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Genetically Modified Live Attenuated Leishmania donovani Parasites Induce Innate Immunity through Classical Activation of Macrophages That Direct the Th1 Response in Mice. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3800-15. [PMID: 26169275 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00184-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes significant mortality and there is no effective vaccine. Previously, we have shown that genetically modified Leishmania donovani parasites, here described as live attenuated parasites, induce a host protective adaptive immune response in various animal models. In this study, we demonstrate an innate immune response upon infection with live attenuated parasites in macrophages from BALB/c mice both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro infection of macrophages with live attenuated parasites (compared to that with wild-type [WT] L. donovani parasites) induced significantly higher production of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-12 [IL-12], gamma interferon [IFN-γ], and IL-6), chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/CCL-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α/CCL-3, and IP-10), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide, while concomitantly reducing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and arginase-1 activities, suggesting a dominant classically activated/M1 macrophage response. The classically activated response in turn helps in presenting antigen to T cells, as observed with robust CD4(+) T cell activation in vitro. Similarly, parasitized splenic macrophages from live attenuated parasite-infected mice also demonstrated induction of an M1 macrophage phenotype, indicated by upregulation of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-12, and inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 and downregulation of genes associated with the M2 phenotype, i.e., the IL-10, YM1, Arg-1, and MRC-1 genes, compared to WT L. donovani-infected mice. Furthermore, an ex vivo antigen presentation assay showed macrophages from live attenuated parasite-infected mice induced higher IFN-γ and IL-2 but significantly less IL-10 production by ovalbumin-specific CD4(+) T cells, resulting in proliferation of Th1 cells. These data suggest that infection with live attenuated parasites promotes a state of classical activation (M1 dominant) in macrophages that leads to the generation of protective Th1 responses in BALB/c mice.
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Rana A, Ahmed M, Rub A, Akhter Y. A tug-of-war between the host and the pathogen generates strategic hotspots for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against infectious diseases. Virulence 2015; 6:566-80. [PMID: 26107578 PMCID: PMC4720223 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1062211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial pathogens are known to express an array of specific signaling molecules referred as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), which are recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), present on the surface of the host cells. Interactions between PAMPs and PRRs on the surface of the host cells lead to signaling events which could culminate into either successful infection or clearance of the pathogens. Here, we summarize how these events may generate novel host based as well as pathogen based molecular targets for designing effective therapeutic strategies against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Rana
- School of Life Sciences; Central University of Himachal Pradesh; Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; Central University of Himachal Pradesh; Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab; Department of Biotechnology; Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University); New Delhi, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences; Central University of Himachal Pradesh; Shahpur, District-Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Ovalle-Bracho C, Franco-Muñoz C, Londoño-Barbosa D, Restrepo-Montoya D, Clavijo-Ramírez C. Changes in Macrophage Gene Expression Associated with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128934. [PMID: 26052705 PMCID: PMC4460072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Different Leishmania species cause distinct clinical manifestations of the infectious disease leishmaniasis. It is fundamentally important to understand the mechanisms governing the interaction between Leishmania and its host cell. Little is known about this interaction between Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and human macrophages. In this study, we aimed to identify differential gene expression between non-infected and L. (V) braziliensis-infected U937-derived macrophages. We deployed a whole human transcriptome microarray analysis using 72 hours post-infection samples and compared those samples with their non-infected counterparts. We found that 218 genes were differentially expressed between infected and non-infected macrophages. A total of 71.6% of these genes were down-regulated in the infected macrophages. Functional enrichment analyses identified the steroid and sterol/cholesterol biosynthetic processes between regulatory networks down-regulated in infected macrophages. RT-qPCR further confirmed this down-regulation in genes belonging to these pathways. These findings contrast with those from studies involving other Leishmania species at earlier infection stages, where gene up-regulation for this metabolic pathway has been reported. Sterol biosynthesis could be an important biological process associated with the expression profile of macrophages infected by L. (V.) braziliensis. Differential transcriptional results suggest a negative regulation of the genetic regulatory network involved in cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemencia Ovalle-Bracho
- Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta, Bogotá, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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54
