51
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Küey C, Larocque G, Clarke NI, Royle SJ. Unintended perturbation of protein function using GFP nanobodies in human cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234955. [PMID: 31601614 PMCID: PMC6857592 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tagging a protein of interest with GFP using genome editing is a popular approach to study protein function in cell and developmental biology. To avoid re-engineering cell lines or organisms in order to introduce additional tags, functionalized nanobodies that bind GFP can be used to extend the functionality of the GFP tag. We developed functionalized nanobodies, which we termed 'dongles', that could add, for example, an FKBP tag to a GFP-tagged protein of interest, enabling knocksideways experiments in GFP knock-in cell lines. The power of knocksideways is that it allows investigators to rapidly switch the protein from an active to an inactive state. We show that dongles allow for effective knocksideways of GFP-tagged proteins in genome-edited human cells. However, we discovered that nanobody binding to dynamin-2-GFP caused inhibition of dynamin function prior to knocksideways. The function of GFP-tagged tumor protein D54 (TPD54, also known as TPD52L2) in anterograde traffic was also perturbed by dongles. While these issues potentially limit the application of dongles, we discuss strategies for their deployment as cell biological tools.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Küey
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gabrielle Larocque
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas I Clarke
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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52
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Lehmann M, Lukonin I, Noé F, Schmoranzer J, Clementi C, Loerke D, Haucke V. Nanoscale coupling of endocytic pit growth and stability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5775. [PMID: 31807703 PMCID: PMC6881173 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, an essential process for plasma membrane homeostasis and cell signaling, is characterized by stunning heterogeneity in the size and lifetime of clathrin-coated endocytic pits (CCPs). If and how CCP growth and lifetime are coupled and how this relates to their physiological function are unknown. We combine computational modeling, automated tracking of CCP dynamics, electron microscopy, and functional rescue experiments to demonstrate that CCP growth and lifetime are closely correlated and mechanistically linked by the early-acting endocytic F-BAR protein FCHo2. FCHo2 assembles at the rim of CCPs to control CCP growth and lifetime by coupling the invagination of early endocytic intermediates to clathrin lattice assembly. Our data suggest a mechanism for the nanoscale control of CCP growth and stability that may similarly apply to other metastable structures in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. (V.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Noé
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Clementi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science and Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Dinah Loerke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. (V.H.); (M.L.)
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53
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Functional recruitment of dynamin requires multimeric interactions for efficient endocytosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4462. [PMID: 31575863 PMCID: PMC6773865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME), the concerted action of dynamin and its interacting partners drives membrane scission. Essential interactions occur between the proline/arginine-rich domain of dynamin (dynPRD) and the Src-homology domain 3 (SH3) of various proteins including amphiphysins. Here we show that multiple SH3 domains must bind simultaneously to dynPRD through three adjacent motifs for dynamin’s efficient recruitment and function. First, we show that mutant dynamins modified in a single motif, including the central amphiphysin SH3 (amphSH3) binding motif, partially rescue CME in dynamin triple knock-out cells. However, mutating two motifs largely prevents that ability. Furthermore, we designed divalent dynPRD-derived peptides. These ligands bind multimers of amphSH3 with >100-fold higher affinity than monovalent ones in vitro. Accordingly, dialyzing living cells with these divalent peptides through a patch-clamp pipette blocks CME much more effectively than with monovalent ones. We conclude that dynamin drives vesicle scission via multivalent interactions in cells. During clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME), membrane scission is achieved by the concerted action of dynamin and its interacting partners such as amphiphysins. Here authors show that efficient recruitment and function of dynamin requires simultaneous binding of multiple amphiphysin SH3 domains.
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54
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Niu W, Parent JM. Modeling genetic epilepsies in a dish. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:56-75. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Niu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Michigan Medical Center and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jack M. Parent
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Michigan Medical Center and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor Michigan
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55
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Gaharwar AK, Cross LM, Peak CW, Gold K, Carrow JK, Brokesh A, Singh KA. 2D Nanoclay for Biomedical Applications: Regenerative Medicine, Therapeutic Delivery, and Additive Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900332. [PMID: 30941811 PMCID: PMC6546555 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Clay nanomaterials are an emerging class of 2D biomaterials of interest due to their atomically thin layered structure, charged characteristics, and well-defined composition. Synthetic nanoclays are plate-like polyions composed of simple or complex salts of silicic acids with a heterogeneous charge distribution and patchy interactions. Due to their biocompatible characteristics, unique shape, high surface-to-volume ratio, and charge, nanoclays are investigated for various biomedical applications. Here, a critical overview of the physical, chemical, and physiological interactions of nanoclay with biological moieties, including cells, proteins, and polymers, is provided. The state-of-the-art biomedical applications of 2D nanoclay in regenerative medicine, therapeutic delivery, and additive manufacturing are reviewed. In addition, recent developments that are shaping this emerging field are discussed and promising new research directions for 2D nanoclay-based biomaterials are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Material Science and Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lauren M Cross
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Charles W Peak
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Karli Gold
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - James K Carrow
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Anna Brokesh
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kanwar Abhay Singh
- Biomedical Engineering, Dwight Look College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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56
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Li Y, Wu YL, Hoess P, Mund M, Ries J. Depth-dependent PSF calibration and aberration correction for 3D single-molecule localization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2708-2718. [PMID: 31259045 PMCID: PMC6583355 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional single molecule localization microscopy relies on the fitting of the individual molecules with a point spread function (PSF) model. The reconstructed images often show local squeezing or expansion in z. A common cause is depth-induced aberrations in conjunction with an imperfect PSF model calibrated from beads on a coverslip, resulting in a mismatch between measured PSF and real PSF. Here, we developed a strategy for accurate z-localization in which we use the imperfect PSF model for fitting, determine the fitting errors and correct for them in a post-processing step. We present an open-source software tool and a simple experimental calibration procedure that allow retrieving accurate z-positions in any PSF engineering approach or fitting modality, even at large imaging depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences
| | - Philipp Hoess
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences
| | - Markus Mund
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Current affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Ries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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57
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Quantitative proteomics of MDCK cells identify unrecognized roles of clathrin adaptor AP-1 in polarized distribution of surface proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11796-11805. [PMID: 31142645 PMCID: PMC6575629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821076116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells perform critical protective, secretory, absorptive, and sensory functions, for which they require plasma membrane polarization into apical and basolateral domains. Impaired polarity causes cancer and developmental and degenerative disorders. Research on fundamental polarity mechanisms has been hindered by the paucity of model proteins and by the use of overexpression systems. Here, we introduce a high-throughput surface proteomics approach based on domain-selective biotinylation and quantitative mass spectrometry that provides candidate proteins to study polarity under normal expression levels. Using this approach, we described that clathrin adaptors mediate apical and basolateral distribution of surface proteins, expanding the traditional notion that clathrin adaptors mediate only basolateral polarity. Our results establish quantitative surface proteomics as a powerful tool to study epithelial polarity. The current model of polarized plasma membrane protein sorting in epithelial cells has been largely generated on the basis of experiments characterizing the polarized distribution of a relatively small number of overexpressed model proteins under various experimental conditions. Thus, the possibility exists that alternative roles of various types of sorting machinery may have been underestimated or missed. Here, we utilize domain-selective surface biotinylation combined with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and mass spectrometry to quantitatively define large populations of apical and basolateral surface proteins in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We identified 313 plasma membrane proteins, of which 38% were apical, 51% were basolateral, and 11% were nonpolar. Silencing of clathrin adaptor proteins (AP) AP-1A, AP-1B, or both caused redistribution of basolateral proteins as expected but also, of a large population of apical proteins. Consistent with their previously reported ability to compensate for one another, the strongest loss of polarity was observed when we silenced AP-1A and AP-1B simultaneously. We found stronger evidence of compensation in the apical pathway compared with the basolateral pathway. Surprisingly, we also found subgroups of proteins that were affected after silencing just one adaptor, indicating previously unrecognized independent roles for AP-1A and AP-1B. While AP-1B silencing mainly affected basolateral polarity, AP-1A silencing seemed to cause comparable loss of apical and basolateral polarity. Our results uncover previously overlooked roles of AP-1 in polarized distribution of apical and basolateral proteins and introduce surface proteomics as a method to examine mechanisms of polarization with a depth not possible until now.
