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Liver-stage malaria parasites vulnerable to diverse chemical scaffolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8511-6. [PMID: 22586124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118370109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malaria infection begins with a one-time asymptomatic liver stage followed by a cyclic symptomatic blood stage. All high-throughput malaria drug discovery efforts have focused on the cyclic blood stage, which has limited potential for the prophylaxis, transmission blocking, and eradication efforts that will be needed in the future. To address these unmet needs, a high-throughput phenotypic liver-stage Plasmodium parasite screen was developed to systematically identify molecules with liver-stage efficacy. The screen recapitulates liver-stage infection by isolating luciferase-expressing Plasmodium berghei parasites directly from the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, adding them to confluent human liver cells in 384-well plates, and measuring luciferase activity after a suitable incubation period. Screening 5,375 known bioactive compounds identified 37 liver-stage malaria inhibitors with diverse modes of action, as shown by inhibition time course experiments. Further analysis of the hits in the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug subset revealed compounds that seem to act specifically on the liver stage of infection, suggesting that this phase of the parasite's life cycle presents a promising area for new drug discovery. Notably, many active compounds in this screen have molecular structures and putative targets distinctly different from those of known antimalarial agents.
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Derbyshire ER, Mazitschek R, Clardy J. Characterization of Plasmodium liver stage inhibition by halofuginone. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:844-9. [PMID: 22438279 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease that afflicts one-third of the world's population. Antimalarial drugs in common use address few targets, and their efficacy is being undermined by parasite resistance. Most therapeutics target blood-stage malaria, whereas only few compounds are active against malaria's liver stage, the first stage of the Plasmodium parasite's life cycle within the human host. The identification of inhibitors active against liver-stage malaria would benefit the development of chemical probes to elucidate the poorly understood biology of this phase of the parasite life cycle and could provide agents to prevent and eliminate the disease. Herein we report the development of a live-cell parasite traversal assay in 384-well format amenable to high-throughput screening that exploits the wounding of liver cells by the parasite. This method identifies small molecules that may inhibit the parasite's actin-myosin motor system. The traversal assay, in addition to established methods, was used to evaluate the activity of halofuginone, a synthetic halogenated derivative of the natural alkaloid febrifugine, against liver-stage Plasmodium berghei parasites. Halofuginone was found to inhibit P. berghei sporozoite load in HepG2 cells with an IC(50) value of 17 nM. While the compound does not affect parasite traversal through human liver cells, an inhibition time course assay indicates that it affects essential processes in both early- and late-stage parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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53
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2-Aminopyrimidine based 4-aminoquinoline anti-plasmodial agents. Synthesis, biological activity, structure-activity relationship and mode of action studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 52:82-97. [PMID: 22459876 PMCID: PMC7115513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminopyrimidine based 4-aminoquinolines were synthesized using an efficacious protocol. Some of the compounds showed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against drug-sensitive CQ(S) (3D7) and drug-resistant CQ(R) (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum in the nM range. In particular, 5-isopropyloxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)butylamino] pyrimidine depicted the lowest IC(50) (3.6 nM) value (56-fold less than CQ) against CQ(R) strain. Structure-activity profile and binding with heme, μ-oxo-heme have been studied. Binding assays with DNA revealed better binding with target parasite type AT rich pUC18 DNA. Most compounds were somewhat cytotoxic, but especially cytostatic. Molecular docking analysis with Pf DHFR allowed identification of stabilizing interactions.
