51
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Wandler A, Shannon K. Mechanistic and Preclinical Insights from Mouse Models of Hematologic Cancer Characterized by Hyperactive Ras. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031526. [PMID: 28778967 PMCID: PMC5880163 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are mutated in 5%-40% of a spectrum of myeloid and lymphoid cancers with NRAS affected 2-3 times more often than KRAS Genomic analysis indicates that RAS mutations generally occur as secondary events in leukemogenesis, but are integral to the disease phenotype. The tractable nature of the hematopoietic system has facilitated generating accurate mouse models of hematologic malignancies characterized by hyperactive Ras signaling. These strains provide robust platforms for addressing how oncogenic Ras expression perturbs proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal programs in stem and progenitor cell populations, for testing potential therapies, and for investigating mechanisms of drug response and resistance. This review summarizes recent insights from key studies in mouse models of hematologic cancer that are broadly relevant for understanding Ras biology and for ongoing efforts to implement rational therapeutic strategies for cancers with oncogenic RAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Wandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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52
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Gene dosage effect of CUX1 in a murine model disrupts HSC homeostasis and controls the severity and mortality of MDS. Blood 2018; 131:2682-2697. [PMID: 29592892 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-810028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosomy 7 (-7) and del(7q) are high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities common in myeloid malignancies. We previously reported that CUX1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor encoded on 7q22, is frequently inactivated in myeloid neoplasms, and CUX1 myeloid tumor suppressor activity is conserved from humans to Drosophila. CUX1-inactivating mutations are recurrent in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential as well as myeloid malignancies, in which they independently carry a poor prognosis. To determine the role for CUX1 in hematopoiesis, we generated 2 short hairpin RNA-based mouse models with ∼54% (Cux1mid) or ∼12% (Cux1low) residual CUX1 protein. Cux1mid mice develop myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with anemia and trilineage dysplasia, whereas CUX1low mice developed MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms and anemia. In diseased mice, restoration of CUX1 expression was sufficient to reverse the disease. CUX1 knockdown bone marrow transplant recipients exhibited a transient hematopoietic expansion, followed by a reduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and fatal bone marrow failure, in a dose-dependent manner. RNA-sequencing after CUX1 knockdown in human CD34+ cells identified a -7/del(7q) MDS gene signature and altered differentiation, proliferative, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. In functional assays, CUX1 maintained HSC quiescence and repressed proliferation. These homeostatic changes occurred in parallel with decreased expression of the PI3K inhibitor, Pik3ip1, and elevated PI3K/AKT signaling upon CUX1 knockdown. Our data support a model wherein CUX1 knockdown promotes PI3K signaling, drives HSC exit from quiescence and proliferation, and results in HSC exhaustion. Our results also demonstrate that reduction of a single 7q gene, Cux1, is sufficient to cause MDS in mice.
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53
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Kunimoto H, Meydan C, Nazir A, Whitfield J, Shank K, Rapaport F, Maher R, Pronier E, Meyer SC, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Tallman M, Melnick A, Levine RL, Shih AH. Cooperative Epigenetic Remodeling by TET2 Loss and NRAS Mutation Drives Myeloid Transformation and MEK Inhibitor Sensitivity. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:44-59.e8. [PMID: 29275866 PMCID: PMC5760367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in epigenetic modifiers and signaling factors often co-occur in myeloid malignancies, including TET2 and NRAS mutations. Concurrent Tet2 loss and NrasG12D expression in hematopoietic cells induced myeloid transformation, with a fully penetrant, lethal chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), which was serially transplantable. Tet2 loss and Nras mutation cooperatively led to decrease in negative regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, including Spry2, thereby causing synergistic activation of MAPK signaling by epigenetic silencing. Tet2/Nras double-mutant leukemia showed preferential sensitivity to MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibition in both mouse model and patient samples. These data provide insights into how epigenetic and signaling mutations cooperate in myeloid transformation and provide a rationale for mechanism-based therapy in CMML patients with these high-risk genetic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Kunimoto
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Abbas Nazir
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Whitfield
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shank
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Franck Rapaport
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rebecca Maher
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Elodie Pronier
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sara C Meyer
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francine E Garrett-Bakelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Martin Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Alan H Shih
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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54
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Smith FO, Dvorak CC, Braun BS. Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Children. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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55
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Dovey OM, Cooper JL, Mupo A, Grove CS, Lynn C, Conte N, Andrews RM, Pacharne S, Tzelepis K, Vijayabaskar MS, Green P, Rad R, Arends M, Wright P, Yusa K, Bradley A, Varela I, Vassiliou GS. Molecular synergy underlies the co-occurrence patterns and phenotype of NPM1-mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2017; 130:1911-1922. [PMID: 28835438 PMCID: PMC5672315 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-01-760595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NPM1 mutations define the commonest subgroup of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and frequently co-occur with FLT3 internal tandem duplications (ITD) or, less commonly, NRAS or KRAS mutations. Co-occurrence of mutant NPM1 with FLT3-ITD carries a significantly worse prognosis than NPM1-RAS combinations. To understand the molecular basis of these observations, we compare the effects of the 2 combinations on hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis in knock-in mice. Early effects of these mutations on hematopoiesis show that compound Npm1cA/+;NrasG12D/+ or Npm1cA;Flt3ITD share a number of features: Hox gene overexpression, enhanced self-renewal, expansion of hematopoietic progenitors, and myeloid differentiation bias. However, Npm1cA;Flt3ITD mutants displayed significantly higher peripheral leukocyte counts, early depletion of common lymphoid progenitors, and a monocytic bias in comparison with the granulocytic bias in Npm1cA/+;NrasG12D/+ mutants. Underlying this was a striking molecular synergy manifested as a dramatically altered gene expression profile in Npm1cA;Flt3ITD , but not Npm1cA/+;NrasG12D/+ , progenitors compared with wild-type. Both double-mutant models developed high-penetrance AML, although latency was significantly longer with Npm1cA/+;NrasG12D/+ During AML evolution, both models acquired additional copies of the mutant Flt3 or Nras alleles, but only Npm1cA/+;NrasG12D/+ mice showed acquisition of other human AML mutations, including IDH1 R132Q. We also find, using primary Cas9-expressing AMLs, that Hoxa genes and selected interactors or downstream targets are required for survival of both types of double-mutant AML. Our results show that molecular complementarity underlies the higher frequency and significantly worse prognosis associated with NPM1c/FLT3-ITD vs NPM1/NRAS-G12D-mutant AML and functionally confirm the role of HOXA genes in NPM1c-driven AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Dovey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Cooper