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Orchestration of membrane receptor signaling by membrane lipids. Biochimie 2015; 113:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Srivastava A, Jha MK, Nair A, Pandey SP, Srivastava N, Kumari S, Singh S, Krishnasastry MV, Saha B. Inhibition of CD40-induced N-Ras activation reduces leishmania major infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3852-60. [PMID: 25786685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania major is a parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages. We previously showed that the parasite enhanced CD40-induced Raf-MEK-ERK signaling but inhibited PI3K-MKK-p38MAPK signaling to proleishmanial effects. As Raf and PI3K have a Ras-binding domain but exert opposite effects on Leishmania infection, we examined whether Ras isoforms had differential roles in Leishmania infection. We observed that L. major enhanced N-Ras and H-Ras expression but inhibited K-Ras expression in macrophages. L. major infection enhanced N-Ras activity but inhibited H-Ras and K-Ras activity. TLR2 short hairpin RNA or anti-TLR2 or anti-lipophosphoglycan Abs reversed the L. major-altered N-Ras and K-Ras expressions. Pam3CSK4, a TLR2 ligand, enhanced N-Ras expression but reduced K-Ras expression, indicating TLR2-regulated Ras expression in L. major infection. Whereas N-Ras silencing reduced L. major infection, K-Ras and H-Ras silencing enhanced the infection both in macrophages in vitro and in C57BL/6 mice. BALB/c-derived macrophages transduced with lentivirally expressed N-Ras short hairpin RNA and pulsed with L. major-expressed MAPK10 enhanced MAPK10-specific Th1-type response. CD40-deficient mice primed with these macrophages had reduced L. major infection, accompanied by higher IFN-γ but less IL-4 production. As N-Ras is activated by Sos, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, we modeled the N-Ras-Sos interaction and designed two peptides from their interface. Both the cell-permeable peptides reduced L. major infection in BALB/c mice but not in CD40-deficient mice. These data reveal the L. major-enhanced CD40-induced N-Ras activation as a novel immune evasion strategy and the potential for Ras isoform-targeted antileishmanial immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar Jha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Neetu Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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56
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Lalani AI, Moore CR, Luo C, Kreider BZ, Liu Y, Morse HC, Xie P. Myeloid cell TRAF3 regulates immune responses and inhibits inflammation and tumor development in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:334-48. [PMID: 25422508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, are crucial players in innate immunity and inflammation. These cells constitutively or inducibly express a number of receptors of the TNFR and TLR families, whose signals are transduced by TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) molecules. In vitro studies showed that TRAF3 is required for TLR-induced type I IFN production, but the in vivo function of TRAF3 in myeloid cells remains unknown. In this article, we report the generation and characterization of myeloid cell-specific TRAF3-deficient (M-TRAF3(-/-)) mice, which allowed us to gain insights into the in vivo functions of TRAF3 in myeloid cells. We found that TRAF3 ablation did not affect the maturation or homeostasis of myeloid cells in young adult mice, even though TRAF3-deficient macrophages and neutrophils exhibited constitutive NF-κB2 activation. However, in response to injections with LPS (a bacterial mimic) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (a viral mimic), M-TRAF3(-/-) mice exhibited an altered profile of cytokine production. M-TRAF3(-/-) mice immunized with T cell-independent and -dependent Ags displayed elevated T cell-independent IgG3 and T cell-dependent IgG2b responses. Interestingly, 15- to 22-mo-old M-TRAF3(-/-) mice spontaneously developed chronic inflammation or tumors, often affecting multiple organs. Taken together, our findings indicate that TRAF3 expressed in myeloid cells regulates immune responses in myeloid cells and acts to inhibit inflammation and tumor development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almin I Lalani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Carissa R Moore
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Chang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Benjamin Z Kreider
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852; and
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903
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Xu W, Hsu FF, Baykal E, Huang J, Zhang K. Sterol biosynthesis is required for heat resistance but not extracellular survival in leishmania. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004427. [PMID: 25340392 PMCID: PMC4207814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol biosynthesis is a crucial pathway in eukaryotes leading to the production of cholesterol in animals and various C24-alkyl sterols (ergostane-based sterols) in fungi, plants, and trypanosomatid protozoa. Sterols are important membrane components and precursors for the synthesis of powerful bioactive molecules, including steroid hormones in mammals. Their functions in pathogenic protozoa are not well characterized, which limits the development of sterol synthesis inhibitors as drugs. Here we investigated the role of sterol C14α-demethylase (C14DM) in Leishmania parasites. C14DM is a cytochrome P450 enzyme and the primary target of azole drugs. In Leishmania, genetic or chemical inactivation of C14DM led to a complete loss of ergostane-based sterols and accumulation of 14-methylated sterols. Despite the drastic change in lipid composition, C14DM-null mutants (c14dm(-)) were surprisingly viable and replicative in culture. They did exhibit remarkable defects including increased membrane fluidity, failure to maintain detergent resistant membrane fraction, and hypersensitivity to heat stress. These c14dm(-) mutants showed severely reduced virulence in mice but were highly resistant to itraconazole and amphotericin B, two drugs targeting sterol synthesis. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of toxic sterol intermediates in c14dm(-) causes strong membrane perturbation and significant vulnerability to stress. The new knowledge may help improve the efficacy of current drugs against pathogenic protozoa by exploiting the fitness loss associated with drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eda Baykal
- Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juyang Huang
- Department of Physics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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58
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Cecílio P, Pérez-Cabezas B, Santarém N, Maciel J, Rodrigues V, Cordeiro da Silva A. Deception and manipulation: the arms of leishmania, a successful parasite. Front Immunol 2014; 5:480. [PMID: 25368612 PMCID: PMC4202772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasitic protozoa responsible for a group of neglected tropical diseases, endemic in 98 countries around the world, called leishmaniasis. These parasites have a complex digenetic life cycle requiring a susceptible vertebrate host and a permissive insect vector, which allow their transmission. The clinical manifestations associated with leishmaniasis depend on complex interactions between the parasite and the host immune system. Consequently, leishmaniasis can be manifested as a self-healing cutaneous affliction or a visceral pathology, being the last one fatal in 85–90% of untreated cases. As a result of a long host–parasite co-evolutionary process, Leishmania spp. developed different immunomodulatory strategies that are essential for the establishment of infection. Only through deception and manipulation of the immune system, Leishmania spp. can complete its life cycle and survive. The understanding of the mechanisms associated with immune evasion and disease progression is essential for the development of novel therapies and vaccine approaches. Here, we revise how the parasite manipulates cell death and immune responses to survive and thrive in the shadow of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cecílio