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54
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da Cruz FP, Martin C, Buchholz K, Lafuente-Monasterio MJ, Rodrigues T, Sönnichsen B, Moreira R, Gamo FJ, Marti M, Mota MM, Hannus M, Prudêncio M. Drug screen targeted at Plasmodium liver stages identifies a potent multistage antimalarial drug. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1278-86. [PMID: 22396598 PMCID: PMC3308910 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites undergo a clinically silent and obligatory developmental phase in the host's liver cells before they are able to infect erythrocytes and cause malaria symptoms. To overcome the scarcity of compounds targeting the liver stage of malaria, we screened a library of 1037 existing drugs for their ability to inhibit Plasmodium hepatic development. Decoquinate emerged as the strongest inhibitor of Plasmodium liver stages, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, decoquinate kills the parasite's replicative blood stages and is active against developing gametocytes, the forms responsible for transmission. The drug acts by selectively and specifically inhibiting the parasite's mitochondrial bc(1) complex, with little cross-resistance with the antimalarial drug atovaquone. Oral administration of a single dose of decoquinate effectively prevents the appearance of disease, warranting its exploitation as a potent antimalarial compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa P da Cruz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Unicellular parasites are of high medical relevance as they cause such devastating diseases as malaria or sleeping sickness. Besides the search for improved treatments, research on these parasites is valuable as they constitute interesting model cells to study basic processes of life. They can also serve as valuable reality checks for our presumed understanding of biological processes that emerge from the study of human or yeast cells, as our common ancestor with many parasites is much older than the one with yeast. But working with parasites can be tricky and time-consuming, if not outright impossible. Here, we focus on examples from imaging studies investigating the transmission of the malaria parasite. Achieving an understanding of the processes important for malaria transmission necessitates different imaging approaches and new molecular and material technologies. The discussed techniques will include in vivo imaging of pathogens in living animals, screening methodologies, and new materials as surrogate 3D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Singer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
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57
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Rodrigues T, Prudêncio M, Moreira R, Mota MM, Lopes F. Targeting the liver stage of malaria parasites: a yet unmet goal. J Med Chem 2011; 55:995-1012. [PMID: 22122518 DOI: 10.1021/jm201095h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, Portugal
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58
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Meister S, Plouffe DM, Kuhen KL, Bonamy GMC, Wu T, Barnes SW, Bopp SE, Borboa R, Bright AT, Che J, Cohen S, Dharia NV, Gagaring K, Gettayacamin M, Gordon P, Groessl T, Kato N, Lee MCS, McNamara CW, Fidock DA, Nagle A, Nam TG, Richmond W, Roland J, Rottmann M, Zhou B, Froissard P, Glynne RJ, Mazier D, Sattabongkot J, Schultz PG, Tuntland T, Walker JR, Zhou Y, Chatterjee A, Diagana TT, Winzeler EA. Imaging of Plasmodium liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery. Science 2011; 334:1372-7. [PMID: 22096101 PMCID: PMC3473092 DOI: 10.1126/science.1211936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most malaria drug development focuses on parasite stages detected in red blood cells, even though, to achieve eradication, next-generation drugs active against both erythrocytic and exo-erythrocytic forms would be preferable. We applied a multifactorial approach to a set of >4000 commercially available compounds with previously demonstrated blood-stage activity (median inhibitory concentration < 1 micromolar) and identified chemical scaffolds with potent activity against both forms. From this screen, we identified an imidazolopiperazine scaffold series that was highly enriched among compounds active against Plasmodium liver stages. The orally bioavailable lead imidazolopiperazine confers complete causal prophylactic protection (15 milligrams/kilogram) in rodent models of malaria and shows potent in vivo blood-stage therapeutic activity. The open-source chemical tools resulting from our effort provide starting points for future drug discovery programs, as well as opportunities for researchers to investigate the biology of exo-erythrocytic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Meister
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David M Plouffe
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kelli L Kuhen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ghislain MC Bonamy
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - S Whitney Barnes
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Selina E Bopp
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachel Borboa
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - A Taylor Bright
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jianwei Che
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Steve Cohen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kerstin Gagaring
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Perry Gordon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Todd Groessl
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nobutaka Kato
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marcus CS Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Case W McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tae-gyu Nam
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wendy Richmond
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Jason Roland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Parasite Chemotherapy, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Patrick Froissard
- INSERM, U945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S511 Paris, France
| | - Richard J Glynne
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Dominique Mazier
- INSERM, U945, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, UMR S511 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John R Walker
