we uncovered thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3 (THRAP3) as an interacting partner of CLK1, further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assays. We further demonstrated that CLK1 phosphorylates THRAP3 at Ser243, which is required for its regulatory interaction with phosphorylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), resulting in impaired adipose tissue browning and insulin sensitivity. These data suggest that CLK1 plays a critical role in controlling energy expenditure through the CLK1-THRAP3-PPARγ axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Rui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Feng L, Lu S, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Song K, Xue H, Jin L, Li Y, Huang C, Li YM, Zhang J. Identification of an allosteric hotspot for additive activation of PPARγ in antidiabetic effects. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1559-1570. [PMID: 36654285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), such as rosiglitazone (RSG), which activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), are a potent class of oral antidiabetic agents with good durability. However, the clinical use of TZDs is challenging because of their side effects, including weight gain and hepatotoxicity. Here, we found that bavachinin (BVC), a lead natural product, additively activates PPARγ with low-dose RSG to preserve the maximum antidiabetic effects while reducing weight gain and hepatotoxicity in db/db mice caused by RSG monotherapy. Structural and biochemical assays demonstrated that an unexplored hotspot around Met329 and Ser332 in helix 5 is triggered by BVC cobinding to RSG-bound PPARγ, thereby allosterically stabilizing the active state of the activation-function 2 motif responsible for additive activation with RSG. Based on this hotspot, we discovered a series of new classes of allosteric agonists inducing the activity of TZDs in the same manner as BVC. Together, our data illustrate that the hotspot of PPARγ is druggable for the discovery of new allosteric synergists, and the combination therapy of allosteric synergists and TZD drugs may provide a potential alternative approach to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yingyi Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hongjuan Xue
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lihua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China; Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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66
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Frkic RL, Richter K, Bruning JB. The therapeutic potential of inhibiting PPARγ phosphorylation to treat type 2 diabetes. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101030. [PMID: 34339734 PMCID: PMC8387755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising approach for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is to target the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) transcription factor, which regulates the expression of proteins critical for T2DM. Mechanisms involved in PPARγ signaling are poorly understood, yet globally increasing T2DM prevalence demands improvements in drug design. Synthetic, nonactivating PPARγ ligands can abolish the phosphorylation of PPARγ at Ser273, a posttranslational modification correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. It is not understood how these ligands prevent phosphorylation, and the lack of experimental mechanistic information can be attributed to previous ambiguity in the field as well as to limitations in experimental approaches; in silico modeling currently provides the only insight into how ligands block Ser273 phosphorylation. The future availability of experimental evidence is critical for clarifying the mechanism by which ligands prevent phosphorylation and should be the priority of future T2DM-focused research. Following this, the properties of ligands that enable them to block phosphorylation can be improved upon to generate ligands tailored for blocking phosphorylation and therefore restoring insulin sensitivity. This would represent a significant step forward for treating T2DM. This review summarizes current knowledge of the roles of PPARγ in T2DM as well as the effects of synthetic ligands on the modulation of these roles. We hypothesize potential factors that contribute to the reduction in recent developments and summarize what has currently been done to shed light on this critical field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Frkic
- The Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katharina Richter
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- The Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing, and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Mannan A, Garg N, Singh TG, Kang HK. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2800-2831. [PMID: 34282491 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Harmeet Kaur Kang
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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68
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Kim S, Reed E, Monti S, Schlezinger JJ. A Data-Driven Transcriptional Taxonomy of Adipogenic Chemicals to Identify White and Brite Adipogens. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:77006. [PMID: 34323617 PMCID: PMC8320370 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemicals in disparate structural classes activate specific subsets of the transcriptional programs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) to generate adipocytes with distinct phenotypes. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to a) establish a novel classification method to predict PPARγ ligands and modifying chemicals; and b) create a taxonomy to group chemicals on the basis of their effects on PPARγ's transcriptome and downstream metabolic functions. We tested the hypothesis that environmental adipogens highly ranked by the taxonomy, but segregated from therapeutic PPARγ ligands, would induce white but not brite adipogenesis. METHODS 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated in the presence of 76 chemicals (negative controls, nuclear receptor ligands known to influence adipocyte biology, potential environmental PPARγ ligands). Differentiation was assessed by measuring lipid accumulation. mRNA expression was determined by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A novel classification model was developed using an amended random forest procedure. A subset of environmental contaminants identified as strong PPARγ agonists were analyzed by their effects on lipid handling, mitochondrial biogenesis, and cellular respiration in 3T3-L1 cells and human preadipocytes. RESULTS We used lipid accumulation and RNA-Seq data to develop a classification system that a) identified PPARγ agonists; and b) sorted chemicals into likely white or brite adipogens. Expression of Cidec was the most efficacious indicator of strong PPARγ activation. 3T3-L1 cells treated with two known environmental PPARγ ligands, tetrabromobisphenol A and triphenyl phosphate, which sorted distinctly from therapeutic ligands, had higher expression of white adipocyte genes but no difference in Pgc1a and Ucp1 expression, and higher fatty acid uptake but not mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, cells treated with two chemicals identified as highly ranked PPARγ agonists, tonalide and quinoxyfen, induced white adipogenesis without the concomitant health-promoting characteristics of brite adipocytes in mouse and human preadipocytes. DISCUSSION A novel classification procedure accurately identified environmental chemicals as PPARγ ligands distinct from known PPARγ-activating therapeutics. CONCLUSION The computational and experimental framework has general applicability to the classification of as-yet uncharacterized chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kim
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Reed
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer J. Schlezinger
- Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts, USA
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Khasabova IA, Seybold VS, Simone DA. The role of PPARγ in chemotherapy-evoked pain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135845. [PMID: 33774149 PMCID: PMC8089062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although millions of people are diagnosed with cancer each year, survival has never been greater thanks to early diagnosis and treatments. Powerful chemotherapeutic agents are highly toxic to cancer cells, but because they typically do not target cancer cells selectively, they are often toxic to other cells and produce a variety of side effects. In particular, many common chemotherapies damage the peripheral nervous system and produce neuropathy that includes a progressive degeneration of peripheral nerve fibers. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) can affect all nerve fibers, but sensory neuropathies are the most common, initially affecting the distal extremities. Symptoms include impaired tactile sensitivity, tingling, numbness, paraesthesia, dysesthesia, and pain. Since neuropathic pain is difficult to manage, and because degenerated nerve fibers may not grow back and regain normal function, considerable research has focused on understanding how chemotherapy causes painful CIPN so it can be prevented. Due to the fact that both therapeutic and side effects of chemotherapy are primarily associated with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, this review focuses on the activation of endogenous antioxidant pathways, especially PPARγ, in order to prevent the development of CIPN and associated pain. The use of synthetic and natural PPARγ agonists to prevent CIPN is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna A Khasabova
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Virginia S Seybold
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Donald A Simone
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States.