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58
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The nucleosomes that mark centromere location on chromosomes old and new. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:15-27. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Proper segregation of chromosomes is an essential component of cell division. The centromere is the locus at which the kinetochore—the proteinaceous complex that ties chromosomes to microtubules—forms during mitosis and meiosis. Thus, the centromere is critical for equal segregation of chromosomes. The centromere is characterized by both protein and DNA elements: the histone H3 variant CENP-A epigenetically defines the location of the centromere while centromeric DNA sequences are neither necessary nor sufficient for centromere function. Paradoxically, the DNA sequences play a critical role in new centromere formation. In this essay, we discuss the contribution of both epigenetics and genetics at the centromere. Understanding these contributions is vital to efforts to control centromere formation on synthetic/artificial chromosomes and centromere strength on natural ones.
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59
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Ayele TM, Knutson SD, Ellipilli S, Hwang H, Heemstra JM. Fluorogenic Photoaffinity Labeling of Proteins in Living Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1309-1313. [PMID: 30978287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins or small-molecule probes that recognize specific protein binding partners can be used to label proteins to study their localization and function with fluorescence microscopy. However, these approaches are limited in signal-to-background resolution and the ability to temporally control labeling. Herein, we describe a covalent protein labeling technique using a fluorogenic malachite green probe functionalized with a photoreactive cross-linker. This enables a controlled covalent attachment to a genetically encodable fluorogen activating protein (FAP) with low background signal. We demonstrate covalent labeling of a protein in vitro as well as in live mammalian cells. This method is straightforward, displays high labeling specificity, and results in improved signal-to-background ratios in photoaffinity labeling of target proteins. Additionally, this probe provides temporal control over reactivity, enabling future applications in real-time monitoring of cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewoderos M Ayele
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Steve D Knutson
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Satheesh Ellipilli
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Hyun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Jennifer M Heemstra
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
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60
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Roberts B, Hendershott MC, Arakaki J, Gerbin KA, Malik H, Nelson A, Gehring J, Hookway C, Ludmann SA, Yang R, Haupt A, Grancharova T, Valencia V, Fuqua MA, Tucker A, Rafelski SM, Gunawardane RN. Fluorescent Gene Tagging of Transcriptionally Silent Genes in hiPSCs. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1145-1158. [PMID: 30956114 PMCID: PMC6522946 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a multistep method for endogenous tagging of transcriptionally silent genes in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). A monomeric EGFP (mEGFP) fusion tag and a constitutively expressed mCherry fluorescence selection cassette were delivered in tandem via homology-directed repair to five genes not expressed in hiPSCs but important for cardiomyocyte sarcomere function: TTN, MYL7, MYL2, TNNI1, and ACTN2. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to deliver the selection cassette and subsequently mediate its excision via microhomology-mediated end-joining and non-homologous end-joining. Most excised clones were effectively tagged, and all properly tagged clones expressed the mEGFP fusion protein upon differentiation into cardiomyocytes, allowing live visualization of these cardiac proteins at the sarcomere. This methodology provides a broadly applicable strategy for endogenously tagging transcriptionally silent genes in hiPSCs, potentially enabling their systematic and dynamic study during differentiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Roberts
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Joy Arakaki
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Haseeb Malik
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jamie Gehring
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Ruian Yang
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amanda Haupt
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Tucker
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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61
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Stevens LM, Moffat K, Cooke L, Nomikou K, Mertens PPC, Jackson T, Darpel KE. A low-passage insect-cell isolate of bluetongue virus uses a macropinocytosis-like entry pathway to infect natural target cells derived from the bovine host. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:568-582. [PMID: 30843784 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease in domestic and wildlife ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. In ruminants, BTV has a wide cell tropism that includes endothelial cells of vascular and lymphatic vessels as important cell targets for virus replication, and several cell types of the immune system including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, cell-entry represents a particular challenge for BTV as it infects many different cell types in widely diverse vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Improved understanding of BTV cell-entry could lead to novel antiviral approaches that can block virus transmission from cell to cell between its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Here, we have investigated BTV cell-entry using endothelial cells derived from the natural bovine host (BFA cells) and purified whole virus particles of a low-passage, insect-cell isolate of a virulent strain of BTV-1. Our results show that the main entry pathway for infection of BFA cells is dependent on actin and dynamin, and shares certain characteristics with macropinocytosis. The ability to use a macropinocytosis-like entry route could explain the diverse cell tropism of BTV and contribute to the efficiency of transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Stevens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,‡Present address: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lyndsay Cooke
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin E Darpel
- 2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
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62
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Banko M, Mucha-Kruczynska I, Weise C, Heyd F, Ewers H. A homozygous genome-edited Sept2-EGFP fibroblast cell line. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:73-82. [PMID: 30924304 PMCID: PMC6593442 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Septins are a conserved, essential family of GTPases that interact with actin, microtubules, and membranes and form scaffolds and diffusion barriers in cells. Several of the 13 known mammalian septins assemble into nonpolar, multimeric complexes that can further polymerize into filamentous structures. While some GFP‐coupled septins have been described, overexpression of GFP‐tagged septins often leads to artifacts in localization and function. To overcome this ubiquitous problem, we have here generated a genome‐edited rat fibroblast cell line expressing Septin 2 (Sept2) coupled to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) from both chromosomal loci. We characterize these cells by genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genomic integration, by western blot and reverse transcriptase‐PCR for expression, by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation for the colocalization of septins with one another and cellular structures and for complex formation of different septins. By live cell imaging, proliferation and migration assays we investigate proper function of septins in these cells. We find that EGFP is incorporated into both chromosomal loci and only EGFP‐coupled Sept2 is expressed in homozygous cells. We find that endogenous Sept2‐EGFP exhibits expression levels, localization and incorporation into cellular septin complexes similar to the wt in these cells. The expression level of other septins is not perturbed and cell division and cell migration proceed normally. We expect our cell line to be a useful tool for the cell biology of septins, especially for quantitative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Banko
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iwona Mucha-Kruczynska
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helge Ewers
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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63
