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Chen Q, Iverson TM, Gurevich VV. Structural Basis of Arrestin-Dependent Signal Transduction. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:412-423. [PMID: 29636212 PMCID: PMC5959776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins are a small family of proteins with four isoforms in humans. Remarkably, two arrestins regulate signaling from >800 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or nonreceptor activators by simultaneously binding an activator and one out of hundreds of other signaling proteins. When arrestins are bound to GPCRs or other activators, the affinity for these signaling partners changes. Thus, it is proposed that an activator alters arrestin's ability to transduce a signal. The comparison of all available arrestin structures identifies several common conformational rearrangements associated with activation. In particular, it identifies elements that are directly involved in binding to GPCRs or other activators, elements that likely engage distinct downstream effectors, and elements that likely link the activator-binding sites with the effector-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Tina M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA.
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52
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Latorraca NR, Wang JK, Bauer B, Townshend RJL, Hollingsworth SA, Olivieri JE, Xu HE, Sommer ME, Dror RO. Molecular mechanism of GPCR-mediated arrestin activation. Nature 2018; 557:452-456. [PMID: 29720655 PMCID: PMC6294333 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense interest in discovering drugs that cause G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to selectively stimulate or block arrestin signalling, the structural mechanism of receptor-mediated arrestin activation remains unclear1,2. Here we reveal this mechanism through extensive atomic-level simulations of arrestin. We find that the receptor's transmembrane core and cytoplasmic tail-which bind distinct surfaces on arrestin-can each independently stimulate arrestin activation. We confirm this unanticipated role of the receptor core, and the allosteric coupling between these distant surfaces of arrestin, using site-directed fluorescence spectroscopy. The effect of the receptor core on arrestin conformation is mediated primarily by interactions of the intracellular loops of the receptor with the arrestin body, rather than the marked finger-loop rearrangement that is observed upon receptor binding. In the absence of a receptor, arrestin frequently adopts active conformations when its own C-terminal tail is disengaged, which may explain why certain arrestins remain active long after receptor dissociation. Our results, which suggest that diverse receptor binding modes can activate arrestin, provide a structural foundation for the design of functionally selective ('biased') GPCR-targeted ligands with desired effects on arrestin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Latorraca
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason K Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Bauer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Scott A Hollingsworth
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia E Olivieri
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ron O Dror
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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53
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which mediate processes as diverse as olfaction and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, have become the single most effective class of therapeutic drug targets. As a result, understanding the molecular basis for their activity is of paramount importance. Recent technological advances have made GPCR structural biology increasingly tractable, offering views of these receptors in unprecedented atomic detail. Structural and biophysical data have shown that GPCRs function as complex allosteric machines, communicating ligand-binding events through conformational change. Changes in receptor conformation lead to activation of effector proteins, such as G proteins and arrestins, which are themselves conformational switches. Here, we review how structural biology has illuminated the agonist-induced cascade of conformational changes that culminate in a cellular response to GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Erlandson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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54
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Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV, Uversky VN. Arrestins: structural disorder creates rich functionality. Protein Cell 2018; 9:986-1003. [PMID: 29453740 PMCID: PMC6251804 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are soluble relatively small 44–46 kDa proteins that specifically bind hundreds of active phosphorylated GPCRs and dozens of non-receptor partners. There are binding partners that demonstrate preference for each of the known arrestin conformations: free, receptor-bound, and microtubule-bound. Recent evidence suggests that conformational flexibility in every functional state is the defining characteristic of arrestins. Flexibility, or plasticity, of proteins is often described as structural disorder, in contrast to the fixed conformational order observed in high-resolution crystal structures. However, protein-protein interactions often involve highly flexible elements that can assume many distinct conformations upon binding to different partners. Existing evidence suggests that arrestins are no exception to this rule: their flexibility is necessary for functional versatility. The data on arrestins and many other multi-functional proteins indicate that in many cases, “order” might be artificially imposed by highly non-physiological crystallization conditions and/or crystal packing forces. In contrast, conformational flexibility (and its extreme case, intrinsic disorder) is a more natural state of proteins, representing true biological order that underlies their physiologically relevant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia, 142290
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55
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs can signal through multiple transducers, including heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases and β-arrestins. While these signalling pathways can be activated or blocked by 'balanced' agonists or antagonists, they can also be selectively activated in a 'biased' response. Biased responses can be induced by biased ligands, biased receptors or system bias, any of which can result in preferential signalling through G proteins or β-arrestins. At many GPCRs, signalling events mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins have been shown to have distinct biochemical and physiological actions from one another, and an accurate evaluation of biased signalling from pharmacology through physiology is crucial for preclinical drug development. Recent structural studies have provided snapshots of GPCR-transducer complexes, which should aid in the structure-based design of novel biased therapies. Our understanding of GPCRs has evolved from that of two-state, on-and-off switches to that of multistate allosteric microprocessors, in which biased ligands transmit distinct structural information that is processed into distinct biological outputs. The development of biased ligands as therapeutics heralds an era of increased drug efficacy with reduced drug side effects.
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56
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Human melanocortin 1 receptor-mediated ubiquitination of nonvisual arrestins. Role of Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 E3 ligase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:76-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hilger D, Masureel M, Kobilka BK. Structure and dynamics of GPCR signaling complexes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:4-12. [PMID: 29323277 PMCID: PMC6535338 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-017-0011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) relay numerous extracellular signals by triggering intracellular signaling through coupling with G proteins and arrestins. Recent breakthroughs in the structural determination of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes represent important steps toward deciphering GPCR signal transduction at a molecular level. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPCR-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of receptors and their transducer complexes as well as their energy landscapes and conformational transition rates. Here, we summarize current insights into the structural plasticity of GPCR-G-protein and GPCR-arrestin complexes that underlies the regulation of the receptor's intracellular signaling profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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58
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Peterson YK, Luttrell LM. The Diverse Roles of Arrestin Scaffolds in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28626043 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), have emerged as key regulators of multiple signaling pathways. Evolutionarily related to a larger group of regulatory scaffolds that share a common arrestin fold, the visual/β-arrestins acquired the capacity to detect and bind activated GPCRs on the plasma membrane, which enables them to control GPCR desensitization, internalization, and intracellular trafficking. By acting as scaffolds that bind key pathway intermediates, visual/β-arrestins both influence the tonic level of pathway activity in cells and, in some cases, serve as ligand-regulated scaffolds for GPCR-mediated signaling. Growing evidence supports the physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of arrestins and underscores their potential as therapeutic targets. Circumventing arrestin-dependent GPCR desensitization may alleviate the problem of tachyphylaxis to drugs that target GPCRs, and find application in the management of chronic pain, asthma, and psychiatric illness. As signaling scaffolds, arrestins are also central regulators of pathways controlling cell growth, migration, and survival, suggesting that manipulating their scaffolding functions may be beneficial in inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, and cancer. In this review we examine the structure-function relationships that enable arrestins to perform their diverse roles, addressing arrestin structure at the molecular level, the relationship between arrestin conformation and function, and sites of interaction between arrestins, GPCRs, and nonreceptor-binding partners. We conclude with a discussion of arrestins as therapeutic targets and the settings in which manipulating arrestin function might be of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Y.K.P.), and Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (L.M.L.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina (L.M.L.)