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Yingyao Zhou
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Arnab Chatterjee
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Cross RM, Namelikonda NK, Mutka TS, Luong L, Kyle DE, Manetsch R. Synthesis, Antimalarial Activity, and Structure–Activity Relationship of 7-(2-Phenoxyethoxy)-4(1H)-quinolones. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8321-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200718m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Matthew Cross
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler
Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Niranjan K. Namelikonda
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler
Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Tina S. Mutka
- Department of Global Health,
College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United
States
| | - Lisa Luong
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler
Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department of Global Health,
College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 304, Tampa, Florida 33612, United
States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, CHE 205, 4202 E. Fowler
Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Derbyshire
- Deparment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jon Clardy
- Deparment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Discovery of potent, novel, non-toxic anti-malarial compounds via quantum modelling, virtual screening and in vitro experimental validation. Malar J 2011; 10:274. [PMID: 21933377 PMCID: PMC3206494 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Developing resistance towards existing anti-malarial therapies emphasize the urgent need for new therapeutic options. Additionally, many malaria drugs in use today have high toxicity and low therapeutic indices. Gradient Biomodeling, LLC has developed a quantum-model search technology that uses quantum similarity and does not depend explicitly on chemical structure, as molecules are rigorously described in fundamental quantum attributes related to individual pharmacological properties. Therapeutic activity, as well as toxicity and other essential properties can be analysed and optimized simultaneously, independently of one another. Such methodology is suitable for a search of novel, non-toxic, active anti-malarial compounds. Methods A set of innovative algorithms is used for the fast calculation and interpretation of electron-density attributes of molecular structures at the quantum level for rapid discovery of prospective pharmaceuticals. Potency and efficacy, as well as additional physicochemical, metabolic, pharmacokinetic, safety, permeability and other properties were characterized by the procedure. Once quantum models are developed and experimentally validated, the methodology provides a straightforward implementation for lead discovery, compound optimizzation and de novo molecular design. Results Starting with a diverse training set of 26 well-known anti-malarial agents combined with 1730 moderately active and inactive molecules, novel compounds that have strong anti-malarial activity, low cytotoxicity and structural dissimilarity from the training set were discovered and experimentally validated. Twelve compounds were identified in silico and tested in vitro; eight of them showed anti-malarial activity (IC50 ≤ 10 μM), with six being very effective (IC50 ≤ 1 μM), and four exhibiting low nanomolar potency. The most active compounds were also tested for mammalian cytotoxicity and found to be non-toxic, with a therapeutic index of more than 6,900 for the most active compound. Conclusions Gradient's metric modelling approach and electron-density molecular representations can be powerful tools in the discovery and design of novel anti-malarial compounds. Since the quantum models are agnostic of the particular biological target, the technology can account for different mechanisms of action and be used for de novo design of small molecules with activity against not only the asexual phase of the malaria parasite, but also against the liver stage of the parasite development, which may lead to true causal prophylaxis.
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Borrmann S, Matuschewski K. Targeting Plasmodium liver stages: better late than never. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:527-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Comparative efficacy of pre-erythrocytic whole organism vaccine strategies against the malaria parasite. Vaccine 2011; 29:7002-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Borrmann S, Matuschewski K. Protective immunity against malaria by 'natural immunization': a question of dose, parasite diversity, or both? Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:500-8. [PMID: 21719266 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium undergoes an obligate liver phase before the onset of malaria, which is caused exclusively by cyclic propagation of the parasite inside erythrocytes. The diagnostically inaccessible and clinically silent pre-erythrocytic expansion phase is a promising target for inducing sterilizing immunity against reinfections. Recent studies in rodent and human malaria models called attention to the induction of potent protective immunity by administration of anti-malarial drugs during sporozoite exposure. Here, we review the concept of drug-mediated pathogen arrest as a natural immunization strategy. This previously unrecognized immunological benefit might also open new opportunities for population-wide presumptive drug administration as an adjunct malaria control tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Borrmann
- Clinical Parasitology Unit, Heidelberg University School of Medicine, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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65