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Growth factor stimulation promotes multivesicular endosome biogenesis by prolonging recruitment of the late-acting ESCRT machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6858-6867. [PMID: 30894482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817898116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) mediates the turnover of numerous integral membrane proteins and has been implicated in the down-regulation of growth factor signaling, thereby exhibiting properties of a tumor suppressor. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery plays a key role in MVE biogenesis, enabling cargo selection and intralumenal vesicle (ILV) budding. However, the spatiotemporal pattern of endogenous ESCRT complex assembly and disassembly in mammalian cells remains poorly defined. By combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and live cell imaging using lattice light sheet microscopy (LLSM), we determined the native dynamics of both early- and late-acting ESCRT components at MVEs under multiple growth conditions. Specifically, our data indicate that ESCRT-0 accumulates quickly on endosomes, typically in less than 30 seconds, and its levels oscillate in a manner dependent on the downstream recruitment of ESCRT-I. Similarly, levels of the ESCRT-I complex also fluctuate on endosomes, but its average residency time is more than fivefold shorter compared with ESCRT-0. Vps4 accumulation is the most transient, however, suggesting that the completion of ILV formation occurs rapidly. Upon addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF), both ESCRT-I and Vps4 are retained at endosomes for dramatically extended periods of time, while ESCRT-0 dynamics are only modestly affected. Our findings are consistent with a model in which growth factor stimulation stabilizes late-acting components of the ESCRT machinery at endosomes to accelerate the rate of ILV biogenesis and attenuate signal transduction initiated by receptor activation.
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64
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From Flat to Curved Clathrin: Controlling a Plastic Ratchet. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:241-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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65
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Mann BJ, Wadsworth P. Distribution of Eg5 and TPX2 in mitosis: Insight from CRISPR tagged cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:508-521. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Mann
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - P. Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
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66
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Lacy MM, Ma R, Ravindra NG, Berro J. Molecular mechanisms of force production in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3586-3605. [PMID: 30006986 PMCID: PMC6231980 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), a flat patch of membrane is invaginated and pinched off to release a vesicle into the cytoplasm. In yeast CME, over 60 proteins-including a dynamic actin meshwork-self-assemble to deform the plasma membrane. Several models have been proposed for how actin and other molecules produce the forces necessary to overcome the mechanical barriers of membrane tension and turgor pressure, but the precise mechanisms and a full picture of their interplay are still not clear. In this review, we discuss the evidence for these force production models from a quantitative perspective and propose future directions for experimental and theoretical work that could clarify their various contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lacy
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neal G Ravindra
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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67
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Schöneberg J, Dambournet D, Liu TL, Forster R, Hockemeyer D, Betzig E, Drubin DG. 4D cell biology: big data image analytics and lattice light-sheet imaging reveal dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in stem cell-derived intestinal organoids. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2959-2968. [PMID: 30188768 PMCID: PMC6329908 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New methods in stem cell 3D organoid tissue culture, advanced imaging, and big data image analytics now allow tissue-scale 4D cell biology, but currently available analytical pipelines are inadequate for handing and analyzing the resulting gigabytes and terabytes of high-content imaging data. We expressed fluorescent protein fusions of clathrin and dynamin2 at endogenous levels in genome-edited human embryonic stem cells, which were differentiated into hESC-derived intestinal epithelial organoids. Lattice light-sheet imaging with adaptive optics (AO-LLSM) allowed us to image large volumes of these organoids (70 × 60 × 40 µm xyz) at 5.7 s/frame. We developed an open-source data analysis package termed pyLattice to process the resulting large (∼60 Gb) movie data sets and to track clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) events. CME tracks could be recorded from ∼35 cells at a time, resulting in ∼4000 processed tracks per movie. On the basis of their localization in the organoid, we classified CME tracks into apical, lateral, and basal events and found that CME dynamics is similar for all three classes, despite reported differences in membrane tension. pyLattice coupled with AO-LLSM makes possible quantitative high temporal and spatial resolution analysis of subcellular events within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daphné Dambournet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Tsung-Li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - Ryan Forster
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Eric Betzig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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68
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Haucke V, Kozlov MM. Membrane remodeling in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/17/jcs216812. [PMID: 30177505 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is an essential cellular mechanism by which all eukaryotic cells regulate their plasma membrane composition to control processes ranging from cell signaling to adhesion, migration and morphogenesis. The formation of endocytic vesicles and tubules involves extensive protein-mediated remodeling of the plasma membrane that is organized in space and time by protein-protein and protein-phospholipid interactions. Recent studies combining high-resolution imaging with genetic manipulations of the endocytic machinery and with theoretical approaches have led to novel multifaceted phenomenological data of the temporal and spatial organization of the endocytic reaction. This gave rise to various - often conflicting - models as to how endocytic proteins and their association with lipids regulate the endocytic protein choreography to reshape the plasma membrane. In this Review, we discuss these findings in light of the hypothesis that endocytic membrane remodeling may be determined by an interplay between protein-protein interactions, the ability of proteins to generate and sense membrane curvature, and the ability of lipids to stabilize and reinforce the generated membrane shape through adopting their lateral distribution to the local membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany .,Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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69
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Haupt A, Grancharova T, Arakaki J, Fuqua MA, Roberts B, Gunawardane RN. Endogenous Protein Tagging in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9. J Vis Exp 2018:58130. [PMID: 30199041 PMCID: PMC6231893 DOI: 10.3791/58130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame N- or C-terminal fluorescent tags. The prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) may be used to introduce large exogenous sequences into genomic loci via homology directed repair (HDR). To achieve the desired knock-in, this protocol employs the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based approach where wild type Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein, synthetic 2-part guide RNA (gRNA), and a donor template plasmid are delivered to the cells via electroporation. Putatively edited cells expressing the fluorescently tagged proteins are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Clonal lines are then generated and can be analyzed for precise editing outcomes. By introducing the fluorescent tag at the genomic locus of the gene of interest, the resulting subcellular localization and dynamics of the fusion protein can be studied under endogenous regulatory control, a key improvement over conventional overexpression systems. The use of hiPSCs as a model system for gene tagging provides the opportunity to study the tagged proteins in diploid, nontransformed cells. Since hiPSCs can be differentiated into multiple cell types, this approach provides the opportunity to create and study tagged proteins in a variety of isogenic cellular contexts.
