51
|
Cyclophosphamide Increases Lactobacillus in the Intestinal Microbiota in Chickens. mSystems 2020; 5:5/4/e00080-20. [PMID: 32817382 PMCID: PMC7438020 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00080-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry production is a very intensive industry. Due to the substantial number of animals being raised by any one producer, even small variations in productivity lead to important economical outcomes. The intestinal microbiota of birds is under intense scrutiny by the immune system. Therefore, it is a factor that can influence the states of health and disease of the host. The body of knowledge on the interactions between these systems is gradually bringing practical guidance for poultry production. Recent data in humans indicate that immunosuppression is correlated with shifts in the intestinal microbiota. However, the relationship between immunosuppression and intestinal microbiota has not been studied in chickens. Thus, we investigated the correlations between immune cells and intestinal microbiota by massive parallel sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene in chickens immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide. The results showed correlations between peripheral immune cells and intestinal microbiota. Surprisingly, an increase in the abundance of intestinal Lactobacillus in the immunosuppressed chickens was observed. These birds also had low intestinal IgA antibody levels among other alterations in the microbiota. These shifts indicate a role of the immunity system in controlling the microbiota of birds. IMPORTANCE Poultry production is a very intensive industry. Due to the substantial number of animals being raised by any one producer, even small variations in productivity lead to important economical outcomes. The intestinal microbiota of birds is under intense scrutiny by the immune system. Therefore, it is a factor that can influence the states of health and disease of the host. The body of knowledge on the interactions between these systems is gradually bringing practical guidance for poultry production.
Collapse
|
52
|
TSURUTA T, KATSUMATA E, MIZOTE A, JIAN HJ, MUHOMAH TA, NISHINO N. Cyclic nigerosylnigerose ameliorates DSS-induced colitis with restoration of goblet cell number and increase in IgA reactivity against gut microbiota in mice. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 39:188-196. [PMID: 32775139 PMCID: PMC7392908 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nigerosylnigerose (CNN) is a cyclic oligosaccharide. Oral administration of CNN promotes immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion in the gut. IgA is a major antibody secreted into the gut and plays a crucial role in suppressing gut inflammation due to commensal gut microbiota. To investigate the effect of administration of CNN to promote IgA secretion on gut inflammation, experimental colitis was induced with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in Balb/c mice after 6 weeks of CNN pre-feeding. The severity of colitis was evaluated based on a disease activity index (DAI), the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, and a histological examination. The CNN-treated mice with DSS-induced colitis (CNN-DSS group) showed significantly lower DAI scores and mRNA levels of interleukin-1 compared with the CNN-untreated mice with DSS-induced colitis (DSS group). Histological examination of the colon revealed that the pathological score was significantly lower in the CNN-DSS group compared with the DSS group due to the reduced infiltration of immune cells. The number of goblet cells was significantly higher in the CNN-DSS group compared with the DSS group. The IgA concentration and the ratio of microbiota coated with IgA were evaluated in the cecal content. Although there was no difference in the IgA concentration among groups, a higher proportion of cecal microbiota were coated with IgA in the CNN-DSS group compared with that in the DSS group. These results suggest that CNN might preserve goblet cells in the colon and promote IgA coating of gut microbiota, which synergistically ameliorate gut inflammation in mice with DSS-induced colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi TSURUTA
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Emiko KATSUMATA
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | | | - Hou Jian JIAN
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Teresia Aluoch MUHOMAH
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| | - Naoki NISHINO
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Pabst O, Slack E. IgA and the intestinal microbiota: the importance of being specific. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:12-21. [PMID: 31740744 PMCID: PMC6914667 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secretory IgA has long been a divisive molecule. Some immunologists point to the mild phenotype of IgA deficiency to justify ignoring it, while some consider its abundance and evolutionary history as grounds for its importance. Further, there is extensive and growing disagreement over the relative importance of affinity-matured, T cell-dependent IgA vs. "natural" and T cell-independent IgA in both microbiota and infection control. As with all good arguments, there is good data supporting different opinions. Here we revisit longstanding questions in IgA biology. We start the discussion from the question of intestinal IgA antigen specificity and critical definitions regarding IgA induction, specificity, and function. These definitions must then be tessellated with the cellular and molecular pathways shaping IgA responses, and the mechanisms by which IgA functions. On this basis we propose how IgA may contribute to the establishment and maintenance of beneficial interactions with the microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pabst
- 0000 0001 0728 696Xgrid.1957.aInstitute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emma Slack
- 0000 0001 2156 2780grid.5801.cInstitute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Suzuki K. Diversified IgA-Bacteria Interaction in Gut Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:105-116. [PMID: 32323273 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the major immunoglobulin isotype produced by the gut immune system, and many studies revealed key roles of IgA in establishing host-bacteria mutualism. This chapter will review current understandings for the function of gut IgA in regulating commensal microbiota. IgA specifically recognizes bacterial species that strongly stimulate host's immune responses, and suppresses their overgrowth or reduces the expressions of bacterial pro-inflammatory genes. On the other hand, IgA coatings on symbiotic bacteria enhance bacteria-mucus and bacteria-bacteria interactions, which induce production of metabolites enforcing mucosal barrier functions. Such diversified effects suggest that multiple factors may be involved in the mechanisms of IgA-bacteria interactions, including IgA specificity to microbial epitopes, mode of cellular responses of IgA synthesis (T-dependent and T-independent) and post-translational modifications of IgA proteins, such as glycosylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku Yokohama, 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fadlallah J, El Kafsi H, Sterlin D, Juste C, Parizot C, Dorgham K, Autaa G, Gouas D, Almeida M, Lepage P, Pons N, Le Chatelier E, Levenez F, Kennedy S, Galleron N, de Barros JPP, Malphettes M, Galicier L, Boutboul D, Mathian A, Miyara M, Oksenhendler E, Amoura Z, Doré J, Fieschi C, Ehrlich SD, Larsen M, Gorochov G. Microbial ecology perturbation in human IgA deficiency. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/439/eaan1217. [PMID: 29720448 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, loss of immunoglobulin A (IgA), one of the most abundant antibodies, does not irrevocably lead to severe infections in humans but rather is associated with relatively mild respiratory infections, atopy, and autoimmunity. IgA might therefore also play covert roles, not uniquely associated with control of pathogens. We show that human IgA deficiency is not associated with massive quantitative perturbations of gut microbial ecology. Metagenomic analysis highlights an expected pathobiont expansion but a less expected depletion in some typically beneficial symbionts. Gut colonization by species usually present in the oropharynx is also reminiscent of spatial microbiota disorganization. IgM only partially rescues IgA deficiency because not all typical IgA targets are efficiently bound by IgM in the intestinal lumen. Together, IgA appears to play a nonredundant role at the forefront of the immune/microbial interface, away from the intestinal barrier, ranging from pathobiont control and regulation of systemic inflammation to preservation of commensal diversity and community networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehane Fadlallah
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hela El Kafsi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sterlin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Juste
- UMR1319 Micalis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Autaa
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Doriane Gouas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Almeida
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, Paint Branch Road, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Patricia Lepage
- UMR1319 Micalis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Pons
- INRA, US1367 MetaGenoPolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | | | - Sean Kennedy
- INRA, US1367 MetaGenoPolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.,LIPoprotéines et Santé prévention & Traitement des maladies Inflammatoires et du Cancer (LipSTIC) LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marion Malphettes
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France
| | - David Boutboul
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,INSERM U1126, Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Mathian
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut E3M, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Eric Oksenhendler
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, EA3518, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Institut E3M, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Joel Doré
- UMR1319 Micalis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRA, US1367 MetaGenoPolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Claire Fieschi
- Département d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France.,INSERM U1126, Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, 75010 Paris, France
| | - S Dusko Ehrlich