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Natural products and analogs as preventive agents for metabolic syndrome via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: An overview. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113535. [PMID: 33992930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural products and synthetic analogs have drawn much attention as potential therapeutical drugs to treat metabolic syndrome. We reviewed the underlying mechanisms of 32 natural products and analogs with potential pharmacological effects in vitro, and especially in rodent models and/or patients, that usually act on the PPAR pathway, along with other molecular targets. Recent outstanding total syntheses or semisyntheses of these lead compounds are stated. In general, they can activate the transcriptional activity of PPARα, PPARγ, PPARα/γ, PPARβ/δ, PPARα/δ, PPARγ/δ and panPPAR as weak, partial agonists or selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγM), which may be useful for managing obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia and non-fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Terpenoids is the largest group of compounds that act as potential modulators on PPARs and are comprised from small lipophilic cannabinoids to lipophilic pentacyclic triterpenes and polar saponins. Shikimates-phenylpropanoids include polar heterocyclic flavonoids and phenolic compounds containing at least one C3-C6 unit and usually a double bond on the propyl chain. Quercetin (19), resveratrol (24) and curcumin (27), stand out from this group for exhibiting beneficial effects on patients. Alkaloids, the minor group of potential modulators on PPARs, include berberine (30), which has been widely explored in preclinical and clinical studies for its potential beneficial effects on T2D and dyslipidemia. However, large-scale clinical trials may be warranted for the promising compounds.
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Cataldi S, Costa V, Ciccodicola A, Aprile M. PPARγ and Diabetes: Beyond the Genome and Towards Personalized Medicine. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:18. [PMID: 33866450 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Full and partial synthetic agonists targeting the transcription factor PPARγ are contained in FDA-approved insulin-sensitizing drugs and used for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related dysfunctions. Here, we discuss the association between PPARG genetic variants and drug efficacy, as well as the role of alternative splicing and post-translational modifications as contributors to the complexity of PPARγ signaling and to the effects of synthetic PPARγ ligands. RECENT FINDINGS PPARγ regulates the transcription of several target genes governing adipocyte differentiation and glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin sensitivity and inflammatory pathways. These pleiotropic functions confer great relevance to PPARγ in physiological regulation of whole-body metabolism, as well as in the etiology of metabolic disorders. Accordingly, PPARG gene mutations, nucleotide variations, and post-translational modifications have been associated with adipose tissue disorders and the related risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, PPARγ alternative splicing isoforms-generating dominant-negative isoforms mainly expressed in human adipose tissue-have been related to impaired PPARγ activity and adipose tissue dysfunctions. Thus, multiple regulatory levels that contribute to PPARγ signaling complexity may account for the beneficial as well as adverse effects of PPARγ agonists. Further targeted analyses, taking into account all these aspects, are needed for better deciphering the role of PPARγ in human pathophysiology, especially in insulin resistance and T2D. The therapeutic potential of full and partial PPARγ synthetic agonists underlines the clinical significance of this nuclear receptor. PPARG mutations, polymorphisms, alternative splicing isoforms, and post-translational modifications may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders, also influencing the responsiveness of pharmacological therapy. Therefore, in the context of the current evidence-based trend to personalized diabetes management, we highlight the need to decipher the intricate regulation of PPARγ signaling to pave the way to tailored therapies in patients with insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cataldi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marianna Aprile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Thomas C, Gautier T, Masson D. Non-lipogenic ABCA1 inducers: The holy grail in cardio-metabolic diseases? EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103324. [PMID: 33857903 PMCID: PMC8050846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Thomas
- LNC UMR1231, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France; LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Dijon F-21000, France; LipSTIC LabEx, FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- LNC UMR1231, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France; LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Dijon F-21000, France; LipSTIC LabEx, FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - David Masson
- LNC UMR1231, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France; LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Dijon F-21000, France; LipSTIC LabEx, FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon F-21000, France; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, CHU Dijon, Dijon F-21000, France.
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Fang S, Livergood MC, Nakagawa P, Wu J, Sigmund CD. Role of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors in Hypertension. Circ Res 2021; 128:1021-1039. [PMID: 33793338 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors represent a large family of ligand-activated transcription factors which sense the physiological environment and make long-term adaptations by mediating changes in gene expression. In this review, we will first discuss the fundamental mechanisms by which nuclear receptors mediate their transcriptional responses. We will focus on the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) family of adopted orphan receptors paying special attention to PPARγ, the isoform with the most compelling evidence as an important regulator of arterial blood pressure. We will review genetic data showing that rare mutations in PPARγ cause severe hypertension and clinical trial data which show that PPARγ activators have beneficial effects on blood pressure. We will detail the tissue- and cell-specific molecular mechanisms by which PPARs in the brain, kidney, vasculature, and immune system modulate blood pressure and related phenotypes, such as endothelial function. Finally, we will discuss the role of placental PPARs in preeclampsia, a life threatening form of hypertension during pregnancy. We will close with a viewpoint on future research directions and implications for developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Fang
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center (S.F., P.N., J.W., C.D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa (S.F.)
| | - M Christine Livergood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.C.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center (S.F., P.N., J.W., C.D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center (S.F., P.N., J.W., C.D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center (S.F., P.N., J.W., C.D.S.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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74
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Yun UJ, Nho CW, Park KW, Yang DK. Hexane Extract of Chloranthus japonicus Increases Adipocyte Differentiation by Acting on Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030241. [PMID: 33804020 PMCID: PMC7999792 DOI: 10.3390/life11030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloranthus japonicus has been heavily investigated for the treatment of various diseases. This paper attempts to show that Chloranthus japonicus can modulate adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes. To establish this, we investigated the effects of Chloranthus japonicus extract in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression, adipogenesis, and the underlying molecular mechanisms in C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 cells. Our data showed that Chloranthus japonicus methanol extract increased lipid accumulation and promoted adipocyte differentiation. Further studies on the fractionation with various solvents led to the identification of Chloranthus japonicus hexane extract (CJHE) as the most potent inducer of adipocyte differentiation. CJHE consistently increased lipid accumulation and adipocyte marker expression including Pparγ and it acted during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation. Mechanistic studies revealed that CJHE and a Wnt inhibitor similarly stimulated adipogenesis and were active in Wnt-selective reporter assays. The effects of CJHE were inhibited by Wnt3a protein treatment and were significantly blunted in β-catenin-silenced cells, further suggesting that CJHE acted on Wnt pathways to promote adipogenesis. We also showed that Chloranthus japonicus extracts generated from different plant parts similarly promoted adipocyte differentiation. These results identified Chloranthus japonicus as a pro-adipogenic natural product and suggest its potential use in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Jeong Yun
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Clinical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Smart Farm Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25451, Korea;
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food Clinical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.W.P.); (D.K.Y.)
| | - Dong Kwon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.P.); (D.K.Y.)
