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Hyodo K, Suzuki N, Okuno T. Hijacking a host scaffold protein, RACK1, for replication of a plant RNA virus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:935-945. [PMID: 30169907 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is strictly conserved across eukaryotes and acts as a versatile scaffold protein involved in various signaling pathways. Plant RACK1 is known to exert important functions in innate immunity against fungal and bacterial pathogens. However, the role of the RACK1 in plant-virus interactions remains unknown. Here, we addressed the role of RACK1 of Nicotiana benthamiana during infection by red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), a plant positive-stranded RNA virus. NbRACK1 was shown to be recruited by the p27 viral replication protein into endoplasmic reticulum-derived aggregated structures (possible replication sites). Downregulation of NbRACK1 by virus-induced gene silencing inhibited viral cap-independent translation and p27-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, which are prerequisite for RCNMV replication. We also found that NbRACK1 interacted with a host calcium-dependent protein kinase (NbCDPKiso2) that activated a ROS-generating enzyme. Interestingly, NbRACK1 was required for the interaction of p27 with NbCDPKiso2, suggesting that NbRACK1 acts as a bridge between the p27 viral replication protein and NbCDPKiso2. Collectively, our findings provide an example of a viral strategy in which a host multifaceted scaffold protein RACK1 is highjacked for promoting viral protein-triggered ROS production necessary for robust viral replication.
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Grants
- 15H04456 JSPS KAKENHI
- 17K15229 JSPS KAKENHI
- 16H06429 Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT)
- 16K21723 Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT)
- 16H06436 Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT)
- 17H05818 Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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52
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Meade N, DiGiuseppe S, Walsh D. Translational control during poxvirus infection. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2018; 10:e1515. [PMID: 30381906 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are an unusual family of large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that exhibit an incredible degree of self-sufficiency and complexity in their replication and immune evasion strategies. Indeed, amongst their approximately 200 open reading frames (ORFs), poxviruses encode approximately 100 immunomodulatory proteins to counter host responses along with complete DNA synthesis, transcription, mRNA processing and cytoplasmic redox systems that enable them to replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. However, like all other viruses poxviruses do not encode ribosomes and therefore remain completely dependent on gaining access to the host translational machinery in order to synthesize viral proteins. Early studies of these intriguing viruses helped discover the mRNA cap and polyadenylated (polyA) tail that we now know to be present on most eukaryotic messages and which play fundamental roles in mRNA translation, while more recent studies have begun to reveal the remarkable lengths poxviruses go to in order to control both host and viral protein synthesis. Here, we discuss some of the central strategies used by poxviruses and the broader battle that ensues with the host cell to control the translation system, the outcome of which ultimately dictates the fate of infection. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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54
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Meade N, Furey C, Li H, Verma R, Chai Q, Rollins MG, DiGiuseppe S, Naghavi MH, Walsh D. Poxviruses Evade Cytosolic Sensing through Disruption of an mTORC1-mTORC2 Regulatory Circuit. Cell 2018; 174:1143-1157.e17. [PMID: 30078703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Viruses employ elaborate strategies to coopt the cellular processes they require to replicate while simultaneously thwarting host antiviral responses. In many instances, how this is accomplished remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a protein, F17 encoded by cytoplasmically replicating poxviruses, that binds and sequesters Raptor and Rictor, regulators of mammalian target of rapamycin complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. This disrupts mTORC1-mTORC2 crosstalk that coordinates host responses to poxvirus infection. During infection with poxvirus lacking F17, cGAS accumulates together with endoplasmic reticulum vesicles around the Golgi, where activated STING puncta form, leading to interferon-stimulated gene expression. By contrast, poxvirus expressing F17 dysregulates mTOR, which localizes to the Golgi and blocks these antiviral responses in part through mTOR-dependent cGAS degradation. Ancestral conservation of Raptor/Rictor across eukaryotes, along with expression of F17 across poxviruses, suggests that mTOR dysregulation forms a conserved poxvirus strategy to counter cytosolic sensing while maintaining the metabolic benefits of mTOR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Colleen Furey
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rita Verma
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qingqing Chai
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Madeline G Rollins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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55
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Genuth NR, Barna M. The Discovery of Ribosome Heterogeneity and Its Implications for Gene Regulation and Organismal Life. Mol Cell 2018; 71:364-374. [PMID: 30075139 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.018get] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome has recently transitioned from being viewed as a passive, indiscriminate machine to a more dynamic macromolecular complex with specialized roles in the cell. Here, we discuss the historical milestones from the discovery of the ribosome itself to how this ancient machinery has gained newfound appreciation as a more regulatory participant in the central dogma of gene expression. The first emerging examples of direct changes in ribosome composition at the RNA and protein level, coupled with an increased awareness of the role individual ribosomal components play in the translation of specific mRNAs, is opening a new field of study centered on ribosome-mediated control of gene regulation. In this Perspective, we discuss our current understanding of the known functions for ribosome heterogeneity, including specialized translation of individual transcripts, and its implications for the regulation and expression of key gene regulatory networks. In addition, we suggest what the crucial next steps are to ascertain the extent of ribosome heterogeneity and specialization and its importance for regulation of the proteome within subcellular space, across different cell types, and during multi-cellular organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Genuth
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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56