- INRA, US1367 MetaGenoPolis, 78350 Jouy en Josas, France.,King's College London, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute Central Office, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Martin Larsen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d'Immunologie, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Goto Y. Epithelial Cells as a Transmitter of Signals From Commensal Bacteria and Host Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2057. [PMID: 31555282 PMCID: PMC6724641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are non-hematopoietic cells that form a physical barrier against external antigens. Recent studies indicate that IECs have pleiotropic functions in the regulation of luminal microbiota and the host immune system. IECs produce various immune modulatory cytokines and chemokines in response to commensal bacteria and contribute to developing the intestinal immune system. In contrast, IECs receive cytokine signals from immune cells and produce various immunological factors against luminal bacteria. This bidirectional function of IECs is critical to regulate homeostasis of microbiota and the host immune system. Disruption of the epithelial barrier leads to detrimental host diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, colonic cancer, and pathogenic infection. This review provides an overview of the functions and physiology of IECs and highlights their bidirectional functions against luminal bacteria and immune cells, which contribute to maintaining gut homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Goto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Symbiosis, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Wang C, Li Q, Ren J. Microbiota-Immune Interaction in the Pathogenesis of Gut-Derived Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1873. [PMID: 31456801 PMCID: PMC6698791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-derived infection is among the most common complications in patients who underwent severe trauma, serious burn, major surgery, hemorrhagic shock or severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). It could cause sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which are regarded as a leading cause of mortality in these cases. Gut-derived infection is commonly caused by pathological translocation of intestinal bacteria or endotoxins, resulting from the dysfunction of the gut barrier. In the last decades, the studies regarding to the pathogenesis of gut-derived infection mainly focused on the breakdown of intestinal epithelial tight junction and increased permeability. Limited information is available on the roles of intestinal microbial barrier in the development of gut-derived infection. Recently, advances of next-generation DNA sequencing techniques and its utilization has revolutionized the gut microecology, leading to novel views into the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its connections with multiple diseases. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the research field of intestinal barrier disruption and gut-derived infection, mainly through the perspectives of the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and its interaction with intestinal mucosal immune cells. This review presents novel insights into how the gut microbiota collaborates with mucosal immune cells to involve the development of pathological bacterial translocation. The data might have important implication to better understand the mechanism underlying pathological bacterial translocation, contributing us to develop new strategies for prevention and treatment of gut-derived sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiurong Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Fasting-Refeeding Impacts Immune Cell Dynamics and Mucosal Immune Responses. Cell 2019; 178:1072-1087.e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
59
|
Gupta S, Basu S, Bal V, Rath S, George A. Gut IgA abundance in adult life is a major determinant of resistance to dextran sodium sulfate-colitis and can compensate for the effects of inadequate maternal IgA received by neonates. Immunology 2019; 158:19-34. [PMID: 31215020 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies with gene-deficient and gnotobiotic mice have identified many host and microbial factors that contribute to induced colitis, but information on whether specific factors determine susceptibility under more physiological conditions is lacking. Using wild-type strains that differ in their IgA response but harbor a diverse gut microbiome, we found that the IgA-high strain CBA/CaJ (CBA) is resistant to acute colitis induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), unlike the IgA-low strain C57BL/6 (B6). Resistance was associated with extensive IgA-coating of fecal bacteria, lower fecal bacterial loads and greater abundance of barrier-protective transcripts in colonic tissues under homeostatic conditions. Fecal microbial transplant (FT) experiments revealed that disease induction in B6 mice was associated with a cohort of bacteria that are not targeted by IgA. However, CBA mice continued to be resistant to colitis induction following FTs from B6 mice, indicating that they are able to contain such colitogenic members. In support of a role for bacterial exclusion in resistance, oral administration of immunoglobulins decreased DSS-induced disease in B6 mice. In F1 mice derived separately with CBA and B6 dams and in F1 mice backcrossed to the two parental strains, resistance segregated with the IgA response of the pups and not with barrier-associated transcripts or bacterial loads. Interestingly, B6 pups foster-nursed on CBA dams continued to be susceptible in later life, whereas CBA pups foster-nursed on B6 dams continued to be resistant. Together, the data indicate that a high-IgA response in adult life can protect against colitis and compensate for IgA deficiency in early life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Srijani Basu
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Chen X, Yuan L, Du J, Zhang C, Sun H. The polysaccharide from the roots of Actinidia eriantha activates RAW264.7 macrophages via regulating microRNA expression. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:203-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
61
|
Stebegg M, Silva-Cayetano A, Innocentin S, Jenkins TP, Cantacessi C, Gilbert C, Linterman MA. Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2443. [PMID: 31164642 PMCID: PMC6547660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a complex multifactorial process associated with a plethora of disorders, which contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. One of the organs significantly affected by age is the gut. Age-dependent changes of the gut-associated microbiome have been linked to increased frailty and systemic inflammation. This change in microbial composition with age occurs in parallel with a decline in function of the gut immune system; however, it is not clear whether there is a causal link between the two. Here we report that the defective germinal centre reaction in Peyer's patches of aged mice can be rescued by faecal transfers from younger adults into aged mice and by immunisations with cholera toxin, without affecting germinal centre reactions in peripheral lymph nodes. This demonstrates that the poor germinal centre reaction in aged animals is not irreversible, and that it is possible to improve this response in older individuals by providing appropriate stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Stebegg
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alyssa Silva-Cayetano
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Timothy P Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Colin Gilbert
- Biological Services Unit, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Crotty S. T Follicular Helper Cell Biology: A Decade of Discovery and Diseases. Immunity 2019; 50:1132-1148. [PMID: 31117010 PMCID: PMC6532429 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 898] [Impact Index Per Article: 179.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10 years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation and the requirement of Tfh cells as the specialized subset of CD4+ T cells needed for germinal centers (the microanatomical sites of B cell mutation and antibody affinity maturation) and related B cell responses. A great deal has been learned about Tfh cells in the past 10 years, particularly regarding their roles in a surprising range of diseases. Advances in the understanding of Tfh cell differentiation and function are discussed, as are the understanding of Tfh cells in infectious diseases, vaccines, autoimmune diseases, allergies, atherosclerosis, organ transplants, and cancer. This includes discussion of Tfh cells in the human immune system. Based on the discoveries to date, the next decade of Tfh research surely holds many more surprises. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (Scripps CHAVI-ID), Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
IgA Responses to Microbiota. Immunity 2019; 49:211-224. [PMID: 30134201 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various immune mechanisms are deployed in the mucosa to confront the immense diversity of resident bacteria. A substantial fraction of the commensal microbiota is coated with immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, and recent findings have established the identities of these bacteria under homeostatic and disease conditions. Here we review the current understanding of IgA biology, and present a framework wherein two distinct types of humoral immunity coexist in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Homeostatic IgA responses employ a polyreactive repertoire to bind a broad but taxonomically distinct subset of microbiota. In contrast, mucosal pathogens and vaccines elicit high-affinity, T cell-dependent antibody responses. This model raises fundamental questions including how polyreactive IgA specificities are generated, how these antibodies exert effector functions, and how they exist together with other immune responses during homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
|
64
|
Muhomah TA, Nishino N, Katsumata E, Haoming W, Tsuruta T. High-fat diet reduces the level of secretory immunoglobulin A coating of commensal gut microbiota. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2019; 38:55-64. [PMID: 31106108 PMCID: PMC6502715 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.18-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fat intake is associated with changes in gut microbiota composition. In the present study, we focused on the secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) coating of gut microbiota as a
mucosal immune response affecting the gut microbiota following a high-fat diet (HFD). The level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota was evaluated in normal-fat diet (NFD)- and HFD-fed mice.
