51
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Fleming AK, Storz P. Protein kinase C isoforms in the normal pancreas and in pancreatic disease. Cell Signal 2017; 40:1-9. [PMID: 28826907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C isoforms have been implicated in regulating multiple processes within the healthy pancreas. Moreover, their dysregulation contributes to all aspects of pancreatic disease. In this review, with a focus on acinar, ductal, and islet cells, we highlight the roles and contributions of the different PKC isoforms to normal pancreas function. We also discuss the contribution of PKC enzymes to pancreatic diseases, including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, as well as pancreatitis and the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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52
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Roy A, Ye J, Deng F, Wang QJ. Protein kinase D signaling in cancer: A friend or foe? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:283-294. [PMID: 28577984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D is a family of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that belongs to the Ca++/Calmodulin-dependent kinase superfamily. Signal transduction pathways mediated by PKD can be triggered by a variety of stimuli including G protein-coupled receptor agonists, growth factors, hormones, and cellular stresses. The regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of PKD have been well documented including cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, regulation of gene expression, and protein/membrane trafficking. However, its precise roles in disease progression, especially in cancer, remain elusive. A plethora of studies documented the cell- and tissue-specific expressions and functions of PKD in various cancer-associated biological processes, while the causes of the differential effects of PKD have not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we have discussed the structural-functional properties, activation mechanisms, signaling pathways and physiological functions of PKD in the context of human cancer. Additionally, we have provided a comprehensive review of the reported tumor promoting or tumor suppressive functions of PKD in several major cancer types and discussed the discrepancies that have been raised on PKD as a major regulator of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhiraj Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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53
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Liou GY, Bastea L, Fleming A, Döppler H, Edenfield BH, Dawson DW, Zhang L, Bardeesy N, Storz P. The Presence of Interleukin-13 at Pancreatic ADM/PanIN Lesions Alters Macrophage Populations and Mediates Pancreatic Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1322-1333. [PMID: 28514653 PMCID: PMC5510483 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contributions of the innate immune system to the development of pancreatic cancer are still ill defined. Inflammatory macrophages can initiate metaplasia of pancreatic acinar cells to a duct-like phenotype (acinar-to-ductal metaplasia [ADM]), which then gives rise to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) when oncogenic KRas is present. However, it remains unclear when and how this inflammatory macrophage population is replaced by tumor-promoting macrophages. Here, we demonstrate the presence of interleukin-13 (IL-13), which can convert inflammatory into Ym1+ alternatively activated macrophages, at ADM/PanIN lesions. We further show that Ym1+ macrophages release factors, such as IL-1ra and CCL2, to drive pancreatic fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis. Treatment of mice expressing oncogenic KRas under an acinar cell-specific promoter with a neutralizing antibody for IL-13 significantly decreased the accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages at these lesions, resulting in decreased fibrosis and lesion growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ligia Bastea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alicia Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - David W Dawson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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54
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Abstract
Acinar cells in the adult pancreas show high plasticity and can undergo transdifferentiation to a progenitor-like cell type with ductal characteristics. This process, termed acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), is an important feature facilitating pancreas regeneration after injury. Data from animal models show that cells that undergo ADM in response to oncogenic signalling are precursors for pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, which can further progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). As human pancreatic adenocarcinoma is often diagnosed at a stage of metastatic disease, understanding the processes that lead to its initiation is important for the discovery of markers for early detection, as well as options that enable an early intervention. Here, the critical determinants of acinar cell plasticity are discussed, in addition to the intracellular and extracellular signalling events that drive acinar cell metaplasia and their contribution to development of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Room 306 Griffin Building, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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55
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Hao F, Xu Q, Zhao Y, Stevens JV, Young SH, Sinnett-Smith J, Rozengurt E. Insulin Receptor and GPCR Crosstalk Stimulates YAP via PI3K and PKD in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:929-941. [PMID: 28360038 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the impact of crosstalk between the insulin receptor and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways on the regulation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) localization, phosphorylation, and transcriptional activity in the context of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Stimulation of PANC-1 or MiaPaCa-2 cells with insulin and neurotensin, a potent mitogenic combination of agonists for these cells, promoted striking YAP nuclear localization and decreased YAP phosphorylation at Ser127 and Ser397 Challenging PDAC cells with either insulin or neurotensin alone modestly induced the expression of YAP/TEAD-regulated genes, including connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), and CXCL5, whereas the combination of neurotensin and insulin induced a marked increase in the level of expression of these genes. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of YAP/TAZ prevented the increase in the expression of these genes. A small-molecule inhibitor (A66), selective for the p110α subunit of PI3K, abrogated the increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate production and the expression of CTGF, CYR61, and CXCL5 induced by neurotensin and insulin. Furthermore, treatment of PDAC cells with protein kinase D (PKD) family inhibitors (CRT0066101 or kb NB 142-70) or with siRNAs targeting the PKD family prevented the increase of CTGF, CYR61, and CXCL5 mRNA levels in response to insulin and neurotensin stimulation. Thus, PI3K and PKD mediate YAP activation in response to insulin and neurotensin in pancreatic cancer cells.Implications: Inhibitors of PI3K or PKD disrupt crosstalk between insulin receptor and GPCR signaling systems by blocking YAP/TEAD-regulated gene expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res; 15(7); 929-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jan V Stevens
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven H Young
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Sinnett-Smith
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.,CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. .,CURE: Digestive Disease Research Center, Los Angeles, California.,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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56
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Gao J, Long B, Wang Z. Role of Notch signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:173-186. [PMID: 28337369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 09/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the highly aggressive malignancies in the United States. It has been shown that multiple signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of PC, such as JNK, PI3K/AKT, Rho GTPase, Hedgehog (Hh) and Skp2. In recent years, accumulated evidence has demonstrated that Notch signaling pathway plays critical roles in the development and progression of PC. Therefore, in this review we discuss the recent literature regarding the function and regulation of Notch in the pathogenesis of PC. Moreover, we describe that Notch signaling pathway could be down-regulated by its inhibitors or natural compounds, which could be a novel approach for the treatment of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Gao
- Sichuan College of Tranditional Chinese Medicine Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mianyang 404 Hospital Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215123, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolMA 02215, USA
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57
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Döppler H, Storz P. Mitochondrial and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Activation of Protein Kinase D1 and Its Importance in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:41. [PMID: 28361035 PMCID: PMC5350125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to alterations in their metabolic activity and decreased mitochondrial efficiency, cancer cells often show increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but at the same time, to avoid cytotoxic signaling and to facilitate tumorigenic signaling, have mechanism in place that keep ROS in check. This requires signaling molecules that convey increases in oxidative stress to signal to the nucleus to upregulate antioxidant genes. Protein kinase D1 (PKD1), the serine/threonine kinase, is one of these ROS sensors. In this mini-review, we highlight the mechanisms of how PKD1 is activated in response to oxidative stress, so far known downstream effectors, as well as the importance of PKD1-initiated signaling for development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL , USA
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58
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Cooke M, Magimaidas A, Casado-Medrano V, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C in cancer: The top five unanswered questions. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1531-1542. [PMID: 28112438 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Few kinases have been studied as extensively as protein kinase C (PKC), particularly in the context of cancer. As major cellular targets for the phorbol ester tumor promoters and diacylglycerol (DAG), a second messenger generated by stimulation of membrane receptors, PKC isozymes play major roles in the control of signaling pathways associated with proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. However, despite decades of research, fundamental questions remain to be answered or are the subject of intense controversy. Primary among these unresolved issues are the role of PKC isozymes as either tumor promoter or tumor suppressor kinases and the incomplete understanding on isozyme-specific substrates and effectors. The involvement of PKC isozymes in cancer progression needs to be reassessed in the context of specific oncogenic and tumor suppressing alterations. In addition, there are still major hurdles in addressing isozyme-specific function due to the limited specificity of most pharmacological PKC modulators and the lack of validated predictive biomarkers for response, which impacts the translation of these agents to the clinic. In this review we focus on key controversial issues and upcoming challenges, with the expectation that understanding the intricacies of PKC function will help fulfill the yet unsuccessful promise of targeting PKCs for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew Magimaidas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo G Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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59