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Genuth NR, Barna M. The Discovery of Ribosome Heterogeneity and Its Implications for Gene Regulation and Organismal Life. Mol Cell 2018; 71:364-374. [PMID: 30075139 PMCID: PMC6092941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ribosome has recently transitioned from being viewed as a passive, indiscriminate machine to a more dynamic macromolecular complex with specialized roles in the cell. Here, we discuss the historical milestones from the discovery of the ribosome itself to how this ancient machinery has gained newfound appreciation as a more regulatory participant in the central dogma of gene expression. The first emerging examples of direct changes in ribosome composition at the RNA and protein level, coupled with an increased awareness of the role individual ribosomal components play in the translation of specific mRNAs, is opening a new field of study centered on ribosome-mediated control of gene regulation. In this Perspective, we discuss our current understanding of the known functions for ribosome heterogeneity, including specialized translation of individual transcripts, and its implications for the regulation and expression of key gene regulatory networks. In addition, we suggest what the crucial next steps are to ascertain the extent of ribosome heterogeneity and specialization and its importance for regulation of the proteome within subcellular space, across different cell types, and during multi-cellular organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Genuth
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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57
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Abrahão J, Silva L, Silva LS, Khalil JYB, Rodrigues R, Arantes T, Assis F, Boratto P, Andrade M, Kroon EG, Ribeiro B, Bergier I, Seligmann H, Ghigo E, Colson P, Levasseur A, Kroemer G, Raoult D, La Scola B. Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere. Nat Commun 2018; 9:749. [PMID: 29487281 PMCID: PMC5829246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the discovery of two Tupanvirus strains, the longest tailed Mimiviridae members isolated in amoebae. Their genomes are 1.44–1.51 Mb linear double-strand DNA coding for 1276–1425 predicted proteins. Tupanviruses share the same ancestors with mimivirus lineages and these giant viruses present the largest translational apparatus within the known virosphere, with up to 70 tRNA, 20 aaRS, 11 factors for all translation steps, and factors related to tRNA/mRNA maturation and ribosome protein modification. Moreover, two sequences with significant similarity to intronic regions of 18 S rRNA genes are encoded by the tupanviruses and highly expressed. In this translation-associated gene set, only the ribosome is lacking. At high multiplicity of infections, tupanvirus is also cytotoxic and causes a severe shutdown of ribosomal RNA and a progressive degradation of the nucleus in host and non-host cells. The analysis of tupanviruses constitutes a new step toward understanding the evolution of giant viruses. Giant viruses are the largest viruses of the known virosphere and their genetic analysis can provide insights into virus evolution. Here, the authors discover Tupanvirus, a unique giant virus that has an unusually long tail and contains the largest translational apparatus of the known virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jônatas Abrahão
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lorena Silva
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Santos Silva
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thalita Arantes
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe Assis
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Paulo Boratto
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Miguel Andrade
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e Virologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bergmann Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica e Virologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ivan Bergier
- Lab. Biomass Conversion, Embrapa Pantanal, R. 21 de Setembro 1880, 79320-900, Corumbá/MS, Brazil
| | - Herve Seligmann
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, 94805, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, 75006, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, 75654, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75015, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, 75015, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Didier Raoult
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Bernard La Scola
- MEPHI, APHM, IRD 198, Aix Marseille Univ, IHU-Méditerranee Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
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58
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Ariza-Mateos A, Gómez J. Viral tRNA Mimicry from a Biocommunicative Perspective. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2395. [PMID: 29259593 PMCID: PMC5723415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have very small genomes which limits the functions they can encode. One of the strategies employed by these viruses is to mimic key factors of the host cell so they can take advantage of the interactions and activities these factors typically participate in. The viral RNA genome itself was first observed to mimic cellular tRNA over 40 years ago. Since then researchers have confirmed that distinct families of RNA viruses are accessible to a battery of cellular factors involved in tRNA-related activities. Recently, potential tRNA-like structures have been detected within the sequences of a 100 mRNAs taken from human cells, one of these being the host defense interferon-alpha mRNA; these are then additional to the examples found in bacterial and yeast mRNAs. The mimetic relationship between tRNA, cellular mRNA, and viral RNA is the central focus of two considerations described below. These are subsequently used as a preface for a final hypothesis drawing on concepts relating to mimicry from the social sciences and humanities, such as power relations and creativity. Firstly, the presence of tRNA-like structures in mRNAs indicates that the viral tRNA-like signal could be mimicking tRNA-like elements that are contextualized by the specific carrier mRNAs, rather than, or in addition to, the tRNA itself, which would significantly increase the number of potential semiotic relations mediated by the viral signals. Secondly, and in particular, mimicking a host defense mRNA could be considered a potential new viral strategy for survival. Finally, we propose that mRNA's mimicry of tRNA could be indicative of an ancestral intracellular conflict in which species of mRNAs invaded the cell, but from within. As the meaning of the mimetic signal depends on the context, in this case, the conflict that arises when the viral signal enters the cell can change the meaning of the mRNAs' internal tRNA-like signals, from their current significance to that they had in the distant past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Ariza-Mateos
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gómez
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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