HFD significantly decreased the level of SIgA coating the gut microbiota compared with NFD. Of note, substitution of HFD with NFD resulted in a complete recovery of the level of SIgA
coating. These findings suggest that dietary fat influences the SIgA coating of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we analyzed the composition of the gut microbiota and the concentration of
cecal short-chain fatty acids. HFD feeding changed the gut microbiota composition at the phylum and family levels. Pearson correlation analysis between the level of SIgA coating of gut
microbiota and the relative abundance of gut microbiota showed that the relative abundances of Clostridiaceae, Mogibacteriaceae,
Turicibacteraceae, and Bifidobacteriaceae were negatively correlated with the level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota. Conversely, the relative abundances
of Desulfovibrionaceae, S24-7, and Lactobacillaceae were positively correlated with the level of SIgA coating. The concentrations of cecal acetate and
butyrate were lower in HFD-fed mice and positively correlated with the level of SIgA coating of gut microbiota. Our observations suggest that a decrease in the level of SIgA coating of the
gut microbiota through a HFD might relate to HFD-induced changes in microbial composition and microbial metabolites production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Aluoch Muhomah
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Nishino
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Emiko Katsumata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wu Haoming
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuruta
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Genetic variants of SMAD2/3/4/7 are associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis in a Japanese genetic background. Immunol Lett 2019; 207:64-72. [PMID: 30653987 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is attributed to inappropriate inflammatory response in intestinal mucosa. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling plays key role in differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to T helper 17 (Th17) cells or regulatory T (Treg) cells. This study aimed to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SMAD family genes and susceptibility to IBD in a Japanese cohort to elucidate genetic determinants of IBD. METHODS This study included 81 patients with CD, 108 patients with UC, and 199 healthy subjects as controls. A total of 21 SNPs in four genes (SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, and SMAD7) involved in the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism, PCR-direct DNA sequencing, or PCR-high resolution melting curve analysis. RESULTS Four SNPs (rs13381619, rs9955626, rs1792658, and rs1792671) within SMAD2, one SNP within SMAD3 (rs41473580), two SNPs within SMAD4 (rs7229678 and rs9304407), and one SNP within SMAD7 (rs12956924) were significantly associated with susceptibility only to UC. rs13381619 within SMAD2, rs4147358 within SMAD3, rs9304407 within SMAD4, and rs12956924 within SMAD7 exhibited the strongest association (p < 0.001, p = 0.021, p = 0.005, and p = 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, rs4147358 of SMAD3 altered the expression of a luciferase reporter gene in Jurkat T cell line in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants of several SMAD family of genes might alter the balance of differentiation between Th17 and Treg, resulting in the development of IBD, especially UC.
Collapse
|
66
|
Villa A, Notarangelo LD. RAG gene defects at the verge of immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:73-90. [PMID: 30565244 PMCID: PMC6309314 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the recombinase activating genes (RAG) in humans underlie a broad spectrum of clinical and immunological phenotypes that reflect different degrees of impairment of T- and B-cell development and alterations of mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Recent studies have shown that this phenotypic heterogeneity correlates, albeit imperfectly, with different levels of recombination activity of the mutant RAG proteins. Furthermore, studies in patients and in newly developed animal models carrying hypomorphic RAG mutations have disclosed various mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in this condition. Careful annotation of clinical outcome and immune reconstitution in RAG-deficient patients who have received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has shown that progress has been made in the treatment of this disease, but new approaches remain to be tested to improve stem cell engraftment and durable immune reconstitution. Finally, initial attempts have been made to treat RAG deficiency with gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Grainger J, Daw R, Wemyss K. Systemic instruction of cell-mediated immunity by the intestinal microbiome. F1000Res 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1910. [PMID: 30631436 PMCID: PMC6290979 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14633.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shed light on the plethora of mechanisms by which the gastrointestinal commensal microbiome can influence the local immune response in the gut (in particular, the impact of the immune system on epithelial barrier homeostasis and ensuring microbial diversity). However, an area that is much less well explored but of tremendous therapeutic interest is the impact the gut microbiome has on systemic cell-mediated immune responses. In this commentary, we highlight some key studies that are beginning to broadly examine the different mechanisms by which the gastrointestinal microbiome can impact the systemic immune compartment. Specifically, we discuss the effects of the gut microbiome on lymphocyte polarisation and trafficking, tailoring of resident immune cells in the liver, and output of circulating immune cells from the bone marrow. Finally, we explore contexts in which this new understanding of long-range effects of the gut microbiome can have implications, including cancer therapies and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Grainger
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rufus Daw
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kelly Wemyss
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Jørgensen SF, Fevang B, Aukrust P. Autoimmunity and Inflammation in CVID: a Possible Crosstalk between Immune Activation, Gut Microbiota, and Epigenetic Modifications. J Clin Immunol 2018; 39:30-36. [PMID: 30465180 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-018-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency among adults and is characterized by a B cell dysfunction and increased risk of respiratory tract infections with encapsulated bacteria. However, a large proportion of patients also has inflammatory and autoimmune complications. It may seem like a paradox that immunodeficiency and inflammation/autoimmunity coexist within the same individuals. In this commentary, we propose that CVID immunopathogenesis involves an interplay of genes, environmental factors, and dysregulation of immune cells, where gut microbiota and gastrointestinal inflammation can both be important contributors or endpoints to the systemic immune activation seen in CVID, and where epigenetic mechanism may be the undiscovered link between these contributors. In our opinion, these pathways could represent novel targets for therapy in CVID directed against autoimmune and inflammatory manifestations that represent the most severe complications in these patients. Considering the heterogeneous nature of CVID, these mechanisms may not be present in all patients, and different complications may be triggered by different risk factors. CVID is really a variable disease and in the future there is clearly a need for a more personalized medicine based on both genotypic and phenotypic findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silje F Jørgensen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Børre Fevang
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Nydalen, P.O. Box 4950, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Stebegg M, Kumar SD, Silva-Cayetano A, Fonseca VR, Linterman MA, Graca L. Regulation of the Germinal Center Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2469. [PMID: 30410492 PMCID: PMC6209676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which can provide protection against reinfection. Within the GC, B cells undergo somatic mutation of the genes encoding their B cell receptors which, following successful selection, can lead to the emergence of B cell clones that bind antigen with high affinity. However, this mutation process can also be dangerous, as it can create autoreactive clones that can cause autoimmunity. Because of this, regulation of GC reactions is critical to ensure high affinity antibody production and to enforce self-tolerance by avoiding emergence of autoreactive B cell clones. A productive GC response requires the collaboration of multiple cell types. The stromal cell network orchestrates GC cell dynamics by controlling antigen delivery and cell trafficking. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide specialized help to GC B cells through cognate T-B cell interactions while Foxp3+ T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are key mediators of GC regulation. However, regulation of GC responses is not a simple outcome of Tfh/Tfr balance, but also involves the contribution of other cell types to modulate the GC microenvironment and to avoid autoimmunity. Thus, the regulation of the GC is complex, and occurs at multiple levels. In this review we outline recent developments in the biology of cell subsets involved in the regulation of GC reactions, in both secondary lymphoid tissues, and Peyer's patches (PPs). We discuss the mechanisms which enable the generation of potent protective humoral immunity whilst GC-derived autoimmunity is avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya D Kumar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Valter R Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte-Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hao F, Tian M, Feng Y, Quan C, Chen Y, Chen S, Wei M. Abrogation of Lupus Nephritis in Somatic Hypermutation-Deficient MRL/lpr Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3905-3912. [PMID: 29728506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease posing threats to multiple organs in the human body. As a typical manifestation of SLE, lupus nephritis is characterized by a series of pathological changes in glomerulus as well as accumulation of pathogenic autoreactive IgG with complement in the kidney that dramatically disrupts renal functions. Activation-induced deaminase (AID), which governs both somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR), has been shown to be essential for the regulation of SLE. However, the relative contributions of SHM and CSR to SLE pathology have not been determined. Based on the available AIDG23S mice, we successfully established an AIDG23S MRL/lpr mouse model, in which SHM is specifically abolished, although CSR is largely unaffected. We found that the abrogation of SHM effectively alleviated SLE-associated histopathological alterations, such as expansion of the mesangial matrix and thickening of the basement membrane of Bowman's capsule as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells. Compared with SLE mice, AIDG23S MRL/lpr mice exhibited decreased proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine, indicating that the loss of SHM contributed to the recovery of renal functions. As a consequence, the life span of those SHM-deficient MRL/lpr mice was extended. Together, we provide direct evidence pinpointing a vital role of SHM in the control of SLE development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Quan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China;
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang C, Björkman A, Cai K, Liu G, Wang C, Li Y, Xia H, Sun L, Kristiansen K, Wang J, Han J, Hammarström L, Pan-Hammarström Q. Impact of a 3-Months Vegetarian Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Immune Repertoire. Front Immunol 2018; 9:908. [PMID: 29755475 PMCID: PMC5934425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary pattern can influence the immune system directly, but may also modulate it indirectly by regulating the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the effect of a 3-months lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on the diversity of gut microbiota and the immune system in healthy omnivorous volunteers, using high-throughput sequencing technologies. The short-term vegetarian diet did not have any major effect on the diversity of the immune system and the overall composition of the metagenome. The prevalence of bacterial genera/species with known beneficial effects on the intestine, including butyrate-producers and probiotic species and the balance of autoimmune-related variable genes/families were, however, altered in the short-term vegetarians. A number of bacterial species that are associated with the expression level of IgA, a key immunoglobulin class that protects the gastrointestinal mucosal system, were also identified. Furthermore, a lower diversity of T-cell repertoire and expression level of IgE, as well as a reduced abundance of inflammation-related genes in the gut microbiota were potentially associated with a control group with long-term vegetarians. Thus, the composition and duration of the diet may have an impact on the balance of pro-/anti-inflammatory factors in the gut microbiota and immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Björkman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Chunlin Wang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Yin Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,iCarbonX, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Jahnsen FL, Bækkevold ES, Hov JR, Landsverk OJ. Do Long-Lived Plasma Cells Maintain a Healthy Microbiota in the Gut? Trends Immunol 2018; 39:196-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
73
|
Wilmore JR, Gaudette BT, Gomez Atria D, Hashemi T, Jones DD, Gardner CA, Cole SD, Misic AM, Beiting DP, Allman D. Commensal Microbes Induce Serum IgA Responses that Protect against Polymicrobial Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:302-311.e3. [PMID: 29478774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies are readily detected in mice and people, but the mechanisms underlying the induction of serum IgA and its role in host protection remain uncertain. We report that select commensal bacteria induce several facets of systemic IgA-mediated immunity. Exposing conventional mice to a unique but natural microflora that included several members of the Proteobacteria phylum led to T cell-dependent increases in serum IgA levels and the induction of large numbers of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. The resulting serum IgA bound to a restricted collection of bacterial taxa, and antigen-specific serum IgA antibodies were readily induced after intestinal colonization with the commensal bacterium Helicobacter muridarum. Finally, movement to a Proteobacteria-rich microbiota led to serum IgA-mediated resistance to polymicrobial sepsis. We conclude that commensal microbes overtly influence the serum IgA repertoire, resulting in constitutive protection against bacterial sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Brian T Gaudette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Daniela Gomez Atria
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Tina Hashemi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Christopher A Gardner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
| | - Stephen D Cole
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ana M Misic
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 36th and Hamilton Walk, 230 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Liang CC, Li CS, Weng IC, Chen HY, Lu HH, Huang CC, Liu FT. Galectin-9 Is Critical for Mucosal Adaptive Immunity through the T Helper 17-IgA Axis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1225-1235. [PMID: 29458010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of the intestinal mucosal immunity significantly increases the risk of acute and chronic diseases. IgA plays a major role in humoral mucosal immunity to provide protection against pathogens and toxins in the gut. Here, we investigated the role of endogenous galectin-9, a tandem repeat-type β-galactoside-binding protein, in intestinal mucosal immunity. By mucosal immunization of Lgals9-/- and littermate control mice, it was found that lack of galectin-9 impaired mucosal antigen-specific IgA response in the gut. Moreover, Lgals9-/- mice were more susceptible to developing watery diarrhea and more prone to death in response to high-dose cholera toxin. The results indicate the importance of galectin-9 in modulating intestinal adaptive immunity. Furthermore, bone marrow chimera mice were established, and galectin-9 in hematopoietic cells was found to be critical for adaptive IgA response. In addition, immunized Lgals9-/- mice exhibited lower expression of Il17 and fewer T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the lamina propria, implying that the Th17-IgA axis is involved in this mechanism. Taken together, these findings suggest that galectin-9 plays a role in mucosal adaptive immunity through the Th17-IgA axis. By manipulating the expression or activity of galectin-9, intestinal mucosal immune response can be altered and may benefit the development of mucosal vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chia Liang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Weng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Han Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Ching Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Macpherson AJ. Do the Microbiota Influence Vaccines and Protective Immunity to Pathogens? Issues of Sovereignty, Federalism, and Points-Testing in the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Spaces of the Host-Microbial Superorganism. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029363. [PMID: 28432128 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to live attenuated vaccines, which are designed to induce immunity through a time-limited bloom in systemic tissues, the microbiota is a persistent feature of body surfaces, especially the intestine. The immune responses to the microbiota are idiosyncratic depending on the niche intimacy of different taxa and generally adapt the host to avoid overgrowth and maintain mutualism rather than to eliminate the organisms of that taxon. Both the microbiota and the host have so much molecular cross talk controlling each other, that the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic spaces of the host-microbial superorganism are federal rather than sovereign. This molecular cross talk is vital for the immune system to develop its mature form. Nevertheless, the microbiota/host biomass spaces are rather well separated: The microbiota also limits colonization and penetration of pathogens through intense metabolic competition. Immune responses to those members of the microbiota mutually adapted to intimate association at mucosal surfaces have attractive potential durability, but for clinical use as persistent vehicles they would require personalization and engineered reversibility to manage the immune context and complications in individual human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (DKF), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Macpherson AJ, Yilmaz B, Limenitakis JP, Ganal-Vonarburg SC. IgA Function in Relation to the Intestinal Microbiota. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 36:359-381. [PMID: 29400985 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IgA is the dominant immunoglobulin isotype produced in mammals, largely secreted across the intestinal mucosal surface. Although induction of IgA has been a hallmark feature of microbiota colonization following colonization in germ-free animals, until recently appreciation of the function of IgA in host-microbial mutualism has depended mainly on indirect evidence of alterations in microbiota composition or penetration of microbes in the absence of somatic mutations in IgA (or compensatory IgM). Highly parallel sequencing techniques that enable high-resolution analysis of either microbial consortia or IgA sequence diversity are now giving us new perspectives on selective targeting of microbial taxa and the trajectory of IgA diversification according to induction mechanisms, between different individuals and over time. The prospects are to link the range of diversified IgA clonotypes to specific antigenic functions in modulating the microbiota composition, position and metabolism to ensure host mutualism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Macpherson
