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Imber M, Pietrzyk-Brzezinska AJ, Antelmann H. Redox regulation by reversible protein S-thiolation in Gram-positive bacteria. Redox Biol 2018; 20:130-145. [PMID: 30308476 PMCID: PMC6178380 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols play an important role as thiol-cofactors for many enzymes and are crucial to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm. Most Gram-negative bacteria utilize glutathione (GSH) as major LMW thiol. However, in Gram-positive Actinomycetes and Firmicutes alternative LMW thiols, such as mycothiol (MSH) and bacillithiol (BSH) play related roles as GSH surrogates, respectively. Under conditions of hypochlorite stress, MSH and BSH are known to form mixed disulfides with protein thiols, termed as S-mycothiolation or S-bacillithiolation that function in thiol-protection and redox regulation. Protein S-thiolations are widespread redox-modifications discovered in different Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus and Staphylococcus species, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. S-thiolated proteins are mainly involved in cellular metabolism, protein translation, redox regulation and antioxidant functions with some conserved targets across bacteria. The reduction of protein S-mycothiolations and S-bacillithiolations requires glutaredoxin-related mycoredoxin and bacilliredoxin pathways to regenerate protein functions. In this review, we present an overview of the functions of mycothiol and bacillithiol and their physiological roles in protein S-bacillithiolations and S-mycothiolations in Gram-positive bacteria. Significant progress has been made to characterize the role of protein S-thiolation in redox-regulation and thiol protection of main metabolic and antioxidant enzymes. However, the physiological roles of the pathways for regeneration are only beginning to emerge as well as their interactions with other cellular redox systems. Future studies should be also directed to explore the roles of protein S-thiolations and their redox pathways in pathogenic bacteria under infection conditions to discover new drug targets and treatment options against multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bacillithiol and mycothiol are major LMW thiols in many Gram-positive bacteria. HOCl leads to widespread protein S-mycothiolation and S-bacillithiolation which function in thiol-protection and redox regulation. Redox-sensitive metabolic and antioxidant enzymes are main targets for S-mycothiolation or S-bacillithiolation. Mycoredoxin and bacilliredoxin pathways mediate reduction of S-thiolations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Imber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka J Pietrzyk-Brzezinska
- Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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52
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Zhang D, Tang Z, Liu W. Biosynthesis of Lincosamide Antibiotics: Reactions Associated with Degradation and Detoxification Pathways Play a Constructive Role. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1496-1506. [PMID: 29792672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Natural products typically are small molecules produced by living organisms. These products possess a wide variety of biological activities and thus have historically played a critical role in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology either as chemotherapeutic agents or as useful tools. Natural products are not synthesized for use by human beings; rather, living organisms produce them in response to various biochemical processes and environmental concerns, both internal and external. These processes/concerns are often dynamic and thus motivate the diversification, optimization, and selection of small molecules in line with changes in biological function. Consequently, the interactions between living organisms and their environments serve as an engine that drives coevolution of natural products and their biological functions and ultimately programs the constant theme of small-molecule development in nature based on biosynthesis generality and specificity. Following this theme, we herein review the biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics and dissect the process through which nature creates an unusual eight-carbon aminosugar (lincosamide) and then functionalizes this common high-carbon chain-containing sugar core with diverse l-proline derivatives and sulfur appendages to form individual members, including the clinically useful anti-infective agent lincomycin A and its naturally occurring analogues celesticetin and Bu-2545. The biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics is unique in that it results from an intersection of anabolic and catabolic chemistry. Many reactions that are usually involved in degradation and detoxification play a constructive role in biosynthetic processes. Formation of the trans-4-propyl-l-proline residue in lincomycin A biosynthesis requires an oxidation-associated degradation-like pathway composed of heme peroxidase-catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation and non-heme 2,3-dioxygenase-catalyzed extradiol cleavage for l-tyrosine processing prior to the building-up process. Mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (EGT), two small-molecule thiols that are known for their redox-relevant roles in protection against various endogenous and exogenous stresses, function through two unusual S-glycosylations to mediate an eight-carbon aminosugar transfer, activation, and modification during the molecular assembly and tailoring processes in lincosamide antibiotic biosynthesis. Related intermediates include an MSH S-conjugate, mercapturic acid, and a thiomethyl product, which are reminiscent of intermediates found in thiol-mediated detoxification metabolism. In these biosynthetic pathways, "old" protein folds can result in "new" enzymatic activity, such as the DinB-2 fold protein for thiol exchange between EGT and MSH, the γ-glutamyltranspeptidase homologue for C-C bond cleavage, and the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme for diverse S-functionalization, generating interest in how nature develops remarkably diverse biochemical functions using a limited range of protein scaffolds. These findings highlight what we can learn from natural product biosynthesis, the recognition of its generality and specificity, and the natural theme of the development of bioactive small molecules, which enables the diversification process to advance and expand small-molecule functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daozhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence on Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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53
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Manabe S, Ito Y. Comparing of endocyclic and exocyclic cleavage reactions using mycothiol synthesis as an example. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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54
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Xu Y, Tan G, Ke M, Li J, Tang Y, Meng S, Niu J, Wang Y, Liu R, Wu H, Bai L, Zhang L, Zhang B. Enhanced lincomycin production by co-overexpression of metK1 and metK2 in Streptomyces lincolnensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:345-355. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Streptomyces lincolnensis is generally utilized for the production of lincomycin A (Lin-A), a clinically useful antibiotic to treat Gram-positive bacterial infections. Three methylation steps, catalyzed by three different S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases, are required in the biosynthesis of Lin-A, and thus highlight the significance of methyl group supply in lincomycin production. In this study, we demonstrate that externally supplemented SAM cannot be taken in by cells and therefore does not enhance Lin-A production. Furthermore, bioinformatics and in vitro enzymatic assays revealed there exist two SAM synthetase homologs, MetK1 (SLCG_1651) and MetK2 (SLCG_3830) in S. lincolnensis that could convert l-methionine into SAM in the presence of ATP. Even though we attempted to inactivate metK1 and metK2, only metK2 was deleted in S. lincolnensis LCGL, named as ΔmetK2. Following a reduction of the intracellular SAM concentration, ΔmetK2 mutant exhibited a significant decrease of Lin-A in comparison to its parental strain. Individual overexpression of metK1 or metK2 in S. lincolnensis LCGL either elevated the amount of intracellular SAM, concomitant with 15% and 22% increase in Lin-A production, respectively. qRT-PCR assays showed that overexpression of either metK1 or metK2 increased the transcription of lincomycin biosynthetic genes lmbA and lmbR, and regulatory gene lmbU, indicating SAM may also function as a transcriptional activator. When metK1 and metK2 were co-expressed, Lin-A production was increased by 27% in LCGL, while by 17% in a high-yield strain LA219X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Xu
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Guoqing Tan
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Meilan Ke
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Jie Li
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Yaqian Tang
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Sitong Meng
- 0000 0004 0368 8293 grid.16821.3c State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Shanghai Jiao Tong University 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Jingjing Niu
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Yansheng Wang