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59
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Molecular Mechanisms of GPCR Signaling: A Structural Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122519. [PMID: 29186792 PMCID: PMC5751122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface receptors that respond to a wide variety of stimuli, from light, odorants, hormones, and neurotransmitters to proteins and extracellular calcium. GPCRs represent the largest family of signaling proteins targeted by many clinically used drugs. Recent studies shed light on the conformational changes that accompany GPCR activation and the structural state of the receptor necessary for the interactions with the three classes of proteins that preferentially bind active GPCRs, G proteins, G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and arrestins. Importantly, structural and biophysical studies also revealed activation-related conformational changes in these three types of signal transducers. Here, we summarize what is already known and point out questions that still need to be answered. Clear understanding of the structural basis of signaling by GPCRs and their interaction partners would pave the way to designing signaling-biased proteins with scientific and therapeutic potential.
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60
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Chen Q, Perry NA, Vishnivetskiy SA, Berndt S, Gilbert NC, Zhuo Y, Singh PK, Tholen J, Ohi MD, Gurevich EV, Brautigam CA, Klug CS, Gurevich VV, Iverson TM. Structural basis of arrestin-3 activation and signaling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1427. [PMID: 29127291 PMCID: PMC5681653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A unique aspect of arrestin-3 is its ability to support both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent signaling. Here, we show that inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is a non-receptor activator of arrestin-3 and report the structure of IP6-activated arrestin-3 at 2.4-Å resolution. IP6-activated arrestin-3 exhibits an inter-domain twist and a displaced C-tail, hallmarks of active arrestin. IP6 binds to the arrestin phosphate sensor, and is stabilized by trimerization. Analysis of the trimerization surface, which is also the receptor-binding surface, suggests a feature called the finger loop as a key region of the activation sensor. We show that finger loop helicity and flexibility may underlie coupling to hundreds of diverse receptors and also promote arrestin-3 activation by IP6. Importantly, we show that effector-binding sites on arrestins have distinct conformations in the basal and activated states, acting as switch regions. These switch regions may work with the inter-domain twist to initiate and direct arrestin-mediated signaling. While arrestins are mainly associated with GPCR signaling, arrestin-3 can signal independently of receptor interaction. Here the authors present the structure of arrestin-3 bound to inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and propose a model for arrestin-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nicole A Perry
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Sandra Berndt
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nathaniel C Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Ya Zhuo
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jonas Tholen
- University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer, Emden, 26723, Germany
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Departments of Biophysics and Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Candice S Klug
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - T M Iverson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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61
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Zhou XE, He Y, de Waal PW, Gao X, Kang Y, Van Eps N, Yin Y, Pal K, Goswami D, White TA, Barty A, Latorraca NR, Chapman HN, Hubbell WL, Dror RO, Stevens RC, Cherezov V, Gurevich VV, Griffin PR, Ernst OP, Melcher K, Xu HE. Identification of Phosphorylation Codes for Arrestin Recruitment by G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Cell 2017; 170:457-469.e13. [PMID: 28753425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate diverse signaling in part through interaction with arrestins, whose binding promotes receptor internalization and signaling through G protein-independent pathways. High-affinity arrestin binding requires receptor phosphorylation, often at the receptor's C-terminal tail. Here, we report an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) crystal structure of the rhodopsin-arrestin complex, in which the phosphorylated C terminus of rhodopsin forms an extended intermolecular β sheet with the N-terminal β strands of arrestin. Phosphorylation was detected at rhodopsin C-terminal tail residues T336 and S338. These two phospho-residues, together with E341, form an extensive network of electrostatic interactions with three positively charged pockets in arrestin in a mode that resembles binding of the phosphorylated vasopressin-2 receptor tail to β-arrestin-1. Based on these observations, we derived and validated a set of phosphorylation codes that serve as a common mechanism for phosphorylation-dependent recruitment of arrestins by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Edward Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yanyong Kang
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ned Van Eps
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yanting Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Devrishi Goswami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wayne L Hubbell
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Oliver P Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Indrischek H, Prohaska SJ, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV, Stadler PF. Uncovering missing pieces: duplication and deletion history of arrestins in deuterostomes. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:163. [PMID: 28683816 PMCID: PMC5501109 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytosolic arrestin proteins mediate desensitization of activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) via competition with G proteins for the active phosphorylated receptors. Arrestins in active, including receptor-bound, conformation are also transducers of signaling. Therefore, this protein family is an attractive therapeutic target. The signaling outcome is believed to be a result of structural and sequence-dependent interactions of arrestins with GPCRs and other protein partners. Here we elucidated the detailed evolution of arrestins in deuterostomes. RESULTS Identity and number of arrestin paralogs were determined searching deuterostome genomes and gene expression data. In contrast to standard gene prediction methods, our strategy first detects exons situated on different scaffolds and then solves the problem of assigning them to the correct gene. This increases both the completeness and the accuracy of the annotation in comparison to conventional database search strategies applied by the community. The employed strategy enabled us to map in detail the duplication- and deletion history of arrestin paralogs including tandem duplications, pseudogenizations and the formation of retrogenes. The two rounds of whole genome duplications in the vertebrate stem lineage gave rise to four arrestin paralogs. Surprisingly, visual arrestin ARR3 was lost in the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Xenarthra. Duplications in specific clades, on the other hand, must have given rise to new paralogs that show signatures of diversification in functional elements important for receptor binding and phosphate sensing. CONCLUSION The current study traces the functional evolution of deuterostome arrestins in unprecedented detail. Based on a precise re-annotation of the exon-intron structure at nucleotide resolution, we infer the gain and loss of paralogs and patterns of conservation, co-variation and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Indrischek
- Computational EvoDevo Group, Department of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany.
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany.
| | - Sonja J Prohaska
- Computational EvoDevo Group, Department of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Peter F Stadler
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, D-04107, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Inselstraße 22, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, Grønegårdsvej 3, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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63
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Scheerer P, Sommer ME. Structural mechanism of arrestin activation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 45:160-169. [PMID: 28600951 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The large and multifunctional family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by a small family of structurally conserved arrestin proteins. In order to bind an active GPCR, arrestin must first be activated by interaction with the phosphorylated receptor C-terminus. Recent years have witnessed major developments in high-resolution crystal structures of pre-active arrestins and arrestin or arrestin-derived peptides in complex with an active GPCR. Although each structure individually offers only a limited snapshot, taken together and interpreted in light of recent complementary functional data, they offer valuable insight into how arrestin is activated by and couples to a phosphorylated active GPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheerer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Group Protein X-ray Crystallography & Signal Transduction, Germany.
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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64
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Understanding the GPCR biased signaling through G protein and arrestin complex structures. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 45:150-159. [PMID: 28558341 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and are important drug targets for many human diseases. The determination of the 3-D structure of GPCRs and their signaling complexes has promoted our understanding of GPCR biology and provided templates for structure-based drug discovery. In this review, we focus on the recent structure work on GPCR signaling complexes, the β2-adrenoreceptor-Gs and the rhodopsin-arrestin complexes in particular, and highlight the structural features of GPCR complexes involved in G protein- and arrestin-mediated signal transduction. The crystal structures reveal distinct structural mechanisms by which GPCRs recruit a G protein and an arrestin. A comparison of the two complex structures provides insight into the molecular mechanism of functionally selective GPCR signaling, and a structural basis for the discovery of G protein- and arrestin-biased treatments of human diseases related to GPCR signal transduction.