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70
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Picco A, Kaksonen M. Quantitative imaging of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:105-110. [PMID: 30025292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a process by which eukaryotic cells bend a small region of their plasma membrane to form a transport vesicle that carries specific cargo molecules into the cell. Endocytosis controls the composition of the plasma membrane, imports nutrients and regulates many signalling pathways. The roles of most of the proteins involved in endocytosis have been thoroughly characterised. However, how these proteins cooperate in the cell to drive the endocytic process is not well understood. Microscopy methods have been instrumental in describing the dynamics and the molecular mechanism of endocytosis. Here, we will review the challenges and the recent advances in visualising the endocytic machinery and we will reflect on how the integration of current imaging technologies can lead us toward a quantitative understanding of the molecular mechanisms of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Picco
- Department of Biochemistry and NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- Department of Biochemistry and NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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71
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Dambournet D, Sochacki KA, Cheng AT, Akamatsu M, Taraska JW, Hockemeyer D, Drubin DG. Genome-edited human stem cells expressing fluorescently labeled endocytic markers allow quantitative analysis of clathrin-mediated endocytosis during differentiation. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3301-3311. [PMID: 29980624 PMCID: PMC6123002 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201710084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a general approach for investigation of how cellular processes become adapted for specific cell types during differentiation. Previous studies reported substantial differences in the morphology and dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) sites. However, associating specific CME properties with distinct differentiated cell types and determining how these properties are developmentally specified during differentiation have been elusive. Using genome-edited human embryonic stem cells, and isogenic fibroblasts and neuronal progenitor cells derived from them, we established by live-cell imaging and platinum replica transmission electron microscopy that CME site dynamics and ultrastructure on the plasma membrane are precisely reprogrammed during differentiation. Expression levels for the endocytic adaptor protein AP2μ2 were found to underlie dramatic changes in CME dynamics and structure. Additionally, CME dependency on actin assembly and phosphoinositide-3 kinase activity are distinct for each cell type. Collectively, our results demonstrate that key CME properties are reprogrammed during differentiation at least in part through AP2μ2 expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Dambournet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Kem A Sochacki
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Matthew Akamatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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72
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Ghosh D, Nieves-Cintrón M, Tajada S, Brust-Mascher I, Horne MC, Hell JW, Dixon RE, Santana LF, Navedo MF. Dynamic L-type Ca V1.2 channel trafficking facilitates Ca V1.2 clustering and cooperative gating. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1341-1355. [PMID: 29959960 PMCID: PMC6407617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
L-type CaV1.2 channels are key regulators of gene expression, cell excitability and muscle contraction. CaV1.2 channels organize in clusters throughout the plasma membrane. This channel organization has been suggested to contribute to the concerted activation of adjacent CaV1.2 channels (e.g. cooperative gating). Here, we tested the hypothesis that dynamic intracellular and perimembrane trafficking of CaV1.2 channels is critical for formation and dissolution of functional channel clusters mediating cooperative gating. We found that CaV1.2 moves in vesicular structures of circular and tubular shape with diverse intracellular and submembrane trafficking patterns. Both microtubules and actin filaments are required for dynamic movement of CaV1.2 vesicles. These vesicles undergo constitutive homotypic fusion and fission events that sustain CaV1.2 clustering, channel activity and cooperative gating. Our study suggests that CaV1.2 clusters and activity can be modulated by diverse and unique intracellular and perimembrane vesicular dynamics to fine-tune Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Madeline Nieves-Cintrón
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sendoa Tajada
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Advanced Imaging Facility, School of Veterinary Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mary C Horne
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rose E Dixon
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Luis F Santana
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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73
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Li Y, Mund M, Hoess P, Deschamps J, Matti U, Nijmeijer B, Sabinina VJ, Ellenberg J, Schoen I, Ries J. Real-time 3D single-molecule localization using experimental point spread functions. Nat Methods 2018; 15:367-369. [PMID: 29630062 PMCID: PMC6009849 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a real-time fitter for 3D single-molecule localization microscopy using experimental point spread functions (PSFs) that achieves minimal uncertainty in 3D on any microscope and is compatible with any PSF engineering approach. We used this method to image cellular structures and attained unprecedented image quality for astigmatic PSFs. The fitter compensates for most optical aberrations and makes accurate 3D super-resolution microscopy broadly accessible, even on standard microscopes without dedicated 3D optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Mund
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Hoess
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joran Deschamps
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Matti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bianca Nijmeijer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vilma Jimenez Sabinina
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingmar Schoen
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jonas Ries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology and Biophysics unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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74