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Xinyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 234000 Suzhou China
| | - Hang Wu
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
| | - Linquan Bai
- 0000 0004 0368 8293 grid.16821.3c State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism Shanghai Jiao Tong University 200240 Shanghai China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
- 0000 0001 2163 4895 grid.28056.39 State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering East China University of Science and Technology 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Buchang Zhang
- 0000 0001 0085 4987 grid.252245.6 School of Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University 230601 Hefei China
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55
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Naowarojna N, Cheng R, Chen L, Quill M, Xu M, Zhao C, Liu P. Mini-Review: Ergothioneine and Ovothiol Biosyntheses, an Unprecedented Trans-Sulfur Strategy in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3309-3325. [PMID: 29589901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant elements on earth, sulfur is part of many small molecular metabolites and is key to their biological activities. Over the past few decades, some general strategies have been discovered for the incorporation of sulfur into natural products. In this review, we summarize recent efforts in elucidating the biosynthetic details for two sulfur-containing metabolites, ergothioneine and ovothiol. Their biosyntheses involve an unprecedented trans-sulfur strategy, a combination of a mononuclear non-heme iron enzyme-catalyzed oxidative C-S bond formation reaction and a PLP enzyme-mediated C-S lyase reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathchar Naowarojna
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Ronghai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Melissa Quill
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Meiling Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Changming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Key Laboratory of Combinatory Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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56
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Wang M, Chen D, Zhao Q, Liu W. Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Biosynthesis of a Cysteate-Containing Nonribosomal Peptide in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7102-7108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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57
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Li Z, Mercado CC, Yang M, Palay E, Zhu K. Electrochemical impedance analysis of perovskite-electrolyte interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:2467-2470. [PMID: 28180211 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc10315d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The flat band potentials and carrier densities of spin coated and sprayed MAPbI3, FA0.85Cs0.15PbI3, and MAPbBr3 perovskite films were determined using the Mott-Schottky relation. The films developed a space charge layer and exhibited p-type conduction with a carrier concentration of ∼1016 cm-3 for spin coated films. Electrochemical impedance spectra showed typical space charge impedance at frequencies >1 kHz, and an exceptional high capacitance at frequency <1 kHz owing to an ion diffusion component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Candy C Mercado
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0027, USA.
| | - Mengjin Yang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Ethan Palay
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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58
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Biosynthesis of antibiotic chuangxinmycin from Actinoplanes tsinanensis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:283-294. [PMID: 29719789 PMCID: PMC5925218 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chuangxinmycin is an antibiotic isolated from Actinoplanes tsinanensis CPCC 200056 in the 1970s with a novel indole-dihydrothiopyran heterocyclic skeleton. Chuangxinmycin showed in vitro antibacterial activity and in vivo efficacy in mouse infection models as well as preliminary clinical trials. But the biosynthetic pathway of chuangxinmycin has been obscure since its discovery. Herein, we report the identification of a stretch of DNA from the genome of A. tsinanensis CPCC 200056 that encodes genes for biosynthesis of chuangxinmycin by bioinformatics analysis. The designated cxn cluster was then confirmed to be responsible for chuangxinmycin biosynthesis by direct cloning and heterologous expressing in Streptomyces coelicolor M1146. The cytochrome P450 CxnD was verified to be involved in the dihydrothiopyran ring closure reaction by the identification of seco-chuangxinmycin in S. coelicolor M1146 harboring the cxn gene cluster with an inactivated cxnD. Based on these results, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for chuangxinmycin biosynthesis was proposed, by hijacking the primary sulfur transfer system for sulfur incorporation. The identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster of chuangxinmycin paves the way for elucidating the detail biochemical machinery for chuangxinmycin biosynthesis, and provides the basis for the generation of novel chuangxinmycin derivatives by means of combinatorial biosynthesis and synthetic biology.
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59
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Reyes AM, Pedre B, De Armas MI, Tossounian MA, Radi R, Messens J, Trujillo M. Chemistry and Redox Biology of Mycothiol. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:487-504. [PMID: 28372502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mycothiol (MSH, AcCys-GlcN-Ins) is the main low-molecular weight (LMW) thiol of most Actinomycetes, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis that affects millions of people worldwide. Strains with decreased MSH content show increased susceptibilities to hydroperoxides and electrophilic compounds. In M. tuberculosis, MSH modulates the response to several antituberculosis drugs. Enzymatic routes involving MSH could provide clues for specific drug design. Recent Advances: Physicochemical data argue against a rapid, nonenzymatic reaction of MSH with oxidants, disulfides, or electrophiles. Moreover, exposure of the bacteria to high concentrations of two-electron oxidants resulted in protein mycothiolation. The recently described glutaredoxin-like protein mycoredoxin-1 (Mrx-1) provides a route for catalytic reduction of mycothiolated proteins, protecting critical cysteines from irreversible oxidation. The description of MSH/Mrx-1-dependent activities of peroxidases helped to explain the higher susceptibility to oxidants observed in Actinomycetes lacking MSH. Moreover, the first mycothiol-S-transferase, member of the DinB superfamily of proteins, was described. In Corynebacterium, both the MSH/Mrx-1 and the thioredoxin pathways reduce methionine sulfoxide reductase A. A novel tool for in vivo imaging of the MSH/mycothiol disulfide (MSSM) status allows following changes in the mycothiol redox state during macrophage infection and its relationship with antibiotic sensitivity. CRITICAL ISSUES Redundancy of MSH with other LMW thiols is starting to be unraveled and could help to rationalize the differences in the reported importance of MSH synthesis observed in vitro versus in animal infection models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Future work should be directed to establish the structural bases of the specificity of MSH-dependent enzymes, thus facilitating drug developments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 487-504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal M Reyes
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Brandán Pedre
- 3 Center for Structural Biology , VIB, Brussels, Belgium .,4 Brussels Center for Redox Biology , Brussels, Belgium .,5 Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - María Inés De Armas
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- 3 Center for Structural Biology , VIB, Brussels, Belgium .,4 Brussels Center for Redox Biology , Brussels, Belgium .,5 Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rafael Radi
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joris Messens
- 3 Center for Structural Biology , VIB, Brussels, Belgium .,4 Brussels Center for Redox Biology , Brussels, Belgium .,5 Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Madia Trujillo
- 1 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República , Montevideo, Uruguay .,2 Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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60