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65
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Vishnivetskiy SA, Lee RJ, Zhou XE, Franz A, Xu Q, Xu HE, Gurevich VV. Functional role of the three conserved cysteines in the N domain of visual arrestin-1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12496-12502. [PMID: 28536260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins specifically bind active and phosphorylated forms of their cognate G protein-coupled receptors, blocking G protein coupling and often redirecting the signaling to alternative pathways. High-affinity receptor binding is accompanied by two major structural changes in arrestin: release of the C-tail and rotation of the two domains relative to each other. The first requires detachment of the arrestin C-tail from the body of the molecule, whereas the second requires disruption of the network of charge-charge interactions at the interdomain interface, termed the polar core. These events can be facilitated by mutations destabilizing the polar core or the anchoring of the C-tail that yield "preactivated" arrestins that bind phosphorylated and unphosphorylated receptors with high affinity. Here we explored the functional role in arrestin activation of the three native cysteines in the N domain, which are conserved in all arrestin subtypes. Using visual arrestin-1 and rhodopsin as a model, we found that substitution of these cysteines with serine, alanine, or valine virtually eliminates the effects of the activating polar core mutations on the binding to unphosphorylated rhodopsin while only slightly reducing the effects of the C-tail mutations. Thus, these three conserved cysteines play a role in the domain rotation but not in the C-tail release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina J Lee
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - X Edward Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | | | - Qiuyi Xu
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
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66
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Differential manipulation of arrestin-3 binding to basal and agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors. Cell Signal 2017; 36:98-107. [PMID: 28461104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-visual arrestins interact with hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we show that by introducing mutations into elements that directly bind receptors, the specificity of arrestin-3 can be altered. Several mutations in the two parts of the central "crest" of the arrestin molecule, middle-loop and C-loop, enhanced or reduced arrestin-3 interactions with several GPCRs in receptor subtype and functional state-specific manner. For example, the Lys139Ile substitution in the middle-loop dramatically enhanced the binding to inactive M2 muscarinic receptor, so that agonist activation of the M2 did not further increase arrestin-3 binding. Thus, the Lys139Ile mutation made arrestin-3 essentially an activation-independent binding partner of M2, whereas its interactions with other receptors, including the β2-adrenergic receptor and the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, retained normal activation dependence. In contrast, the Ala248Val mutation enhanced agonist-induced arrestin-3 binding to the β2-adrenergic and D2 dopamine receptors, while reducing its interaction with the D1 dopamine receptor. These mutations represent the first example of altering arrestin specificity via enhancement of the arrestin-receptor interactions rather than selective reduction of the binding to certain subtypes.
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67
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Cui TZ, Peterson TA, Burd CG. A CDC25 family protein phosphatase gates cargo recognition by the Vps26 retromer subunit. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362258 PMCID: PMC5409824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a regulatory mechanism that controls the activity of retromer, an evolutionarily conserved sorting device that orchestrates cargo export from the endosome. A spontaneously arising mutation that activates the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) CDC25 family phosphatase, Mih1, results in accelerated turnover of a subset of endocytosed plasma membrane proteins due to deficient sorting into a retromer-mediated recycling pathway. Mih1 directly modulates the phosphorylation state of the Vps26 retromer subunit; mutations engineered to mimic these states modulate the binding affinities of Vps26 for a retromer cargo, resulting in corresponding changes in cargo sorting at the endosome. The results suggest that a phosphorylation-based gating mechanism controls cargo selection by yeast retromer, and they establish a functional precedent for CDC25 protein phosphatases that lies outside of their canonical role in regulating cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Zhong Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Tabitha A Peterson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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68
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Kumari P, Srivastava A, Ghosh E, Ranjan R, Dogra S, Yadav PN, Shukla AK. Core engagement with β-arrestin is dispensable for agonist-induced vasopressin receptor endocytosis and ERK activation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1003-1010. [PMID: 28228552 PMCID: PMC5391177 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exhibit highly conserved activation and signaling mechanisms by which agonist stimulation leads to coupling of heterotrimeric G proteins and generation of second messenger response. This is followed by receptor phosphorylation, primarily in the carboxyl terminus but also in the cytoplasmic loops, and subsequent binding of arrestins. GPCRs typically recruit arrestins through two different sets of interactions, one involving phosphorylated receptor tail and the other mediated by the receptor core. The engagement of both set of interactions (tail and core) is generally believed to be necessary for arrestin-dependent functional outcomes such as receptor desensitization, endocytosis, and G protein-independent signaling. Here we demonstrate that a vasopressin receptor (V2R) mutant with truncated third intracellular loop (V2RΔICL3) can interact with β-arrestin 1 (βarr1) only through the phosphorylated tail without engaging the core interaction. Of interest, such a partially engaged V2RΔICL3-βarr1 complex can efficiently interact with clathrin terminal domain and ERK2 MAPK in vitro. Furthermore, this core interaction-deficient V2R mutant exhibits efficient endocytosis and ERK activation upon agonist stimulation. Our data suggest that core interaction with βarr is dispensable for V2R endocytosis and ERK activation and therefore provide novel insights into refining the current understanding of functional requirements in biphasic GPCR-βarr interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eshan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shalini Dogra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Prem N Yadav
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP 226031, India
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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69
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Lally CCM, Bauer B, Selent J, Sommer ME. C-edge loops of arrestin function as a membrane anchor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14258. [PMID: 28220785 PMCID: PMC5321764 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are membrane proteins that are regulated by a small family of arrestin proteins. During formation of the arrestin-receptor complex, arrestin first interacts with the phosphorylated receptor C terminus in a pre-complex, which activates arrestin for tight receptor binding. Currently, little is known about the structure of the pre-complex and its transition to a high-affinity complex. Here we present molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed fluorescence experiments on arrestin-1 interactions with rhodopsin, showing that loops within the C-edge of arrestin function as a membrane anchor. Activation of arrestin by receptor-attached phosphates is necessary for C-edge engagement of the membrane, and we show that these interactions are distinct in the pre-complex and high-affinity complex in regard to their conformation and orientation. Our results expand current knowledge of C-edge structure and further illuminate the conformational transitions that occur in arrestin along the pathway to tight receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara C M. Lally
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Brian Bauer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Jana Selent
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Carrer del Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics (CC2), Charité Medical University, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
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70
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Kleinau G, Worth CL, Kreuchwig A, Biebermann H, Marcinkowski P, Scheerer P, Krause G. Structural-Functional Features of the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Class A G-Protein-Coupled Receptor at Work. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:86. [PMID: 28484426 PMCID: PMC5401882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a sub-group of class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). TSHR and its endogenous ligand thyrotropin (TSH) are of essential importance for growth and function of the thyroid gland and proper function of the TSH/TSHR system is pivotal for production and release of thyroid hormones. This receptor is also important with respect to pathophysiology, such as autoimmune (including ophthalmopathy) or non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions and cancer development. Pharmacological interventions directly targeting the TSHR should provide benefits to disease treatment compared to currently available therapies of dysfunctions associated with the TSHR or the thyroid gland. Upon TSHR activation, the molecular events conveying conformational changes from the extra- to the intracellular side of the cell across the membrane comprise reception, conversion, and amplification of the signal. These steps are highly dependent on structural features of this receptor and its intermolecular interaction partners, e.g., TSH, antibodies, small molecules, G-proteins, or arrestin. For better understanding of signal transduction, pathogenic mechanisms such as autoantibody action and mutational modifications or for developing new pharmacological strategies, it is essential to combine available structural data with functional information to generate homology models of the entire receptor. Although so far these insights are fragmental, in the past few decades essential contributions have been made to investigate in-depth the involved determinants, such as by structure determination via X-ray crystallography. This review summarizes available knowledge (as of December 2016) concerning the TSHR protein structure, associated functional aspects, and based on these insights we suggest several receptor complex models. Moreover, distinct TSHR properties will be highlighted in comparison to other class A GPCRs to understand the molecular activation mechanisms of this receptor comprehensively. Finally, limitations of current knowledge and lack of information are discussed highlighting the need for intensified efforts toward TSHR structure elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Annika Kreuchwig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Scheerer