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75
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Hirozane T, Masuda M, Sugano T, Sekita T, Goto N, Aoyama T, Sakagami T, Uno Y, Moriyama H, Sawa M, Asano N, Nakamura M, Matsumoto M, Nakayama R, Kondo T, Kawai A, Kobayashi E, Yamada T. Direct conversion of osteosarcoma to adipocytes by targeting TNIK. JCI Insight 2021; 6:137245. [PMID: 33400690 PMCID: PMC7934882 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive mesenchymal tumor for which no molecularly targeted therapies are available. We have previously identified TRAF2- and NCK-interacting protein kinase (TNIK) as an essential factor for the transactivation of Wnt signal target genes and shown that its inhibition leads to eradication of colorectal cancer stem cells. The involvement of Wnt signaling in the pathogenesis of OS has been implicated. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential of TNIK as a therapeutic target in OS. RNA interference or pharmacological inhibition of TNIK suppressed the proliferation of OS cells. Transcriptome analysis suggested that a small-molecule inhibitor of TNIK upregulated the expression of genes involved in OS cell metabolism and downregulated transcription factors essential for maintaining the stem cell phenotype. Metabolome analysis revealed that this TNIK inhibitor redirected the metabolic network from carbon flux toward lipid accumulation in OS cells. Using in vitro and in vivo OS models, we confirmed that TNIK inhibition abrogated the OS stem cell phenotype, simultaneously driving conversion of OS cells to adipocyte-like cells through induction of PPARγ. In relation to potential therapeutic targeting in clinical practice, TNIK was confirmed to be in an active state in OS cell lines and clinical specimens. From these findings, we conclude that TNIK is applicable as a potential target for treatment of OS, affecting cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Hirozane
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Masuda
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teppei Sugano
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sekita
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Goto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Aoyama
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Sakagami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Uno
- Carna Biosciences Inc., Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | - Naofumi Asano
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Nakayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kobayashi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tesshi Yamada
- Division of Cellular Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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76
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Shao M, Hepler C, Zhang Q, Shan B, Vishvanath L, Henry GH, Zhao S, An YA, Wu Y, Strand DW, Gupta RK. Pathologic HIF1α signaling drives adipose progenitor dysfunction in obesity. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:685-701.e7. [PMID: 33539723 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose precursor cells (APCs) exhibit regional variation in response to obesity, for unclear reasons. Here, we reveal that HIFα-induced PDGFRβ signaling within murine white adipose tissue (WAT) PDGFRβ+ cells drives inhibitory serine 112 (S112) phosphorylation of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis. Levels of PPARγ S112 phosphorylation in WAT PDGFRβ+ cells are depot dependent, with levels of PPARγ phosphorylation in PDGFRβ+ cells inversely correlating with their capacity for adipogenesis upon high-fat-diet feeding. HIFα suppression in PDGFRβ+ progenitors promotes subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipogenesis, healthy WAT remodeling, and improved metabolic health in obesity. These metabolic benefits are mimicked by treatment of obese mice with the PDGFR antagonist Imatinib, which promotes adipocyte hyperplasia and glucose tolerance in a progenitor cell PPARγ-dependent manner. Our studies unveil a mechanism underlying depot-specific responses of APCs to high-fat feeding and highlight the potential for APCs to be targeted pharmacologically to improve metabolic health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qianbin Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bo Shan
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lavanya Vishvanath
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gervaise H Henry
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yu A An
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yibo Wu
- YCI Laboratory for Next-Generation Proteomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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77
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Erucic Acid-Rich Yellow Mustard Oil Improves Insulin Resistance in KK-A y Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030546. [PMID: 33494317 PMCID: PMC7864507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for some metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes. Enhancement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, is known to increase insulin-sensitive small adipocytes. In contrast, decreased PPARγ activity is also reported to improve insulin resistance. We have previously identified erucic acid as a novel natural component suppressing PPARγ transcriptional activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of erucic acid-rich yellow mustard oil (YMO) on obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. An in vitro luciferase reporter assay and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation assay revealed that 25 µg/mL YMO significantly inhibited PPARγ transcriptional activity and differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes but promoted their differentiation into osteoblasts. In KK-Ay mice, dietary intake of 7.0% (w/w) YMO significantly decreased the surrogate indexes for insulin resistance and the infiltration of macrophages into adipose tissue. Furthermore, 7.0% YMO increased bone mineral density. These results suggest that YMO can ameliorate obesity-induced metabolic disorders.