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Mupo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn S Grove
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- PathWest Division of Clinical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Claire Lynn
- Leukemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Conte
- Sample Phenotype Ontology Team, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Andrews
- Institute of Translation, Innovation, Methodology, and Engagement, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Suruchi Pacharne
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Tzelepis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M S Vijayabaskar
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Green
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Rad
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Arends
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Wright
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Bradley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Varela
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
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56
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Modeling CBL activating mutations in vivo. Blood 2017; 129:2046-2048. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-770222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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57
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Aponte PM, Caicedo A. Stemness in Cancer: Stem Cells, Cancer Stem Cells, and Their Microenvironment. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5619472. [PMID: 28473858 PMCID: PMC5394399 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5619472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stemness combines the ability of a cell to perpetuate its lineage, to give rise to differentiated cells, and to interact with its environment to maintain a balance between quiescence, proliferation, and regeneration. While adult Stem Cells display these properties when participating in tissue homeostasis, Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) behave as their malignant equivalents. CSCs display stemness in various circumstances, including the sustaining of cancer progression, and the interaction with their environment in search for key survival factors. As a result, CSCs can recurrently persist after therapy. In order to understand how the concept of stemness applies to cancer, this review will explore properties shared between normal and malignant Stem Cells. First, we provide an overview of properties of normal adult Stem Cells. We thereafter elaborate on how these features operate in CSCs. We then review the organization of microenvironment components, which enables CSCs hosting. We subsequently discuss Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs), which, although their stemness properties are limited, represent essential components of the Stem Cell niche and tumor microenvironment. We next provide insights of the therapeutic strategies targeting Stem Cell properties in tumors and the use of state-of-the-art techniques in future research. Increasing our knowledge of the CSCs microenvironment is key to identifying new therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Aponte
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
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58
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Scott J, Marusyk A. Somatic clonal evolution: A selection-centric perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1867:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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59
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Restrained Terminal Differentiation and Sustained Stemness in Neonatal Skin by Ha-Ras and Bcl-2. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:199-203. [PMID: 27655119 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States. Deregulation of bcl-2 and ras family members is commonly observed in nonmelanoma skin cancer. It has been previously demonstrated that simultaneous bcl-2 and Ha-ras gene expression in keratinocytes results in resistance to cell death induced by ultraviolet radiation and enhanced multistep skin carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the central roles of Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 in maintaining epidermal homeostasis. To assess the effect of deregulated Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 on skin differentiation, we have generated skin-specific transgenic mouse model constitutively expressing both oncogenic Ha-Ras and Bcl-2. Ectopic expression of Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 in newborn double transgenic epidermal keratinocytes induced abnormal epidermal differentiation accompanied by increased cell proliferation and suppressed apoptotic cell death, which resulted in thickened and wrinkled skin morphology in neonate skins. Expression of epidermal differentiation marker cytokeratin 1 was decreased. Expression of other differentiation markers loricrin and filaggrin was also decreased and delayed to be detected only in the upper stratum granulosum, whereas the proliferative markers cytokeratin 14 and cytokeratin 6, which are expressed in constitutively proliferative basal layer and stem cell niches such as hair follicles or neoplastic lesions, respectively, were highly expressed. The abnormal expression of epidermal cytokeratins suggests that Ha-Ras and Bcl-2 suppress the terminal differentiation and sustain the stem cell-like features in epidermal keratinocytes.
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60
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Acquired expression of CblQ367P in mice induces dysplastic myelopoiesis mimicking chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:2148-2160. [PMID: 28209720 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-724658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of dysplastic myelomonocytes and frequent progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We identified mutations in the Cbl gene, which encodes a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, in a subset of CMML patients. To investigate the contribution of mutant Cbl in CMML pathogenesis, we generated conditional knockin mice for Cbl that express wild-type Cbl in a steady state and inducibly express CblQ367P , a CMML-associated Cbl mutant. CblQ367P mice exhibited sustained proliferation of myelomonocytes, multilineage dysplasia, and splenomegaly, which are the hallmarks of CMML. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT and JAK-STAT pathways were constitutively activated in CblQ367P hematopoietic stem cells, which promoted cell cycle progression and enhanced chemokine-chemokine receptor activity. Gem, a gene encoding a GTPase that is upregulated by CblQ367P , enhanced hematopoietic stem cell activity and induced myeloid cell proliferation. In addition, Evi1, a gene encoding a transcription factor, was found to cooperate with CblQ367P and progress CMML to AML. Furthermore, targeted inhibition for the PI3K-AKT and JAK-STAT pathways efficiently suppressed the proliferative activity of CblQ367P -bearing CMML cells. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying mutant Cbl-induced CMML and propose a possible molecular targeting therapy for mutant Cbl-carrying CMML patients.