- Group Protein X-Ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gerd Krause,
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71
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Lucas M, Gershlick DC, Vidaurrazaga A, Rojas AL, Bonifacino JS, Hierro A. Structural Mechanism for Cargo Recognition by the Retromer Complex. Cell 2016; 167:1623-1635.e14. [PMID: 27889239 PMCID: PMC5147500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retromer is a multi-protein complex that recycles transmembrane cargo from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network and the plasma membrane. Defects in retromer impair various cellular processes and underlie some forms of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Although retromer was discovered over 15 years ago, the mechanisms for cargo recognition and recruitment to endosomes have remained elusive. Here, we present an X-ray crystallographic analysis of a four-component complex comprising the VPS26 and VPS35 subunits of retromer, the sorting nexin SNX3, and a recycling signal from the divalent cation transporter DMT1-II. This analysis identifies a binding site for canonical recycling signals at the interface between VPS26 and SNX3. In addition, the structure highlights a network of cooperative interactions among the VPS subunits, SNX3, and cargo that couple signal-recognition to membrane recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lucas
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ander Vidaurrazaga
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Adriana L Rojas
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Aitor Hierro
- Structural Biology Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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72
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Kumari P, Srivastava A, Banerjee R, Ghosh E, Gupta P, Ranjan R, Chen X, Gupta B, Gupta C, Jaiman D, Shukla AK. Functional competence of a partially engaged GPCR-β-arrestin complex. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13416. [PMID: 27827372 PMCID: PMC5105198 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of cell surface receptors and drug targets. GPCR signalling and desensitization is critically regulated by β-arrestins (βarr). GPCR-βarr interaction is biphasic where the phosphorylated carboxyl terminus of GPCRs docks to the N-domain of βarr first and then seven transmembrane core of the receptor engages with βarr. It is currently unknown whether fully engaged GPCR-βarr complex is essential for functional outcomes or partially engaged complex can also be functionally competent. Here we assemble partially and fully engaged complexes of a chimeric β2V2R with βarr1, and discover that the core interaction is dispensable for receptor endocytosis, ERK MAP kinase binding and activation. Furthermore, we observe that carvedilol, a βarr biased ligand, does not promote detectable engagement between βarr1 and the receptor core. These findings uncover a previously unknown aspect of GPCR-βarr interaction and provide novel insights into GPCR signalling and regulatory paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashish Srivastava
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eshan Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Bhagyashri Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Charu Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Deepika Jaiman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Arun K. Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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73
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Sensoy O, Moreira IS, Morra G. Understanding the Differential Selectivity of Arrestins toward the Phosphorylation State of the Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1212-24. [PMID: 27405242 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in the arrestin family exhibit a conserved structural fold that nevertheless allows for significant differences in their selectivity for G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their phosphorylation states. To reveal the mechanism of activation that prepares arrestin for selective interaction with GPCRs, and to understand the basis for these differences, we used unbiased molecular dynamics simulations to compare the structural and dynamic properties of wild type Arr1 (Arr1-WT), Arr3 (Arr3-WT), and a constitutively active Arr1 mutant, Arr1-R175E, characterized by a perturbation of the phosphate recognition region called "polar core". We find that in our simulations the mutant evolves toward a conformation that resembles the known preactivated structures of an Arr1 splice-variant, and the structurally similar phosphopeptide-bound Arr2-WT, while this does not happen for Arr1-WT. Hence, we propose an activation allosteric mechanism connecting the perturbation of the polar core to a global conformational change, including the relative reorientation of N- and C-domains, and the emergence of electrostatic properties of putative binding surfaces. The underlying local structural changes are interpreted as markers of the evolution of an arrestin structure toward an active-like conformation. Similar activation related changes occur in Arr3-WT in the absence of any perturbation of the polar core, suggesting that this system could spontaneously visit preactivated states in solution. This hypothesis is proposed to explain the lower selectivity of Arr3 toward nonphosphorylated receptors. Moreover, by elucidating the allosteric mechanism underlying activation, we identify functionally critical regions on arrestin structure that can be targeted with drugs or chemical tools for functional modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Sensoy
- The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1°andar, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research,
Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Morra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- ICRM-CNR
Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italia
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74
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R. Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular
Physiology, and ∥Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - A. J. Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Computer Science, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular
Physiology, and ∥Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ron O. Dror
- Department of Computer Science, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular
Physiology, and ∥Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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75
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Peterhans C, Lally CCM, Ostermaier MK, Sommer ME, Standfuss J. Functional map of arrestin binding to phosphorylated opsin, with and without agonist. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28686. [PMID: 27350090 PMCID: PMC4923902 DOI: 10.1038/srep28686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrestins desensitize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and act as mediators of signalling. Here we investigated the interactions of arrestin-1 with two functionally distinct forms of the dim-light photoreceptor rhodopsin. Using unbiased scanning mutagenesis we probed the individual contribution of each arrestin residue to the interaction with the phosphorylated apo-receptor (Ops-P) and the agonist-bound form (Meta II-P). Disruption of the polar core or displacement of the C-tail strengthened binding to both receptor forms. In contrast, mutations of phosphate-binding residues (phosphosensors) suggest the phosphorylated receptor C-terminus binds arrestin differently for Meta II-P and Ops-P. Likewise, mutations within the inter-domain interface, variations in the receptor-binding loops and the C-edge of arrestin reveal different binding modes. In summary, our results indicate that arrestin-1 binding to Meta II-P and Ops-P is similarly dependent on arrestin activation, although the complexes formed with these two receptor forms are structurally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peterhans
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, CH-5323, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ciara C M Lally
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin K Ostermaier
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha E Sommer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Standfuss
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, CH-5323, Villigen, Switzerland
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76
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Jean-Charles PY, Freedman NJ, Shenoy SK. Chapter Nine - Cellular Roles of Beta-Arrestins as Substrates and Adaptors of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:339-69. [PMID: 27378762 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
β-Arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 are homologous adaptor proteins that are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells. They belong to a four-member family of arrestins that regulate the vast family of seven-transmembrane receptors that couple to heterotrimeric G proteins (7TMRs or GPCRs), and that modulate 7TMR signal transduction. β-Arrestins were originally identified in the context of signal inhibition via the 7TMRs because they competed with and thereby blocked G protein coupling to 7TMRs. Currently, in addition to their role as desensitizers of signaling, β-arrestins are appreciated as multifunctional adaptors that mediate trafficking and signal transduction of not only 7TMRs, but a growing list of additional receptors, ion channels, and nonreceptor proteins. β-Arrestins' interactions with their multifarious partners are based on their dynamic conformational states rather than particular domain-domain interactions. β-Arrestins adopt activated conformations upon 7TMR association. In addition, β-arrestins undergo various posttranslational modifications that are choreographed by activated 7TMRs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, nitrosylation, and SUMOylation. Ubiquitination of β-arrestins is critical for their high-affinity interaction with 7TMRs as well as with endocytic adaptor proteins and signaling kinases. β-Arrestins also function as critical adaptors for ubiquitination and deubiquitination of various cellular proteins, and thereby affect the longevity of signal transducers and the intensity of signal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-Y Jean-Charles
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - N J Freedman
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - S K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States.