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78
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Hernandez-Quiles M, Broekema MF, Kalkhoven E. PPARgamma in Metabolism, Immunity, and Cancer: Unified and Diverse Mechanisms of Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624112. [PMID: 33716977 PMCID: PMC7953066 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors. Since its identification in the early 1990s, PPARγ is best known for its critical role in adipocyte differentiation, maintenance, and function. Emerging evidence indicates that PPARγ is also important for the maturation and function of various immune system-related cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ controls cell proliferation in various other tissues and organs, including colon, breast, prostate, and bladder, and dysregulation of PPARγ signaling is linked to tumor development in these organs. Recent studies have shed new light on PPARγ (dys)function in these three biological settings, showing unified and diverse mechanisms of action. Classical transactivation-where PPARγ activates genes upon binding to PPAR response elements as a heterodimer with RXRα-is important in all three settings, as underscored by natural loss-of-function mutations in FPLD3 and loss- and gain-of-function mutations in tumors. Transrepression-where PPARγ alters gene expression independent of DNA binding-is particularly relevant in immune cells. Interestingly, gene translocations resulting in fusion of PPARγ with other gene products, which are unique to specific carcinomas, present a third mode of action, as they potentially alter PPARγ's target gene profile. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying PPARγ activity in the complex regulatory networks in metabolism, cancer, and inflammation may help to define novel potential therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of obesity, diabetes, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez-Quiles
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjoleine F. Broekema
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Eric Kalkhoven,
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79
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Patil V, Upadhyay N, Tilekar K, Joshi H, Ramaa CS. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Swords: Synthesis and In-vivo Biological Assessment of 5-benzylidene-2,4-thiazolidinediones. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:188-201. [PMID: 35194439 PMCID: PMC8842596 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.114969.15131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinedione (TZD), being a privileged scaffold, has been known as a significant structural moiety of antidiabetic drugs. TZD has been known to improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by increasing insulin sensitivity in the body. A novel series of 5-benzylidene 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives were designed, synthesized (V1-V28), and structurally confirmed by different spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and Mass spectrometry. Upon the safety assessment of the synthesized molecules in non-transformed hepatocytes by MTT reduction assay, these were found non-toxic. These derivatives were then further evaluated for their antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties in a high-fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Altogether, seven biochemical parameters were analyzed, namely blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, HDL-cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin in serum by standard methods. Four synthetic molecules (V2, V4, V5, and V20) possessed significant hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity as compared to the positive control pioglitazone. Moreover, the histopathological studies of the heart and liver revealed no significant toxicity. Two representative compounds V2 and V4, were evaluated for their PPARγ activation potential, demonstrating that they were partial PPARγ agonists, thus confirming our designing hypothesis. Based on the results obtained, we assume that these compounds have the potential to be developed as future antidiabetic agents.
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80
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Das S, Chattopadhyay D, Chatterjee SK, Mondal SA, Majumdar SS, Mukhopadhyay S, Saha N, Velayutham R, Bhattacharya S, Mukherjee S. Increase in PPARγ inhibitory phosphorylation by Fetuin-A through the activation of Ras-MEK-ERK pathway causes insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166050. [PMID: 33359696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity induced insulin resistance is primarily regulated by the inhibitory phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ at serine 273 (PPARγS273) which has been shown to be regulated by MEK and ERK. An upstream regulatory molecule of this pathway could be a therapeutic option. Here we analyzed the involvement of Fetuin-A (FetA), a key hepato-adipokine implicated in insulin resistance, as an upstream regulator molecule for the regulation of PPARγ inhibitory phosphorylation. Mice fed with standard diet (SD), high fat diet (HFD) and HFD with FetA knockdown (HFD-FetAKD) were used to examine the role of FetA on PPARγS273 phosphorylation in adipocytes. The mechanism of regulation and its effect on skeletal muscle were studied using primary adipocytes, 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte) and C2C12 (myotube) cell lines. Increased FetA in HFD mice strongly correlated with augmentation of PPARγS273 phosphorylation in inflamed adipocytes while knockdown of FetA suppressed it. This effect of FetA was mediated through the activation of Ras which in turn activated MEK and ERK. On addressing how FetA could stimulate activation of Ras, we found that FetA triggered TNFα in inflamed adipocytes which induced Ras activation. The ensuing sharp fall in adiponectin level attenuated AMPK activation in skeletal muscle cells affecting mitochondrial ATP production. Our data reveal the essential role of FetA induced activation of Ras in regulating PPARγ inhibitory phosphorylation through Ras-MEK-ERK pathway which downregulates adiponectin disrupting skeletal muscle mitochondrial bioenergetics. Thus, FetA mediated PPARγ inactivation has adverse consequences upon adipocyte-myocyte crosstalk leading to disruption of energy homeostasis and loss of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasis Das
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan - 731235, India
| | - Dipanjan Chattopadhyay
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan - 731235, India
| | - Subhendu K Chatterjee
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan - 731235, India
| | - Samim Ali Mondal
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research-Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial (IPGME&R-SSKM) Hospital, Kolkata 700025, India
| | | | - Satinath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research-Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial (IPGME&R-SSKM) Hospital, Kolkata 700025, India
| | - Nirmalendu Saha
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | | | - Samir Bhattacharya
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan - 731235, India
| | - Sutapa Mukherjee
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan - 731235, India.
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81
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Peng Y, Zhang Q, Zielinski RM, Howells RD, Welsh WJ. Identification of an irreversible PPARγ antagonist with potent anticancer activity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00693. [PMID: 33280279 PMCID: PMC7719157 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is responsible for most skin cancer deaths, and its incidence continues to rise year after year. Different treatment options have been developed for melanoma depending on the stage of the disease. Despite recent advances in immuno- and targeted therapies, advanced melanoma remains incurable and thus an urgent need persists for safe and more effective melanoma therapeutics. In this study, we demonstrate that a novel compound MM902 (3-(3-(bromomethyl)-5-(4-(tert-butyl) phenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol) exhibited potent efficacies in inhibiting the growth of different cancer cells, and suppressed tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of malignant melanoma. Beginning with MM902 instead of specific targets, computational similarity- and docking-based approaches were conducted to search for known anticancer drugs whose structural features match MM902 and whose pharmacological target would accommodate an irreversible inhibitor. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) was computationally identified as one of the pharmacological targets and confirmed by in vitro biochemical assays. MM902 was shown to bind to PPARγ in an irreversible mode of action and to function as a selective antagonist for PPARγ over PPARα and PPARδ. It is hoped that MM902 will serve as a valuable research probe to study the functions of PPARγ in tumorigenesis and other pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Peng
- Biomedical Informatics Shared ResourceCancer Institute of New JerseyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
- Present address:
Intra‐Cellular Therapies, Inc.430 East 29th StreetNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Robert M. Zielinski