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61
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Prasetyanti PR, Medema JP. Intra-tumor heterogeneity from a cancer stem cell perspective. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:41. [PMID: 28209166 PMCID: PMC5314464 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity represents an ongoing challenge in the field of cancer therapy. Heterogeneity is evident between cancers from different patients (inter-tumor heterogeneity) and within a single tumor (intra-tumor heterogeneity). The latter includes phenotypic diversity such as cell surface markers, (epi)genetic abnormality, growth rate, apoptosis and other hallmarks of cancer that eventually drive disease progression and treatment failure. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been put forward to be one of the determining factors that contribute to intra-tumor heterogeneity. However, recent findings have shown that the stem-like state in a given tumor cell is a plastic quality. A corollary to this view is that stemness traits can be acquired via (epi)genetic modification and/or interaction with the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we discuss factors contributing to this CSC heterogeneity and the potential implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramudita R Prasetyanti
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam and Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Cancer Center Amsterdam and Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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62
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Sperling AS, Gibson CJ, Ebert BL. The genetics of myelodysplastic syndrome: from clonal haematopoiesis to secondary leukaemia. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:5-19. [PMID: 27834397 PMCID: PMC5470392 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disease that arises from the expansion of mutated haematopoietic stem cells. In a spectrum of myeloid disorders ranging from clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) to secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (sAML), MDS is distinguished by the presence of peripheral blood cytopenias, dysplastic haematopoietic differentiation and the absence of features that define acute leukaemia. More than 50 recurrently mutated genes are involved in the pathogenesis of MDS, including genes that encode proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing, epigenetic regulation and transcription. In this Review we discuss the molecular processes that lead to CHIP and further clonal evolution to MDS and sAML. We also highlight the ways in which these insights are shaping the clinical management of MDS, including classification schemata, prognostic scoring systems and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Sperling
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christopher J Gibson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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63
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Grinfeld J, Nangalia J, Green AR. Molecular determinants of pathogenesis and clinical phenotype in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Haematologica 2017; 102:7-17. [PMID: 27909216 PMCID: PMC5210228 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders characterized by the overproduction of mature cells in the peripheral blood, together with an increased risk of thrombosis and progression to acute myeloid leukemia. The majority of patients with Philadelphia-chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms harbor somatic mutations in Janus kinase 2, leading to constitutive activation. Acquired mutations in calreticulin or myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene are found in a significant number of patients with essential thrombocythemia or myelofibrosis, and mutations in numerous epigenetic regulators and spliceosome components are also seen. Although the cellular and molecular consequences of many of these mutations remain unclear, it seems likely that they interact with germline and microenvironmental factors to influence disease pathogenesis. This review will focus on the determinants of specific myeloproliferative neoplasm phenotypes as well as on how an improved understanding of molecular mechanisms can inform our understanding of the disease entities themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Grinfeld
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jyoti Nangalia
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony R Green
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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64
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Najumudeen AK, Jaiswal A, Lectez B, Oetken-Lindholm C, Guzmán C, Siljamäki E, Posada IMD, Lacey E, Aittokallio T, Abankwa D. Cancer stem cell drugs target K-ras signaling in a stemness context. Oncogene 2016; 35:5248-5262. [PMID: 26973241 PMCID: PMC5057041 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are considered to be responsible for treatment relapse and have therefore become a major target in cancer research. Salinomycin is the most established CSC inhibitor. However, its primary mechanistic target is still unclear, impeding the discovery of compounds with similar anti-CSC activity. Here, we show that salinomycin very specifically interferes with the activity of K-ras4B, but not H-ras, by disrupting its nanoscale membrane organization. We found that caveolae negatively regulate the sensitivity to this drug. On the basis of this novel mechanistic insight, we defined a K-ras-associated and stem cell-derived gene expression signature that predicts the drug response of cancer cells to salinomycin. Consistent with therapy resistance of CSC, 8% of tumor samples in the TCGA-database displayed our signature and were associated with a significantly higher mortality. Using our K-ras-specific screening platform, we identified several new candidate CSC drugs. Two of these, ophiobolin A and conglobatin A, possessed a similar or higher potency than salinomycin. Finally, we established that the most potent compound, ophiobolin A, exerts its K-ras4B-specific activity through inactivation of calmodulin. Our data suggest that specific interference with the K-ras4B/calmodulin interaction selectively inhibits CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Najumudeen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - A Jaiswal
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - B Lectez
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - C Oetken-Lindholm
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - C Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - E Siljamäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - I M D Posada
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - E Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd., Building C, Smithfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Gocke CB, McMillan R, Wang Q, Begum A, Penchev VR, Ali SA, Borrello I, Huff CA, Matsui W. IQGAP1 Scaffold-MAP Kinase Interactions Enhance Multiple Myeloma Clonogenic Growth and Self-Renewal. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2733-2739. [PMID: 27573425 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, virtually all patients relapse and ultimately develop drug-resistant disease. Aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling is activated in the majority of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients, but its biological consequences are not fully understood. Self-renewal, as defined by the long-term maintenance of clonogenic growth, is essential for disease relapse, and we examined the role of RAS/MAPK activation on multiple myeloma self-renewal by targeting IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), an intracellular scaffold protein required for mutant RAS signaling. We found that loss of IQGAP1 expression decreased MAPK signaling, cell-cycle progression, and tumor colony formation. Similarly, a peptide mimicking the WW domain of IQGAP1 that interacts with ERK inhibited the clonogenic growth and self-renewal of multiple myeloma cell lines and primary clinical specimens in vitro as well as tumor-initiating cell frequency in immunodeficient mice. During multiple myeloma progression, self-renewal may be enhanced by aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling and inhibited by targeting IQGAP1. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2733-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Gocke
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ross McMillan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Asma Begum
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vesselin R Penchev
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed A Ali
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William Matsui
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Sachs Z, Been RA, DeCoursin KJ, Nguyen HT, Mohd Hassan NA, Noble-Orcutt KE, Eckfeldt CE, Pomeroy EJ, Diaz-Flores E, Geurts JL, Diers MD, Hasz DE, Morgan KJ, MacMillan ML, Shannon KM, Largaespada DA, Wiesner SM. Stat5 is critical for the development and maintenance of myeloproliferative neoplasm initiated by Nf1 deficiency. Haematologica 2016; 101:1190-1199. [PMID: 27418650 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.136002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by hyperactive RAS signaling. Neurofibromin1 (encoded by the NF1 gene) is a negative regulator of RAS activation. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 harbor loss-of-function mutations in NF1 and have a 200- to 500-fold increased risk of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia cells from patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia display hypersensitivity to certain cytokines, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor utilizes pre-associated JAK2 to initiate signals after ligand binding. JAK2 subsequently activates STAT5, among other downstream effectors. Although STAT5 is gaining recognition as an important mediator of growth factor signaling in myeloid leukemias, the contribution of STAT5 to the development of hyperactive RAS-initiated myeloproliferative disease has not been well described. In this study, we investigated the consequence of STAT5 attenuation via genetic and pharmacological approaches in Nf1-deficient murine models of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. We found that homozygous Stat5 deficiency extended the lifespan of Nf1-deficient mice and eliminated the development of myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with Nf1 gene loss. Likewise, we found that JAK inhibition with ruxolitinib attenuated myeloproliferative neoplasm in Nf1-deficient mice. Finally, we found that primary cells from a patient with KRAS-mutant juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia displayed reduced colony formation in response to JAK2 inhibition. Our findings establish a central role for STAT5 activation in the pathogenesis of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia and suggest that targeting this pathway may be of clinical utility in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Sachs
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raha A Been
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA College of Veterinary Medicine and Department of Comparative and Molecular Biosciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Klara E Noble-Orcutt
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig E Eckfeldt
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily J Pomeroy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ernesto Diaz-Flores
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Geurts