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Wang L, Barth CW, Sibrian-Vazquez M, Escobedo JO, Lowry M, Muschler J, Li H, Gibbs SL, Strongin RM. Far-Red and Near-Infrared Seminaphthofluorophores for Targeted Pancreatic Cancer Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:154-163. [PMID: 28180189 PMCID: PMC5286460 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular probes that selectively highlight pancreatic cancer (PC) tissue have the potential to improve pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) margin assessment through the selective highlighting of individual PC cells. Herein, we report a simple and unique family of systematically modified red and near-infrared fluorescent probes that exhibit a field-effect-derived redshift. Two of thirteen probes distributed to the normal mouse pancreas following systemic administration. One selectively accumulated in genetically modified mouse models of PDAC. The probe exhibited intracellular accumulation and enabled visualization of four levels of the structure, including the whole organ, resected tissue, individual cells, and subcellular organelles. In contrast to the small-molecule probes reported previously, it possesses an inherent affinity toward PDAC cells and thus does not require conjugation to any targeting agent. The fluorescent probe can thus promote new strategies not only for precision image-guided surgery, but also for PC detection, monitoring of therapeutic outcomes, and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Connor W. Barth
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems
Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science
University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Jorge O. Escobedo
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Mark Lowry
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - John Muschler
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems
Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science
University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Haiyan Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems
Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science
University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Summer L. Gibbs
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems
Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science
University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems
Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science
University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
- E-mail:
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60
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Durand N, Storz P. Targeting reactive oxygen species in development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 17:19-31. [PMID: 27841037 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2017.1261017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by expression of oncogenic KRas which drives all aspects of tumorigenesis. Oncogenic KRas induces the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which have been implicated in initiation and progression of PDA. To facilitate tumor promoting levels and to avoid oncogene-induced senescence or cytotoxicity, ROS homeostasis in PDA cells is balanced by additional up-regulation of antioxidant systems. Areas covered: We examine the sources of ROS in PDA, the mechanisms by which ROS homeostasis is maintained, and the biological consequences of ROS in PDA. Additionally, we discuss the potential mechanisms for targeting ROS homoeostasis as a point of therapeutic intervention. An extensive review of the relevant literature as it relates to the topic was conducted using PubMed. Expert commentary: Even though oncogenic mutations in the KRAS gene have been detected in over 95% of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, targeting its gene product, KRas, has been difficult. The dependency of PDA cells on balancing ROS homeostasis could be an angle for new prevention or treatment strategies. These include use of antioxidants to prevent formation or progression of precancerous lesions, or methods to increase ROS in tumor cells to toxic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Durand
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Peter Storz
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
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61
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Durand N, Bastea LI, Long J, Döppler H, Ling K, Storz P. Protein Kinase D1 regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell adhesion through Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-l γ. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35963. [PMID: 27775029 PMCID: PMC5075913 DOI: 10.1038/srep35963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are highly dynamic structures that are assembled and disassembled on a continuous basis. The balance between the two processes mediates various aspects of cell behavior, ranging from cell adhesion and spreading to directed cell migration. The turnover of FAs is regulated at multiple levels and involves a variety of signaling molecules and adaptor proteins. In the present study, we show that in response to integrin engagement, a subcellular pool of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) localizes to the FAs. PKD1 affects FAs by decreasing turnover and promoting maturation, resulting in enhanced cell adhesion. The effects of PKD1 are mediated through direct phosphorylation of FA-localized phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type-l γ (PIP5Klγ) at serine residue 448. This phosphorylation occurs in response to Fibronectin-RhoA signaling and leads to a decrease in PIP5Klγs’ lipid kinase activity and binding affinity for Talin. Our data reveal a novel function for PKD1 as a regulator of FA dynamics and by identifying PIP5Klγ as a novel PKD1 substrate provide mechanistic insight into this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Durand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Ligia I Bastea
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Jason Long
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Kun Ling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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62
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The PRKD1 promoter is a target of the KRas-NF-κB pathway in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33758. [PMID: 27649783 PMCID: PMC5030668 DOI: 10.1038/srep33758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of PRKD1 and its gene product protein kinase D1 (PKD1) are linked to oncogenic signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but a direct functional relationship to oncogenic KRas has not been established so far. We here describe the PRKD1 gene promoter as a target for oncogenic KRas signaling. We demonstrate that KRas-induced activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway is one mechanism of how PRKD1 expression is increased and identify the binding sites for NF-κB in the PRKD1 promoter. Altogether, these results describe a novel mechanism governing PRKD1 gene expression in PDA and provide a functional link between oncogenic KRas, NF-κB and expression of PRKD1.