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkNJUSA
| | - Richard D. Howells
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNewarkNJUSA
| | - William J. Welsh
- Biomedical Informatics Shared ResourceCancer Institute of New JerseyRutgers, The State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNJUSA
- Department of PharmacologyRobert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolRutgers, The State University of New JerseyPiscatawayNJUSA
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82
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Abstract
G Protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120; fatty acid receptor 4, FFAR4) and PPARγ agonists both lead to anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing effects despite signalling through distinct pathways. We recently reported the overarching idea that these two pathways are interactive. Specifically, treatment of obese mice with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione, TZD) in combination with the GPR120 agonist compound A synergistically improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We have deconvoluted the mechanisms underlying this feed-forward effect in the study. Taken together, our study shows that low dose TZD administration, in combination with GPR120 agonists, produces additive beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity without the undesirable adverse effects of TZD. Our study suggests potential value of combination PPARγ and GPR120 agonists to treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A. Paschoal
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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83
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Dias MMG, Batista FAH, Tittanegro TH, de Oliveira AG, Le Maire A, Torres FR, Filho HVR, Silveira LR, Figueira ACM. PPARγ S273 Phosphorylation Modifies the Dynamics of Coregulator Proteins Recruitment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:561256. [PMID: 33329381 PMCID: PMC7729135 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.561256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor PPARγ is essential to maintain whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, acting as a master regulator of adipogenesis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. Its activation through natural or synthetic ligands induces the recruitment of coactivators, leading to transcription of target genes such as cytokines and hormones. More recently, post translational modifications, such as PPARγ phosphorylation at Ser273 by CDK5 in adipose tissue, have been linked to insulin resistance trough the dysregulation of expression of a specific subset of genes. Here, we investigate how this phosphorylation may disturb the interaction between PPARγ and some coregulator proteins as a new mechanism that may leads to insulin resistance. Through cellular and in vitro assays, we show that PPARγ phosphorylation inhibition increased the activation of the receptor, therefore the increased recruitment of PGC1-α and TIF2 coactivators, whilst decreases the interaction with SMRT and NCoR corepressors. Moreover, our results show a shift in the coregulators interaction domains preferences, suggesting additional interaction interfaces formed between the phosphorylated PPARγ and some coregulator proteins. Also, we observed that the CDK5 presence disturb the PPARγ-coregulator's synergy, decreasing interaction with PGC1-α, TIF2, and NCoR, but increasing coupling of SMRT. Finally, we conclude that the insulin resistance provoked by PPARγ phosphorylation is linked to a differential coregulators recruitment, which may promote dysregulation in gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieli Mariano Gonçalves Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Helena Tittanegro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo de Oliveira
- Mitochondrial Molecular Biology Laboratory, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Albane Le Maire
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Felipe Rafael Torres
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Reis Silveira
- Mitochondrial Molecular Biology Laboratory, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Functional and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
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84
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Peiretti F, Montanari R, Capelli D, Bonardo B, Colson C, Amri EZ, Grimaldi M, Balaguer P, Ito K, Roeder RG, Pochetti G, Brunel JM. A Novel N-Substituted Valine Derivative with Unique Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Binding Properties and Biological Activities. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13124-13139. [PMID: 33142057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A proprietary library of novel N-aryl-substituted amino acid derivatives bearing a hydroxamate head group allowed the identification of compound 3a that possesses weak proadipogenic and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activating properties. The systematic optimization of 3a, in order to improve its PPARγ agonist activity, led to the synthesis of compound 7j (N-aryl-substituted valine derivative) that possesses dual PPARγ/PPARα agonistic activity. Structural and kinetic analyses reveal that 7j occupies the typical ligand binding domain of the PPARγ agonists with, however, a unique high-affinity binding mode. Furthermore, 7j is highly effective in preventing cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated phosphorylation of PPARγ serine 273. Although less proadipogenic than rosiglitazone, 7j significantly increases adipocyte insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and efficiently promotes white-to-brown adipocyte conversion. In addition, 7j prevents oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation in hepatoma cells. The unique biochemical properties and biological activities of compound 7j suggest that it would be a promising candidate for the development of compounds to reduce insulin resistance, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Roberta Montanari
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Capelli
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cécilia Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marina Grimaldi
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM, University of Montpellier, ICM, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Giorgio Pochetti
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km. 29.300, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
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85
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Bei Y, Cheng N, Chen T, Shu Y, Yang Y, Yang N, Zhou X, Liu B, Wei J, Liu Q, Zheng W, Zhang W, Su H, Zhu W, Ji J, Shen P. CDK5 Inhibition Abrogates TNBC Stem-Cell Property and Enhances Anti-PD-1 Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001417. [PMID: 33240752 PMCID: PMC7675186 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, in which the higher frequency of cancer stem cells (CSCs) correlates with the poor clinical outcome. An aberrant activation of CDK5 is found to associate with TNBC progression closely. CDK5 mediates PPARγ phosphorylation at its Ser 273, which induces CD44 isoform switching from CD44s to CD44v, resulting in an increase of stemness of TNBC cells. Blocking CDK5/pho-PPARγ significantly reduces CD44v+ BCSCs population in tumor tissues, thus abrogating metastatic progression in TNBC mouse model. Strikingly, diminishing stemness transformation reverses immunosuppressive microenvironment and enhances anti-PD-1 therapeutic efficacy on TNBC. Mechanistically, CDK5 switches the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of PPARγ and directly protects ESRP1 from a ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. This finding firstly indicates that CDK5 blockade can be a potent strategy to diminish stemness transformation and increase the response to PD-1 blockade in TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Nan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University Langone Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Yuxin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and EfficacyNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing210023P. R. China
| | - Nanfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene ResearchCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Qin Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing210008P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Huifang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human DiseaseShenzhen University Carson Cancer CenterDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene ResearchCollege of Life SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Pingping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and The Comprehensive Cancer CenterNanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210046P. R. China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human DiseaseShenzhen University Carson Cancer CenterDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShenzhen University School of MedicineShenzhen518060P. R. China
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86