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Miechaleen D Diers
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Diane E Hasz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelly J Morgan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Margaret L MacMillan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin M Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M Wiesner
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Center for Allied Health Programs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Damnernsawad A, Kong G, Wen Z, Liu Y, Rajagopalan A, You X, Wang J, Zhou Y, Ranheim EA, Luo HR, Chang Q, Zhang J. Kras is Required for Adult Hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1859-71. [PMID: 26972179 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that Kras is dispensable for fetal liver hematopoiesis, but its role in adult hematopoiesis remains unclear. Here, we generated a Kras conditional knockout allele to address this question. Deletion of Kras in adult bone marrow (BM) is mediated by Vav-Cre or inducible Mx1-Cre. We find that loss of Kras leads to greatly reduced thrombopoietin (TPO) signaling in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs), while stem cell factor-evoked ERK1/2 activation is not affected. The compromised TPO signaling is associated with reduced long term- and intermediate-term HSC compartments and a bias toward myeloid differentiation in MPPs. Although granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-evoked ERK1/2 activation is only moderately decreased in Kras(-/-) myeloid progenitors, it is blunted in neutrophils and neutrophil survival is significantly reduced in vitro. At 9-12 months old, Kras conditional knockout mice develop profound hematopoietic defects, including splenomegaly, an expanded neutrophil compartment, and reduced B cell number. In a serial transplantation assay, the reconstitution potential of Kras(-/-) BM cells is greatly compromised, which is attributable to defects in the self-renewal of Kras(-/-) HSCs and defects in differentiated hematopoietic cells. Our results demonstrate that Kras is a major regulator of TPO and GM-CSF signaling in specific populations of hematopoietic cells and its function is required for adult hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 2016;34:1859-1871.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Damnernsawad
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Guangyao Kong
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhi Wen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yangang Liu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adhithi Rajagopalan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaona You
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jinyong Wang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hongbo R Luo
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Chang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Bender RHF, Haigis KM, Gutmann DH. Activated k-ras, but not h-ras or N-ras, regulates brain neural stem cell proliferation in a raf/rb-dependent manner. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1998-2010. [PMID: 25788415 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to all the major cell types in the brain, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. However, the intracellular signaling pathways that govern brain NSC proliferation and differentiation have been incompletely characterized to date. Since some neurodevelopmental brain disorders (Costello syndrome and Noonan syndrome) are caused by germline activating mutations in the RAS genes, Ras small GTPases are likely critical regulators of brain NSC function. In the mammalian brain, Ras exists as three distinct molecules (H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras), each with different subcellular localizations, downstream signaling effectors, and biological effects. Leveraging a novel series of conditional-activated Ras molecule-expressing genetically engineered mouse strains, we demonstrate that activated K-Ras, but not H-Ras or N-Ras, expression increases brain NSC growth in a Raf-dependent, but Mek-independent, manner. Moreover, we show that activated K-Ras regulation of brain NSC proliferation requires Raf binding and suppression of retinoblastoma (Rb) function. Collectively, these observations establish tissue-specific differences in activated Ras molecule regulation of brain cell growth that operate through a noncanonical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hugh F Bender
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Schepers K, Campbell TB, Passegué E. Normal and leukemic stem cell niches: insights and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 16:254-67. [PMID: 25748932 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) rely on instructive cues from the bone marrow (BM) niche to maintain their quiescence and adapt blood production to the organism's needs. Alterations in the BM niche are commonly observed in blood malignancies and directly contribute to the aberrant function of disease-initiating leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Here, we review recent insights into the cellular and molecular determinants of the normal HSC niche and describe how genetic changes in stromal cells and leukemia-induced BM niche remodeling contribute to blood malignancies. Moreover, we discuss how these findings can be applied to non-cell-autonomous therapies targeting the LSC niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Schepers
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy B Campbell
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Haetscher N, Feuermann Y, Wingert S, Rehage M, Thalheimer FB, Weiser C, Bohnenberger H, Jung K, Schroeder T, Serve H, Oellerich T, Hennighausen L, Rieger MA. STAT5-regulated microRNA-193b controls haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell expansion by modulating cytokine receptor signalling. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8928. [PMID: 26603207 PMCID: PMC4674773 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) require the right composition of microRNAs (miR) for proper life-long balanced blood regeneration. Here we show a regulatory circuit that prevents excessive HSC self-renewal by upregulation of miR-193b upon self-renewal promoting thrombopoietin (TPO)-MPL-STAT5 signalling. In turn, miR-193b restricts cytokine signalling, by targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT. We generated a miR-193b knockout mouse model to unravel the physiological function of miR-193b in haematopoiesis. MiR-193b−/− mice show a selective gradual enrichment of functional HSCs, which are fully competent in multilineage blood reconstitution upon transplantation. The absence of miR-193b causes an accelerated expansion of HSCs, without altering cell cycle or survival, but by decelerating differentiation. Conversely, ectopic miR-193b expression restricts long-term repopulating HSC expansion and blood reconstitution. MiR-193b-deficient haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibit increased basal and cytokine-induced STAT5 and AKT signalling. This STAT5-induced microRNA provides a negative feedback for excessive signalling to restrict uncontrolled HSC expansion. MicroRNAs regulate haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development to ensure the correct generation of blood cells. Haetscher et al. show in mice that miR-193b controls the life-long self-renewal ability of HSCs via AKT and STAT5 pathways, with loss of miR-193b accelerating HSC expansion and reducing differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Haetscher
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Street 42-44, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Yonatan Feuermann
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Susanne Wingert
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Street 42-44, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Maike Rehage
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Street 42-44, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Frederic B Thalheimer
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Street 42-44, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Christian Weiser
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Street 42-44, Frankfurt 60596, Germany
| | - Hanibal Bohnenberger
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Street 40, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Serve
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Michael A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Paul-Ehrlich-Street 42-44, Frankfurt 60596, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Sleeping Beauty transposon screen identifies signaling modules that cooperate with STAT5 activation to induce B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncogene 2015; 35:3454-64. [PMID: 26500062 PMCID: PMC4846597 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) activation occurs frequently in human progenitor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). To identify gene alterations that cooperate with STAT5 activation to initiate leukemia, we crossed mice expressing a constitutively active form of STAT5 (Stat5b-CA) with mice in which a mutagenic Sleeping Beauty transposon (T2/Onc) was mobilized only in B cells. Stat5b-CA mice typically do not develop B-ALL (<2% penetrance); in contrast, 89% of Stat5b-CA mice in which the T2/Onc transposon had been mobilized died of B-ALL by 3 months of age. High-throughput sequencing approaches were used to identify genes frequently targeted by the T2/Onc transposon; these included Sos1 (74%), Kdm2a (35%), Jak1 (26%), Bmi1 (19%), Prdm14 or Ncoa2 (13%), Cdkn2a (10%), Ikzf1 (8%), Caap1 (6%) and Klf3 (6%). Collectively, these mutations target three major cellular processes: (i) the Janus kinase/STAT5 pathway (ii) progenitor B-cell differentiation and (iii) the CDKN2A tumor-suppressor pathway. Transposon insertions typically resulted in altered expression of these genes, as well as downstream pathways including STAT5, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and p38. Importantly, expression of Sos1 and Kdm2a, and activation of p38, correlated with survival, further underscoring the role these genes and associated pathways have in B-ALL.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the present review, we will define the preleukemic state. We aim at increasing awareness and research in the field of preleukemia that will nurture targeted therapy for the earlier steps of leukemia evolution. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence supports the role of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells carrying recurrent leukemia-related mutations as the cell of origin of both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. The preleukemic stem cells can maintain at least to some extent their functionality; however, they have increased fitness endowed by the preleukemic mutations that lead to clonal expansion. SUMMARY The latent preleukemic period before overt leukemia presents can take years, and the majority of carriers will never develop leukemia in their lifetime. The preleukemic state is not rare, with greater than 1% of individuals having acquired one or more of the recognized preleukemic lesions. The high frequency of such abnormalities in the population may be the cost of growing old; however, another view could be that in order to survive to old age, the hematopoietic system must adapt to create robust hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with an increased fitness and clonal expansion. Hence, leukemia does not necessarily start as a disease, but rather as a need, with the normally functioning preleukemic hematopoietic stem cells trying to maintain health for years but in time succumbing to their own acquired virtues.