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63
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Wong CH, Li YJ, Chen YC. Therapeutic potential of targeting acinar cell reprogramming in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7046-57. [PMID: 27610015 PMCID: PMC4988312 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a common pancreatic cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Treating this life-threatening disease remains challenging due to the lack of effective prognosis, diagnosis and therapy. Apart from pancreatic duct cells, acinar cells may also be the origin of PDAC. During pancreatitis or combined with activating KRas(G12D) mutation, acinar cells lose their cellular identity and undergo a transdifferentiation process called acinar-to-ductal-metaplasia (ADM), forming duct cells which may then transform into pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and eventually PDAC. During ADM, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, Wnt, Notch and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/Akt signaling inhibits the transcription of acinar-specific genes, including Mist and amylase, but promotes the expression of ductal genes, such as cytokeratin-19. Inhibition of this transdifferentiation process hinders the development of PanIN and PDAC. In addition, the transdifferentiated cells regain acinar identity, indicating ADM may be a reversible process. This provides a new therapeutic direction in treating PDAC through cancer reprogramming. Many studies have already demonstrated the success of switching PanIN/PDAC back to normal cells through the use of PD325901, the expression of E47, and the knockdown of Dickkopf-3. In this review, we discuss the signaling pathways involved in ADM and the therapeutic potential of targeting reprogramming in order to treat PDAC.
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64
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TGF-β1 promotes acinar to ductal metaplasia of human pancreatic acinar cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30904. [PMID: 27485764 PMCID: PMC4971483 DOI: 10.1038/srep30904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that pancreatitis-induced acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a key event for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation. However, there has not been an adequate system to explore the mechanisms of human ADM induction. We have developed a flow cytometry-based, high resolution lineage tracing method and 3D culture system to analyse ADM in human cells. In this system, well-known mouse ADM inducers did not promote ADM in human cells. In contrast, TGF-β1 efficiently converted human acinar cells to duct-like cells (AD) in a SMAD-dependent manner, highlighting fundamental differences between the species. Functionally, AD cells gained transient proliferative capacity. Furthermore, oncogenic KRAS did not induce acinar cell proliferation, but did sustain the proliferation of AD cells, suggesting that oncogenic KRAS requires ADM-associated-changes to promote PDAC initiation. This ADM model provides a novel platform to explore the mechanisms involved in the development of human pancreatic diseases.
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65
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Abstract
Oncogenic mutations of KRAS are the most frequent driver mutations in pancreatic cancer. Expression of an oncogenic allele of KRAS leads to metabolic changes and altered cellular signaling that both can increase the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increases in ROS have been shown to drive the formation and progression of pancreatic precancerous lesions by upregulating survival and growth factor signaling. A key issue for precancerous and cancer cells is to keep ROS at levels where they are beneficial for tumor development and progression, but below the threshold that leads to induction of senescence or cell death. In KRas-driven neoplasia aberrantly increased ROS levels are therefore balanced by an upregulation of antioxidant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- a Department of Cancer Biology , Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville , FL , USA
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66
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Abstract
Neoplastic transformation requires changes in cellular identity. Emerging evidence increasingly points to cellular reprogramming, a process during which fully differentiated and functional cells lose aspects of their identity while gaining progenitor characteristics, as a critical early step during cancer initiation. This cell identity crisis persists even at the malignant stage in certain cancers, suggesting that reactivation of progenitor functions supports tumorigenicity. Here, we review recent findings that establish the essential role of cellular reprogramming during neoplastic transformation and the major players involved in it with a special emphasis on pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Roy
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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67
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Abstract
Neoplastic transformation requires changes in cellular identity. Emerging evidence increasingly points to cellular reprogramming, a process during which fully differentiated and functional cells lose aspects of their identity while gaining progenitor characteristics, as a critical early step during cancer initiation. This cell identity crisis persists even at the malignant stage in certain cancers, suggesting that reactivation of progenitor functions supports tumorigenicity. Here, we review recent findings that establish the essential role of cellular reprogramming during neoplastic transformation and the major players involved in it with a special emphasis on pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpal Roy