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Hall JA, Ramachandran D, Roh HC, DiSpirito JR, Belchior T, Zushin PJH, Palmer C, Hong S, Mina AI, Liu B, Deng Z, Aryal P, Jacobs C, Tenen D, Brown CW, Charles JF, Shulman GI, Kahn BB, Tsai LTY, Rosen ED, Spiegelman BM, Banks AS. Obesity-Linked PPARγ S273 Phosphorylation Promotes Insulin Resistance through Growth Differentiation Factor 3. Cell Metab 2020; 32:665-675.e6. [PMID: 32941798 PMCID: PMC7543662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are ligands of PPARγ that improve insulin sensitivity, but their use is limited by significant side effects. Recently, we demonstrated a mechanism wherein TZDs improve insulin sensitivity distinct from receptor agonism and adipogenesis: reversal of obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARγ at serine 273. However, the role of this modification hasn't been tested genetically. Here we demonstrate that mice encoding an allele of PPARγ that cannot be phosphorylated at S273 are protected from insulin resistance, without exhibiting differences in body weight or TZD-associated side effects. Indeed, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiments confirm insulin sensitivity. RNA-seq in these mice reveals reduced expression of Gdf3, a BMP family member. Ectopic expression of Gdf3 is sufficient to induce insulin resistance in lean, healthy mice. We find Gdf3 inhibits BMP signaling and insulin signaling in vitro. Together, these results highlight the diabetogenic role of PPARγ S273 phosphorylation and focus attention on a putative target, Gdf3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hall
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deepti Ramachandran
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hyun C Roh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Thiago Belchior
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter-James H Zushin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Colin Palmer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shangyu Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amir I Mina
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bingyang Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhaoming Deng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher Jacobs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Danielle Tenen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chester W Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Linus T Y Tsai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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87
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Guo F, Xu S, Zhu Y, Zheng X, Lu Y, Tu J, He Y, Jin L, Li Y. PPARγ Transcription Deficiency Exacerbates High-Fat Diet-Induced Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Insulin Resistance in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1285. [PMID: 32973516 PMCID: PMC7466717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transcriptional factor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the role of the PPARγ transcriptional activity remains ambiguous in its metabolic regulation. Methods Based on the crystal structure of PPARγ bound with the DNA target of PPARγ response element (PPRE), Arg134, Arg135, and Arg138, three crucial DNA binding sites for PPARγ, were mutated to alanine (3RA), respectively. In vitro AlphaScreen assay and cell-based reporter assay validated that PPARγ 3RA mutant cannot bind with PPRE and lost transcriptional activity, while can still bind ligand (rosiglitazone) and cofactors (SRC1, SRC2, and NCoR). By using CRISPR/Cas9, we created mice that were heterozygous for PPARγ-3RA (PPARγ3RA/+). The phenotypes of chow diet and high-fat diet fed PPARγ3RA/+ mice were investigated, and the molecular mechanism were analyzed by assessing the PPARγ transcriptional activity. Results Homozygous PPARγ-3RA mutant mice are embryonically lethal. The mRNA levels of PPARγ target genes were significantly decreased in PPARγ3RA/+ mice. PPARγ3RA/+ mice showed more severe adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis than wild type mice when fed with high-fat diet. These phenotypes were ameliorated after the transcription activity of PPARγ was restored by rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. Conclusion The current report presents a novel mouse model for investigating the role of PPARγ transcription in physiological functions. The data demonstrate that the transcriptional activity plays an indispensable role for PPARγ in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanlin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jui Tu
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ying He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lihua Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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88
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li X, Gu K, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Li Z. WSF-7 Inhibits Obesity-Mediated PPARγ Phosphorylation and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:526-532. [PMID: 32115511 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the molecular target for antidiabetic thiazolidinediones (TZDs), is a master regulator of preadipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. The adverse side effects of TZDs, arising from their potent agonistic activity, can be minimized by PPARγ partial agonists or PPARγ non-agonists without loss of insulin sensitization. In this study, we reported that WSF-7, a synthetic chemical derived from natural monoterpene α-pinene, is a partial PPARγ agonist. We found that WSF-7 binds directly to PPARγ. Activation of PPARγ by WSF-7 promotes adipogenesis, adiponectin oligomerization and insulin-induced glucose uptake. WSF-7 also inhibits obesity-mediated PPARγ phosphorylation at serine (Ser)273 and improves insulin sensitivity of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our study suggested that WSF-7 activates PPARγ transcription by a mechanism different from that of rosiglitazone or luteolin. Therefore, WSF-7 might be a potential therapeutic drug to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University
| | - Yunyun Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University
| | - Xiaochuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University
| | - Kerui Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University
| | - Mingxin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
| | - Shifa Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University
| | - Zhen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University
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89
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Tsukidate T, Li Q, Hang HC. Nuclear Receptor Chemical Reporter Enables Domain-Specific Analysis of Ligands in Mammalian Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2324-2330. [PMID: 32909738 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of specific metabolite-protein interactions is important in chemical biology and drug discovery. For example, nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate diverse physiological processes in animals and are key targets for therapeutic development. However, the identification and characterization of physiological ligands for many NRs remains challenging, because of limitations in domain-specific analysis of ligand binding in cells. To address these limitations, we developed a domain-specific covalent chemical reporter for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and demonstrated its utility to screen and characterize the potency of candidate NR ligands in live cells. These studies demonstrate targeted and domain-specific chemical reporters provide excellent tools to evaluate endogenous and exogenous (diet, microbiota, therapeutics) ligands of PPARs in mammalian cells, as well as additional protein targets for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsukidate
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Qiang Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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90
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors have a broad spectrum of biological functions in normal physiology and in the pathology of various diseases, including glomerular disease. The primary therapies for many glomerular diseases are glucocorticoids, which exert their immunosuppressive and direct podocyte protective effects via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). As glucocorticoids are associated with important adverse effects and a substantial proportion of patients show resistance to these therapies, the beneficial effects of selective GR modulators are now being explored. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonism using thiazolidinediones has potent podocyte cytoprotective and nephroprotective effects. Repurposing of thiazolidinediones or identification of novel PPARγ modulators are potential strategies to treat non-diabetic glomerular disease. Retinoic acid receptor-α is the key mediator of the renal protective effects of retinoic acid, and repair of the endogenous retinoic acid pathway offers another potential therapeutic strategy for glomerular disease. Vitamin D receptor, oestrogen receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor modulators regulate podocyte injury in experimental models. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of these nuclear receptors, evaluate their synergistic pathways and identify their novel modulators. Here, we focus on the role of nuclear receptors in podocyte biology and non-diabetic glomerular disease.