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Kobayashi M, Chen S, Gao R, Bai Y, Zhang ZY, Liu Y. Phosphatase of regenerating liver in hematopoietic stem cells and hematological malignancies. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2827-35. [PMID: 25486470 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.954448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs), consisting PRL1, PRL2 and PRL3, are dual-specificity protein phosphatases that have been implicated as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several solid tumors. However, their roles in hematological malignancies are largely unknown. Recent findings demonstrate that PRL2 is important for hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. In addition, both PRL2 and PRL3 are highly expressed in some hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Moreover, PRL deficiency impairs the proliferation and survival of leukemia cells through regulating oncogenic signaling pathways. While PRLs are potential novel therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies, their exact biological function and cellular substrates remain unclear. This review will discuss how PRLs regulate hematopoietic stem cell behavior, what signaling pathways are regulated by PRLs, and how to target PRLs in hematological malignancies. An improved understanding of how PRLs function and how they are regulated may facilitate the development of PRL inhibitors that are effective in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kobayashi
- a Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine ; Indianapolis , IN USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent genome sequencing studies have identified a broad spectrum of gene mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The purpose of this review is to outline the latest advances in our understanding of how these mutations contribute to the formation of T-ALL. RECENT FINDINGS Aberrant expression of transcription factors that control hematopoiesis can induce an aberrant stem cell-like program in T-cell progenitors, allowing the emergence of an ancestral or preleukemic stem cell (pre-LSC). In contrast, gain-of-function mutations of genes involved in signaling pathways regulating T-cell development, such as NOTCH1, interleukin-7, KIT and FLT3, are insufficient per se to initiate T-ALL but promote pre-LSC growth independent of the thymic niche. Loss-of-function mutations of epigenetic regulators, such as DNMT3A, have been identified in T-ALL, but their role in leukemogenesis remains to be defined. SUMMARY Relapse is associated with clonal evolution from a population of pre-LSCs that acquire the whole set of malignant mutations leading to a full-blown T-ALL. Understanding the genetic events that underpin the pre-LSC will be crucial for reducing the risk of relapse.
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Cancer Dormancy: A Regulatory Role for Endogenous Immunity in Establishing and Maintaining the Tumor Dormant State. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:597-619. [PMID: 26350597 PMCID: PMC4586469 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant contribution of host immunity in early tumorigenesis has been recently recognized as a result of our better understanding of the molecular pathways regulating tumor cell biology and tumor-lymphocyte interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that disseminated dormant tumor cells derived from primary tumors before or after immune surveillance, are responsible for subsequent metastases. Recent trends from the field of onco-immunology suggest that efficiently stimulating endogenous anticancer immunity is a prerequisite for the successful outcome of conventional cancer therapies. Harnessing the immune system to achieve clinical efficacy is realistic in the context of conventional therapies resulting in immunogenic cell death and/or immunostimulatory side effects. Targeted therapies designed to target oncogenic pathways in tumor cells can also positively regulate the endogenous immune response and tumor microenvironment. Identification of T cell inhibitory signals has prompted the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which specifically hinder immune effector inhibition, reinvigorating and potentially expanding the preexisting anticancer immune response. This anticancer immunity can be amplified in the setting of immunotherapies, mostly in the form of vaccines, which boost naturally occurring T cell clones specifically recognizing tumor antigens. Thus, a promising anticancer therapy will aim to activate patients' naturally occurring anticancer immunity either to eliminate residual tumor cells or to prolong dormancy in disseminated tumor cells. Such an endogenous anticancer immunity plays a significant role for controlling the balance between dormant tumor cells and tumor escape, and restraining metastases. In this review, we mean to suggest that anticancer therapies aiming to stimulate the endogenous antitumor responses provide the concept of the therapeutic management of cancer.