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Joana Maciel
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto , Porto , Portugal ; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pathogens of different taxa, from prions to protozoa, target cellular cholesterol metabolism to advance their own development and to impair host immune responses, but also causing metabolic complications, for example, atherosclerosis. This review describes recent findings of how pathogens do it. RECENT FINDINGS A common theme in interaction between pathogens and host cholesterol metabolism is pathogens targeting lipid rafts of the host plasma membrane. Many intracellular pathogens use rafts as an entry gate, taking advantage of the endocytic machinery and high abundance of outward-looking molecules that can be used as receptors. At the same time, disruption of the rafts' functional capacity, achieved by the pathogens through a number of various means, impairs the ability of the host to generate immune response, thus helping pathogen to thrive. Pathogens cannot synthesize cholesterol, and salvaging host cholesterol helps pathogens build advanced cholesterol-containing membranes and assembly platforms. Impact on cholesterol metabolism is not limited to the infected cells; proteins and microRNAs secreted by infected cells affect lipid metabolism systemically. SUMMARY Given an essential role that host cholesterol metabolism plays in pathogen development, targeting this interaction may be a viable strategy to fight infections, as well as metabolic complications of the infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Dmitri Sviridov, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, PO Box 6492, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia; Phone: +61385321363,
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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60
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Khan TH, Srivastava N, Srivastava A, Sareen A, Mathur RK, Chande AG, Musti KV, Roy S, Mukhopadhyaya R, Saha B. SHP-1 Plays a Crucial Role in CD40 Signaling Reciprocity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3644-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chandel HS, Pandey SP, Shukla D, Lalsare K, Selvaraj SK, Jha MK, Saha B. Toll-like receptors and CD40 modulate each other's expression affecting Leishmania major infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:283-90. [PMID: 24387292 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and results in innate immune system activation that results in elicitation of the adaptive immune response. One crucial modulator of the adaptive immune response is CD40. However, whether these molecules influence each other's expression and functions is not known. Therefore, we examined the effects of TLRs on CD40 expression on macrophages, the host cell for the protozoan parasite Leishmania major. While polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], a TLR-3 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR-4 ligand, imiquimod, a TLR-7/8 ligand and cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG), a TLR-9 ligand, were shown to enhance CD40 expression, CD40 stimulation enhanced only TLR-9 expression. Therefore, we tested the synergism between CD40 and CpG in anti-leishmanial immune response. In Leishmania-infected macrophages, CpG was found to reduce CD40-induced extracellular stress-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation; with the exception of interleukin (IL)-10, these ligands had differential effects on CD40-induced IL-1α, IL-6 and IL-12 production. CpG significantly enhanced the anti-leishmanial function of CD40 with differential effects on IL-4, IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ production in susceptible BALB/c mice. Thus, we report the first systematic study on CD40-TLR cross-talk that regulated the experimental L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chandel
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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Chandel HS, Pandey SP, Roy S, Doyen N, Saha B. TLR-CD40 Cross-Talk in Anti-Leishmanial Immune Response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:220. [PMID: 24904575 PMCID: PMC4032977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sayoni Roy
- National Centre for Cell Science , Pune , India
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63
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A mathematical model for dynamics of CD40 clustering. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2014; 7:197-208. [PMID: 24432156 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-013-9112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ligand bound-receptors in a signalosome complex trigger signals to determine cellular functions. Upon ligand binding, the ligand-receptor complexes form clusters on cell membrane. Guided by the previous experimental reports on the cluster formation of CD40, a trans membrane receptor for CD40-ligand, we built a minimal model of the receptor cluster formation. In this model, we studied co-operative and non-co-operative clustering of a maximum of four CD40 molecules assuming a positive mediator of clustering such as cholesterol to be present in both cases. We observed that co-operative interactions between CD40 molecules resulted in more of the largest CD40 clusters than that observed with the non-co-operatively interacting CD40 molecules. We performed global sensitivity analysis on the model parameters and the analyses suggested that cholesterol influenced only the initial stage of the co-operatively clustering CD40 molecules but it affects both the initial and the final stages in case of the non-co-operatively clustering CD40 molecules. Robustness analyses revealed that in both co-operative and non-co-operative interactions, the higher order clusters beyond a critical size are more robust with respect to alterations in the environmental parameters including the cholesterol. Thus, the role of co-operative and non-co-operative interactions in environment-influenced receptor clustering is reported for the first time.