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE L-ergothioneine is synthesized in actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, methylobacteria, and some fungi. In contrast to other low-molecular-weight redox buffers, glutathione and mycothiol, ergothioneine is primarily present as a thione rather than a thiol at physiological pH, which makes it resistant to autoxidation. Ergothioneine regulates microbial physiology and enables the survival of microbes under stressful conditions encountered in their natural environments. In particular, ergothioneine enables pathogenic microbes, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), to withstand hostile environments within the host to establish infection. Recent Advances: Ergothioneine has been reported to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis in Mtb and protect Mtb against oxidative stresses, thereby enhancing the virulence of Mtb in a mouse model. Furthermore, ergothioneine augments the resistance of Mtb to current frontline anti-TB drugs. Recently, an opportunistic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, which infects immunocompromised individuals, has been found to produce ergothioneine, which is important in conidial health and germination, and contributes to the fungal resistance against redox stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The molecular mechanisms of the functions of ergothioneine in microbial physiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. It is currently not known if ergothioneine is used in detoxification or antioxidant enzymatic pathways. As ergothioneine is involved in bioenergetic and redox homeostasis and antibiotic susceptibility of Mtb, it is of utmost importance to advance our understanding of these mechanisms. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A clear understanding of the role of ergothioneine in microbes will advance our knowledge of how this thione enhances microbial virulence and resistance to the host's defense mechanisms to avoid complete eradication. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 431-444.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna C Chinta
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vineel P Reddy
- 2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- 1 Africa Health Research Institute , Durban, South Africa .,2 Deptartment of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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61
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Perera VR, Lapek JD, Newton GL, Gonzalez DJ, Pogliano K. Identification of the S-transferase like superfamily bacillithiol transferases encoded by Bacillus subtilis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192977. [PMID: 29451913 PMCID: PMC5815605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillithiol is a low molecular weight thiol found in Firmicutes that is analogous to glutathione, which is absent in these bacteria. Bacillithiol transferases catalyze the transfer of bacillithiol to various substrates. The S-transferase-like (STL) superfamily contains over 30,000 putative members, including bacillithiol transferases. Proteins in this family are extremely divergent and are related by structural rather than sequence similarity, leaving it unclear if all share the same biochemical activity. Bacillus subtilis encodes eight predicted STL superfamily members, only one of which has been shown to be a bacillithiol transferase. Here we find that the seven remaining proteins show varying levels of metal dependent bacillithiol transferase activity. We have renamed the eight enzymes BstA-H. Mass spectrometry and gene expression studies revealed that all of the enzymes are produced to varying levels during growth and sporulation, with BstB and BstE being the most abundant and BstF and BstH being the least abundant. Interestingly, several bacillithiol transferases are induced in the mother cell during sporulation. A strain lacking all eight bacillithiol transferases showed normal growth in the presence of stressors that adversely affect growth of bacillithiol-deficient strains, such as paraquat and CdCl2. Thus, the STL bacillithiol transferases represent a new group of proteins that play currently unknown, but potentially significant roles in bacillithiol-dependent reactions. We conclude that these enzymes are highly divergent, perhaps to cope with an equally diverse array of endogenous or exogenous toxic metabolites and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varahenage R. Perera
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - John D. Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gerald L. Newton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - David J. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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Janata J, Kamenik Z, Gazak R, Kadlcik S, Najmanova L. Biosynthesis and incorporation of an alkylproline-derivative (APD) precursor into complex natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00047b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the biosynthetic and evolutionary aspects of lincosamide antibiotics, antitumour pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and the quorum-sensing molecule hormaomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Janata
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - Z. Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - R. Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - S. Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology
- Czech Academy of Sciences
- BIOCEV
- Vestec
- Czech Republic
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63
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The Novel Transcriptional Regulator LmbU Promotes Lincomycin Biosynthesis through Regulating Expression of Its Target Genes in Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Bacteriol 2017; 200:JB.00447-17. [PMID: 29038257 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00447-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lincomycin A is a clinically important antimicrobial agent produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis In this study, a new regulator designated LmbU (GenBank accession no. ABX00623.1) was identified and characterized to regulate lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensis wild-type strain NRRL 2936. Both inactivation and overexpression of lmbU resulted in significant influences on lincomycin production. Transcriptional analysis and in vivo neomycin resistance (Neor) reporter assays demonstrated that LmbU activates expression of the lmbA, lmbC, lmbJ, and lmbW genes and represses expression of the lmbK and lmbU genes. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated that LmbU can bind to the regions upstream of the lmbA and lmbW genes through the consensus and palindromic sequence 5'-CGCCGGCG-3'. However, LmbU cannot bind to the regions upstream of the lmbC, lmbJ, lmbK, and lmbU genes as they lack this motif. These data indicate a complex transcriptional regulatory mechanism of LmbU. LmbU homologues are present in the biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites of many other actinomycetes. Furthermore, the LmbU homologue from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (GenBank accession no. WP_009944629.1) also binds to the regions upstream of lmbA and lmbW, which suggests widespread activity for this regulator. LmbU homologues have no significant structural similarities to other known cluster-situated regulators (CSRs), which indicates that they belong to a new family of regulatory proteins. In conclusion, the present report identifies LmbU as a novel transcriptional regulator and provides new insights into regulation of lincomycin biosynthesis in S. lincolnensisIMPORTANCE Although lincomycin biosynthesis has been extensively studied, its regulatory mechanism remains elusive. Here, a novel regulator, LmbU, which regulates transcription of its target genes in the lincomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (lmb gene cluster) and therefore promotes lincomycin biosynthesis, was identified in S. lincolnensis strain NRRL 2936. Importantly, we show that this new regulatory element is relatively widespread across diverse actinomycetes species. In addition, our findings provide a new strategy for improvement of yield of lincomycin through manipulation of LmbU, and this approach could also be evaluated in other secondary metabolite gene clusters containing this regulatory protein.
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Evolution-guided adaptation of an adenylation domain substrate specificity to an unusual amino acid. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189684. [PMID: 29240815 PMCID: PMC5730197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylation domains CcbC and LmbC control the specific incorporation of amino acid precursors in the biosynthesis of lincosamide antibiotics celesticetin and lincomycin. Both proteins originate from a common L-proline-specific ancestor, but LmbC was evolutionary adapted to use an unusual substrate, (2S,4R)-4-propyl-proline (PPL). Using site-directed mutagenesis of the LmbC substrate binding pocket and an ATP-[32P]PPi exchange assay, three residues, G308, A207 and L246, were identified as crucial for the PPL activation, presumably forming together a channel of a proper size, shape and hydrophobicity to accommodate the propyl side chain of PPL. Subsequently, we experimentally simulated the molecular evolution leading from L-proline-specific substrate binding pocket to the PPL-specific LmbC. The mere change of three amino acid residues in originally strictly L-proline-specific CcbC switched its substrate specificity to prefer PPL and even synthetic alkyl-L-proline derivatives with prolonged side chain. This is the first time that such a comparative study provided an evidence of the evolutionary relevant adaptation of the adenylation domain substrate binding pocket to a new sterically different substrate by a few point mutations. The herein experimentally simulated rearrangement of the substrate binding pocket seems to be the general principle of the de novo genesis of adenylation domains' unusual substrate specificities. However, to keep the overall natural catalytic efficiency of the enzyme, a more comprehensive rearrangement of the whole protein would probably be employed within natural evolution process.