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76
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Zhang J, Ranheim EA, Du J, Liu Y, Wang J, Kong G, Zhang J. Deficiency of β Common Receptor Moderately Attenuates the Progression of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm in NrasG12D/+ Mice. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19093-103. [PMID: 26082490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.653154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating Ras signaling is a major driver in juvenile and the myeloproliferative variant of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML/MP-CMML). Numerous studies suggest that GM-CSF signaling plays a central role in establishing and maintaining JMML/MP-CMML phenotypes in human and mouse. However, it remains elusive how GM-CSF signaling impacts on JMML/MP-CMML initiation and progression. Here, we investigate this issue in a well characterized MP-CMML model induced by endogenous Nras(G12D/+) mutation. In this model, Nras(G12D/+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are required to initiate and maintain CMML phenotypes and serve as CMML-initiating cells. We show that the common β chain of the GM-CSF receptor (βc) is dispensable for Nras(G12D/+) HSC function; loss of βc does not affect the expansion, increased self-renewal, or myeloid differentiation bias in Nras(G12D/+) HSCs. Therefore, βc(-/-) does not abrogate CMML in Nras(G12D/+) mice. However, βc deficiency indeed significantly reduces Nras(G12D/+)-induced splenomegaly and spontaneous colony formation and prolongs the survival of CMML-bearing mice, suggesting that GM-CSF signaling plays an important role in promoting CMML progression. Together, our results suggest that inhibiting GM-CSF signaling in JMML/MP-CMML patients might alleviate disease symptoms but would not eradicate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Zhang
- From the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Erik A Ranheim
- the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705
| | - Juan Du
- From the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Yangang Liu
- From the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Jinyong Wang
- From the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Guangyao Kong
- From the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Jing Zhang
- From the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
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77
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Gierut JJ, Lyons J, Shah MS, Genetti C, Breault DT, Haigis KM. Oncogenic K-Ras promotes proliferation in quiescent intestinal stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:165-71. [PMID: 26079371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
K-Ras is a monomeric GTPase that controls cellular and tissue homeostasis. Prior studies demonstrated that mutationally activated K-Ras (K-Ras(G12D)) signals through MEK to promote expansion and hyperproliferation of the highly mitotically active transit-amplifying cells (TACs) in the intestinal crypt. Its effect on normally quiescent stem cells was unknown, however. Here, we have used an H2B-Egfp transgenic system to demonstrate that K-Ras(G12D) accelerates the proliferative kinetics of quiescent intestinal stem cells. As in the TAC compartment, the effect of mutant K-Ras on the quiescent stem cell is dependent upon activation of MEK. Mutant K-Ras is also able to increase self-renewal potential of intestinal stem cells following damage. These results demonstrate that mutant K-Ras can influence intestinal homeostasis on multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Gierut
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse Lyons
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Manasvi S Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casie Genetti
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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78
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Park SM, Gönen M, Vu L, Minuesa G, Tivnan P, Barlowe TS, Taggart J, Lu Y, Deering RP, Hacohen N, Figueroa ME, Paietta E, Fernandez HF, Tallman MS, Melnick A, Levine R, Leslie C, Lengner CJ, Kharas MG. Musashi2 sustains the mixed-lineage leukemia-driven stem cell regulatory program. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1286-98. [PMID: 25664853 DOI: 10.1172/jci78440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are found in most aggressive myeloid diseases and contribute to therapeutic resistance. Leukemia cells exhibit a dysregulated developmental program as the result of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Overexpression of the RNA-binding protein Musashi2 (MSI2) has been previously shown to predict poor survival in leukemia. Here, we demonstrated that conditional deletion of Msi2 in the hematopoietic compartment results in delayed leukemogenesis, reduced disease burden, and a loss of LSC function in a murine leukemia model. Gene expression profiling of these Msi2-deficient animals revealed a loss of the hematopoietic/leukemic stem cell self-renewal program and an increase in the differentiation program. In acute myeloid leukemia patients, the presence of a gene signature that was similar to that observed in Msi2-deficent murine LSCs correlated with improved survival. We determined that MSI2 directly maintains the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) self-renewal program by interacting with and retaining efficient translation of Hoxa9, Myc, and Ikzf2 mRNAs. Moreover, depletion of MLL target Ikzf2 in LSCs reduced colony formation, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Our data provide evidence that MSI2 controls efficient translation of the oncogenic LSC self-renewal program and suggest MSI2 as a potential therapeutic target for myeloid leukemia.
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79
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Gilbert S, Nivarthi H, Mayhew CN, Lo YH, Noah TK, Vallance J, Rülicke T, Müller M, Jegga AG, Tang W, Zhang D, Helmrath M, Shroyer N, Moriggl R, Han X. Activated STAT5 confers resistance to intestinal injury by increasing intestinal stem cell proliferation and regeneration. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:209-25. [PMID: 25579133 PMCID: PMC4325270 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) control the intestinal homeostatic response to inflammation and regeneration. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. Cytokine-STAT5 signaling regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis and responses to injury. We link STAT5 signaling to IESC replenishment upon injury by depletion or activation of Stat5 transcription factor. We found that depletion of Stat5 led to deregulation of IESC marker expression and decreased LGR5(+) IESC proliferation. STAT5-deficient mice exhibited worse intestinal histology and impaired crypt regeneration after γ-irradiation. We generated a transgenic mouse model with inducible expression of constitutively active Stat5. In contrast to Stat5 depletion, activation of STAT5 increased IESC proliferation, accelerated crypt regeneration, and conferred resistance to intestinal injury. Furthermore, ectopic activation of STAT5 in mouse or human stem cells promoted LGR5(+) IESC self-renewal. Accordingly, STAT5 promotes IESC proliferation and regeneration to mitigate intestinal inflammation. STAT5 is a functional therapeutic target to improve the IESC regenerative response to gut injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila Gilbert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Harini Nivarthi
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jefferson Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Noah Shroyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Biomodels Austria, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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80
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Chang H, Zhang H, Hu M, Chen XC, Ren KF, Wang JL, Ji J. Surface modulation of complex stiffness via layer-by-layer assembly as a facile strategy for selective cell adhesion. Biomater Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00321g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A facile approach to achieve selective cell adhesion by modulating surface complex stiffness based on layer-by-layer assembly is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Mi Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Xia-chao Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Ke-feng Ren
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Jin-lei Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Jian Ji
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- P.R. China
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81
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Avdulov S, Herrera J, Smith K, Peterson M, Gomez-Garcia JR, Beadnell TC, Schwertfeger KL, Benyumov AO, Manivel JC, Li S, Bielinsky AK, Yee D, Bitterman PB, Polunovsky VA. eIF4E threshold levels differ in governing normal and neoplastic expansion of mammary stem and luminal progenitor cells. Cancer Res 2014; 75:687-97. [PMID: 25524901 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation factor eIF4E mediates normal cell proliferation, yet induces tumorigenesis when overexpressed. The mechanisms by which eIF4E directs such distinct biologic outputs remain unknown. We found that mouse mammary morphogenesis during pregnancy and lactation is accompanied by increased cap-binding capability of eIF4E and activation of the eIF4E-dependent translational apparatus, but only subtle oscillations in eIF4E abundance. Using a transgenic mouse model engineered so that lactogenic hormones stimulate a sustained increase in eIF4E abundance in stem/progenitor cells of lactogenic mammary epithelium during successive pregnancy/lactation cycles, eIF4E overexpression increased self-renewal, triggered DNA replication stress, and induced formation of premalignant and malignant lesions. Using complementary in vivo and ex vivo approaches, we found that increasing eIF4E levels rescued cells harboring oncogenic c-Myc or H-RasV12 from DNA replication stress and oncogene-induced replication catastrophe. Our findings indicate that distinct threshold levels of eIF4E govern its biologic output in lactating mammary glands and that eIF4E overexpression in the context of stem/progenitor cell population expansion can initiate malignant transformation by enabling cells to evade DNA damage checkpoints activated by oncogenic stimuli. Maintaining eIF4E levels below its proneoplastic threshold is an important anticancer defense in normal cells, with important implications for understanding pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Avdulov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeremy Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark Peterson