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64
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Rub A, Arish M, Husain SA, Ahmed N, Akhter Y. Host-lipidome as a potential target of protozoan parasites. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:649-60. [PMID: 23811020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host-lipidome caters parasite interaction by acting as first line of recognition, attachment on the cell surface, intracellular trafficking, and survival of the parasite inside the host cell. Here, we summarize how protozoan parasites exploit host-lipidome by suppressing, augmenting, engulfing, remodeling and metabolizing lipids to achieve successful parasitism inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
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65
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Jesan T, Sarma U, Halder S, Saha B, Sinha S. Branched motifs enable long-range interactions in signaling networks through retrograde propagation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64409. [PMID: 23741327 PMCID: PMC3669326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched structures arise in the intra-cellular signaling network when a molecule is involved in multiple enzyme-substrate reaction cascades. Such branched motifs are involved in key biological processes, e.g., immune response activated by T-cell and B-cell receptors. In this paper, we demonstrate long-range communication through retrograde propagation between branches of signaling pathways whose molecules do not directly interact. Our numerical simulations and experiments on a system comprising branches with JNK and p38MAPK as terminal molecules respectively that share a common MAP3K enzyme MEKK3/4 show that perturbing an enzyme in one branch can result in a series of changes in the activity levels of molecules “upstream” to the enzyme that eventually reaches the branch-point and affects other branches. In the absence of any evidence for explicit feedback regulation between the functionally distinct JNK and p38MAPK pathways, the experimentally observed modulation of phosphorylation amplitudes in the two pathways when a terminal kinase is inhibited implies the existence of long-range coordination through retrograde information propagation previously demonstrated in single linear reaction pathways. An important aspect of retrograde propagation in branched pathways that is distinct from previous work on retroactivity focusing exclusively on single chains is that varying the type of perturbation, e.g., between pharmaceutical agent mediated inhibition of phosphorylation or suppression of protein expression, can result in opposing responses in the other branches. This can have potential significance in designing drugs targeting key molecules which regulate multiple pathways implicated in systems-level diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmaraj Jesan
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India
- Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Kalpakkam, India
| | - Uddipan Sarma
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | | | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Sitabhra Sinha
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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66
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Penke LR, Sudan R, Sathishkumar S, Saha B. Prostaglandin E2receptors have differential effects onLeishmania majorinfection. Parasite Immunol 2012; 35:51-4. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Penke
- National Centre for Cell Science; Ganeshkhind; Pune; India
| | - R. Sudan
- National Centre for Cell Science; Ganeshkhind; Pune; India
| | | | - B. Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science; Ganeshkhind; Pune; India
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67
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Chande AG, Raina S, Dhamne H, Kamat RH, Mukhopadhyaya R. Multiple platforms of a HIV-2 derived lentiviral vector for expanded utility. Plasmid 2012; 69:90-5. [PMID: 23159456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using the Indian Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolate derived lentiviral vector (LV) system reported earlier, we have derived multiple differently configured transfer vectors. Among the features imparted, the novel ones include a blue/white colony screening platform, a shorter vector backbone candidate and availability of default dual tags. Simultaneously, panels with different utilities were also made using this LV. These include neomycin or puromycin or hygromycin selection markers, with options of default promoter, dual multiple cloning site (MCS) availability and drug inducible transgene expression. All the transfer vectors contain the main MCS with the option of single step sub-cloning of a PCR amplified transgene cassette by T/A cloning strategy apart from cohesive and blunt end cloning sites, as described for the original parent vector. Each transfer vector format was tested by appropriate transgene expression function by transduction of target cells. This is the most comprehensive HIV-2 based lentiviral vector system developed so far and it will significantly aid in preferential applications and thus increase its utility as a versatile system for gene transfer technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit G Chande
- Virology Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer-ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Lipids: a key player in the battle between the host and microorganisms. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2487-9. [PMID: 23075464 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e033407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Goldston AM, Powell RR, Temesvari LA. Sink or swim: lipid rafts in parasite pathogenesis. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:417-26. [PMID: 22906512 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts, sterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains, have been extensively studied in mammalian cells. Recently, lipid rafts have been shown to control virulence in a variety of parasites including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma spp. Parasite rafts regulate adhesion to host and invasion, and parasite adhesion molecules often localize to rafts. Parasite rafts also control vesicle trafficking, motility, and cell signaling. Parasites disrupt host cell rafts; the dysregulation of host membrane function facilitates the establishment of infection and evasion of the host immune system. Discerning the mechanism by which lipid rafts regulate parasite pathogenesis is essential to our understanding of virulence. Such insight may guide the development of new drugs for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Goldston
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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71