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Carrow JK, Cross LM, Reese RW, Jaiswal MK, Gregory CA, Kaunas R, Singh I, Gaharwar AK. Widespread changes in transcriptome profile of human mesenchymal stem cells induced by two-dimensional nanosilicates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3905-E3913. [PMID: 29643075 PMCID: PMC5924886 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716164115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional nanomaterials, an ultrathin class of materials such as graphene, nanoclays, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs), have emerged as a new generation of materials due to their unique properties relative to macroscale counterparts. However, little is known about the transcriptome dynamics following exposure to these nanomaterials. Here, we investigate the interactions of 2D nanosilicates, a layered clay, with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) at the whole-transcriptome level by high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq). Analysis of cell-nanosilicate interactions by monitoring changes in transcriptome profile uncovered key biophysical and biochemical cellular pathways triggered by nanosilicates. A widespread alteration of genes was observed due to nanosilicate exposure as more than 4,000 genes were differentially expressed. The change in mRNA expression levels revealed clathrin-mediated endocytosis of nanosilicates. Nanosilicate attachment to the cell membrane and subsequent cellular internalization activated stress-responsive pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which subsequently directed hMSC differentiation toward osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. This study provides transcriptomic insight on the role of surface-mediated cellular signaling triggered by nanomaterials and enables development of nanomaterials-based therapeutics for regenerative medicine. This approach in understanding nanomaterial-cell interactions illustrates how change in transcriptomic profile can predict downstream effects following nanomaterial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Carrow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Lauren M Cross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Robert W Reese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Manish K Jaiswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Roland Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Irtisha Singh
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065;
- Tri-I Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Akhilesh K Gaharwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
- Department of Material Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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75
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Liu TL, Upadhyayula S, Milkie DE, Singh V, Wang K, Swinburne IA, Mosaliganti KR, Collins ZM, Hiscock TW, Shea J, Kohrman AQ, Medwig TN, Dambournet D, Forster R, Cunniff B, Ruan Y, Yashiro H, Scholpp S, Meyerowitz EM, Hockemeyer D, Drubin DG, Martin BL, Matus DQ, Koyama M, Megason SG, Kirchhausen T, Betzig E. Observing the cell in its native state: Imaging subcellular dynamics in multicellular organisms. Science 2018; 360:eaaq1392. [PMID: 29674564 PMCID: PMC6040645 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
True physiological imaging of subcellular dynamics requires studying cells within their parent organisms, where all the environmental cues that drive gene expression, and hence the phenotypes that we actually observe, are present. A complete understanding also requires volumetric imaging of the cell and its surroundings at high spatiotemporal resolution, without inducing undue stress on either. We combined lattice light-sheet microscopy with adaptive optics to achieve, across large multicellular volumes, noninvasive aberration-free imaging of subcellular processes, including endocytosis, organelle remodeling during mitosis, and the migration of axons, immune cells, and metastatic cancer cells in vivo. The technology reveals the phenotypic diversity within cells across different organisms and developmental stages and may offer insights into how cells harness their intrinsic variability to adapt to different physiological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel E Milkie
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ved Singh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Ian A Swinburne
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kishore R Mosaliganti
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zach M Collins
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom W Hiscock
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamien Shea
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Abraham Q Kohrman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Taylor N Medwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Daphne Dambournet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ryan Forster
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hanako Yashiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Steffen Scholpp
- Living Systems Institute, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dirk Hockemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Benjamin L Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - David Q Matus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Sean G Megason
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.
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76
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A noncanonical role for dynamin-1 in regulating early stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in non-neuronal cells. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005377. [PMID: 29668686 PMCID: PMC5927468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin Guanosine Triphosphate hydrolases (GTPases) are best studied for their role in the terminal membrane fission process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), but they have also been proposed to regulate earlier stages of CME. Although highly enriched in neurons, dynamin-1 (Dyn1) is, in fact, widely expressed along with Dyn2 but inactivated in non-neuronal cells via phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) kinase. Here, we study the differential, isoform-specific functions of Dyn1 and Dyn2 as regulators of CME. Endogenously expressed Dyn1 and Dyn2 were fluorescently tagged either separately or together in two cell lines with contrasting Dyn1 expression levels. By quantitative live cell dual- and triple-channel total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we find that Dyn2 is more efficiently recruited to clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) than Dyn1, and that Dyn2 but not Dyn1 exhibits a pronounced burst of assembly, presumably into supramolecular collar-like structures that drive membrane scission and clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) formation. Activation of Dyn1 by acute inhibition of GSK3β results in more rapid endocytosis of transferrin receptors, increased rates of CCP initiation, and decreased CCP lifetimes but did not significantly affect the extent of Dyn1 recruitment to CCPs. Thus, activated Dyn1 can regulate early stages of CME that occur well upstream of fission, even when present at low, substoichiometric levels relative to Dyn2. Under physiological conditions, Dyn1 is activated downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to alter CCP dynamics. We identify sorting nexin 9 (SNX9) as a preferred binding partner to activated Dyn1 that is partially required for Dyn1-dependent effects on early stages of CCP maturation. Together, we decouple regulatory and scission functions of dynamins and report a scission-independent, isoform-specific regulatory role for Dyn1 in CME. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), a major route for nutrient uptake, also controls signaling downstream of cell surface receptors. Recent studies have shown that signaling, in turn, can reciprocally regulate CME. CME is initiated by the assembly of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) that mature to form deeply invaginated buds before the large Guanosine Triphosphate hydrolase (GTPase), dynamin, catalyzes membrane scission and clathrin-coated vesicle release. Here, we characterize an isoform-specific and noncanonical function for dynamin-1 (Dyn1) in regulating early stages of CME and show that Dyn1 and Dyn2 have nonredundant functions in CME. By genetically introducing fluorescent tags and using live-cell fluorescence imaging, we detected, tracked, and analyzed thousands of CCPs comprising up to three endocytic proteins in real time. We find that Dyn1, previously assumed to function only at neurological synapses, is expressed but maintained in an inactive state in non-neuronal cells through phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β). We show that inhibition of GSK3β by a chemical inhibitor or downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling activates Dyn1 and accelerates CCP assembly and maturation. These early effects are seen even when Dyn1 is barely detectable on CCPs. We conclude that Dyn1 is an important component of cross-communication between endocytosis and signaling.