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Thomas C Beadnell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexey O Benyumov
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - J Carlos Manivel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shunan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Departament of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Yee
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter B Bitterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Vitaly A Polunovsky
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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82
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Berger A, Sexl V, Valent P, Moriggl R. Inhibition of STAT5: a therapeutic option in BCR-ABL1-driven leukemia. Oncotarget 2014; 5:9564-76. [PMID: 25333255 PMCID: PMC4259420 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The two transcription factors STAT5A and STAT5B are central signaling molecules in leukemias driven by Abelson fusion tyrosine kinases and they fulfill all criteria of drug targets. STAT5A and STAT5B display unique nuclear shuttling mechanisms and they have a key role in resistance of leukemic cells against treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Moreover, STAT5A and STAT5B promote survival of leukemic stem cells. We here discuss the possibility of targeting up-stream kinases with TKI, direct STAT5 inhibition via SH2 domain obstruction and blocking nuclear translocation of STAT5. All discussed options will result in a stop of STAT5 transport to the nucleus to block STAT5-mediated transcriptional activity. In summary, recently described shuttling functions of STAT5 are discussed as potentially druggable pathways in leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Berger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig-Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Austria
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83
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NRASG12V oncogene facilitates self-renewal in a murine model of acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2014; 124:3274-83. [PMID: 25316678 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-521708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant RAS oncoproteins activate signaling molecules that drive oncogenesis in multiple human tumors including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). However, the specific functions of these pathways in AML are unclear, thwarting the rational application of targeted therapeutics. To elucidate the downstream functions of activated NRAS in AML, we used a murine model that harbors Mll-AF9 and a tetracycline-repressible, activated NRAS (NRAS(G12V)). Using computational approaches to explore our gene-expression data sets, we found that NRAS(G12V) enforced the leukemia self-renewal gene-expression signature and was required to maintain an MLL-AF9- and Myb-dependent leukemia self-renewal gene-expression program. NRAS(G12V) was required for leukemia self-renewal independent of its effects on growth and survival. Analysis of the gene-expression patterns of leukemic subpopulations revealed that the NRAS(G12V)-mediated leukemia self-renewal signature is preferentially expressed in the leukemia stem cell-enriched subpopulation. In a multiplexed analysis of RAS-dependent signaling, Mac-1(Low) cells, which harbor leukemia stem cells, were preferentially sensitive to NRAS(G12V) withdrawal. NRAS(G12V) maintained leukemia self-renewal through mTOR and MEK pathway activation, implicating these pathways as potential targets for cancer stem cell-specific therapies. Together, these experimental results define a RAS oncogene-driven function that is critical for leukemia maintenance and represents a novel mechanism of oncogene addiction.
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84
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Schubbert S, Cardenas A, Chen H, Garcia C, Guo W, Bradner J, Wu H. Targeting the MYC and PI3K pathways eliminates leukemia-initiating cells in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7048-59. [PMID: 25287161 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Disease relapse remains the major clinical challenge in treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), particularly those with PTEN loss. We hypothesized that leukemia-initiating cells (LIC) are responsible for T-ALL development and treatment relapse. In this study, we used a genetically engineered mouse model of Pten(-/-) T-ALL with defined blast and LIC-enriched cell populations to demonstrate that LICs are responsible for therapeutic resistance. Unlike acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia, LICs in T-ALL were actively cycling, were distinct biologically, and responded differently to targeted therapies in comparison with their differentiated blast cell progeny. Notably, we found that T-ALL LICs could be eliminated by cotargeting the deregulated pathways driven by PI3K and Myc, which are altered commonly in human T-ALL and are associated with LIC formation. Our findings define critical events that may be targeted to eliminate LICs in T-ALL as a new strategy to treat the most aggressive relapsed forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Schubbert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anjelica Cardenas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Harrison Chen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Consuelo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. School of Life Sciences and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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85
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Lundberg P, Takizawa H, Kubovcakova L, Guo G, Hao-Shen H, Dirnhofer S, Orkin SH, Manz MG, Skoda RC. Myeloproliferative neoplasms can be initiated from a single hematopoietic stem cell expressing JAK2-V617F. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2213-30. [PMID: 25288396 PMCID: PMC4203945 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lundberg et al. show that a single hematopoietic stem cell carrying a mutation in JAK2 is able to initiate cancer in mice by promoting cell division and maintaining self-renewal. The majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) carry a somatic JAK2-V617F mutation. Because additional mutations can precede JAK2-V617F, it is questioned whether JAK2-V617F alone can initiate MPN. Several mouse models have demonstrated that JAK2-V617F can cause MPN; however, in all these models disease was polyclonal. Conversely, cancer initiates at the single cell level, but attempts to recapitulate single-cell disease initiation in mice have thus far failed. We demonstrate by limiting dilution and single-cell transplantations that MPN disease, manifesting either as erythrocytosis or thrombocytosis, can be initiated clonally from a single cell carrying JAK2-V617F. However, only a subset of mice reconstituted from single hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) displayed MPN phenotype. Expression of JAK2-V617F in HSCs promoted cell division and increased DNA damage. Higher JAK2-V617F expression correlated with a short-term HSC signature and increased myeloid bias in single-cell gene expression analyses. Lower JAK2-V617F expression in progenitor and stem cells was associated with the capacity to stably engraft in secondary recipients. Furthermore, long-term repopulating capacity was also present in a compartment with intermediate expression levels of lineage markers. Our studies demonstrate that MPN can be initiated from a single HSC and illustrate that JAK2-V617F has complex effects on HSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Lundberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Kubovcakova
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guoji Guo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hui Hao-Shen
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Markus G Manz
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Radek C Skoda
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Hematology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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86
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Bedside to bench in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: insights into leukemogenesis from a rare pediatric leukemia. Blood 2014; 124:2487-97. [PMID: 25163700 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-300319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a typically aggressive myeloid neoplasm of childhood that is clinically characterized by overproduction of monocytic cells that can infiltrate organs, including the spleen, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and lung. JMML is categorized as an overlap myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) by the World Health Organization and also shares some clinical and molecular features with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, a similar disease in adults. Although the current standard of care for patients with JMML relies on allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, relapse is the most frequent cause of treatment failure. Tremendous progress has been made in defining the genomic landscape of JMML. Insights from cancer predisposition syndromes have led to the discovery of nearly 90% of driver mutations in JMML, all of which thus far converge on the Ras signaling pathway. This has improved our ability to accurately diagnose patients, develop molecular markers to measure disease burden, and choose therapeutic agents to test in clinical trials. This review emphasizes recent advances in the field, including mapping of the genomic and epigenome landscape, insights from new and existing disease models, targeted therapeutics, and future directions.