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65
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Kamenik Z, Kadlcik S, Gazak R, Vobruba S, Palanova L, Kuzma M, Janata J. Diversity of Alkylproline Moieties in Pyrrolobenzodiazepines Arises from Postcondensation Modifications of a Unified Building Block. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1993-1998. [PMID: 28699733 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are one of several groups of natural products that contain unusual 4-alkyl-l-proline derivatives (APDs) in their structure. APD moieties of PBDs are characterized by high structural diversity achieved through unknown biosynthetic machinery. Based on LC-MS analysis of culture broths, feeding experiments, and protein assays, we show that APDs are not incorporated into PBDs in their final form as was previously hypothesized. Instead, a uniform building block, 4-propylidene-l-proline or 4-ethylidene-l-proline, enters the condensation reaction. The subsequent postcondensation steps are initiated by the introduction of an additional double bond catalyzed by a FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, which we demonstrated with Orf7 from anthramycin biosynthesis. The resulting double bond arrangement presumably represents a prerequisite for further modifications of the APD moieties. Our study gives general insight into the diversification of APD moieties of natural PBDs and provides proof-of-principle for precursor directed and combinatorial biosynthesis of new PBD-based antitumor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Vobruba
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Palanova
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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66
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Pang X, Zheng Y, Qiao X, Mao Q, Ma Q, Ye R. Improvement of lincomycin production by mutant selection and metabolic regulation. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:639-643. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1207083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianting Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Quangui Mao
- Topfond Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Henan, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Topfond Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Henan, China
| | - Ruifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
AbstractExistence of endocyclic cleavage reaction is now clearly shown from experimental evidence of endocyclic cleavage reaction as well as computational chemistry. Not only stereoelectronic factor, several factors could be main factors for endocyclic cleavage reaction. Endocyclic cleavage reaction is useful for 1,2-cis aminoglycoside formation, which is difficult by conventional glycosylation. By using endocyclic cleavage reaction, several glycosides with 1,2-cis aminoglycoside were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- RIKEN, Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- RIKEN, Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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68
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Zhong G, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Liu W. 4-alkyl-L-(Dehydro)proline biosynthesis in actinobacteria involves N-terminal nucleophile-hydrolase activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase homolog for C-C bond cleavage. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16109. [PMID: 28706296 PMCID: PMC5519988 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidases (γ-GTs), ubiquitous in glutathione metabolism for γ-glutamyl transfer/hydrolysis, are N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn)-hydrolase fold proteins that share an autoproteolytic process for self-activation. γ-GT homologues are widely present in Gram-positive actinobacteria where their Ntn-hydrolase activities, however, are not involved in glutathione metabolism. Herein, we demonstrate that the formation of 4-Alkyl-L-(dehydro)proline (ALDP) residues, the non-proteinogenic α-amino acids that serve as vital components of many bioactive metabolites found in actinobacteria, involves unprecedented Ntn-hydrolase activity of γ-GT homologue for C–C bond cleavage. The related enzymes share a key Thr residue, which acts as an internal nucleophile for protein hydrolysis and then as a newly released N-terminal nucleophile for carboxylate side-chain processing likely through the generation of an oxalyl-Thr enzyme intermediate. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the biosynthesis of various ALDP residues/associated natural products, highlight the versatile functions of Ntn-hydrolase fold proteins, and particularly generate interest in thus far less-appreciated γ-GT homologues in actinobacteria. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidases in gram-positive bacteria are not involved in glutathione metabolism, as their counterparts in eukaryotes and gram-negative bacteria. Here, the authors show that in Actinobacteria they catalyse the unusual cleavage of a C–C bond for the biosynthesis of non-proteinogenic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science &Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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69
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Enhancement of antibiotic productions by engineered nitrate utilization in actinomycetes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5341-5352. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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70
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Waldman AJ, Ng TL, Wang P, Balskus EP. Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5784-5863. [PMID: 28375000 PMCID: PMC5534343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products that contain functional groups with heteroatom-heteroatom linkages (X-X, where X = N, O, S, and P) are a small yet intriguing group of metabolites. The reactivity and diversity of these structural motifs has captured the interest of synthetic and biological chemists alike. Functional groups containing X-X bonds are found in all major classes of natural products and often impart significant biological activity. This review presents our current understanding of the biosynthetic logic and enzymatic chemistry involved in the construction of X-X bond containing functional groups within natural products. Elucidating and characterizing biosynthetic pathways that generate X-X bonds could both provide tools for biocatalysis and synthetic biology, as well as guide efforts to uncover new natural products containing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Tai L. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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71
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Dunbar KL, Scharf DH, Litomska A, Hertweck C. Enzymatic Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5521-5577. [PMID: 28418240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur plays a critical role for the development and maintenance of life on earth, which is reflected by the wealth of primary metabolites, macromolecules, and cofactors bearing this element. Whereas a large body of knowledge has existed for sulfur trafficking in primary metabolism, the secondary metabolism involving sulfur has long been neglected. Yet, diverse sulfur functionalities have a major impact on the biological activities of natural products. Recent research at the genetic, biochemical, and chemical levels has unearthed a broad range of enzymes, sulfur shuttles, and chemical mechanisms for generating carbon-sulfur bonds. This Review will give the first systematic overview on enzymes catalyzing the formation of organosulfur natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Dunbar
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel H Scharf
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2216, United States
| | - Agnieszka Litomska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) , Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Friedrich Schiller University , 07743 Jena, Germany
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72
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Kadlcik S, Kamenik Z, Vasek D, Nedved M, Janata J. Elucidation of salicylate attachment in celesticetin biosynthesis opens the door to create a library of more efficient hybrid lincosamide antibiotics. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3349-3355. [PMID: 28507704 PMCID: PMC5416915 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biosynthesis for more efficient antibiotics: 150 novel lincosamides prepared by combining lincomycin and celesticetin biosynthetic pathways.
Lincosamides, which are produced by streptomycetes, compose a small but clinically important class of antibiotics. The recent elucidation of the condensation and post-condensation biosynthetic steps of the lincosamides lincomycin and celesticetin revealed several unexpected reaction mechanisms. Here, we prepared recombinant proteins involved in the celesticetin biosynthetic pathway and used them for in vitro assays that were monitored by LC-MS. Our results elucidate the last biosynthetic step of celesticetin: the attachment of salicylic acid is catalyzed by the Ccb2 acyl-CoA ligase and the Ccb1 acyltransferase. Ccb1 belongs to the WS/DGAT protein family and, in contrast to the characterized members of the family, has unusual substrate specificity. To the best of our knowledge, Ccb1 is the first protein in this family that transfers a benzoyl derivative-CoA conjugate and is the first WS/DGAT protein involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, we exploited the relaxed substrate specificities of Ccb1 and Ccb2, as well as three additional upstream post-condensation biosynthetic proteins in the celesticetin pathway, and combined the lincomycin and the celesticetin biosynthetic pathways in vitro. In this way, we prepared a library of 150 novel hybrid lincosamides, including two unnatural chimeras of lincomycin and celesticetin, which were shown to have antibacterial properties more pronounced than clinically used lincomycin. These achievements may be considered a case study in applying knowledge about biosynthetic machinery to assemble a large number of compounds from originally a small group of natural products without the need for chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - Z Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - D Vasek
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - M Nedved
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
| | - J Janata
- Institute of Microbiology , Czech Academy of Sciences , BIOCEV , Prumyslova 595 , 252 50 Vestec , Czech Republic .