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77
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Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytic pathway in mammalian cells. It is responsible for the uptake of transmembrane receptors and transporters, for remodeling plasma membrane composition in response to environmental changes, and for regulating cell surface signaling. CME occurs via the assembly and maturation of clathrin-coated pits that concentrate cargo as they invaginate and pinch off to form clathrin-coated vesicles. In addition to the major coat proteins, clathrin triskelia and adaptor protein complexes, CME requires a myriad of endocytic accessory proteins and phosphatidylinositol lipids. CME is regulated at multiple steps-initiation, cargo selection, maturation, and fission-and is monitored by an endocytic checkpoint that induces disassembly of defective pits. Regulation occurs via posttranslational modifications, allosteric conformational changes, and isoform and splice-variant differences among components of the CME machinery, including the GTPase dynamin. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of CME and the evolution of this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Ping-Hung Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Saipraveen Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , , .,Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
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78
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Tolsma TO, Cuevas LM, Di Pietro SM. The Sla1 adaptor-clathrin interaction regulates coat formation and progression of endocytosis. Traffic 2018. [PMID: 29542219 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a fundamental transport pathway that depends on numerous protein-protein interactions. Testing the importance of the adaptor protein-clathrin interaction for coat formation and progression of endocytosis in vivo has been difficult due to experimental constrains. Here, we addressed this question using the yeast clathrin adaptor Sla1, which is unique in showing a cargo endocytosis defect upon substitution of 3 amino acids in its clathrin-binding motif (sla1AAA ) that disrupt clathrin binding. Live-cell imaging showed an impaired Sla1-clathrin interaction causes reduced clathrin levels but increased Sla1 levels at endocytic sites. Moreover, the rate of Sla1 recruitment was reduced indicating proper dynamics of both clathrin and Sla1 depend on their interaction. sla1AAA cells showed a delay in progression through the various stages of endocytosis. The Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization machinery was present for significantly longer time before actin polymerization ensued, revealing a link between coat formation and activation of actin polymerization. Ultimately, in sla1AAA cells a larger than normal actin network was formed, dramatically higher levels of various machinery proteins other than clathrin were recruited, and the membrane profile of endocytic invaginations was longer. Thus, the Sla1-clathrin interaction is important for coat formation, regulation of endocytic progression and membrane bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Tolsma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lena M Cuevas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Santiago M Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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79
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Lou X. Sensing Exocytosis and Triggering Endocytosis at Synapses: Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis-Endocytosis Coupling. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:66. [PMID: 29593500 PMCID: PMC5861208 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intact synaptic structure is critical for information processing in neural circuits. During synaptic transmission, rapid vesicle exocytosis increases the size of never terminals and endocytosis counteracts the increase. Accumulating evidence suggests that SV exocytosis and endocytosis are tightly connected in time and space during SV recycling, and this process is essential for synaptic function and structural stability. Research in the past has illustrated the molecular details of synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis and endocytosis; however, the mechanisms that timely connect these two fundamental events are poorly understood at central synapses. Here we discuss recent progress in SV recycling and summarize several emerging mechanisms by which synapses can “sense” the occurrence of exocytosis and timely initiate compensatory endocytosis. They include Ca2+ sensing, SV proteins sensing, and local membrane stress sensing. In addition, the spatial organization of endocytic zones adjacent to active zones provides a structural basis for efficient coupling between SV exocytosis and endocytosis. Through linking different endocytosis pathways with SV fusion, these mechanisms ensure necessary plasticity and robustness of nerve terminals to meet diverse physiological needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Lou
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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80
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81
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Bertot L, Grassart A, Lagache T, Nardi G, Basquin C, Olivo-Marin JC, Sauvonnet N. Quantitative and Statistical Study of the Dynamics of Clathrin-Dependent and -Independent Endocytosis Reveal a Differential Role of EndophilinA2. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1574-1588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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82
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Urnov FD. Genome Editing B.C. (Before CRISPR): Lasting Lessons from the “Old Testament”. CRISPR J 2018; 1:34-46. [DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2018.29007.fyu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fyodor D. Urnov
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, Washington
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83
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Membrane bending occurs at all stages of clathrin-coat assembly and defines endocytic dynamics. Nat Commun 2018; 9:419. [PMID: 29379015 PMCID: PMC5789089 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) internalizes plasma membrane by reshaping small regions of the cell surface into spherical vesicles. The key mechanistic question of how coat assembly produces membrane curvature has been studied with molecular and cellular structural biology approaches, without direct visualization of the process in living cells; resulting in two competing models for membrane bending. Here we use polarized total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (pol-TIRF) combined with electron, atomic force, and super-resolution optical microscopy to measure membrane curvature during CME. Surprisingly, coat assembly accommodates membrane bending concurrent with or after the assembly of the clathrin lattice. Once curvature began, CME proceeded to scission with robust timing. Four color pol-TIRF showed that CALM accumulated at high levels during membrane bending, implicating its auxiliary role in curvature generation. We conclude that clathrin-coat assembly is versatile and that multiple membrane-bending trajectories likely reflect the energetics of coat assembly relative to competing forces. Two distinct and opposing models for clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been inferred from EM and structural biology data. Here the authors develop an optical method to directly visualize membrane-bending dynamics and show that coat assembly accommodates membrane bending during or after the assembly of the clathrin lattice, which is not predicted by either model.
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84
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Abstract
Animal cell migration constitutes a complex process involving a multitude of forces generated and maintained by the actin cytoskeleton. Dynamic changes of the cell surface, for instance to effect cell edge protrusion, are at the core of initiating migratory processes, both in tissue culture models and whole animals. Here we sketch different aspects of imaging representative molecular constituents in such actin-driven processes, which power and regulate the polymerisation of actin filaments into bundles and networks, constituting the building blocks of such protrusions. The examples presented illustrate both the diversity of subcellular distributions of distinct molecular components, according to their function, and the complexity of dynamic changes in protrusion size, shape, and/or orientation in 3D. Considering these dynamics helps mechanistically connecting subcellular distributions of molecular machines driving protrusion and migration with their biochemical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Steffen
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frieda Kage
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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85
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Yong J, Chen Y, Wu M. Real-Time Monitoring of Clathrin Assembly Kinetics in a Reconstituted System. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1847:177-187. [PMID: 30129017 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8719-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-coated pits (ccp) are important structures that cells use for internalizing materials and regulating plasma membrane homeostasis. We had previously described an assay of reconstituting ccp assembly on sheets of basal plasma membranes. Here, we describe a workflow to adapt this system for monitoring the assembly of ccps over time using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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86