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77
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Zhou XE, Gao X, Barty A, Kang Y, He Y, Liu W, Ishchenko A, White TA, Yefanov O, Han GW, Xu Q, de Waal PW, Suino-Powell KM, Boutet S, Williams GJ, Wang M, Li D, Caffrey M, Chapman HN, Spence JCH, Fromme P, Weierstall U, Stevens RC, Cherezov V, Melcher K, Xu HE. X-ray laser diffraction for structure determination of the rhodopsin-arrestin complex. Sci Data 2016; 3:160021. [PMID: 27070998 PMCID: PMC4828943 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) using an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is a recent advancement in structural biology for solving crystal structures of challenging membrane proteins, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which often only produce microcrystals. An XFEL delivers highly intense X-ray pulses of femtosecond duration short enough to enable the collection of single diffraction images before significant radiation damage to crystals sets in. Here we report the deposition of the XFEL data and provide further details on crystallization, XFEL data collection and analysis, structure determination, and the validation of the structural model. The rhodopsin-arrestin crystal structure solved with SFX represents the first near-atomic resolution structure of a GPCR-arrestin complex, provides structural insights into understanding of arrestin-mediated GPCR signaling, and demonstrates the great potential of this SFX-XFEL technology for accelerating crystal structure determination of challenging proteins and protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yanyong Kang
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Molecular Sciences, and Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
| | - Andrii Ishchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gye Won Han
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Qingping Xu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Kelly M Suino-Powell
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dianfan Li
- School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Martin Caffrey
- School of Medicine and School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - John C H Spence
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Weierstall
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.,iHuman Institute, Shanghai Tech University, 2F Building 6, 99 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA.,VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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78
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Lee MH, Appleton KM, Strungs EG, Kwon JY, Morinelli TA, Peterson YK, Laporte SA, Luttrell LM. The conformational signature of β-arrestin2 predicts its trafficking and signalling functions. Nature 2016; 531:665-8. [PMID: 27007854 PMCID: PMC4973468 DOI: 10.1038/nature17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins are cytosolic proteins that regulate G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, internalization, trafficking and signalling. Arrestin recruitment uncouples GPCRs from heterotrimeric G proteins, and targets the proteins for internalization via clathrin-coated pits. Arrestins also function as ligand-regulated scaffolds that recruit multiple non-G-protein effectors into GPCR-based 'signalsomes'. Although the dominant function(s) of arrestins vary between receptors, the mechanism whereby different GPCRs specify these divergent functions is unclear. Using a panel of intramolecular fluorescein arsenical hairpin (FlAsH) bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) reporters to monitor conformational changes in β-arrestin2, here we show that GPCRs impose distinctive arrestin 'conformational signatures' that reflect the stability of the receptor-arrestin complex and role of β-arrestin2 in activating or dampening downstream signalling events. The predictive value of these signatures extends to structurally distinct ligands activating the same GPCR, such that the innate properties of the ligand are reflected as changes in β-arrestin2 conformation. Our findings demonstrate that information about ligand-receptor conformation is encoded within the population average β-arrestin2 conformation, and provide insight into how different GPCRs can use a common effector for different purposes. This approach may have application in the characterization and development of functionally selective GPCR ligands and in identifying factors that dictate arrestin conformation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Lee
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 29425
| | - Kathryn M. Appleton
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 29425
| | - Erik G. Strungs
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 29425
| | - Joshua Y. Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 29425
| | - Thomas A. Morinelli
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 29425
| | - Yuri K. Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA 29425
| | - Stephane A. Laporte
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University Health Center Research Institute, McGill University, Quebec, CANADA H4A 3J1
| | - Louis M. Luttrell
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA 29425
- Research Service of the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA 29401
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79
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β-Arrestin biosensors reveal a rapid, receptor-dependent activation/deactivation cycle. Nature 2016; 531:661-4. [PMID: 27007855 DOI: 10.1038/nature17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
(β-)Arrestins are important regulators of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They bind to active, phosphorylated GPCRs and thereby shut off 'classical' signalling to G proteins, trigger internalization of GPCRs via interaction with the clathrin machinery and mediate signalling via 'non-classical' pathways. In addition to two visual arrestins that bind to rod and cone photoreceptors (termed arrestin1 and arrestin4), there are only two (non-visual) β-arrestin proteins (β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2, also termed arrestin2 and arrestin3), which regulate hundreds of different (non-visual) GPCRs. Binding of these proteins to GPCRs usually requires the active form of the receptors plus their phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). The binding of receptors or their carboxy terminus as well as certain truncations induce active conformations of (β-)arrestins that have recently been solved by X-ray crystallography. Here we investigate both the interaction of β-arrestin with GPCRs, and the β-arrestin conformational changes in real time and in living human cells, using a series of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based β-arrestin2 biosensors. We observe receptor-specific patterns of conformational changes in β-arrestin2 that occur rapidly after the receptor-β-arrestin2 interaction. After agonist removal, these changes persist for longer than the direct receptor interaction. Our data indicate a rapid, receptor-type-specific, two-step binding and activation process between GPCRs and β-arrestins. They further indicate that β-arrestins remain active after dissociation from receptors, allowing them to remain at the cell surface and presumably signal independently. Thus, GPCRs trigger a rapid, receptor-specific activation/deactivation cycle of β-arrestins, which permits their active signalling.