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73
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Zou X, Wang L, Li Z, Luo J, Wang Y, Deng Z, Du S, Chen S. Genome Engineering and Modification Toward Synthetic Biology for the Production of Antibiotics. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:229-260. [PMID: 28295439 DOI: 10.1002/med.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zou
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Jie Luo
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Yunfu Wang
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Shiming Du
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Shi Chen
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
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74
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Identification of a Novel Lincomycin Resistance Mutation Associated with Activation of Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02247-16. [PMID: 27919888 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02247-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genome sequencing analysis of a lincomycin-resistant strain of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and the wild-type strain identified a novel mutation conferring a high level of lincomycin resistance. Surprisingly, the new mutation was an in-frame DNA deletion in the genes SCO4597 and SCO4598, resulting in formation of the hybrid gene linR. SCO4597 and SCO4598 encode two histidine kinases, which together with SCO4596, encoding a response regulator, constitute a unique two-component system. Sequence analysis indicated that these three genes and their arrangement patterns are ubiquitous among all Streptomyces genomes sequenced to date, suggesting these genes play important regulatory roles. Gene replacement showed that this mutation was responsible for the high level of lincomycin resistance, the overproduction of the antibiotic actinorhodin, and the enhanced morphological differentiation of this strain. Moreover, heterologous expression of the hybrid gene linR in Escherichia coli conferred resistance to lincomycin in this organism. Introduction of the hybrid gene linR in various Streptomyces strains by gene engineering technology may widely activate and/or enhance antibiotic production.
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75
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Trautman EP, Crawford JM. Linking Biosynthetic Gene Clusters to their Metabolites via Pathway- Targeted Molecular Networking. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1705-16. [PMID: 26456470 PMCID: PMC5055756 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666151012111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The connection of microbial biosynthetic gene clusters to the small molecule metabolites they encode is central to the discovery and characterization of new metabolic pathways with ecological and pharmacological potential. With increasing microbial genome sequence information being deposited into publicly available databases, it is clear that microbes have the coding capacity for many more biologically active small molecules than previously realized. Of increasing interest are the small molecules encoded by the human microbiome, as these metabolites likely mediate a variety of currently uncharacterized human-microbe interactions that influence health and disease. In this mini-review, we describe the ongoing biosynthetic, structural, and functional characterizations of the genotoxic colibactin pathway in gut bacteria as a thematic example of linking biosynthetic gene clusters to their metabolites. We also highlight other natural products that are produced through analogous biosynthetic logic and comment on some current disconnects between bioinformatics predictions and experimental structural characterizations. Lastly, we describe the use of pathway-targeted molecular networking as a tool to characterize secondary metabolic pathways within complex metabolomes and to aid in downstream metabolite structural elucidation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason M Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Yale University, P.O. Box: 27392, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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76
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Spížek J, Řezanka T. Lincosamides: Chemical structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, resistance, and applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 133:20-28. [PMID: 27940264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lincomycin and its derivatives are antibiotics exhibiting biological activity against bacteria, especially Gram-positive ones, and also protozoans. Lincomycin and its semi-synthetic chlorinated derivative clindamycin are widely used in clinical practice. Both antibiotics are bacteriostatic, inhibiting protein synthesis in sensitive bacteria; however, at higher concentrations, they may be bactericidal. Clindamycin is usually much more active than lincomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections, in particular those caused by anaerobic species; it can also be used for the treatment of important protozoal diseases, e.g. malaria, most effectively in combination with other antibiotic or non-antibiotic antimicrobials (primaquine, fosfidomycin, benzoyl peroxide). Chemical structures of lincosamide antibiotics and the biosynthesis of lincomycin and its genetic control have been summarized and described. Resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin may be caused by methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA, modification of the antibiotics by specific enzymes or active efflux from the bacterial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Spížek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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77
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Low A, Ng C, He J. Identification of antibiotic resistant bacteria community and a GeoChip based study of resistome in urban watersheds. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 106:330-338. [PMID: 27750121 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban watersheds from point sources are potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, few studies have investigated urban watersheds of non-point sources. To understand the type of ARGs and bacteria that might carry such genes, we investigated two non-point source urban watersheds with different land-use profiles. Antibiotic resistance levels of two watersheds (R1, R3) were examined using heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) as a culturing method to obtain counts of bacteria resistant to seven antibiotics belonging to different classes (erythromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, norfloxacin, sulfanilamide, tetracycline and trimethoprim). From the HPC study, 239 antibiotic resistant bacteria were characterized for resistance to more antibiotics. Furthermore, ARGs and antimicrobial biosynthesis genes were identified using GeoChip version 5.0 to elucidate the resistomes of surface waters in watersheds R1 and R3. The HPC study showed that water samples from R1 had significantly higher counts of bacteria resistant to erythromycin, kanamycin, norfloxacin, sulfanilamide, tetracycline and trimethoprim than those from R3 (Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM), R = 0.557, p < 0.01). Of the seven antibiotics tested, lincomycin and trimethoprim resistant bacteria are greater in abundances. The 239 antibiotic resistant isolates represent a subset of resistant bacterial populations, including bacteria not previously known for resistance. Majority of the isolates had resistance to ampicillin, vancomycin, lincomycin and trimethoprim. GeoChip revealed similar ARGs in both watersheds, but with significantly higher intensities for tetX and β-lactamase B genes in R1 than R3. The genes with the highest average normalized intensities in R1 and R3 were tetracycline (tet) and fosfomycin (fosA) resistance genes, respectively. The higher abundance of tetX genes in R1 is congruent with the higher abundance of tetracycline resistant HPC observed in R1 samples. Strong correlations (r ≥ 0.8) of efflux pumps with antimicrobial biosynthesis genes suggest that natural production of antimicrobials may act as a selective pressure of transporter proteins in the absence of antibiotics from anthropogenic sources. In conclusion, distinct antibiotic resistant bacteria phylotypes and a variety of ARGs were present in the non-point sources urban watersheds of different land-use profiles, suggesting that ARG risk assessments and monitoring studies need to include these types of watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Low
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Charmaine Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Jianzhong He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Block E2-02-13, 1 Engineering Drive 3, 117576, Singapore.