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Qin Y, Sundaram S, Essaid L, Chen X, Miller SM, Yan F, Darr DB, Galanko JA, Montgomery SA, Major MB, Johnson GL, Troester MA, Makowski L. Weight loss reduces basal-like breast cancer through kinome reprogramming. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 27042159 PMCID: PMC4818517 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with an aggressive subtype of breast cancer called basal-like breast cancer (BBC). BBC has no targeted therapies, making the need for mechanistic insight urgent. Reducing adiposity in adulthood can lower incidence of BBC in humans. Thus, this study investigated whether a dietary intervention to reduce adiposity prior to tumor onset would reverse HFD-induced BBC. METHODS Adult C3(1)-Tag mice were fed a low or high fat diet (LFD, HFD), and an obese group initially exposed to HFD was then switched to LFD to induce weight loss. A subset of mice was sacrificed prior to average tumor latency to examine unaffected mammary gland. Latency, tumor burden and progression was evaluated for effect of diet exposure. Physiologic, histology and proteomic analysis was undertaken to determine mechanisms regulating obesity and weight loss in BBC risk. Statistical analysis included Kaplan-Meier and log rank analysis to investigate latency. Student's t tests or ANOVA compared variables. RESULTS Mice that lost weight displayed significantly delayed latency compared to mice fed HFD, with latency matching those on LFD. Plasma leptin concentrations significantly increased with adiposity, were reduced to control levels with weight loss, and negatively correlated with tumor latency. HFD increased atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ in mammary gland isolated prior to mean latency-a phenomenon that was lost in mice induced to lose weight. Importantly, kinome analysis revealed that weight loss reversed HFD-upregulated activity of PKC-α, PKD1, PKA, and MEK3 and increased AMPKα activity in unaffected mammary glands isolated prior to tumor latency. CONCLUSIONS Weight loss prior to tumor onset protected against the effects of HFD on latency and pre-neoplastic lesions including atypical ductal hyperplasia and DCIS. Using innovative kinomics, multiple kinases upstream of MAPK/P38α were demonstrated to be activated by HFD-induced weight gain and reversed with weight loss, providing novel targets in obesity-associated BBC. Thus, the HFD-exposed microenvironment that promoted early tumor onset was reprogrammed by weight loss and the restoration of a lean phenotype. Our work contributes to an understanding of underlying mechanisms associated with tumor and normal mammary changes that occur with weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Qin
- />CB 7461, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2203 McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461 USA
| | - Sneha Sundaram
- />CB 7461, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2203 McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461 USA
| | - Luma Essaid
- />CB 7461, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2203 McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461 USA
| | - Xin Chen
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Samantha M. Miller
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Feng Yan
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - David B. Darr
- />Mouse Phase I Unit, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Joseph A. Galanko
- />Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Stephanie A. Montgomery
- />Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Michael B. Major
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Gary L. Johnson
- />Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Melissa A. Troester
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- />CB 7461, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2203 McGavran Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461 USA
- />Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Mutant KRas-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Acinar Cells Upregulates EGFR Signaling to Drive Formation of Pancreatic Precancerous Lesions. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2325-36. [PMID: 26947075 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of pancreatic cancer requires the acquisition of oncogenic KRas mutations and upregulation of growth factor signaling, but the relationship between these is not well established. Here, we show that mutant KRas alters mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic acinar cells, resulting in increased generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). Mitochondrial ROS then drives the dedifferentiation of acinar cells to a duct-like progenitor phenotype and progression to PanIN. This is mediated via the ROS-receptive kinase protein kinase D1 and the transcription factors NF-κB1 and NF-κB2, which upregulate expression of the epidermal growth factor, its ligands, and their sheddase ADAM17. In vivo, interception of KRas-mediated generation of mROS reduced the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions. Hence, our data provide insight into how oncogenic KRas interacts with growth factor signaling to induce the formation of pancreatic cancer.