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80
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Smith JS, Rajagopal S. The β-Arrestins: Multifunctional Regulators of G Protein-coupled Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8969-77. [PMID: 26984408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.713313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The β-arrestins (βarrs) are versatile, multifunctional adapter proteins that are best known for their ability to desensitize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but also regulate a diverse array of cellular functions. To signal in such a complex fashion, βarrs adopt multiple conformations and are regulated at multiple levels to differentially activate downstream pathways. Recent structural studies have demonstrated that βarrs have a conserved structure and activation mechanism, with plasticity of their structural fold, allowing them to adopt a wide array of conformations. Novel roles for βarrs continue to be identified, demonstrating the importance of these dynamic regulators of cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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81
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Jean-Charles PY, Rajiv V, Shenoy SK. Ubiquitin-Related Roles of β-Arrestins in Endocytic Trafficking and Signal Transduction. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2071-80. [PMID: 26790995 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The non-visual arrestins, β-arrestin1, and β-arrestin2 were originally identified as proteins that bind to seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs, also called G protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs) and block heterotrimeric G protein activation, thus leading to desensitization of transmembrane signaling. However, as subsequent discoveries have continually demonstrated, their functionality is not constrained to desensitization. They are now recognized for their critical roles in mediating intracellular trafficking of 7TMRs, growth factor receptors, ion transporters, ion channels, nuclear receptors, and non-receptor proteins. Additionally, they function as crucial mediators of ubiquitination of 7TMRs as well as other receptors and non-receptor proteins. Recently, emerging studies suggest that a class of proteins with predicted structural features of β-arrestins regulate substrate ubiquitination in yeast and higher mammals, lending support to the idea that the adaptor role of β-arrestins in protein ubiquitination is evolutionarily conserved. β-arrestins also function as scaffolds for kinases and transduce signals from 7TMRs through pathways that do not require G protein activation. Remarkably, the endocytic and scaffolding functions of β-arrestin are intertwined with its ubiquitination status; the dynamic and site specific ubiquitination on β-arrestin plays a critical role in stabilizing β-arrestin-7TMR association and the formation of signalosomes. This review summarizes the current findings on ubiquitin-dependent regulation of 7TMRs as well as β-arrestins and the potential role of reversible ubiquitination as a "biological switch" in signal transduction. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2071-2080, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishwaesh Rajiv
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sudha K Shenoy
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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82
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Structural mechanism of GPCR-arrestin interaction: recent breakthroughs. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:293-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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83
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Charles R, Namkung Y, Cotton M, Laporte SA, Claing A. β-Arrestin-mediated Angiotensin II Signaling Controls the Activation of ARF6 Protein and Endocytosis in Migration of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3967-81. [PMID: 26703465 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a vasopressive hormone but is also a potent activator of cellular migration. We have previously shown that it can promote the activation of the GTPase ARF6 in a heterologous overexpressing system. The molecular mechanisms by which receptors control the activation of this small G protein remain, however, largely unknown. Furthermore, how ARF6 coordinates the activation of complex cellular responses needs to be further elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that Ang II receptors engage β-arrestin, but not Gq, to mediate ARF6 activation in HEK 293 cells. To further confirm the key role of β-arrestin proteins, we overexpressed β-arrestin2-(1-320), a dominant negative mutant known to block receptor endocytosis. We show that expression of this truncated construct does not support the activation of the GTPase nor cell migration. Interestingly, β-arrestin2 can interact with the ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factor ARNO, although the C-terminally lacking mutant does not. We finally examined whether receptor endocytosis controlled ARF6 activation and cell migration. Although the clathrin inhibitor PitStop2 did not impact the ability of Ang II to activate ARF6, cell migration was markedly impaired. To further show that ARF activation regulates key signaling events leading to migration, we also examined MAPK activation. We demonstrate that this signaling axis is relevant in smooth muscle cells of the vasculature. Altogether, our findings show for the first time that Ang II receptor signaling to β-arrestin regulates ARF6 activation. These proteins together control receptor endocytosis and ultimately cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Charles
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 and
| | - Yoon Namkung
- the Department of Medicine, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mathieu Cotton
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 and
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- the Department of Medicine, Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Audrey Claing
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7 and
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84
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Koch KW, Dell'Orco D. Protein and Signaling Networks in Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:67. [PMID: 26635520 PMCID: PMC4646965 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate photoreceptor cells are exquisite light detectors operating under very dim and bright illumination. The photoexcitation and adaptation machinery in photoreceptor cells consists of protein complexes that can form highly ordered supramolecular structures and control the homeostasis and mutual dependence of the secondary messengers cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and Ca2+. The visual pigment in rod photoreceptors, the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin is organized in tracks of dimers thereby providing a signaling platform for the dynamic scaffolding of the G protein transducin. Illuminated rhodopsin is turned off by phosphorylation catalyzed by rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) under control of Ca2+-recoverin. The GRK1 protein complex partly assembles in lipid raft structures, where shutting off rhodopsin seems to be more effective. Re-synthesis of cGMP is another crucial step in the recovery of the photoresponse after illumination. It is catalyzed by membrane bound sensory guanylate cyclases (GCs) and is regulated by specific neuronal Ca2+-sensor proteins called guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs). At least one GC (ROS-GC1) was shown to be part of a multiprotein complex having strong interactions with the cytoskeleton and being controlled in a multimodal Ca2+-dependent fashion. The final target of the cGMP signaling cascade is a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel that is a hetero-oligomeric protein located in the plasma membrane and interacting with accessory proteins in highly organized microdomains. We summarize results and interpretations of findings related to the inhomogeneous organization of signaling units in photoreceptor outer segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Wilhelm Koch
- Department of Neurosciences, Biochemistry Group, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Daniele Dell'Orco
- Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry and Center for BioMedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona Verona, Italy
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85
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Chatterjee D, Eckert CE, Slavov C, Saxena K, Fürtig B, Sanders CR, Gurevich VV, Wachtveitl J, Schwalbe H. Influence of Arrestin on the Photodecay of Bovine Rhodopsin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13555-60. [PMID: 26383645 PMCID: PMC4685475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Continued activation of the photocycle of the dim-light receptor rhodopsin leads to the accumulation of all-trans-retinal in the rod outer segments (ROS). This accumulation can damage the photoreceptor cell. For retinal homeostasis, deactivation processes are initiated in which the release of retinal is delayed. One of these processes involves the binding of arrestin to rhodopsin. Here, the interaction of pre-activated truncated bovine visual arrestin (Arr(Tr)) with rhodopsin in 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) micelles is investigated by solution NMR techniques and flash photolysis spectroscopy. Our results show that formation of the rhodopsin-arrestin complex markedly influences partitioning in the decay kinetics of rhodopsin, which involves the simultaneous formation of a meta II and a meta III state from the meta I state. Binding of Arr(Tr) leads to an increase in the population of the meta III state and consequently to an approximately twofold slower release of all-trans-retinal from rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Chatterjee
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Carl Elias Eckert
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Boris Fürtig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
| | - Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 (USA)
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 (USA)
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany).
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main (Germany).