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Owens BMJ, Beattie L, Moore JWJ, Brown N, Mann JL, Dalton JE, Maroof A, Kaye PM. IL-10-producing Th1 cells and disease progression are regulated by distinct CD11c⁺ cell populations during visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002827. [PMID: 22911108 PMCID: PMC3406093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a critical regulatory cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani and clinical and experimental data indicate that disease progression is associated with expanded numbers of CD4⁺ IFNγ⁺ T cells committed to IL-10 production. Here, combining conditional cell-specific depletion with adoptive transfer, we demonstrate that only conventional CD11c(hi) DCs that produce both IL-10 and IL-27 are capable of inducing IL-10-producing Th1 cells in vivo. In contrast, CD11c(hi) as well as CD11c(int/lo) cells isolated from infected mice were capable of reversing the host protective effect of diphtheria toxin-mediated CD11c⁺ cell depletion. This was reflected by increased splenomegaly, inhibition of NO production and increased parasite burden. Thus during chronic infection, multiple CD11c⁺ cell populations can actively suppress host resistance and enhance immunopathology, through mechanisms that do not necessarily involve IL-10-producing Th1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - John W. J. Moore
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L. Mann
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Dalton
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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72
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Sarma U, Sareen A, Maiti M, Kamat V, Sudan R, Pahari S, Srivastava N, Roy S, Sinha S, Ghosh I, Chande AG, Mukhopadhyaya R, Saha B. Modeling and experimental analyses reveals signaling plasticity in a bi-modular assembly of CD40 receptor activated kinases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39898. [PMID: 22815717 PMCID: PMC3399835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the strength of signal dose, CD40 receptor (CD40) controls ERK-1/2 and p38MAPK activation. At low signal dose, ERK-1/2 is maximally phosphorylated but p38MAPK is minimally phosphorylated; as the signal dose increases, ERK-1/2 phosphorylation is reduced whereas p38MAPK phosphorylation is reciprocally enhanced. The mechanism of reciprocal activation of these two MAPKs remains un-elucidated. Here, our computational model, coupled to experimental perturbations, shows that the observed reciprocity is a system-level behavior of an assembly of kinases arranged in two modules. Experimental perturbations with kinase inhibitors suggest that a minimum of two trans-modular negative feedback loops are required to reproduce the experimentally observed reciprocity. The bi-modular architecture of the signaling pathways endows the system with an inherent plasticity which is further expressed in the skewing of the CD40-induced productions of IL-10 and IL-12, the respective anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Targeting the plasticity of CD40 signaling significantly reduces Leishmania major infection in a susceptible mouse strain. Thus, for the first time, using CD40 signaling as a model, we show how a bi-modular assembly of kinases imposes reciprocity to a receptor signaling. The findings unravel that the signalling plasticity is inherent to a reciprocal system and that the principle can be used for designing a therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddipan Sarma
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Archana Sareen
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | | | - Vanita Kamat
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Raki Sudan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Somenath Roy
- Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Sitabhra Sinha
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai, India
| | - Indira Ghosh
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajit G. Chande
- Advanced Centre for Training, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Robin Mukhopadhyaya
- Advanced Centre for Training, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
- * E-mail:
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73
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Müller AJ, Filipe-Santos O, Eberl G, Aebischer T, Späth GF, Bousso P. CD4+ T cells rely on a cytokine gradient to control intracellular pathogens beyond sites of antigen presentation. Immunity 2012; 37:147-57. [PMID: 22727490 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effector T cells are critical for clearance of pathogens from sites of infection. Like cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) helper T cells have been shown to deliver effector molecules directionally toward the immunological synapse, suggesting that infected cells need to be engaged individually to receive effector signals. In contrast, we show here that CD4(+) T cells stably contacted a minority of infected cells, yet these interactions triggered intracellular defense mechanisms in bystander cells in vivo. By using a functional read-out, we provide evidence that this effector bystander activity extends via a gradient of IFN-γ more than 80 μm beyond the site of antigen presentation, promoting pathogen clearance in the absence of immunological synapse formation. Our results thus demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells can exert their protective activity by engaging a minority of infected cells.
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Abstract
Some of the most successful pathogens of human, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), HIV, and Leishmania donovani not only establish chronic infections but also remain a grave global threat. These pathogens have developed innovative strategies to evade immune responses such as antigenic shift and drift, interference with antigen processing/presentation, subversion of phagocytosis, induction of immune regulatory pathways, and manipulation of the costimulatory molecules. Costimulatory molecules expressed on the surface of various cells play a decisive role in the initiation and sustenance of immunity. Exploitation of the “code of conduct” of costimulation pathways provides evolutionary incentive to the pathogens and thereby abates the functioning of the immune system. Here we review how Mtb, HIV, Leishmania sp., and other pathogens manipulate costimulatory molecules to establish chronic infection. Impairment by pathogens in the signaling events delivered by costimulatory molecules may be responsible for defective T-cell responses; consequently organisms grow unhindered in the host cells. This review summarizes the convergent devices that pathogens employ to tune and tame the immune system using costimulatory molecules. Studying host-pathogen interaction in context with costimulatory signals may unveil the molecular mechanism that will help in understanding the survival/death of the pathogens. We emphasize that the very same pathways can potentially be exploited to develop immunotherapeutic strategies to eliminate intracellular pathogens.