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78
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Ushimaru R, Lin CI, Sasaki E, Liu HW. Characterization of Enzymes Catalyzing Transformations of Cysteine S-Conjugated Intermediates in the Lincosamide Biosynthetic Pathway. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1606-11. [PMID: 27431934 PMCID: PMC5253346 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lincosamides such as lincomycin A, celesticetin, and Bu-2545, constitute an important group of antibiotics. These natural products are characterized by a thiooctose linked to a l-proline residue, but they differ with regards to modifications of the thioacetal moiety, the pyrrolidine ring, and the octose core. Here we report that the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme CcbF (celesticetin biosynthetic pathway) is a decarboxylating deaminase that converts a cysteine S-conjugated intermediate into an aldehyde. In contrast, the homologous enzyme LmbF (lincomycin biosynthetic pathway) catalyzes C-S bond cleavage of the same intermediate to afford a thioglycoside. We show that Ccb4 and LmbG (downstream methyltransferases) convert the aldehyde and thiol intermediates into a variety of methylated lincosamide compounds including Bu-2545. The substrates used in these studies are the β-anomers of the natural substrates. The findings not only provide insight into how the biosynthetic pathway of lincosamide antibiotics can bifurcate to generate different lincosamides, but also reveal the promiscuity of the enzymes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richiro Ushimaru
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chia-I Lin
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A1935, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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79
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Chen M, Liu J, Duan P, Li M, Liu W. Biosynthesis and molecular engineering of templated natural products. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Bioactive small molecules that are produced by living organisms, often referred to as natural products (NPs), historically play a critical role in the context of both medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. How nature creates these chemical entities with stunning structural complexity and diversity using a limited range of simple substrates has not been fully understood. Focusing on two types of NPs that share a highly evolvable ‘template’-biosynthetic logic, we here provide specific examples to highlight the conceptual and technological leaps in NP biosynthesis and witness the area of progress since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The biosynthesis of polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides and their hybrids that share an assembly-line enzymology of modular multifunctional proteins exemplifies an extended ‘central dogma’ that correlates the genotype of catalysts with the chemotype of products; in parallel, post-translational modifications of ribosomally synthesized peptides involve a number of unusual biochemical mechanisms for molecular maturation. Understanding the biosynthetic processes of these templated NPs would largely facilitate the design, development and utilization of compatible biosynthetic machineries to address the challenge that often arises from structural complexity to the accessibility and efficiency of current chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Panpan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou 313000, China
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80
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Sharma SV, Van Laer K, Messens J, Hamilton CJ. Thiol Redox and pKaProperties of Mycothiol, the Predominant Low-Molecular-Weight Thiol Cofactor in the Actinomycetes. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1689-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil V. Sharma
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Koen Van Laer
- Department of Structural Biology; VIB; 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Brussels Centre for Redox Biology; 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Division of Redox Regulation; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ); Im Neuenheimer Feld 280 69121 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joris Messens
- Department of Structural Biology; VIB; 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; 1050 Brussels Belgium
- Brussels Centre for Redox Biology; 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Chris J. Hamilton
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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81
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O'Neill EC, Trick M, Hill L, Rejzek M, Dusi RG, Hamilton CJ, Zimba PV, Henrissat B, Field RA. The transcriptome of Euglena gracilis reveals unexpected metabolic capabilities for carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2808-20. [PMID: 26289754 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a highly complex alga belonging to the green plant line that shows characteristics of both plants and animals, while in evolutionary terms it is most closely related to the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma and Leishmania. This well-studied organism has long been known as a rich source of vitamins A, C and E, as well as amino acids that are essential for the human diet. Here we present de novo transcriptome sequencing and preliminary analysis, providing a basis for the molecular and functional genomics studies that will be required to direct metabolic engineering efforts aimed at enhancing the quality and quantity of high value products from E. gracilis. The transcriptome contains over 30,000 protein-encoding genes, supporting metabolic pathways for lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates and vitamins, along with capabilities for polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis. The metabolic and environmental robustness of Euglena is supported by a substantial capacity for responding to biotic and abiotic stress: it has the capacity to deploy three separate pathways for vitamin C (ascorbate) production, as well as producing vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and, in addition to glutathione, the redox-active thiols nor-trypanothione and ovothiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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82
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A building block approach to the synthesis of a family of S-linked α-1,6-oligomannosides. Carbohydr Res 2016; 429:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Wang M, Zhao Q, Zhang Q, Liu W. Differences in PLP-Dependent Cysteinyl Processing Lead to Diverse S-Functionalization of Lincosamide Antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6348-51. [PMID: 27171737 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent proteins constitute one of the largest and most important families of enzymes in living organisms. These proteins participate in numerous biochemical processes, many of which have not been characterized, and transform substrates containing an amino group through various reactions that share aldimine as a common intermediate. Herein, we report that the PLP-dependent enzymes CcbF and LmbF, which are highly related in phylogenesis, process cysteine S-conjugated intermediates in different ways and associate with individual downstream enzyme(s) toward distinct S-functionalization of the lincosamide antibiotics celesticetin and lincomycin A. CcbF catalyzes an unusual conversion that involves decarboxylation-coupled oxidative deamination of the cysteinyl group during the formation of a two-carbon alcohol linker, whereas LmbF is responsible for β-elimination, followed by S-methylation to produce a methylmercapto group. The two tailoring routes are variable and exchangeable with each other, allowing for in vitro combinatorial biosynthesis of a number of hybrid lincosamide antibiotics, including the natural product Bu-2545. These findings demonstrate the wide diversity of PLP chemistry in enzymatic catalysis and its promising applicability in creation of new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation , 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation , 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
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84
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Wang Y, Wang J, Yu S, Wang F, Ma H, Yue C, Liu M, Deng Z, Huang Y, Qu X. Identifying the Minimal Enzymes for Unusual Carbon-Sulfur Bond Formation in Thienodolin Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2016; 17:799-803. [PMID: 26854280 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Shuqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Changwu Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road; Beijing 100101 China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and Drug Development; Zunyi Medical College, 201 Dalian Road; Zunyi 563003 China
| | - Minghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xudong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; 185 Donghu Road Wuhan 430071 China
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85
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Manabe S, Ito Y. Mycothiol synthesis by an anomerization reaction through endocyclic cleavage. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:328-33. [PMID: 26977192 PMCID: PMC4778527 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycothiol is found in Gram-positive bacteria, where it helps in maintaining a reducing intracellular environment and it plays an important role in protecting the cell from toxic chemicals. The inhibition of the mycothiol biosynthesis is considered as a treatment for tuberculosis. Mycothiol contains an α-aminoglycoside, which is difficult to prepare stereoselectively by a conventional glycosylation reaction. In this study, mycothiol was synthesized by an anomerization reaction from an easily prepared β-aminoglycoside through endocyclic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Manabe