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Julien P Limenitakis
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Liu X, Meng FL. Generation of Genomic Alteration from Cytidine Deamination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1044:49-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0593-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
78
|
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a major immunoglobulin isotype in the gut and plays a role in maintenance of gut homeostasis. Secretory IgA (SIgA) has multiple functions in the gut, such as to regulate microbiota composition, to protect intestinal epithelium from pathogenic microorganisms, and to help for immune-system development. The liver is the front-line organ that receives gut-derived products through the portal vein, implying that the liver could be severely affected by a disrupted intestinal homeostasis. Indeed, some liver diseases like alcoholic liver disease are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota and increased blood endotoxin levels. Therefore, deficiency of SIgA function appears as a significant factor for the pathogenesis of liver diseases associated with altered gut microbiome. In this review, we describe SIgA functions on the gut microbiome and discuss the role of IgA for liver diseases, especially alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Inamine
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8102 Japan
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, MC0063, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093 USA ,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161 USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Perruzza L, Gargari G, Proietti M, Fosso B, D'Erchia AM, Faliti CE, Rezzonico-Jost T, Scribano D, Mauri L, Colombo D, Pellegrini G, Moregola A, Mooser C, Pesole G, Nicoletti M, Norata GD, Geuking MB, McCoy KD, Guglielmetti S, Grassi F. T Follicular Helper Cells Promote a Beneficial Gut Ecosystem for Host Metabolic Homeostasis by Sensing Microbiota-Derived Extracellular ATP. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2566-2575. [PMID: 28297661 PMCID: PMC5368345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor regulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cell abundance in the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine; deletion of P2rx7, encoding for P2X7, in Tfh cells results in enhanced IgA secretion and binding to commensal bacteria. Here, we show that Tfh cell activity is important for generating a diverse bacterial community in the gut and that sensing of microbiota-derived extracellular ATP via P2X7 promotes the generation of a proficient gut ecosystem for metabolic homeostasis. The results of this study indicate that Tfh cells play a role in host-microbiota mutualism beyond protecting the intestinal mucosa by induction of affinity-matured IgA and suggest that extracellular ATP constitutes an inter-kingdom signaling molecule important for selecting a beneficial microbial community for the host via P2X7-mediated regulation of B cell help. P2X7 receptor activity in Tfh cells is important for shaping the gut microbiota Control of secretory IgA by Tfh cells promotes a healthy gut ecosystem Lack of P2X7 in Tfh cells results in selection of an obesogenic microbiota Sensing of extracellular ATP by P2X7 in Tfh cells promotes host metabolic balance
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Perruzza
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Proietti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fosso
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Erchia
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3001 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Rezzonico-Jost
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Scribano
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy; Departement of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University "La Sapienza" of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Moregola
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Catherine Mooser
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Nicoletti
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "Gabriele D'Annunzio", 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Markus B Geuking
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kathy D McCoy
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin (UVCM), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," 20122 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lycke NY, Bemark M. The regulation of gut mucosal IgA B-cell responses: recent developments. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1361-1374. [PMID: 28745325 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of activated B cells differentiate into IgA plasma cells, with the gut being the largest producer of immunoglobulin in the body. Secretory IgA antibodies have numerous critical functions of which protection against infections and the role for establishing a healthy microbiota appear most important. Expanding our knowledge of the regulation of IgA B-cell responses and how effective mucosal vaccines can be designed are of critical importance. Here we discuss recent developments in the field that shed light on the uniqueness and complexity of mucosal IgA responses and the control of protective IgA responses in the gut, specifically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Y Lycke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Da Silva C, Wagner C, Bonnardel J, Gorvel JP, Lelouard H. The Peyer's Patch Mononuclear Phagocyte System at Steady State and during Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1254. [PMID: 29038658 PMCID: PMC5630697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut represents a potential entry site for a wide range of pathogens including protozoa, bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Consequently, it is protected by one of the largest and most diversified population of immune cells of the body. Its surveillance requires the constant sampling of its encounters by dedicated sentinels composed of follicles and their associated epithelium located in specialized area. In the small intestine, Peyer’s patches (PPs) are the most important of these mucosal immune response inductive sites. Through several mechanisms including transcytosis by specialized epithelial cells called M-cells, access to the gut lumen is facilitated in PPs. Although antigen sampling is critical to the initiation of the mucosal immune response, pathogens have evolved strategies to take advantage of this permissive gateway to enter the host and disseminate. It is, therefore, critical to decipher the mechanisms that underlie both host defense and pathogen subversive strategies in order to develop new mucosal-based therapeutic approaches. Whereas penetration of pathogens through M cells has been well described, their fate once they have reached the subepithelial dome (SED) remains less well understood. Nevertheless, it is clear that the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) plays a critical role in handling these pathogens. MPS members, including both dendritic cells and macrophages, are indeed strongly enriched in the SED, interact with M cells, and are necessary for antigen presentation to immune effector cells. This review focuses on recent advances, which have allowed distinguishing the different PP mononuclear phagocyte subsets. It gives an overview of their diversity, specificity, location, and functions. Interaction of PP phagocytes with the microbiota and the follicle-associated epithelium as well as PP infection studies are described in the light of these new criteria of PP phagocyte identification. Finally, known alterations affecting the different phagocyte subsets during PP stimulation or infection are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Wagner
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Johnny Bonnardel
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialisation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hugues Lelouard