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75
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Majumder S, Dey R, Bhattacharjee S, Rub A, Gupta G, Bhattacharyya Majumdar S, Saha B, Majumdar S. Leishmania-Induced Biphasic Ceramide Generation in Macrophages Is Crucial for Uptake and Survival of the Parasite. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1607-16. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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76
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Khan S, Alonso L, Roduit C, Bandyopadhyay S, Singh S, Saha S, Tacchini-Cottier F, Roy S, Dietler G, Kasas S, Das P, Krishnasastry M, Saha B. Differential peptide binding to CD40 evokes counteractive responses. Hum Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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77
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Sudan R, Srivastava N, Pandey SP, Majumdar S, Saha B. Reciprocal Regulation of Protein Kinase C Isoforms Results in Differential Cellular Responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2328-37. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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78
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McConville MJ, Naderer T. Metabolic pathways required for the intracellular survival of Leishmania. Annu Rev Microbiol 2012; 65:543-61. [PMID: 21721937 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are sandfly-transmitted parasitic protozoa that cause a spectrum of important diseases and lifelong chronic infections in humans. In the mammalian host, these parasites proliferate within acidified vacuoles in several phagocytic host cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In this review, we discuss recent progress that has been made in defining the nutrient composition of the Leishmania parasitophorous vacuole, as well as metabolic pathways required by these parasites for virulence. Analysis of the virulence phenotype of Leishmania mutants has been particularly useful in defining carbon sources and nutrient salvage pathways that are essential for parasite persistence and/or induction of pathology. We also review data suggesting that intracellular parasite stages modulate metabolic processes in their host cells in order to generate a more permissive niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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79
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Chattopadhyay A, Jafurulla M. Role of membrane cholesterol in leishmanial infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 749:201-13. [PMID: 22695847 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3381-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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80
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Tuladhar R, Natarajan G, Satoskar AR. Role of co-stimulation in Leishmaniasis. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1382-90. [PMID: 22110389 PMCID: PMC3221945 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate intracellular parasites that cause a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from cutaneous, mucocutaneous and the visceral kind. Persistence or resolution of leishmaniasis is governed by host immune response. Co-stimulation is an important secondary signal that governs the extent, strength and direction of the immune response that follows. Co-stimulation by CD40, B7 and OX40 family has been shown to influence the outcome following Leishmania infection and manipulation of these pathways has shown promise for use in immune therapy of leishmaniasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of CD40, B7 and OX40 co-stimulatory pathways in regulating immunity to Leishmania and their implications in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Tuladhar
- 1. Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
- 2. Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
| | - Gayathri Natarajan
- 1. Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
- 2. Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- 1. Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
- 2. Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43221, USA
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81
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Sen S, Roy K, Mukherjee S, Mukhopadhyay R, Roy S. Restoration of IFNγR subunit assembly, IFNγ signaling and parasite clearance in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages: role of membrane cholesterol. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002229. [PMID: 21931549 PMCID: PMC3169561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of significant levels of systemic Interferon gamma (IFNγ), the host protective cytokine, Kala-azar patients display high parasite load with downregulated IFNγ signaling in Leishmania donovani (LD) infected macrophages (LD-MØs); the cause of such aberrant phenomenon is unknown. Here we reveal for the first time the mechanistic basis of impaired IFNγ signaling in parasitized murine macrophages. Our study clearly shows that in LD-MØs IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) expression and their ligand-affinity remained unaltered. The intracellular parasites did not pose any generalized defect in LD-MØs as IL-10 mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation remained unaltered with respect to normal. Previously, we showed that LD-MØs are more fluid than normal MØs due to quenching of membrane cholesterol. The decreased rigidity in LD-MØs was not due to parasite derived lipophosphoglycan (LPG) because purified LPG failed to alter fluidity in normal MØs. IFNγR subunit 1 (IFNγR1) and subunit 2 (IFNγR2) colocalize in raft upon IFNγ stimulation of normal MØs, but this was absent in LD-MØs. Oddly enough, such association of IFNγR1 and IFNγR2 could be restored upon liposomal delivery of cholesterol as evident from the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiment and co-immunoprecipitation studies. Furthermore, liposomal cholesterol treatment together with IFNγ allowed reassociation of signaling assembly (phospho-JAK1, JAK2 and STAT1) in LD-MØs, appropriate signaling, and subsequent parasite killing. This effect was cholesterol specific because cholesterol analogue 4-cholestene-3-one failed to restore the response. The presence of cholesterol binding motifs [(L/V)-X(1-5)-Y-X(1-5)-(R/K)] in the transmembrane domain of IFNγR1 was also noted. The interaction of peptides representing this motif of IFNγR1 was studied with cholesterol-liposome and analogue-liposome with difference of two orders of magnitude in respective affinity (K(D): 4.27×10(-9) M versus 2.69×10(-7) M). These observations reinforce the importance of cholesterol in the regulation of function of IFNγR1 proteins. This study clearly demonstrates that during its intracellular life-cycle LD perturbs IFNγR1 and IFNγR2 assembly and subsequent ligand driven signaling by quenching MØ membrane cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Koushik Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Kolkata, India
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82
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Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that are transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sandflies and give rise to a range of diseases (collectively known as leishmaniases) that affect over 150 million people worldwide. Cellular immune mechanisms have a major role in the control of infections with all Leishmania spp. However, as discussed in this Review, recent evidence suggests that each host-pathogen combination evokes different solutions to the problems of parasite establishment, survival and persistence. Understanding the extent of this diversity will be increasingly important in ensuring the development of broadly applicable vaccines, drugs and immunotherapeutic interventions.