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Lab, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukishige Ito
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Lab, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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86
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Jiraskova P, Gazak R, Kamenik Z, Steiningerova L, Najmanova L, Kadlcik S, Novotna J, Kuzma M, Janata J. New Concept of the Biosynthesis of 4-Alkyl-L-Proline Precursors of Lincomycin, Hormaomycin, and Pyrrolobenzodiazepines: Could a γ-Glutamyltransferase Cleave the C-C Bond? Front Microbiol 2016; 7:276. [PMID: 27014201 PMCID: PMC4780272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structurally different and functionally diverse natural compounds – antitumour agents pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines, bacterial hormone hormaomycin, and lincosamide antibiotic lincomycin – share a common building unit, 4-alkyl-L-proline derivative (APD). APDs arise from L-tyrosine through a special biosynthetic pathway. Its generally accepted scheme, however, did not comply with current state of knowledge. Based on gene inactivation experiments and in vitro functional tests with recombinant enzymes, we designed a new APD biosynthetic scheme for the model of lincomycin biosynthesis. In the new scheme at least one characteristic in each of five final biosynthetic steps has been changed: the order of reactions, assignment of enzymes and/or reaction mechanisms. First, we demonstrate that LmbW methylates a different substrate than previously assumed. Second, we propose a unique reaction mechanism for the next step, in which a putative γ-glutamyltransferase LmbA indirectly cleaves off the oxalyl residue by transient attachment of glutamate to LmbW product. This unprecedented mechanism would represent the first example of the C–C bond cleavage catalyzed by a γ-glutamyltransferase, i.e., an enzyme that appears unsuitable for such activity. Finally, the inactivation experiments show that LmbX is an isomerase indicating that it transforms its substrate into a compound suitable for reduction by LmbY, thereby facilitating its subsequent complete conversion to APD 4-propyl-L-proline. Elucidation of the APD biosynthesis has long time resisted mainly due to the apparent absence of relevant C–C bond cleaving enzymatic activity. Our proposal aims to unblock this situation not only for lincomycin biosynthesis, but generally for all above mentioned groups of bioactive natural products with biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Jiraskova
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Steiningerova
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Novotna
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology - Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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87
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Use of Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance in Veterinary Medicine as Exemplified by the Swine Pathogen Streptococcus suis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:103-121. [PMID: 27738916 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine is essential to control infectious diseases, thereby keeping animals healthy and animal products safe for the consumer. On the other hand, development and spread of antimicrobial resistance is of major concern for public health. Streptococcus (S.) suis reflects a typical bacterial pathogen in modern swine production due to its facultative pathogenic nature and wide spread in the pig population. Thus, in the present review we focus on certain current aspects and problems related to antimicrobial use and resistance in S. suis as a paradigm for a bacterial pathogen affecting swine husbandry worldwide. The review includes (i) general aspects of antimicrobial use and resistance in veterinary medicine with emphasis on swine, (ii) genetic resistance mechanisms of S. suis known to contribute to bacterial survival under antibiotic selection pressure, and (iii) possible other factors which may contribute to problems in antimicrobial therapy of S. suis infections, such as bacterial persister cell formation, biofilm production, and co-infections. The latter shows that we hardly understand the complexity of factors affecting the success of antimicrobial treatment of (porcine) infectious diseases and underlines the need for further research in this field.
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88
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Tan GY, Deng Z, Liu T. Recent advances in the elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis. F1000Res 2015; 4. [PMID: 26989472 PMCID: PMC4784017 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7187.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the successful production of artemisinic acid in yeast, the promising potential of synthetic biology for natural product biosynthesis is now being realized. The recent total biosynthesis of opioids in microbes is considered to be another landmark in this field. The importance and significance of enzymes in natural product biosynthetic pathways have been re-emphasized by these advancements. Therefore, the characterization and elucidation of enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis are undoubtedly fundamental for the development of new drugs and the heterologous biosynthesis of active natural products. Here, discoveries regarding enzymatic function in natural product biosynthesis over the past year are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China; Hubei Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
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89
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Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are extensively involved in the maintenance of cellular redox potentials and the protection of cells from a variety of reactive chemical and electrophilic species. However, we recently found that the metabolic coupling of two LMW thiols - mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (EGT) - programs the biosynthesis of the anti-infective agent lincomycin A. Remarkably, such a constructive role of the thiols in the biosynthesis of natural products has so far received relatively little attention. We speculate that the unusual thiol EGT might function as a chiral thiolation carrier (for modification) and a novel activator (for glycosylation) of sugar. Additionally, we examine recent evidence for LMW thiols (MSH and others) as sulfur donors of sulfur-containing natural products. Clearly, the LMW thiols have more diverse activities beyond cell protection, and more attention should be paid to the correlation of their functions with thiol-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, Huzhou, China
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90
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Alamgir KM, Masuda S, Fujitani Y, Fukuda F, Tani A. Production of ergothioneine by Methylobacterium species. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1185. [PMID: 26579093 PMCID: PMC4621440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic analysis revealed that Methylobacterium cells accumulate a large amount of ergothioneine (EGT), which is a sulfur-containing, non-proteinogenic, antioxidative amino acid derived from histidine. EGT biosynthesis and its role in methylotrophy and physiology for plant surface-symbiotic Methylobacterium species were investigated in this study. Almost all Methylobacterium type strains can synthesize EGT. We selected one of the most productive strains (M. aquaticum strain 22A isolated from a moss), and investigated the feasibility of fermentative EGT production through optimization of the culture condition. Methanol as a carbon source served as the best substrate for production. The productivity reached up to 1000 μg/100 ml culture (1200 μg/g wet weight cells, 6.3 mg/g dry weight) in 38 days. Next, we identified the genes (egtBD) responsible for EGT synthesis, and generated a deletion mutant defective in EGT production. Compared to the wild type, the mutant showed better growth on methanol and on the plant surface as well as severe susceptibility to heat treatment and irradiation of ultraviolet (UV) and sunlight. These results suggested that EGT is not involved in methylotrophy, but is involved in their phyllospheric lifestyle fitness of the genus in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir M Alamgir
- Group of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Okayama, Japan
| | - Sachiko Masuda
- Group of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Okayama, Japan ; Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fujitani
- Group of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumio Fukuda
- Laboratory of Pomology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University Okayama, Japan
| | - Akio Tani
- Group of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University Okayama, Japan
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91
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Kamenik Z, Kadlcik S, Radojevic B, Jiraskova P, Kuzma M, Gazak R, Najmanova L, Kopecky J, Janata J. Deacetylation of mycothiol-derived 'waste product' triggers the last biosynthetic steps of lincosamide antibiotics. Chem Sci 2015; 7:430-435. [PMID: 28791100 PMCID: PMC5518657 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two homologous pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes LmbF and CcbF transform the deacetylated S-cysteinyl residue of related intermediates in the biosynthesis of lincomycin/celesticetin in different ways.