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91
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Huang F, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Rosiglitazone binds to RXRα to induce RXRα tetramerization and NB4 cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:160-166. [PMID: 32828280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a ligand of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, it exerts biological activities and therapeutic effects through both PPARγ-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this study, we defined that rosiglitazone was also a ligand of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and displayed RXRα-dependent activities. We found that rosiglitazone directly bound to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RXRα and induced RXRα/LBD tetramerization. Rosiglitazone inhibited the agonist-induced transcriptional activity of RXRα homodimers and heterodimers likely through inhibiting RXRα homo- and hetero-dimerization. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells, rosiglitazone inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell differentiation, resulting from inhibiting RXRα/PML-RARα complex formation and down-regulating PML-RARα. Together, our study identified RXRα as a novel target of rosiglitazone and RXRα mediating the anti-APL activity of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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Guo R, Wang L, Zeng X, Liu M, Zhou P, Lu H, Lin H, Dong M. Aquaporin 7 involved in GINSENOSIDE-RB1-mediated anti-obesity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:69. [PMID: 32821266 PMCID: PMC7433204 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity, characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in adipocytes and their decreased excretion from adipocytes, is closely related to various health problems. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), the most active component of the traditional Chinese medicine ginseng, has been reported to have positive effects on lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to determine the protective effects of Rb1 on glycolipid metabolism under obesity conditions and its mechanisms and to reveal the signaling pathways involved. Methods In our study, male C57BL/6 mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and mature 3 T3-L1 adipocytes were used to investigate the role of Rb1 in lipid accumulation and explore its possible molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Results Rb1 reduced the body weight, fat mass, adipocytes size and serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration of obese mice. In differentiated 3 T3-L1 adipocytes, Rb1 reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets and stimulated output of triglycerides. Additionally, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), phosphorylated PPARγ (Ser112) and aquaporin 7 (AQP7) was upregulated in adipocytes and adipose tissues upon Rb1 treatment. However, intervention of GW9662, PPARγ antagonist, attenuated Rb1-mediated effects on glycolipid metabolism and AQP7 levels. Conclusions These data indicated that Rb1 reduced body weight and improved glycolipid metabolism by upregulating PPARγ and AQP7 protein levels. Our study indicated a potential role for Rb1 in the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 Fujian People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Ji'an Municipal Center People's Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Xianqin Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 Fujian People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, Ji'an Municipal Center People's Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi China
| | - Minghao Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Huixia Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Huili Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 Fujian People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012 China
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Liu L, Fan L, Chan M, Kraakman MJ, Yang J, Fan Y, Aaron N, Wan Q, Carrillo-Sepulveda MA, Tall AR, Tabas I, Accili D, Qiang L. PPARγ Deacetylation Confers the Antiatherogenic Effect and Improves Endothelial Function in Diabetes Treatment. Diabetes 2020; 69:1793-1803. [PMID: 32409492 PMCID: PMC7372079 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes, and tight glycemic control fails to reduce the risk of developing CVD. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists, are potent insulin sensitizers with antiatherogenic properties, but their clinical use is limited by side effects. PPARγ deacetylation on two lysine residues (K268 and K293) induces brown remodeling of white adipose tissue and uncouples the adverse effects of TZDs from insulin sensitization. Here we show that PPARγ deacetylation confers antiatherogenic properties and retains the insulin-sensitizing effects of TZD while circumventing its detriments. We generated mice homozygous with mice with deacetylation-mimetic PPARγ mutations K268R/K293R (2KR) on an LDL-receptor knockout (Ldlr -/- ) background. 2KR:Ldlr -/- mice showed smaller atherosclerotic lesion areas than Ldlr -/- mice, particularly in aortic arches. With rosiglitazone treatment, 2KR:Ldlr -/- mice demonstrated a residual antiatherogenic response and substantial protection against bone loss and fluid retention. The antiatherosclerotic effect of 2KR was attributed to the protection of endothelium, indicated by improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and repressed expression of proatherogenic factors including inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin-6, and NADPH oxidase 2. Therefore, manipulating PPARγ acetylation is a promising therapeutic strategy to control risk of CVD in diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Liu
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Lihong Fan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Michelle Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jing Yang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Nicole Aaron
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Qianfen Wan
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Alan R Tall
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Domenico Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Li Qiang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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94
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Triphenyl phosphate is a selective PPARγ modulator that does not induce brite adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3087-3103. [PMID: 32683515 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an environmental PPARγ ligand, and growing evidence suggests that it is a metabolic disruptor. We have shown previously that the structurally similar ligand, tributyltin, does not induce brite adipocyte gene expression. Here, using in vivo and in vitro models, we tested the hypothesis that TPhP is a selective PPARγ ligand, which fails to induce brite adipogenesis. C57BL/6 J male mice were fed either a low or very high-fat diet for 13 weeks. From weeks 7-13, mice were injected intraperitoneally, daily, with vehicle, rosiglitazone (Rosi), or TPhP (10 mg/kg). Compared to Rosi, TPhP did not induce expression of browning-related genes (e.g. Elovl3, Cidea, Acaa2, CoxIV) in mature adipocytes isolated from inguinal adipose. To determine if this resulted from an effect directly on the adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells and primary human preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes in the presence of Rosi or TPhP. Rosi, but not TPhP, induced expression of brite adipocyte genes, mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration. Further, Rosi and TPhP-induced distinct proteomes and phosphoproteomes; Rosi enriched more regulatory pathways related to fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial proteins. We assessed the role of phosphorylation of PPARγ in these differences in 3T3-L1 cells. Only Rosi protected PPARγ from phosphorylation at Ser273. TPhP gained the ability to stimulate brite adipocyte gene expression in the presence of the CDK5 inhibitor and in 3T3-L1 cells expressing alanine at position 273. We conclude that TPhP is a selective PPARγ modulator that fails to protect PPARγ from phosphorylation at ser273.