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83
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Nadiri A, Polyak MJ, Jundi M, Alturaihi H, Reyes-Moreno C, Hassan GS, Mourad W. CD40 translocation to lipid rafts: Signaling requirements and downstream biological events. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2358-67. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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84
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Abstract
More than 20 years ago, immunologists discovered that resistance and susceptibility to experimental infection with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major was associated with the development of T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-dominated immune responses, respectively. This infectious disease model was later used to identify and assess the role of key factors, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-4, in Th1 and Th2 maturation. While infection by Leishmania remains a popular model for immunologists who wish to assess the role of their favorite molecule in T-cell differentiation, other investigators have tried to better understand how Leishmania interact with its insect and mammalian hosts. In this review, we discuss some of these new data with an emphasis on the early events that shape the immune response to Leishmania and on the immune evasion mechanisms that allow this parasite to avoid the development of sterilizing immunity and to secure its transmission to a new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Mougneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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85
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Shadab M, Ali N. Evasion of Host Defence by Leishmania donovani: Subversion of Signaling Pathways. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:343961. [PMID: 22091401 PMCID: PMC3199940 DOI: 10.4061/2011/343961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are responsible for causing a variety of human diseases known as leishmaniasis, which range from self-healing skin lesions to severe infection of visceral organs that are often fatal if left untreated. Leishmania donovani (L. donovani), the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, exemplifys a devious organism that has developed the ability to invade and replicate within host macrophage. In fact, the parasite has evolved strategies to interfere with a broad range of signaling processes in macrophage that includes Protein Kinase C, the JAK2/STAT1 cascade, and the MAP Kinase pathway. This paper focuses on how L. donovani modulates these signaling pathways that favour its survival and persistence in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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86
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Hassan GS, Merhi Y, Mourad W. CD40 ligand: a neo-inflammatory molecule in vascular diseases. Immunobiology 2011; 217:521-32. [PMID: 21529993 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a member of the TNF family, was initially thought to be solely implicated in thymus-dependent humoral responses. However, work by several groups showed that CD40L plays a more global role in various systems. Recent evidence has outlined an important role for CD40L in the physiopathology of the vascular system. Indeed, by interacting with its principal receptor, CD40, or with the recently identified receptors, namely αIIbβ3, α5β1, and Mac-1 integrins, CD40L displayed many biological functions in different types of vascular cells. In addition, the CD40L system was demonstrated a major player in the pathology of vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. This review outlines the expression pattern and the functional properties of CD40L and its receptors at different cellular levels in the vascular system. In addition, we thoroughly describe evidence showing the implication of CD40L interactions in atherosclerosis, restenosis, and their associated clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S Hassan
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint-Luc, Montréal QC H2X 1P1, Canada
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87
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Srivastava N, Sudan R, Saha B. CD40-Modulated Dual-Specificity Phosphatases MAPK Phosphatase (MKP)-1 and MKP-3 Reciprocally Regulate Leishmania major Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5863-72. [PMID: 21471446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Srivastava
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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88
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Martin S, Agarwal R, Murugaiyan G, Saha B. CD40 expression levels modulate regulatory T cells in Leishmania donovani infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:551-9. [PMID: 20525887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-expressed CD40 is shown to play crucial roles in eliciting effector T cell responses, primarily the proinflammatory CD4(+) Th subsets and cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells that eliminate various infections and tumors, respectively. In contrast, DCs are also implied in the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) that counteract the functions of the proinflammatory Th subsets and exacerbate infections. However, the role of DC-expressed CD40 in the generation of Tregs is unknown. In this study, we generated bone marrow-derived DCs from mice (on a BALB/c background) expressing different levels of CD40 and tested their relative efficiency in generating Tregs. We observed that low levels of CD40 expression were required for efficient Treg generation. DCs expressing low levels of CD40 induced Tregs, whereas DCs expressing high levels of CD40 induced effector T cells, possibly CD8(+)CD40(+) T cells with a contraregulatory activity; the adoptive transfer of the former DC exacerbated whereas the latter significantly reduced Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice. Similarly, priming of mice with leishmanial Ag-pulsed DCs expressing high levels of CD40 induced host protection against L. donovani challenge infection. In contrast, priming with the low CD40-expressing DC resulted in aggravated infection as compared with the control mice. The results establish that CD40 can play differential roles in Treg differentiation and determine the course of infection. We demonstrate that the knowledge can be efficiently used in adoptive cell transfer therapy against an infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Martin
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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89
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Martin S, Pahari S, Sudan R, Saha B. CD40 Signaling in CD8+CD40+ T Cells Turns On Contra-T Regulatory Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5510-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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90