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Dembele L, Gego A, Zeeman AM, Franetich JF, Silvie O, Rametti A, Le Grand R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Sauerwein R, van Gemert GJ, Vaillant JC, Thomas AW, Snounou G, Kocken CHM, Mazier D. Towards an in vitro model of Plasmodium hypnozoites suitable for drug discovery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18162. [PMID: 21483865 PMCID: PMC3069045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amongst the Plasmodium species in humans, only P. vivax and P. ovale produce latent hepatic stages called hypnozoites, which are responsible for malaria episodes long after a mosquito bite. Relapses contribute to increased morbidity, and complicate malaria elimination programs. A single drug effective against hypnozoites, primaquine, is available, but its deployment is curtailed by its haemolytic potential in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient persons. Novel compounds are thus urgently needed to replace primaquine. Discovery of compounds active against hypnozoites is restricted to the in vivo P. cynomolgi-rhesus monkey model. Slow growing hepatic parasites reminiscent of hypnozoites had been noted in cultured P. vivax-infected hepatoma cells, but similar forms are also observed in vitro by other species including P. falciparum that do not produce hypnozoites. METHODOLOGY P. falciparum or P. cynomolgi sporozoites were used to infect human or Macaca fascicularis primary hepatocytes, respectively. The susceptibility of the slow and normally growing hepatic forms obtained in vitro to three antimalarial drugs, one active against hepatic forms including hypnozoites and two only against the growing forms, was measured. RESULTS The non-dividing slow growing P. cynomolgi hepatic forms, observed in vitro in primary hepatocytes from the natural host Macaca fascicularis, can be distinguished from similar forms seen in P. falciparum-infected human primary hepatocytes by the differential action of selected anti-malarial drugs. Whereas atovaquone and pyrimethamine are active on all the dividing hepatic forms observed, the P. cynomolgi slow growing forms are highly resistant to treatment by these drugs, but remain susceptible to primaquine. CONCLUSION Resistance of the non-dividing P. cynomolgi forms to atovaquone and pyrimethamine, which do not prevent relapses, strongly suggests that these slow growing forms are hypnozoites. This represents a first step towards the development of a practical medium-throughput in vitro screening assay for novel hypnozoiticidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dembele
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Gego
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Zeeman
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Silvie
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Rametti
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR-E01, Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Division of Immuno-Virology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMETI), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR-E01, Orsay, France
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Vaillant
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Hépato-Bilio-Pancréatique et Transplantation Hépatique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alan W. Thomas
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Georges Snounou
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Clemens H. M. Kocken
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S945, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tasdemir D, Sanabria D, Lauinger IL, Tarun A, Herman R, Perozzo R, Zloh M, Kappe SH, Brun R, Carballeira NM. 2-Hexadecynoic acid inhibits plasmodial FAS-II enzymes and arrests erythrocytic and liver stage Plasmodium infections. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:7475-85. [PMID: 20855214 PMCID: PMC2981824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acetylenic fatty acids are known to display several biological activities, but their antimalarial activity has remained unexplored. In this study, we synthesized the 2-, 5-, 6-, and 9-hexadecynoic acids (HDAs) and evaluated their in vitro activity against erythrocytic (blood) stages of Plasmodium falciparum and liver stages of Plasmodium yoelii infections. Since the type II fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (PfFAS-II) has recently been shown to be indispensable for liver stage malaria parasites, the inhibitory potential of the HDAs against multiple P. falciparum FAS-II (PfFAS-II) elongation enzymes was also evaluated. The highest antiplasmodial activity against blood stages of P. falciparum was displayed by 5-HDA (IC(50) value 6.6 μg/ml), whereas the 2-HDA was the only acid arresting the growth of liver stage P. yoelii infection, in both flow cytometric assay (IC(50) value 2-HDA 15.3 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 2.5 ng/ml) and immunofluorescence analysis (IC(50) 2-HDA 4.88 μg/ml, control drug atovaquone 0.37 ng/ml). 2-HDA showed the best inhibitory activity against the PfFAS-II enzymes PfFabI and PfFabZ with IC(50) values of 0.38 and 0.58 μg/ml (IC(50) control drugs 14 and 30 ng/ml), respectively. Enzyme kinetics and molecular modeling studies revealed valuable insights into the binding mechanism of 2-HDA on the target enzymes. All HDAs showed in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (IC(50) values 3.7-31.7 μg/ml), Trypanosoma cruzi (only 2-HDA, IC(50) 20.2 μg/ml), and Leishmania donovani (IC(50) values 4.1-13.4 μg/ml) with generally low or no significant toxicity on mammalian cells. This is the first study to indicate therapeutic potential of HDAs against various parasitic protozoa. It also points out that the malarial liver stage growth inhibitory effect of the 2-HDA may be promoted via PfFAS-II enzymes. The lack of cytotoxicity, lipophilic nature, and calculated pharmacokinetic properties suggests that 2-HDA could be a useful compound to study the interaction of fatty acids with these key P. falciparum enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Tasdemir
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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Hegge S, Kudryashev M, Barniol L, Frischknecht F. Key factors regulating Plasmodium berghei sporozoite survival and transformation revealed by an automated visual assay. FASEB J 2010; 24:5003-12. [PMID: 20798246 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-164814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is transmitted to the host when Plasmodium sporozoites are injected by a mosquito vector. Sporozoites eventually enter hepatocytes, where they differentiate into liver-stage parasites. During the first hours after hepatocyte invasion, the crescent-shaped sporozoites transform into spherical intracellular exoerythrocytic parasites. This process, which precedes genome replication, can be mimicked in vitro in the absence of host cells. Here, we developed an automated method to follow transformation and cell death of sporozoites in vitro. This assay provides a rapid tool to test sporozoite survival and to screen for antiparasitic drugs. We found that extracellular bicarbonate and high temperature trigger transformation, whereas physiological serum albumin concentrations and media lacking bicarbonate delayed sporozoite death. Because bicarbonate also triggers ookinete transformation and exflagellation of gametocytes, we suggest that a common molecular mechanism regulates similar aspects of stage conversion in Plasmodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hegge
- Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hegge S, Kudryashev M, Barniol L, Frischknecht F. Key factors regulating
Plasmodium berghei
sporozoite survival and transformation revealed by an automated visual assay. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.164814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis Barniol
- Parasitology Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of Heidelberg Medical School Heidelberg Germany
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Activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole in inhibiting sporozoite invasion and blocking malaria infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4269-74. [PMID: 20643897 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00420-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection is initiated by Plasmodium sporozoites infecting the liver. Preventing sporozoite infection would block the obligatory first step of the infection and perhaps reduce disease severity. In addition, such an approach would decrease Plasmodium vivax hypnozoite formation and therefore disease relapses. Here we describe the activity of a trisubstituted pyrrole, 4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methylpiperidine-4-yl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl] pyridine, in inhibiting motility, invasion, and consequently infection by P. berghei sporozoites. In tissue culture, the compound was effective within the first 3 h of sporozoite addition to HepG2 cells. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of the compound significantly inhibited liver-stage parasitemia in P. yoelii sporozoite-infected mice and prevented the appearance of blood-stage parasites. P. berghei sporozoites lacking the parasite cGMP-dependent protein kinase, the primary target of the compound in erythrocyte-stage parasites, remained infectious to HepG2 cells and sensitive to the drug. These results suggest that the drug has an additional target(s) in sporozoites. We propose that drugs that inhibit sporozoite infection offer a feasible approach to malaria prophylaxis.
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Lipophilic bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of Plasmodium liver-stage growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:2987-93. [PMID: 20457823 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00198-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, drugs used to treat bone resorption diseases, also have activity against a broad range of protists, including blood-stage Plasmodium spp. Here, we show that new-generation "lipophilic" bisphosphonates designed as anticancer agents that block protein prenylation also have potent activity against Plasmodium liver stages, with a high (>100) therapeutic index. Treatment of mice with the bisphosphonate BPH-715 and challenge with Plasmodium berghei sporozoites revealed complete protection (no blood-stage parasites after 28 days). There was also activity against blood-stage forms in vitro and a 4-day delay in the prepatent period in vivo. The lipophilic bisphosphonates have activity against a Plasmodium geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), as well as low nM activity against human farnesyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases. The most active inhibitor in vitro and in vivo had enzyme inhibitory activity similar to that of the other, less active compounds but was more lipophilic. Lipophilic bisphosphonates are thus promising leads for novel antimalarials that target liver-stage infection.
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Teranishi H, Schwartz RE, March S, Galstian A, Gural N, Shan J, Prabhu M, Mota MM, Bhatia SN. [Infection of Schwann cells along corneal stromal nerve fiber in experimental herpes simplex keratitis]. Stem Cell Reports 1975; 4:348-59. [PMID: 25660406 PMCID: PMC4375936 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria eradication is a major goal in public health but is challenged by relapsing malaria species, expanding drug resistance, and the influence of host genetics on antimalarial drug efficacy. To overcome these hurdles, it is imperative to establish in vitro assays of liver-stage malaria for drug testing. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) potentially allow the assessment of donor-specific drug responses, and iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) can facilitate the study of host genetics on host-pathogen interactions and the discovery of novel targets for antimalarial drug development. We establish in vitro liver-stage malaria infections in iHLCs using P. berghei, P. yoelii, P. falciparum, and P. vivax and show that differentiating cells acquire permissiveness to malaria infection at the hepatoblast stage. We also characterize antimalarial drug metabolism capabilities of iHLCs using prototypical antimalarial drugs and demonstrate that chemical maturation of iHLCs can improve their potential for antimalarial drug testing applications. iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (iHLCs) can host liver-stage malaria in vitro iHLCs become permissive to Plasmodium infection at the hepatoblast stage Plasmodium-infected iHLCs are sensitive to atovaquone but not primaquine Small molecule-mediated maturation of iHLCs confers primaquine sensitivity
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandra March
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ani Galstian
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nil Gural
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Shan
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mythili Prabhu
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Unidade de Malária, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Health Sciences and Technology/Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institute, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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