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Genda T, Sasaki Y, Kondo T, Hino S, Nishimura N, Tsukahara T, Sonoyama K, Morita T. Fructo-oligosaccharide-Induced Transient Increases in Cecal Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Rats Are Associated with Mucosal Inflammation in Response to Increased Gut Permeability. J Nutr 2017; 147:1900-1908. [PMID: 28835391 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.253955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism underlying transient increases in immunoglobulin (Ig) A concentrations in the cecal contents of rats fed fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is unclear.Objective: This study was designed to test whether increased IgA concentrations represent one aspect of the inflammatory response to increased permeability induced by FOS in the cecum.Methods: Seven-week-old male Wistar rats were fed a fiber-free semipurified diet (FFP) with or without supplemental FOS (60 g/kg diet) for 9 or 58 d [experiment (expt.) 1], 7 d (expt. 2), or 7 or 56 d (expt. 3). In addition to measuring IgA concentrations in cecal content, we assessed gut permeability, inflammatory responses (expt. 1), the number of IgA plasma cells in the cecal lamina propria, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) expression in the cecal mucosa (expt. 2), and the condition of the cecal mucus layer (expt. 3).Results: The cecal IgA concentration in the FOS-fed rats was 15-fold higher than that of the rats fed FFP for 9 d (P < 0.05). Gut permeability estimated by urinary chromium-EDTA excretion, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, myeloperoxidase activity, and expression of inflammatory cytokine genes in the cecal mucosa was greater in the FOS-fed rats than in the rats fed FFP for 9 d. These effects were not observed in the rats fed FOS for 58 d (expt. 1). Accompanying the higher cecal IgA concentration, pIgR protein and the number of IgA plasma cells in the cecal mucosa were higher in the FOS-fed rats than in the rats fed FFP for 7 d (expt. 2). Destruction of the mucus layer on the epithelial surface, as evidenced by Alcian blue staining in the cecal sections, was evident in the rats fed FOS for 7 d, but the mucus layer appeared normal in the rats fed FOS for 56 d (expt. 3).Conclusions: These findings suggest that transient increases in cecal IgA concentrations induced by FOS in rats are associated with mucosal inflammation in response to increased gut permeability; these are presumably evoked by disruption of the cecal mucus barrier. The observed responses could contribute to the maturation of the gut immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and
| | | | - Shingo Hino
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naomichi Nishimura
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Kei Sonoyama
- Division of Fundamental AgriScience, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Salinas I, Magadán S. Omics in fish mucosal immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 75:99-108. [PMID: 28235585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system of fish is a complex network of immune cells and molecules that are constantly surveilling the environment and protecting the host from infection. A number of "omics" tools are now available and utilized to understand the complexity of mucosal immune systems in non-traditional animal models. This review summarizes recent advances in the implementation of "omics" tools pertaining to the four mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in teleosts. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and "omics" in microbiome research require interdisciplinary collaboration and careful experimental design. The data-rich datasets generated are proving really useful at discovering new innate immune players in fish mucosal secretions, identifying novel markers of specific mucosal immune responses, unraveling the diversity of the B and T cell repertoires and characterizing the diversity of the microbial communities present in teleost mucosal surfaces. Bioinformatics, data analysis and storage platforms should be developed to facilitate rapid processing of large datasets, especially when mammalian tools such as bioinformatics analysis software are not available in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Susana Magadán
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Immunology Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Vigo, Pontevedra 36310, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
McDonald G, Medina CO, Pilichowska M, Kearney JF, Shinkura R, Selsing E, Wortis HH, Honjo T, Imanishi-Kari T. Accelerated Systemic Autoimmunity in the Absence of Somatic Hypermutation in 564Igi: A Mouse Model of Systemic Lupus with Knocked-In Heavy and Light Chain Genes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1094. [PMID: 28955333 PMCID: PMC5601273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
564Igi mice have knocked-in immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes that encode an autoantibody recognizing RNA. Previously, we showed that these mice produce pathogenic IgG autoantibodies when activation-induced deaminase (AID) is expressed in pre-B and immature B cells but not when it is expressed only in mature B cells. AID has two functions; it is necessary for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). To determine the role of each of these functions in the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies, we generated 564Igi mice that carry a mutant AID-encoding gene, Aicda (AicdaG23S), which is capable of promoting CSR but not SHM. We found that 564Igi AicdaG23S mice secreted class-switched antibodies (Abs) at levels approximately equal to 564Igi mice. However, compared to 564Igi mice, 564Igi AicdaG23S mice had increased pathogenic IgG Abs and severe systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease, including, glomerulonephritis, and early death. We suggest that in 564Igi mice SHM by AID changes Ig receptors away from self reactivity, thereby mitigating the production of autoantibody, providing a novel mechanism of tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle McDonald
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carlos O Medina
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monika Pilichowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Japan
| | - Erik Selsing
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Henry H Wortis
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Thereza Imanishi-Kari
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Belkaid Y, Harrison OJ. Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota. Immunity 2017; 46:562-576. [PMID: 28423337 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 712] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role in the induction, education, and function of the host immune system. In return, the host immune system has evolved multiple means by which to maintain its symbiotic relationship with the microbiota. The maintenance of this dialogue allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the utilization of regulatory pathways involved in the sustained tolerance to innocuous antigens. The ability of microbes to set the immunological tone of tissues, both locally and systemically, requires tonic sensing of microbes and complex feedback loops between innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Here we review the dominant cellular mediators of these interactions and discuss emerging themes associated with our current understanding of the homeostatic immunological dialogue between the host and its microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Ratiu JJ, Racine JJ, Hasham MG, Wang Q, Branca JA, Chapman HD, Zhu J, Donghia N, Philip V, Schott WH, Wasserfall C, Atkinson MA, Mills KD, Leeth CM, Serreze DV. Genetic and Small Molecule Disruption of the AID/RAD51 Axis Similarly Protects Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Type 1 Diabetes through Expansion of Regulatory B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4255-4267. [PMID: 28461573 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a key role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) development by serving as a subset of APCs preferentially supporting the expansion of autoreactive pathogenic T cells. As a result of their pathogenic importance, B lymphocyte-targeted therapies have received considerable interest as potential T1D interventions. Unfortunately, the B lymphocyte-directed T1D interventions tested to date failed to halt β cell demise. IgG autoantibodies marking humans at future risk for T1D indicate that B lymphocytes producing them have undergone the affinity-maturation processes of class switch recombination and, possibly, somatic hypermutation. This study found that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene required for class switch recombination/somatic hypermutation induction inhibits T1D development in the NOD mouse model. The activation-induced cytidine deaminase protein induces genome-wide DNA breaks that, if not repaired through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination, result in B lymphocyte death. Treatment with the RAD51 inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid also strongly inhibited T1D development in NOD mice. The genetic and small molecule-targeting approaches expanded CD73+ B lymphocytes that exert regulatory activity suppressing diabetogenic T cell responses. Hence, an initial CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic modification approach has identified the AID/RAD51 axis as a target for a potentially clinically translatable pharmacological approach that can block T1D development by converting B lymphocytes to a disease-inhibitory CD73+ regulatory state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiming Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609.,Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111
| | | | | | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | | | | | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | | | - Caroline M Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061;
| | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Okai S, Usui F, Ohta M, Mori H, Kurokawa K, Matsumoto S, Kato T, Miyauchi E, Ohno H, Shinkura R. Intestinal IgA as a modulator of the gut microbiota. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:486-492. [PMID: 28384049 PMCID: PMC5628655 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1310357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as well as extra-intestinal disorders. As a modulator of the intestinal microbiota, we isolated a mouse monoclonal IgA antibody (clone W27) with high affinities for multiple commensal bacteria, but not for beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus casei (L. casei). Via specific recognition of an epitope in serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), a bacterial metabolic enzyme, W27 IgA selectively inhibited the in vitro growth of bound bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), while having no effect on unbound beneficial bacteria such as L. casei. By modulating the gut microbiota in vivo, oral administration of W27 IgA effectively prevented development of colitis in several mouse models. Here we discuss how intestinal IgA modulates the gut microbiota through recognition of SHMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsaku Okai
- Applied Immunology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Fumihito Usui
- Applied Immunology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Misa Ohta
- Applied Immunology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Kurokawa
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Kato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyauchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan,Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Applied Immunology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan,CONTACT Reiko Shinkura Applied Immunology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630–0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Berbers RM, Nierkens S, van Laar JM, Bogaert D, Leavis HL. Microbial Dysbiosis in Common Variable Immune Deficiencies: Evidence, Causes, and Consequences. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:206-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
89
|
Pessach I, Tsirigotis P, Nagler A. The gastrointestinal tract: properties and role in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:315-326. [PMID: 28136133 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1288566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The GI-tract is a major target for both the intensive chemo and/or radiotherapy conditioning as well as for GVHD and therefore is closely associated with transplant outcome. Apart from being a target, the GI-tract is also a mediator and therefore is also a key player of the pathogenetic process following allogeneic transplantation. Areas covered: The intestinal homeostasis is regulated through complicated interactions between the key players of this process which are the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, and the intestinal microbiota. A brief description of these elements, based on published english-language articles in PubMed, as well as their role during the process of allo-HSCT is discussed in this review. Expert commentary: Data on GI-tract properties suggest a central role for the intestine in regulation of immunity, both in healthy - steady state conditions and in pathological states such as during allo-HSCT. Given the fact that in the allogeneic transplant setting severe complications such as infections and GVHD are limiting this treatment modality, understanding the mechanisms that mediate intestinal homeostasis could lead to new preventive methods and improved outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Pessach
- a Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, ATTIKO University Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsirigotis
- a Second Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, ATTIKO University Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Arnon Nagler
- b Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Chaim Sheba Medical Center , Tel Hashomer , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Methot S, Di Noia J. Molecular Mechanisms of Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination. Adv Immunol 2017; 133:37-87. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
91
|
Abstract
Disruptions to the microbiota can have pathological consequences, which highlights the need to understand the factors that contribute to its stability. Although decades of research have focused on the importance of IgA during pathogenic infection, much of the IgA that is generated in the gut targets the resident commensal microorganisms. Despite this observation, the role of antibodies in regulating microbiota composition remains controversial and poorly understood. Here we propose that antibodies generated in response to microbial colonization of the gut shape the composition of the microbiota to benefit the health of the host through a process that we term antibody-mediated immunoselection (AMIS). Given the exquisite specificity of antibodies and an emerging interest in the use of immunotherapies, we suggest that understanding AMIS of the microbiota will highlight novel uses of antibodies to manipulate microbial communities for therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
|
92
|
Sutherland DB, Suzuki K, Fagarasan S. Fostering of advanced mutualism with gut microbiota by Immunoglobulin A. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:20-31. [PMID: 26864102 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA), the most abundantly secreted antibody isotype in mammals, not only provides direct immune protection to neonates via maternal milk but also helps program the infant immune system by regulating the microbiota. IgA continues to maintain dynamic interactions with the gut microbiota throughout life and this influences immune system homeostasis as well as other physiological processes. The secretory IgA produced independently of T-cell selection are commonly referred to as natural or innate antibodies. Our studies have shown that innate-IgA, while effective at excluding microorganisms from the gut, does not promote mutualism with the microbiota in the same way as adaptive-IgA that is selected in T cell-dependent germinal center reactions. Adaptive-IgA fosters more advanced mutualism with the microbiota than innate-IgA by selecting and diversifying beneficial microbial communities. In this review, we suggest that the diversified microbiota resulting from adaptive-IgA pressure was pivotal in promoting ecological adaptability and speciation potential of mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan B Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sidonia Fagarasan
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Vo Ngoc DTL, Krist L, van Overveld FJ, Rijkers GT. The long and winding road to IgA deficiency: causes and consequences. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:371-382. [PMID: 27776452 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1248410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most common humoral immunodeficiency is IgA deficiency. One of the first papers addressing the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IgA deficiency indicated that immature IgA-positive B-lymphocytes are present in these patients. This suggests that the genetic background for IgA is still intact and that class switching can take place. At this moment, it cannot be ruled out that genetic as well as environmental factors are involved. Areas covered: A clinical presentation, the biological functions of IgA, and the management of IgA deficiency are reviewed. In some IgA deficient patients, a relationship with a loss-of-function mutation in the TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interaction) gene has been found. Many other genes also have been associated. Gut microbiota are an important environmental trigger for IgA synthesis. Expert commentary: Expression of IgA deficiency is due to both genetic and environmental factors and a role for gut microbiota cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Laura Vo Ngoc
- a Department of Science , University College Roosevelt , Middelburg , The Netherlands
| | - Lizette Krist
- a Department of Science , University College Roosevelt , Middelburg , The Netherlands
| | - Frans J van Overveld
- a Department of Science , University College Roosevelt , Middelburg , The Netherlands
| | - Ger T Rijkers
- a Department of Science , University College Roosevelt , Middelburg , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Inamine T, Yang AM, Wang L, Lee KC, Llorente C, Schnabl B. Genetic Loss of Immunoglobulin A Does Not Influence Development of Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2604-2613. [PMID: 27739086 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial translocation. Translocated commensal bacteria contribute to alcoholic liver disease. Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the intestine binds bacteria and prevents bacterial translocation. METHODS To investigate the functional role of IgA in ethanol (EtOH)-induced liver disease in mice, we subjected wild type (WT) and IgA-deficient littermate mice to Lieber-DeCarli models of chronic EtOH administration and the model of chronic and binge EtOH feeding (the NIAAA model). RESULTS Chronic EtOH feeding increased systemic levels of IgA, while fecal IgA was reduced in C57BL/6 WT mice. WT and Iga-/- littermate mice showed similar liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation following 4 weeks of EtOH feeding or chronic and binge EtOH feeding. IgA deficiency did not affect intestinal absorption or hepatic metabolism of EtOH. Pretreatment with ampicillin elevated intestinal IgA in WT littermate mice. Despite increased intestinal IgA, WT littermate mice exhibited a similar degree of liver disease compared with Iga-/- mice after 7 weeks of EtOH feeding. Interestingly, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes was increased in Iga-/- mice fed an isocaloric diet, but was the same after EtOH feeding relative to WT littermate mice. The absence of intestinal IgA was associated with increased intestinal and plasma IgM in Iga-/- mice after EtOH feeding. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that absence of IgA does not affect the development of alcoholic liver disease in mice. Loss of intestinal IgA is compensated by increased levels of intestinal IgM, which likely limits bacterial translocation after chronic EtOH administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Inamine