The immediate post-condensation steps in lincomycin biosynthesis are reminiscent of the mycothiol-dependent detoxification system of actinomycetes. This machinery provides the last proven lincomycin intermediate, a mercapturic acid derivative, which formally represents the ‘waste product’ of the detoxification process. We identified and purified new lincomycin intermediates from the culture broth of deletion mutant strains of Streptomyces lincolnensis and tested these compounds as substrates for proteins putatively involved in lincomycin biosynthesis. The results, based on LC-MS, in-source collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry and NMR analysis, revealed the final steps of lincomycin biosynthesis, i.e. conversion of the mercapturic acid derivative to lincomycin. Most importantly, we show that deacetylation of the N′-acetyl-S-cysteine residue of the mercapturic acid derivative is required to ‘escape’ the detoxification-like system and proceed towards completion of the biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, our results, supported by l-cysteine-13C3, 15N incorporation experiments, give evidence that a different type of reaction catalysed by the homologous pair of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes, LmbF and CcbF, forms the branch point in the biosynthesis of lincomycin and celesticetin, two related lincosamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Kamenik
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Stanislav Kadlcik
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Bojana Radojevic
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Petra Jiraskova
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Radek Gazak
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Lucie Najmanova
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Crop Research Institute , Drnovska 507 , Prague 6 , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janata
- Institute of Microbiology ASCR , Videnska 1083 , Prague 4 , Czech Republic .
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92
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Pang AP, Du L, Lin CY, Qiao J, Zhao GR. Co-overexpression of lmbW
and metK
led to increased lincomycin A production and decreased byproduct lincomycin B content in an industrial strain of Streptomyces lincolnensis. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1064-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.-P. Pang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - L. Du
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - C.-Y. Lin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - J. Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
| | - G.-R. Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin China
- SynBio Research Platform; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin China
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93
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Abstract
Leinamycin (LNM) is a sulfur-containing antitumor antibiotic featuring an unusual 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety that is spiro-fused to a thiazole-containing 18-membered lactam ring. The 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety is essential for LNM's antitumor activity, by virtue of its ability to generate an episulfonium ion intermediate capable of alkylating DNA. We have previously cloned and sequenced the lnm gene cluster from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140. In vivo and in vitro characterizations of the LNM biosynthetic machinery have since established that: (i) the 18-membered macrolactam backbone is synthesized by LnmP, LnmQ, LnmJ, LnmI, and LnmG, (ii) the alkyl branch at C-3 of LNM is installed by LnmK, LnmL, LnmM, and LnmF, and (iii) leinamycin E1 (LNM E1), bearing a thiol moiety at C-3, is the nascent product of the LNM hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-acyltransferase (AT)-less type I polyketide synthase (PKS). Sulfur incorporation at C-3 of LNM E1, however, has not been addressed. Here we report that: (i) the bioinformatics analysis reveals a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent domain, we termed cysteine lyase (SH) domain (LnmJ-SH), within PKS module-8 of LnmJ; (ii) the LnmJ-SH domain catalyzes C-S bond cleavage by using l-cysteine and l-cysteine S-modified analogs as substrates through a PLP-dependent β-elimination reaction, establishing l-cysteine as the origin of sulfur at C-3 of LNM; and (iii) the LnmJ-SH domain, sharing no sequence homology with any other enzymes catalyzing C-S bond cleavage, represents a new family of PKS domains that expands the chemistry and enzymology of PKSs and might be exploited to incorporate sulfur into polyketide natural products by PKS engineering.
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94
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Richard-Greenblatt M, Bach H, Adamson J, Peña-Diaz S, Li W, Steyn AJC, Av-Gay Y. Regulation of Ergothioneine Biosynthesis and Its Effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth and Infectivity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23064-76. [PMID: 26229105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergothioneine (EGT) is synthesized in mycobacteria, but limited knowledge exists regarding its synthesis, physiological role, and regulation. We have identified Rv3701c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to encode for EgtD, a required histidine methyltransferase that catalyzes first biosynthesis step in EGT biosynthesis. EgtD was found to be phosphorylated by the serine/threonine protein kinase PknD. PknD phosphorylates EgtD both in vitro and in a cell-based system on Thr(213). The phosphomimetic (T213E) but not the phosphoablative (T213A) mutant of EgtD failed to restore EGT synthesis in a ΔegtD mutant. The findings together with observed elevated levels of EGT in a pknD transposon mutant during in vitro growth suggests that EgtD phosphorylation by PknD negatively regulates EGT biosynthesis. We further showed that EGT is required in a nutrient-starved model of persistence and is needed for long term infection of murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Horacio Bach
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and
| | - John Adamson
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa 4001
| | - Sandra Peña-Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Wu Li
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China, and
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban, South Africa 4001, Department of Microbiology and Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and
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95
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedu Huang
- Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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96
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Perera VR, Newton GL, Pogliano K. Bacillithiol: a key protective thiol in Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1089-107. [PMID: 26184907 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1064309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillithiol is a low-molecular-weight thiol analogous to glutathione and is found in several Firmicutes, including Staphylococcus aureus. Since its discovery in 2009, bacillithiol has been a topic of interest because it has been found to contribute to resistance during oxidative stress and detoxification of electrophiles, such as the antibiotic fosfomycin, in S. aureus. The rapid increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to available therapeutic agents is a great health concern, and many research efforts are focused on identifying new drugs and targets to combat this organism. This review describes the discovery of bacillithiol, studies that have elucidated the physiological roles of this molecule in S. aureus and other Bacilli, and the contribution of bacillithiol to S. aureus fitness during pathogenesis. Additionally, the bacillithiol biosynthesis pathway is evaluated as a novel drug target that can be utilized in combination with existing therapies to treat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varahenage R Perera
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 4113, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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97
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Vit A, Mashabela GT, Blankenfeldt W, Seebeck FP. Structure of the Ergothioneine-Biosynthesis Amidohydrolase EgtC. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1490-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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98
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Loi VV, Rossius M, Antelmann H. Redox regulation by reversible protein S-thiolation in bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 25852656 PMCID: PMC4360819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols function as thiol-redox buffers to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm. The best studied LMW thiol is the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) present in all eukaryotes and Gram-negative bacteria. Firmicutes bacteria, including Bacillus and Staphylococcus species utilize the redox buffer bacillithiol (BSH) while Actinomycetes produce the related redox buffer mycothiol (MSH). In eukaryotes, proteins are post-translationally modified to S-glutathionylated proteins under conditions of oxidative stress. S-glutathionylation has emerged as major redox-regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes and protects active site cysteine residues against overoxidation to sulfonic acids. First studies identified S-glutathionylated proteins also in Gram-negative bacteria. Advances in mass spectrometry have further facilitated the identification of protein S-bacillithiolations and S-mycothiolation as BSH- and MSH-mixed protein disulfides formed under oxidative stress in Firmicutes and Actinomycetes, respectively. In Bacillus subtilis, protein S-bacillithiolation controls the activities of the redox-sensing OhrR repressor and the methionine synthase MetE in vivo. In Corynebacterium glutamicum, protein S-mycothiolation was more widespread and affected the functions of the maltodextrin phosphorylase MalP and thiol peroxidase (Tpx). In addition, novel bacilliredoxins (Brx) and mycoredoxins (Mrx1) were shown to function similar to glutaredoxins in the reduction of BSH- and MSH-mixed protein disulfides. Here we review the current knowledge about the functions of the bacterial thiol-redox buffers glutathione, bacillithiol, and mycothiol and the role of protein S-thiolation in redox regulation and thiol protection in model and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina Rossius
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University of Greifswald Greifswald, Germany
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99
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Melançon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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