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70
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Lanzoni G, Klein D, Álvarez-Cubela S, Pastori RL. The Human Endocrine Pancreas: New Insights on Replacement and Regeneration. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:153-162. [PMID: 26774512 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is an effective cell therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) but its clinical application is limited due to shortage of donors. After a decade-long period of exploration of potential alternative cell sources, the field has only recently zeroed in on two of them as the most likely to replace islets. These are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) (through directed differentiation) and pancreatic non-endocrine cells (through directed differentiation or reprogramming). Here we review progress in both areas, including the initiation of Phase I/II clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESc)-derived progenitors, advances in hESc differentiation in vitro, novel insights on the developmental plasticity of the pancreas, and groundbreaking new approaches to induce β cell conversion from the non-endocrine compartment without genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dagmar Klein
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Silvia Álvarez-Cubela
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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71
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Liou GY, Leitges M, Storz P. Pancreatic oncogenic signaling cascades converge at Protein Kinase D1. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1489-90. [PMID: 25928263 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1032646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- a Department of Cancer Biology ; Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic ; Jacksonville , FL USA
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Wang J, Han L, Sinnett-Smith J, Han LL, Stevens JV, Rozengurt N, Young SH, Rozengurt E. Positive cross talk between protein kinase D and β-catenin in intestinal epithelial cells: impact on β-catenin nuclear localization and phosphorylation at Ser552. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C542-57. [PMID: 26739494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00302.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the fundamental role of β-catenin signaling in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and the growth-promoting function of protein kinase D1 (PKD1) in these cells, we hypothesized that PKDs mediate cross talk with β-catenin signaling. The results presented here provide several lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis. We found that stimulation of intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist angiotensin II (ANG II), a potent inducer of PKD activation, promoted endogenous β-catenin nuclear localization in a time-dependent manner. A significant increase was evident within 1 h of ANG II stimulation (P< 0.01), peaked at 4 h (P< 0.001), and declined afterwards. GPCR stimulation also induced a marked increase in β-catenin-regulated genes and phosphorylation at Ser(552) in intestinal epithelial cells. Exposure to preferential inhibitors of the PKD family (CRT006610 or kb NB 142-70) or knockdown of the isoforms of the PKD family prevented the increase in β-catenin nuclear localization and phosphorylation at Ser(552) in response to ANG II. GPCR stimulation also induced the formation of a complex between PKD1 and β-catenin, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation that depended on PKD1 catalytic activation, as it was abrogated by cell treatment with PKD family inhibitors. Using transgenic mice that express elevated PKD1 protein in the intestinal epithelium, we detected a marked increase in the localization of β-catenin in the nucleus of crypt epithelial cells in the ileum of PKD1 transgenic mice, compared with nontransgenic littermates. Collectively, our results identify a novel cross talk between PKD and β-catenin in intestinal epithelial cells, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Liang Han
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Sinnett-Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; CURE, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Li-Li Han
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jan V Stevens
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nora Rozengurt
- CURE, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Steven H Young
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; CURE, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Los Angeles, California; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
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Liou GY, Storz P, Leitges M. A bright future for protein kinase D1 as a drug target to prevent or treat pancreatic cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 3:e1035477. [PMID: 27308552 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1035477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma originates from acinar cells that undergo acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM). ADM is initiated in response to growth factors, inflammation, and oncogene activation and leads to a de-differentiated, duct-like phenotype. Our recent publication demonstrated a transforming growth factor α-Kras(G12D)-protein kinase D1-Notch1 signaling axis driving the induction of ADM and further progression to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. This suggests that protein kinase D1 might be an early marker for tumor development and a potential target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geou-Yarh Liou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic , Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael Leitges
- The Biotechnology Center of Oslo, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by advanced stage desmoplastic tumors with a high prevalence of genetic abnormalities. Occurrence of PDA is linked to activating Kras mutations and aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, leading to additional activation of wild-type Kras. As Kras is difficult to target, there is a constant need to identify novel targets acting downstream of this molecule in driving the formation or progression of PDA. Recently, it was shown that protein kinase D enzymes not only are increasingly expressed in PDA but also causatively linked to the development and progression of this cancer. They act downstream of both mutant Kras and growth factors and therefore may represent ideal novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Storz
- Correspondence to: Peter Storz, Mayo Clinic, Department of Cancer Biology, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. Tel: 904 953-6909, Fax: 904 953-0277,
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