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baumgartner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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88
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Bruttel VS, Wischhusen J. Cancer stem cell immunology: key to understanding tumorigenesis and tumor immune escape? Front Immunol 2014; 5:360. [PMID: 25120546 PMCID: PMC4114188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) biology and tumor immunology have shaped our understanding of tumorigenesis. However, we still do not fully understand why tumors can be contained but not eliminated by the immune system and whether rare CSCs are required for tumor propagation. Long latency or recurrence periods have been described for most tumors. Conceptually, this requires a subset of malignant cells which is capable of initiating tumors, but is neither eliminated by immune cells nor able to grow straight into overt tumors. These criteria would be fulfilled by CSCs. Stem cells are pluripotent, immune-privileged, and long-living, but depend on specialized niches. Thus, latent tumors may be maintained by a niche-constrained reservoir of long-living CSCs that are exempt from immunosurveillance while niche-independent and more immunogenic daughter cells are constantly eliminated. The small subpopulation of CSCs is often held responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. Experimentally, this hypothesis was supported by the observation that only this subset can propagate tumors in non-obese diabetic/scid mice, which lack T and B cells. Yet, the concept was challenged when an unexpectedly large proportion of melanoma cells were found to be capable of seeding complex tumors in mice which further lack NK cells. Moreover, the link between stem cell-like properties and tumorigenicity was not sustained in these highly immunodeficient animals. In humans, however, tumor-propagating cells must also escape from immune-mediated destruction. The ability to persist and to initiate neoplastic growth in the presence of immunosurveillance – which would be lost in a maximally immunodeficient animal model – could hence be a decisive criterion for CSCs. Consequently, integrating scientific insight from stem cell biology and tumor immunology to build a new concept of “CSC immunology” may help to reconcile the outlined contradictions and to improve our understanding of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin S Bruttel
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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89
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Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and colorectal cancer (CRC) biology are tightly linked in many aspects. It is generally thought that ISCs are the cells of origin for a large proportion of CRCs and crucial ISC-associated signalling pathways are often affected in CRCs. Moreover, CRCs are thought to retain a cellular hierarchy that is reminiscent of the intestinal epithelium. Recent studies offer quantitative insights into the dynamics of ISC behaviour that govern homeostasis and thereby provide the necessary baseline parameters to begin to apply these analyses during the various stages of tumour development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Vermeulen
- 1] Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Cancer Research UK - Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, CB2 0RE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugo J Snippert
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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90
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Knight T, Irving JAE. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway Activation in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Its Therapeutic Targeting. Front Oncol 2014; 4:160. [PMID: 25009801 PMCID: PMC4067595 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway is a common event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is caused by point mutation, gene deletion, and chromosomal translocation of a vast array of gene types, highlighting its importance in leukemia biology. Pathway activation can be therapeutically exploited and may guide new therapies needed for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other high risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knight
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julie Anne Elizabeth Irving
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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91
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Kong G, Wunderlich M, Yang D, Ranheim EA, Young KH, Wang J, Chang YI, Du J, Liu Y, Tey SR, Zhang X, Juckett M, Mattison R, Damnernsawad A, Zhang J, Mulloy JC, Zhang J. Combined MEK and JAK inhibition abrogates murine myeloproliferative neoplasm. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2762-73. [PMID: 24812670 DOI: 10.1172/jci74182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactive RAS signaling is prevalent in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and the myeloproliferative variant of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (MP-CMML) in humans, and both are refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Conditional activation of a constitutively active oncogenic Nras (NrasG12D/G12D) in murine hematopoietic cells promotes an acute myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) that recapitulates many features of JMML and MP-CMML. We found that NrasG12D/G12D-expressing HSCs, which serve as JMML/MP-CMML-initiating cells, show strong hyperactivation of ERK1/2, promoting hyperproliferation and depletion of HSCs and expansion of downstream progenitors. Inhibition of the MEK pathway alone prolonged the presence of NrasG12D/G12D-expressing HSCs but failed to restore their proper function. Consequently, approximately 60% of NrasG12D/G12D mice treated with MEK inhibitor alone died within 20 weeks, and the remaining animals continued to display JMML/MP-CMML-like phenotypes. In contrast, combined inhibition of MEK and JAK/STAT signaling, which is commonly hyperactivated in human and mouse CMML, potently inhibited human and mouse CMML cell growth in vitro, rescued mutant NrasG12D/G12D-expressing HSC function in vivo, and promoted long-term survival without evident disease manifestation in NrasG12D/G12D animals. These results provide a strong rationale for further exploration of combined targeting of MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT in treating patients with JMML and MP-CMML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Genes, ras
- Humans
- Janus Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/enzymology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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92
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Chenoweth JG, McKay RD. Speeding to pluripotency. Cell 2014; 156:631-2. [PMID: 24529370 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Finding a cell that reprograms in a nonstochastic manner without genetic manipulation has proven elusive. In this issue, Guo et al. report the identification of a cell defined by an ultrafast cycle whose progeny reprogram in a synchronous and rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh G Chenoweth
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Ronald D McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.
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93
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94
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95
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Chu SH, Armstrong SA. Stem cells: Dual response to Ras mutation. Nature 2013; 504:91-2. [PMID: 24284623 DOI: 10.1038/nature12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Haihua Chu
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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