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95
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McVicker BL, Hamel FG, Simpson RL, Bennett RG. A Selective PPARγ Modulator Reduces Hepatic Fibrosis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070151. [PMID: 32630819 PMCID: PMC7407562 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the accumulation of excess collagen as a result of chronic liver injury. If left unabated, hepatic fibrosis can lead to the disruption of the liver architecture, portal hypertension, and increased risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs, through their target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), have protective effects against liver fibrosis, and can inhibit the profibrotic activity of hepatic stellate cells, the major collagen-producing liver cells. However, these drugs have been ineffective in the treatment of established fibrosis, possibly due to side effects such as increased weight and adiposity. Recently, selective PPARγ modulators that lack these side effects have been identified, but their role in treating fibrosis has not been studied. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of one of these selective modulators, SR1664, in the mouse carbon tetrachloride model of established hepatic fibrosis. Treatment with SR1664 reduced the total and type 1 collagen content without increasing body weight. The abundance of activated hepatic stellate cells was also significantly decreased. Finally, SR1664 inhibited the profibrotic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells. In summary, a selective PPARγ modulator was effective in the reduction of established hepatic fibrosis and the activated phenotype of hepatic stellate cells. This may represent a new treatment approach for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita L. McVicker
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Frederick G. Hamel
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ronda L. Simpson
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Robert G. Bennett
- Research Service, VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (B.L.M.); (F.G.H.); (R.L.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence:
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96
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Voisin M, Gage MC, Becares N, Shrestha E, Fisher EA, Pineda-Torra I, Garabedian MJ. LXRα Phosphorylation in Cardiometabolic Disease: Insight From Mouse Models. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa089. [PMID: 32496563 PMCID: PMC7324054 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, are a powerful means by which the activity and function of nuclear receptors such as LXRα can be altered. However, despite the established importance of nuclear receptors in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, our understanding of how phosphorylation affects metabolic diseases is limited. The physiological consequences of LXRα phosphorylation have, until recently, been studied only in vitro or nonspecifically in animal models by pharmacologically or genetically altering the enzymes enhancing or inhibiting these modifications. Here we review recent reports on the physiological consequences of modifying LXRα phosphorylation at serine 196 (S196) in cardiometabolic disease, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and obesity. A unifying theme from these studies is that LXRα S196 phosphorylation rewires the LXR-modulated transcriptome, which in turn alters physiological response to environmental signals, and that this is largely distinct from the LXR-ligand-dependent action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Voisin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Matthew C Gage
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Natalia Becares
- Centre of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Elina Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
| | - Ines Pineda-Torra
- Centre of Cardiometabolic and Vascular Science, Division of Medicine, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, US
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97
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The PPAR Ω Pocket: Renewed Opportunities for Drug Development. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:9657380. [PMID: 32695150 PMCID: PMC7351019 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9657380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade of PPARγ research has dramatically improved our understanding of the structural and mechanistic bases for the diverging physiological effects of different classes of PPARγ ligands. The discoveries that lie at the heart of these developments have enabled the design of a new class of PPARγ ligands, capable of isolating central therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, while displaying markedly lower toxicities than previous generations of PPARγ ligands. This review examines the emerging framework around the design of these ligands and seeks to unite its principles with the development of new classes of ligands for PPARα and PPARβ/δ. The focus is on the relationships between the binding modes of ligands, their influence on PPAR posttranslational modifications, and gene expression patterns. Specifically, we encourage the design and study of ligands that primarily bind to the Ω pockets of PPARα and PPARβ/δ. In support of this development, we highlight already reported ligands that if studied in the context of this new framework may further our understanding of the gene programs regulated by PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Moreover, recently developed pharmacological tools that can be utilized in the search for ligands with new binding modes are also presented.
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98
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Crocin Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Ameliorates Adiposity by Regulating AMPK-CDK5-PPAR γ Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9136282. [PMID: 32596392 PMCID: PMC7294346 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9136282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crocin is a carotenoid compound which possesses multiple biological activities. Our and other laboratory's previous findings show that crocin alleviates obesity and type 2 diabetes-related complications. We have found that crocin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and inhibition of AMPK suppresses crocin-induced protective effects. However, the causal role of AMPK activation in the biological role of crocin is still not verified. In the present study, we showed that crocin markedly inhibits the changes of glucose metabolic parameters and serum lipid profiles in wild type diabetic mice. In AMPKα KO diabetic mice, those protective effects of crocin against glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunction were abolished. These results demonstrated AMPK activation was responsible for the beneficial effects of crocin on metabolic dysfunction. Moreover, we have shown that the antiobese effect of crocin has been abolished by the deficiency of AMPKα. We also showed that crocin induced a significant decrease of CDK5 protein level in wild type diabetic mice, while this effect was abolished in AMPKα KO diabetic mice. The regulation of downstream targets of CDK5/PPARγ by crocin was abolished by the deficiency of AMPK. In conclusion, our study verified that activation of AMPK is involved in crocin-induced protective effects against glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunction. Activation of AMPK downregulates the protein level of CDK5, followed by the decrease of PPARγ phosphorylation, leading to the inhibition of adipose formation and metabolic dysfunction. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of protective effects of crocin and interaction of AMPK and CDK5/PPARγ signaling.
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99
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Paschoal VA, Walenta E, Talukdar S, Pessentheiner AR, Osborn O, Hah N, Chi TJ, Tye GL, Armando AM, Evans RM, Chi NW, Quehenberger O, Olefsky JM, Oh DY. Positive Reinforcing Mechanisms between GPR120 and PPARγ Modulate Insulin Sensitivity. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1173-1188.e5. [PMID: 32413335 PMCID: PMC7337476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) and PPARγ agonists each have insulin sensitizing effects. But whether these two pathways functionally interact and can be leveraged together to markedly improve insulin resistance has not been explored. Here, we show that treatment with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone (Rosi) plus the GPR120 agonist Compound A leads to additive effects to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, but at lower doses of Rosi, thus avoiding its known side effects. Mechanistically, we show that GPR120 is a PPARγ target gene in adipocytes, while GPR120 augments PPARγ activity by inducing the endogenous ligand 15d-PGJ2 and by blocking ERK-mediated inhibition of PPARγ. Further, we used macrophage- (MKO) or adipocyte-specific GPR120 KO (AKO) mice to show that GRP120 has anti-inflammatory effects via macrophages while working with PPARγ in adipocytes to increase insulin sensitivity. These results raise the prospect of a safer way to increase insulin sensitization in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian A Paschoal
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Evelyn Walenta
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Merck & Co., Inc., SSF, 630 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ariane R Pessentheiner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nasun Hah
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tyler J Chi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - George L Tye
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Aaron M Armando
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nai-Wen Chi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Da Young Oh
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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100
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Andrews FV, Kim SM, Edwards L, Schlezinger JJ. Identifying adipogenic chemicals: Disparate effects in 3T3-L1, OP9 and primary mesenchymal multipotent cell models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104904. [PMID: 32473317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes are used commonly to identify new adipogens, but this cell line has been shown to produce variable results. Here, potential adipogenic chemicals (identified in the ToxCast dataset using the Toxicological Priority Index) were tested for their ability to induce adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, OP9 cells and primary mouse bone marrow multipotent stromal cells (BM-MSC). Ten of the 36 potential adipogens stimulated lipid accumulation in at least one model (novel: fenthion, quinoxyfen, prallethrin, allethrin, pyrimethanil, tebuconzaole, 2,4,6-tris (tert-butyl)phenol; known: fentin, pioglitazone, 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A). Only prallethrin and pioglitazone enhanced lipid accumulation in all models. OP9 cells were significantly more sensitive to chemicals known to activate PPARγ through RXR than the other models. Coordinate effects on adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation were investigated further in BM-MSCs. Lipid accumulation was correlated with the ability to stimulate expression of the PPARγ target gene, Plin1. Induction of lipid accumulation also was associated with reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity. Allethrin, prallethrin, and quinoxyfen strongly suppressed osteogenic gene expression. BM-MSCs were useful in coordinately investigating pro-adipogenic and anti-osteogenic effects. Overall, the results show that additional models should be used in conjunction with 3T3-L1 cells to identify a broader spectrum of adipogens and their coordinate effects on osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye V Andrews
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lariah Edwards
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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