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El Fakhry Y, Alturaihi H, Diallo D, Merhi Y, Mourad W. Critical role of lipid rafts in CD154-mediated T cell signaling. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:770-9. [PMID: 20039299 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although signal pathways triggered via the CD40 molecule are well characterized, those induced via CD154 are less known. This study demonstrates that engagement of CD154 in Jurkat D1.1 cells with soluble CD40 leads to PKC alpha and delta activation, calcium mobilization, and phosphorylation of the Map kinases ERK1/2 and p38. Such response is accompanied by significant recruitment of CD154 into lipid rafts. Disruption of lipid rafts integrity with nystatin or methyl beta-cyclodextrin abrogated PKCalpha PKCdelta and p38 phosphorylation, but had no effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of PKC activation completely abolished p38 phosphorylation but had no effect on ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that localization of CD154 within lipid rafts is an absolute requirement for CD154-induced PKCalpha- and PKCdelta-dependent p38 phosphorylation. Furthermore, CD154 acts as co-stimulator for the production of IL-2 in an APC-superantigen-T-cell activation model. The results obtained demonstrate for the first time, that lipid rafts are of immunological relevance for CD154-triggered signals, and reinforce the importance of CD154 in T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El Fakhry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Saint Luc, Montréal, Que., Canada H2X 1P1
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91
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Leishmania interferes with host cell signaling to devise a survival strategy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:109189. [PMID: 20396387 PMCID: PMC2852600 DOI: 10.1155/2010/109189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. exists as extracellular promastigotes in its vector whereas it resides and replicates as amastigotes within the macrophages of its mammalian host. As a survival strategy, Leishmania modulates macrophage functions directly or indirectly. The direct interference includes prevention of oxidative burst and the effector functions that lead to its elimination. The indirect effects include the antigen presentation and modulation of T cell functions in such a way that the effector T cells help the parasite survive by macrophage deactivation. Most of these direct and indirect effects are regulated by host cell receptor signaling that occurs through cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cascades of kinases and phosphatases. This review highlights how Leishmania selectively manipulates the different signaling pathways to ensure its survival.
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92
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Phillips R, Svensson M, Aziz N, Maroof A, Brown N, Beattie L, Signoret N, Kaye PM. Innate killing of Leishmania donovani by macrophages of the splenic marginal zone requires IRF-7. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000813. [PMID: 20300600 PMCID: PMC2837405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly phagocytic macrophages line the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen and the lymph node subcapsular sinus. Although these macrophages have been attributed with a variety of functions, including the uptake and clearance of blood and lymph-borne pathogens, little is known about the effector mechanisms they employ after pathogen uptake. Here, we have combined gene expression profiling and RNAi using a stromal macrophage cell line with in situ analysis of the leishmanicidal activity of marginal zone macrophages (MZM) and marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMM) in wild type and gene targeted mice. Our data demonstrate a critical role for interferon regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7) in regulating the killing of intracellular Leishmania donovani by these specialised splenic macrophage sub-populations. This study, therefore, identifies a new role for IRF-7 as a regulator of innate microbicidal activity against this, and perhaps other, non-viral intracellular pathogens. This study also highlights the importance of selecting appropriate macrophage populations when studying pathogen interactions with this functionally diverse lineage of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Phillips
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, F59, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naveed Aziz
- The Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Asher Maroof
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette Beattie
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Signoret
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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93
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Mutka AL, Ikonen E. Genetics and molecular biology: brain cholesterol balance--not such a closed circuit after all. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010; 21:93-4. [PMID: 20101121 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32833538b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 regulates many aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. The CD40-CD154 pathway is important for resistance against a variety of parasites. Studies done with these pathogens have provided important insight into the various mechanisms by which this pathway enhances host protection, mechanisms by which pathogens subvert CD40 signaling, conditions in which the CD40-CD154 pathway promotes disease and on modulation of this pathway for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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95
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Suttles J, Stout RD. Macrophage CD40 signaling: A pivotal regulator of disease protection and pathogenesis. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:257-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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96
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Murugaiyan G, Saha B. Protumor vs Antitumor Functions of IL-17. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4169-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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97
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Rub A, Dey R, Jadhav M, Kamat R, Chakkaramakkil S, Majumdar S, Mukhopadhyaya R, Saha B. Erratum: Corrigendum: Cholesterol depletion associated with Leishmania major infection alters macrophage CD40 signalosome composition and effector function. Nat Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1038/ni0609-665b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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