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - An-Ming Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lirui Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Cantaert T, Schickel JN, Bannock JM, Ng YS, Massad C, Delmotte FR, Yamakawa N, Glauzy S, Chamberlain N, Kinnunen T, Menard L, Lavoie A, Walter JE, Notarangelo LD, Bruneau J, Al-Herz W, Kilic SS, Ochs HD, Cunningham-Rundles C, van der Burg M, Kuijpers TW, Kracker S, Kaneko H, Sekinaka Y, Nonoyama S, Durandy A, Meffre E. Decreased somatic hypermutation induces an impaired peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4289-4302. [PMID: 27701145 DOI: 10.1172/jci84645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with mutations in AICDA, which encodes activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), display an impaired peripheral B cell tolerance. AID mediates class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in B cells, but the mechanism by which AID prevents the accumulation of autoreactive B cells in blood is unclear. Here, we analyzed B cell tolerance in AID-deficient patients, patients with autosomal dominant AID mutations (AD-AID), asymptomatic AICDA heterozygotes (AID+/-), and patients with uracil N-glycosylase (UNG) deficiency, which impairs CSR but not SHM. The low frequency of autoreactive mature naive B cells in UNG-deficient patients resembled that of healthy subjects, revealing that impaired CSR does not interfere with the peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint. In contrast, we observed decreased frequencies of SHM in memory B cells from AD-AID patients and AID+/- subjects, who were unable to prevent the accumulation of autoreactive mature naive B cells. In addition, the individuals with AICDA mutations, but not UNG-deficient patients, displayed Tregs with defective suppressive capacity that correlated with increases in circulating T follicular helper cells and enhanced cytokine production. We conclude that SHM, but not CSR, regulates peripheral B cell tolerance through the production of mutated antibodies that clear antigens and prevent sustained interleukin secretions that interfere with Treg function.
Collapse
|
96
|
The Microbiome, Timing, and Barrier Function in the Context of Allergic Disease. Immunity 2016; 44:728-38. [PMID: 27096316 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic disease affects millions. Despite many advances in our understanding of the immune system in the past century, the physiologic underpinning for the existence of allergy remains largely mysterious. Food allergies, in particular, have increased dramatically in recent years, adding a new sense of urgency to unraveling this mystery. The concurrence of significant lifestyle changes in Western societies with increasing disease prevalence implies a causal link. Demographic variables that influence the composition and function of the commensal microbiota early in life seem to be most important. Identifying the evolutionary and physiologic foundations of allergic disease and defining what about our modern environment is responsible for its increased incidence will provide insights critical to the development of new approaches to prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
97
|
Honda K, Littman DR. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 2016; 535:75-84. [PMID: 27383982 DOI: 10.1038/nature18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1140] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Abstract
The development of multiple disease-relevant autoantibodies is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. In autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), a variable time frame of autoimmunity precedes the clinically overt disease. The relevance of T follicular helper (TFH) cells for the immune system is increasingly recognized. Their pivotal contribution to antibody production by providing help to germinal center (GC) B cells facilitates the development of a long-lived humoral immunity. Their complex differentiation process, involving various stages and factors like B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6), is strictly controlled, as anomalous regulation of TFH cells is connected with immunopathologies. While the adverse effects of a TFH cell-related insufficient humoral immunity are obvious, the role of increased TFH frequencies in autoimmune diseases like T1D is currently highlighted. High levels of autoantigen trigger an excessive induction of TFH cells, consequently resulting in the production of autoantibodies. Therefore, TFH cells might provide promising approaches for novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Scherm
- Institute for Diabetes Research, Independent Young Investigator Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Heidemannstrasse 1, Munich, 80939, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), am Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Verena B Ott
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), am Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Parkring 13, Garching, 85748, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 2a, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Carolin Daniel
- Institute for Diabetes Research, Independent Young Investigator Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Heidemannstrasse 1, Munich, 80939, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), am Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Okai S, Usui F, Yokota S, Hori-I Y, Hasegawa M, Nakamura T, Kurosawa M, Okada S, Yamamoto K, Nishiyama E, Mori H, Yamada T, Kurokawa K, Matsumoto S, Nanno M, Naito T, Watanabe Y, Kato T, Miyauchi E, Ohno H, Shinkura R. High-affinity monoclonal IgA regulates gut microbiota and prevents colitis in mice. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16103. [PMID: 27562257 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main antibody isotype secreted into the intestinal lumen. IgA plays a critical role in the defence against pathogens and in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. However, how secreted IgA regulates gut microbiota is not completely understood. In this study, we isolated monoclonal IgA antibodies from the small intestine of healthy mouse. As a candidate for an efficient gut microbiota modulator, we selected a W27 IgA, which binds to multiple bacteria, but not beneficial ones such as Lactobacillus casei. W27 could suppress the cell growth of Escherichia coli but not L. casei in vitro, indicating an ability to improve the intestinal environment. Indeed W27 oral treatment could modulate gut microbiota composition and have a therapeutic effect on both lymphoproliferative disease and colitis models in mice. Thus, W27 IgA oral treatment is a potential remedy for inflammatory bowel disease, acting through restoration of host-microbial symbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsaku Okai
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Fumihito Usui
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yokota
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yusaku Hori-I
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Makoto Hasegawa
- Department of Protein Function Analysis, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Nakamura
- Department of Epigenetics, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Manabu Kurosawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Eri Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamada
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ken Kurokawa
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamotsu Kato
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyauchi
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Reiko Shinkura
- Department of Immunology, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
The Gut Microbiota and Immune System Relationship in Human Graft-versus-Host Disease. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2016; 8:e2016025. [PMID: 27158438 PMCID: PMC4848019 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2016.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has gained increasing interest in the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases. In this context, graft-versus-host disease is a condition characterized by an immune response which frequently complicates and limits the outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Past studies, carried mostly in animals, already supported a relationship between gut microbiota and graft-versus-host disease. However, the possible mechanisms underlying this connection remain elusory. Moreover, strategies to prevent graft-versus-host disease are of great interest as well as the potential role of gut microbiota modulation. We reviewed the role of gut microbiota in the development of immune system and its involvement in the graft-versus-host disease, focusing on data available on humans.
Collapse
|