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Pinilla-Macua I, Grassart A, Duvvuri U, Watkins SC, Sorkin A. EGF receptor signaling, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and endocytosis in tumors in vivo. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29268862 PMCID: PMC5741375 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a well-established role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumorigenesis, EGFR activities and endocytosis in tumors in vivo have not been studied. We labeled endogenous EGFR with GFP by genome-editing of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, which were used to examine EGFR-GFP behavior in mouse tumor xenografts in vivo. Intravital multiphoton imaging, confocal imaging of cryosections and biochemical analysis revealed that localization and trafficking patterns, as well as levels of phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of EGFR in tumors in vivo closely resemble patterns and levels observed in the same cells treated with 20–200 pM EGF in vitro. Consistent with the prediction of low ligand concentrations in tumors, EGFR endocytosis was kinase-dependent and blocked by inhibitors of clathrin-mediated internalization; and EGFR activity was insensitive to Cbl overexpression. Collectively, our data suggest that a small pool of active EGFRs is sufficient to drive tumorigenesis by signaling primarily through the Ras-MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Pinilla-Macua
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexandre Grassart
- Department of Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
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87
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Rosendale M, Perrais D. Imaging in focus: Imaging the dynamics of endocytosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 93:41-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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88
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Drubin DG, Hyman AA. Stem cells: the new "model organism". Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1409-1411. [PMID: 28559439 PMCID: PMC5449140 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tissue culture cells have long been a staple of molecular and cell biology research. However, although these cells are derived from humans, they have often lost considerable aspects of natural physiological function. Here we argue that combined advances in genome editing, stem cell production, and organoid derivation from stem cells represent a revolution in cell biology. These advances have important ramifications for the study of basic cell biology mechanisms, as well as for the ways in which discoveries in mechanisms are translated into understanding of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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89
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Galli V, Sebastian R, Moutel S, Ecard J, Perez F, Roux A. Uncoupling of dynamin polymerization and GTPase activity revealed by the conformation-specific nanobody dynab. eLife 2017; 6:25197. [PMID: 29022874 PMCID: PMC5658065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin is a large GTPase that forms a helical collar at the neck of endocytic pits, and catalyzes membrane fission (Schmid and Frolov, 2011; Ferguson and De Camilli, 2012). Dynamin fission reaction is strictly dependent on GTP hydrolysis, but how fission is mediated is still debated (Antonny et al., 2016): GTP energy could be spent in membrane constriction required for fission, or in disassembly of the dynamin polymer to trigger fission. To follow dynamin GTP hydrolysis at endocytic pits, we generated a conformation-specific nanobody called dynab, that binds preferentially to the GTP hydrolytic state of dynamin-1. Dynab allowed us to follow the GTPase activity of dynamin-1 in real-time. We show that in fibroblasts, dynamin GTP hydrolysis occurs as stochastic bursts, which are randomly distributed relatively to the peak of dynamin assembly. Thus, dynamin disassembly is not coupled to GTPase activity, supporting that the GTP energy is primarily spent in constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Galli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Sebastian
- Department of Computer Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandrine Moutel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France.,Translational Department, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jason Ecard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
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90
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Hohendahl A, Talledge N, Galli V, Shen PS, Humbert F, De Camilli P, Frost A, Roux A. Structural inhibition of dynamin-mediated membrane fission by endophilin. eLife 2017; 6:26856. [PMID: 28933693 PMCID: PMC5663480 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin, which mediates membrane fission during endocytosis, binds endophilin and other members of the Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) protein family. How endophilin influences endocytic membrane fission is still unclear. Here, we show that dynamin-mediated membrane fission is potently inhibited in vitro when an excess of endophilin co-assembles with dynamin around membrane tubules. We further show by electron microscopy that endophilin intercalates between turns of the dynamin helix and impairs fission by preventing trans interactions between dynamin rungs that are thought to play critical roles in membrane constriction. In living cells, overexpression of endophilin delayed both fission and transferrin uptake. Together, our observations suggest that while endophilin helps shape endocytic tubules and recruit dynamin to endocytic sites, it can also block membrane fission when present in excess by inhibiting inter-dynamin interactions. The sequence of recruitment and the relative stoichiometry of the two proteins may be critical to regulated endocytic fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hohendahl
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathaniel Talledge
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Valentina Galli
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter S Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Frédéric Humbert
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Biochemistry Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Programme Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
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91
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Fast therapeutic DNA internalization – A high potential transfection system based on a peptide mimicking cationic lipid. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 118:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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92
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Roberts B, Haupt A, Tucker A, Grancharova T, Arakaki J, Fuqua MA, Nelson A, Hookway C, Ludmann SA, Mueller IA, Yang R, Horwitz R, Rafelski SM, Gunawardane RN. Systematic gene tagging using CRISPR/Cas9 in human stem cells to illuminate cell organization. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2854-2874. [PMID: 28814507 PMCID: PMC5638588 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of a collection of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines expressing endogenously GFP-tagged proteins using CRISPR/Cas9 methods is described. The methods used and the genomic and cell biological data validating the GFP-tagged hiPSC lines are also presented. We present a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing strategy to systematically tag endogenous proteins with fluorescent tags in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). To date, we have generated multiple hiPSC lines with monoallelic green fluorescent protein tags labeling 10 proteins representing major cellular structures. The tagged proteins include alpha tubulin, beta actin, desmoplakin, fibrillarin, nuclear lamin B1, nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB, paxillin, Sec61 beta, tight junction protein ZO1, and Tom20. Our genome-editing methodology using Cas9/crRNA ribonuclear protein and donor plasmid coelectroporation, followed by fluorescence-based enrichment of edited cells, typically resulted in <0.1–4% homology-directed repair (HDR). Twenty-five percent of clones generated from each edited population were precisely edited. Furthermore, 92% (36/39) of expanded clonal lines displayed robust morphology, genomic stability, expression and localization of the tagged protein to the appropriate subcellular structure, pluripotency-marker expression, and multilineage differentiation. It is our conclusion that, if cell lines are confirmed to harbor an appropriate gene edit, pluripotency, differentiation potential, and genomic stability are typically maintained during the clonal line–generation process. The data described here reveal general trends that emerged from this systematic gene-tagging approach. Final clonal lines corresponding to each of the 10 cellular structures are now available to the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Haupt
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | | | - Joy Arakaki
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruian Yang
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109
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93
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Zhao W, Hanson L, Lou HY, Akamatsu M, Chowdary PD, Santoro F, Marks JR, Grassart A, Drubin DG, Cui Y, Cui B. Nanoscale manipulation of membrane curvature for probing endocytosis in live cells. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:750-756. [PMID: 28581510 PMCID: PMC5544585 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves nanoscale bending and inward budding of the plasma membrane, by which cells regulate both the distribution of membrane proteins and the entry of extracellular species. Extensive studies have shown that CME proteins actively modulate the plasma membrane curvature. However, the reciprocal regulation of how the plasma membrane curvature affects the activities of endocytic proteins is much less explored, despite studies suggesting that membrane curvature itself can trigger biochemical reactions. This gap in our understanding is largely due to technical challenges in precisely controlling the membrane curvature in live cells. In this work, we use patterned nanostructures to generate well-defined membrane curvatures ranging from +50 nm to -500 nm radius of curvature. We find that the positively curved membranes are CME hotspots, and that key CME proteins, clathrin and dynamin, show a strong preference towards positive membrane curvatures with a radius <200 nm. Of ten CME-related proteins we examined, all show preferences for positively curved membrane. In contrast, other membrane-associated proteins and non-CME endocytic protein caveolin1 show no such curvature preference. Therefore, nanostructured substrates constitute a novel tool for investigating curvature-dependent processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lindsey Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hsin-Ya Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Akamatsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Praveen D. Chowdary