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86
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Kang Y, Gao X, Zhou XE, He Y, Melcher K, Xu HE. A structural snapshot of the rhodopsin-arrestin complex. FEBS J 2015; 283:816-21. [PMID: 26467309 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the rhodopsin-arrestin complex provides important insights into how G protein-coupled receptor signaling is terminated by arrestin and a structural basis for understanding the mechanism of arrestin-based signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Kang
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,VARI-SIMM Center, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanzheng He
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,VARI-SIMM Center, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,VARI-SIMM Center, CAS-Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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87
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Möller D, Gmeiner P. Die Rhodopsin‐Arrestin‐Kristallstruktur und ihre Bedeutung für die Entwicklung funktionell selektiver GPCR‐Wirkstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Möller
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Deutschland)
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich‐Alexander Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Deutschland)
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88
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Granzin J, Stadler A, Cousin A, Schlesinger R, Batra-Safferling R. Structural evidence for the role of polar core residue Arg175 in arrestin activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15808. [PMID: 26510463 PMCID: PMC4625158 DOI: 10.1038/srep15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding mechanism of arrestin requires photoactivation and phosphorylation of the receptor protein rhodopsin, where the receptor bound phosphate groups cause displacement of the long C-tail ‘activating’ arrestin. Mutation of arginine 175 to glutamic acid (R175E), a central residue in the polar core and previously predicted as the ‘phosphosensor’ leads to a pre-active arrestin that is able to terminate phototransduction by binding to non-phosphorylated, light-activated rhodopsin. Here, we report the first crystal structure of a R175E mutant arrestin at 2.7 Å resolution that reveals significant differences compared to the basal state reported in full-length arrestin structures. These differences comprise disruption of hydrogen bond network in the polar core, and three-element interaction including disordering of several residues in the receptor-binding finger loop and the C-terminus (residues 361–404). Additionally, R175E structure shows a 7.5° rotation of the amino and carboxy-terminal domains relative to each other. Consistent to the biochemical data, our structure suggests an important role of R29 in the initial activation step of C-tail release. Comparison of the crystal structures of basal arrestin and R175E mutant provide insights into the mechanism of arrestin activation, where binding of the receptor likely induces structural changes mimicked as in R175E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Granzin
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Stadler
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS-1) &Institute for Complex Systems (ICS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anneliese Cousin
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Renu Batra-Safferling
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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89
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Chatterjee D, Eckert CE, Slavov C, Saxena K, Fürtig B, Sanders CR, Gurevich VV, Wachtveitl J, Schwalbe H. Influence of Arrestin on the Photodecay of Bovine Rhodopsin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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90
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Möller D, Gmeiner P. Arrestin-Bound Rhodopsin: A Molecular Structure and its Impact on the Development of Biased GPCR Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13166-8. [PMID: 26361376 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Möller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany)
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany).
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91
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Phospho-selective mechanisms of arrestin conformations and functions revealed by unnatural amino acid incorporation and (19)F-NMR. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8202. [PMID: 26347956 PMCID: PMC4569848 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific arrestin conformations are coupled to distinct downstream effectors, which underlie the functions of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, using unnatural amino acid incorporation and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) spectroscopy, we demonstrate that distinct receptor phospho-barcodes are translated to specific β-arrestin-1 conformations and direct selective signalling. With its phosphate-binding concave surface, β-arrestin-1 ‘reads' the message in the receptor phospho-C-tails and distinct phospho-interaction patterns are revealed by 19F-NMR. Whereas all functional phosphopeptides interact with a common phosphate binding site and induce the movements of finger and middle loops, different phospho-interaction patterns induce distinct structural states of β-arrestin-1 that are coupled to distinct arrestin functions. Only clathrin recognizes and stabilizes GRK2-specific β-arrestin-1 conformations. The identified receptor-phospho-selective mechanism for arrestin conformation and the spacing of the multiple phosphate-binding sites in the arrestin enable arrestin to recognize plethora phosphorylation states of numerous GPCRs, contributing to the functional diversity of receptors. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal via G proteins or arrestin-mediated pathways; the plasticity of arrestin proteins is thought to underlie their function. Here, the authors use NMR to examine how β-arrestin-1 recognizes different GPCR phospho-barcodes, and how this triggers structural rearrangements to fulfill selective functions.
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92
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93
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal primarily through G proteins or arrestins. Arrestin binding to GPCRs blocks G protein interaction and redirects signalling to numerous G-protein-independent pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of a constitutively active form of human rhodopsin bound to a pre-activated form of the mouse visual arrestin, determined by serial femtosecond X-ray laser crystallography. Together with extensive biochemical and mutagenesis data, the structure reveals an overall architecture of the rhodopsin-arrestin assembly in which rhodopsin uses distinct structural elements, including transmembrane helix 7 and helix 8, to recruit arrestin. Correspondingly, arrestin adopts the pre-activated conformation, with a ∼20° rotation between the amino and carboxy domains, which opens up a cleft in arrestin to accommodate a short helix formed by the second intracellular loop of rhodopsin. This structure provides a basis for understanding GPCR-mediated arrestin-biased signalling and demonstrates the power of X-ray lasers for advancing the frontiers of structural biology.
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94
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Lohse MJ, Hofmann KP. Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Signaling by G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:572-8. [PMID: 26184590 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptors is often considered a uniform process, whereby a homogeneously activated proportion of randomly distributed receptors are activated under equilibrium conditions and produce homogeneous, steady-state intracellular signals. While this may be the case in some biologic systems, the example of rhodopsin with its strictly local single-quantum mode of function shows that homogeneity in space and time cannot be a general property of G-protein-coupled systems. Recent work has now revealed many other systems where such simplicity does not prevail. Instead, a plethora of mechanisms allows much more complex patterns of receptor activation and signaling: different mechanisms of protein-protein interaction; temporal changes under nonequilibrium conditions; localized receptor activation; and localized second messenger generation and degradation-all of which shape receptor-generated signals and permit the creation of multiple signal types. Here, we review the evidence for such pleiotropic receptor signaling in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rudolf Virchow Center, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.J.L.); Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.); and Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.)
| | - Klaus Peter Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rudolf Virchow Center, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.J.L.); Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.); and Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany (K.P.H.)
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95
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Kisiela DI, Avagyan H, Friend D, Jalan A, Gupta S, Interlandi G, Liu Y, Tchesnokova V, Rodriguez VB, Sumida JP, Strong RK, Wu XR, Thomas WE, Sokurenko EV. Inhibition and Reversal of Microbial Attachment by an Antibody with Parasteric Activity against the FimH Adhesin of Uropathogenic E. coli. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004857. [PMID: 25974133 PMCID: PMC4431754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment proteins from the surface of eukaryotic cells, bacteria and viruses are critical receptors in cell adhesion or signaling and are primary targets for the development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. It is proposed that the ligand-binding pocket in receptor proteins can shift between inactive and active conformations with weak and strong ligand-binding capability, respectively. Here, using monoclonal antibodies against a vaccine target protein - fimbrial adhesin FimH of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that unusually strong receptor inhibition can be achieved by antibody that binds within the binding pocket and displaces the ligand in a non-competitive way. The non-competitive antibody binds to a loop that interacts with the ligand in the active conformation of the pocket but is shifted away from ligand in the inactive conformation. We refer to this as a parasteric inhibition, where the inhibitor binds adjacent to the ligand in the binding pocket. We showed that the receptor-blocking mechanism of parasteric antibody differs from that of orthosteric inhibition, where the inhibitor replaces the ligand or allosteric inhibition where the inhibitor binds at a site distant from the ligand, and is very potent in blocking bacterial adhesion, dissolving surface-adherent biofilms and protecting mice from urinary bladder infection. A common approach in the development of selective inhibitors for ligand-receptor interactions is targeting the receptor binding site with the expectation that inhibitors will sterically interfere with ligand binding and thus block receptor function via a competitive (orthosteric) mechanism. However, using monoclonal antibodies specific for the mannose-binding Escherichia coli adhesin, FimH, we demonstrate that the binding site epitopes allow for non-competitive inhibition that is more effective than orthosteric blocking. FimH, similar to other binding proteins, exhibits conformational flexibility of the ligand-binding pocket shifting between open (inactive) and tight (active) conformations, with relatively low- and high- affinity towards mannose. We show that an antibody that binds just one of the mannose-binding pocket loops prevents the shift from the inactive to the active conformation and hence blocks formation of high-affinity ligand-receptor complexes. This antibody type was more effective in inhibition of bacterial adhesion than anti-FimH antibodies competitively blocking mannose binding, and unlike the latter or a soluble ligand, showed the ability to detach an established bacterial biofilm from a ligand-coated surface. As the newly described antibody can bind the FimH pocket simultaneously with ligand, we refer to it as a parasteric (next-to-ligand) inhibitor that exhibits non-competitive inhibition from within the binding-pocket of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara I. Kisiela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DIK); (EVS)