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jessica R. Marks
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandre Grassart
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Bianxiao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 380 Roth Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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94
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Diwan A, Ninawe A, Harke S. Gene editing (CRISPR-Cas) technology and fisheries sector. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2017-000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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95
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Li N, Zhao R, Sun Y, Ye Z, He K, Fang X. Single-molecule imaging and tracking of molecular dynamics in living cells. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Unlike the ensemble-averaging measurements, the single-molecule imaging and tracking (SMIT) in living cells provides the real-time quantitative information about the locations, kinetics, dynamics and interactions of individual molecules in their native environments with high spatiotemporal resolution and minimal perturbation. The past decade has witnessed a transforming development in the methods of SMIT with living cells, including fluorescent probes, labeling strategies, fluorescence microscopy, and detection and tracking algorithms. In this review, we will discuss these aspects with a particular focus on their recent advancements. We will then describe representative single-molecule studies to illustrate how the single-molecule approaches can be applied to monitor biomolecular interaction/reaction dynamics, and extract the molecular mechanistic information for different cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yahong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kangmin He
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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96
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Rout MP, Field MC. The Evolution of Organellar Coat Complexes and Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:637-657. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Field
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
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97
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Schöneberg J, Lehmann M, Ullrich A, Posor Y, Lo WT, Lichtner G, Schmoranzer J, Haucke V, Noé F. Lipid-mediated PX-BAR domain recruitment couples local membrane constriction to endocytic vesicle fission. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28627515 PMCID: PMC5481832 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves membrane-associated scaffolds of the bin-amphiphysin-rvs (BAR) domain protein family as well as the GTPase dynamin, and is accompanied and perhaps triggered by changes in local lipid composition. How protein recruitment, scaffold assembly and membrane deformation is spatiotemporally controlled and coupled to fission is poorly understood. We show by computational modelling and super-resolution imaging that phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] synthesis within the clathrin-coated area of endocytic intermediates triggers selective recruitment of the PX-BAR domain protein SNX9, as a result of complex interactions of endocytic proteins competing for phospholipids. The specific architecture induces positioning of SNX9 at the invagination neck where its self-assembly regulates membrane constriction, thereby providing a template for dynamin fission. These data explain how lipid conversion at endocytic pits couples local membrane constriction to fission. Our work demonstrates how computational modelling and super-resolution imaging can be combined to unravel function and mechanisms of complex cellular processes. The spatiotemporal regulation of membrane scaffolds recruitment and coupling between membrane deformation and fission in endocytosis are unclear. Here the authors show that lipid conversion at endocytic pits recruits SNX9, which couples local membrane constriction to fission in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alexander Ullrich
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - York Posor
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Wen-Ting Lo
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Gregor Lichtner
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, Berlin 13125, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Virchowweg 6, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Frank Noé
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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98
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Jung SR, Fujimoto BS, Chiu DT. Quantitative microscopy based on single-molecule fluorescence. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28623730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative microscopy is needed to understand reactions or phenomena carried out by biological molecules such as enzymes, receptors, and membrane-localized proteins. Counting the biomolecules of interest in single organelles or cellular compartments is critical in these approaches. In this brief perspective, we focus on the development of quantitative fluorescence microscopies that measure the precise copy numbers of proteins in cellular organelles or purified samples. We introduce recent improvements in quantitative microscopies to overcome undercounting or overcounting errors in certain conditions. We conclude by discussing biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ryoung Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Bryant S Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Daniel T Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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99
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Sochacki KA, Dickey AM, Strub MP, Taraska JW. Endocytic proteins are partitioned at the edge of the clathrin lattice in mammalian cells. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:352-361. [PMID: 28346440 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dozens of proteins capture, polymerize and reshape the clathrin lattice during clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). How or if this ensemble of proteins is organized in relation to the clathrin coat is unknown. Here, we map key molecules involved in CME at the nanoscale using correlative super-resolution light and transmission electron microscopy. We localize 19 different endocytic proteins (amphiphysin1, AP2, β2-arrestin, CALM, clathrin, DAB2, dynamin2, EPS15, epsin1, epsin2, FCHO2, HIP1R, intersectin, NECAP, SNX9, stonin2, syndapin2, transferrin receptor, VAMP2) on thousands of individual clathrin structures, generating a comprehensive molecular architecture of endocytosis with nanoscale precision. We discover that endocytic proteins distribute into distinct spatial zones in relation to the edge of the clathrin lattice. The presence or concentrations of proteins within these zones vary at distinct stages of organelle development. We propose that endocytosis is driven by the recruitment, reorganization and loss of proteins within these partitioned nanoscale zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kem A Sochacki
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrea M Dickey
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Justin W Taraska
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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100
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Weinberg ZY, Zajac AS, Phan T, Shiwarski DJ, Puthenveedu MA. Sequence-Specific Regulation of Endocytic Lifetimes Modulates Arrestin-Mediated Signaling at the µ Opioid Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:416-427. [PMID: 28153854 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity at the µ opioid receptor (µR), a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor that is a physiologically relevant target for endogenous opioid neurotransmitters and analgesics, has been a major focus for drug discovery in the recent past. Functional selectivity is a cumulative effect of the magnitudes of individual signaling pathways, e.g., the Gαi-mediated and the arrestin-mediated pathways for µR. The present work tested the hypothesis that lifetimes of agonist-induced receptor-arrestin clusters at the cell surface control the magnitude of arrestin signaling, and therefore functional selectivity, at µR. We show that endomorphin-2 (EM2), an arrestin-biased ligand for µR, lengthens surface lifetimes of receptor-arrestin clusters significantly compared with morphine. The lengthening of lifetimes required two specific leucines on the C-terminal tail of µR. Mutation of these leucines to alanines decreased the magnitude of arrestin-mediated signaling by EM2 without affecting G-protein signaling, suggesting that lengthened endocytic lifetimes were required for arrestin-biased signaling by EM2. Lengthening surface lifetimes by pharmacologically slowing endocytosis was sufficient to increase arrestin-mediated signaling by both EM2 and the clinically relevant agonist morphine. Our findings show that distinct ligands can leverage specific sequence elements on µR to regulate receptor endocytic lifetimes and the magnitude of arrestin-mediated signaling, and implicate these sequences as important determinants of functional selectivity in the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda S Zajac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiffany Phan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Shiwarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manojkumar A Puthenveedu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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