| | - Hovhannes Avagyan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Della Friend
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aachal Jalan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shivani Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Interlandi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Veronika Tchesnokova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Victoria B. Rodriguez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John P. Sumida
- Analytical Biopharmacy Core, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roland K. Strong
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evgeni V. Sokurenko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DIK); (EVS)
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96
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Kim DK, Yun Y, Kim HR, Seo MD, Chung KY. Different conformational dynamics of various active states of β-arrestin1 analyzed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. J Struct Biol 2015; 190:250-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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97
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Azevedo AW, Doan T, Moaven H, Sokal I, Baameur F, Vishnivetskiy SA, Homan KT, Tesmer JJG, Gurevich VV, Chen J, Rieke F. C-terminal threonines and serines play distinct roles in the desensitization of rhodopsin, a G protein-coupled receptor. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25910054 PMCID: PMC4438306 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod photoreceptors generate measurable responses to single-photon activation of individual molecules of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), rhodopsin. Timely rhodopsin desensitization depends on phosphorylation and arrestin binding, which quenches G protein activation. Rhodopsin phosphorylation has been measured biochemically at C-terminal serine residues, suggesting that these residues are critical for producing fast, low-noise responses. The role of native threonine residues is unclear. We compared single-photon responses from rhodopsin lacking native serine or threonine phosphorylation sites. Contrary to expectation, serine-only rhodopsin generated prolonged step-like single-photon responses that terminated abruptly and randomly, whereas threonine-only rhodopsin generated responses that were only modestly slower than normal. We show that the step-like responses of serine-only rhodopsin reflect slow and stochastic arrestin binding. Thus, threonine sites play a privileged role in promoting timely arrestin binding and rhodopsin desensitization. Similar coordination of phosphorylation and arrestin binding may more generally permit tight control of the duration of GPCR activity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05981.001 ‘Rod’ cells in the eye enable us to see in starlight. Inside these cells, a protein called rhodopsin is activated by light, which leads to an electrical signal being produced that travels to the brain. The duration of the electrical signal depends on the time it takes for the rhodopsin to be deactivated. Rhodopsin is a member of a large class of receptor proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors that regulate many processes throughout the body. Previous studies have shown that rhodopsin is deactivated by the attachment of phosphate groups to the protein. This allows another protein called arrestin to bind to rhodopsin. The phosphates can be attached to particular amino acids—the building blocks of proteins—at one end of rhodopsin. Three of these are a type of amino acid called serine. Previous work has shown that light increases the speed at which phosphate groups are added to these serines, suggesting that they are important for producing rapid electrical signals. The other three amino acids are of a different type—called threonine—but it is less clear what role they play in deactivating rhodopsin. Here, Azevedo et al. studied mutant forms of rhodopsin that were missing the serines or threonines in mice. The experiments show that loss of the serines only slightly slowed the electrical signals. However, loss of the threonines resulted in much slower electrical signals that ended at random times. This was due to rhodopsin being less able to bind to arrestin. Azevedo et al. propose a new model for how rhodopsin is deactivated. Once light activates the protein, phosphate groups are rapidly added to the serines, which begins to lower the activity of rhodopsin. However, it is the slower addition of phosphates to the threonines that is essential to promote arrestin binding and fully deactivate the protein. Other proteins belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family also have these serines and threonines, and thus, may be regulated in a similar way. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05981.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Azevedo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Thuy Doan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Hormoz Moaven
- Departments of Cell & Neurobiology and Ophthalmology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Iza Sokal
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Faiza Baameur
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Sergey A Vishnivetskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Kristoff T Homan
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, United States
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Departments of Cell & Neurobiology and Ophthalmology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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98
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Beyrière F, Sommer ME, Szczepek M, Bartl FJ, Hofmann KP, Heck M, Ritter E. Formation and decay of the arrestin·rhodopsin complex in native disc membranes. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:12919-28. [PMID: 25847250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin, light-induced cis/trans isomerization of the retinal ligand triggers a series of distinct receptor states culminating in the active Metarhodopsin II (Meta II) state, which binds and activates the G protein transducin (Gt). Long before Meta II decays into the aporeceptor opsin and free all-trans-retinal, its signaling is quenched by receptor phosphorylation and binding of the protein arrestin-1, which blocks further access of Gt to Meta II. Although recent crystal structures of arrestin indicate how it might look in a precomplex with the phosphorylated receptor, the transition into the high affinity complex is not understood. Here we applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to monitor the interaction of arrestin-1 and phosphorylated rhodopsin in native disc membranes. By isolating the unique infrared signature of arrestin binding, we directly observed the structural alterations in both reaction partners. In the high affinity complex, rhodopsin adopts a structure similar to Gt-bound Meta II. In arrestin, a modest loss of β-sheet structure indicates an increase in flexibility but is inconsistent with a large scale structural change. During Meta II decay, the arrestin-rhodopsin stoichiometry shifts from 1:1 to 1:2. Arrestin stabilizes half of the receptor population in a specific Meta II protein conformation, whereas the other half decays to inactive opsin. Altogether these results illustrate the distinct binding modes used by arrestin to interact with different functional forms of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Beyrière
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Martha E Sommer
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Michal Szczepek
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Franz J Bartl
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany and Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik (BPI) and
| | - Klaus Peter Hofmann
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany and Zentrum für Biophysik und Bioinformatik (BPI) and
| | - Martin Heck
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany and
| | - Eglof Ritter
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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99
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Baker BY, Gulati S, Shi W, Wang B, Stewart PL, Palczewski K. Crystallization of proteins from crude bovine rod outer segments. Methods Enzymol 2015; 557:439-58. [PMID: 25950977 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining protein crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies comprises the greatest challenge in the determination of protein crystal structures, especially for membrane proteins and protein complexes. Although high purity has been broadly accepted as one of the most significant requirements for protein crystallization, a recent study of the Escherichia coli proteome showed that many proteins have an inherent propensity to crystallize and do not require a highly homogeneous sample (Totir et al., 2012). As exemplified by RPE65 (Kiser, Golczak, Lodowski, Chance, & Palczewski, 2009), there also are cases of mammalian proteins crystallized from less purified samples. To test whether this phenomenon can be applied more broadly to the study of proteins from higher organisms, we investigated the protein crystallization profile of bovine rod outer segment (ROS) crude extracts. Interestingly, multiple protein crystals readily formed from such extracts, some of them diffracting to high resolution that allowed structural determination. A total of seven proteins were crystallized, one of which was a membrane protein. Successful crystallization of proteins from heterogeneous ROS extracts demonstrates that many mammalian proteins also have an intrinsic propensity to crystallize from complex biological mixtures. By providing an alternative approach to heterologous expression to achieve crystallization, this strategy could be useful for proteins and complexes that are difficult to purify or obtain by recombinant techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Y Baker
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Sahil Gulati
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Wuxian Shi
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benlian Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Phoebe L Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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100
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Structure-Based Biophysical Analysis of the Interaction of Rhodopsin with G Protein and Arrestin. Methods Enzymol 2015; 556:563-608. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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