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Liu Y, Yan J, Wang K, Li D, Han Y, Zhang W. Heteroexpression of Osa- miR319b improved switchgrass biomass yield and feedstock quality by repression of PvPCF5. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:56. [PMID: 32206089 PMCID: PMC7081615 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a C4 perennial grass, has been recognized as one of the most potentially important lignocellulose biofuel crops. MicroRNA319 (miR319) plays a key role in plant development, abiotic resistance, and cell wall biosynthesis by repressing expression of its target TCP genes. We hypothesized miR319-TCP pathway could play important roles in switchgrass feedstock characteristics for biofuel production, and produced switchgrass transgenic plants overexpressing miR319 (by ectopic expressing Osa-MIR319b gene), blocking miR319 (by overexpressing a target mimicry of miR319/MIM319) and repression of miR319 target gene PvPCF5. Plant phenotype, biomass yield, and feedstock quality of transgenic plants were analyzed. RESULTS Overexpression of miR319 in switchgrass promoted leaf elongation and expansion of transgenic plants, increased plant height, stem diameter, and resulted in a significant increase in plant biomass yield. Transgenic plants overexpressing of miR319 reduced lignin content, showed significantly higher enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency compared to the wild type plant. However, opposite results were observed in the MIM319 plants. Furthermore, suppression of miR319 target gene PvPCF5 activity also reduced lignin content, increased lignin monomer S/G ratio and the proportion of β-O-4 linkages, while significantly improving the sugar production per plant. Quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that expression of PvMYB58/63B and PvHCT with predicted TCP binding sites in their promoter regions was negatively regulated by miR319-PvPCF5 module. CONCLUSIONS MiR319-PvPCF5 module plays positive roles in regulating biomass yield and quality of switchgrass. It can be utilized as a candidate molecular tool in regulating biomass yield and feedstock quality. The finding could also be transferred to other grasses for forage quality improvement through genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Liu
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Yan
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexin Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dayong Li
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yejun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
- National Energy R &D Center for Biomass (NECB), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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52
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Qi Q, Hu J, Qu L, Jiang X, Gai Y, Valenzuela SA, Qi L. Rapid, simplified microscale quantitative analysis of lignin H/G/S composition with GC-MS in glass ampules and glass capillaries. MethodsX 2019; 6:2592-2600. [PMID: 31763191 PMCID: PMC6861596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of monolignols H-, G- and S- units composition Vanholme et al. (2010) of lignin is important in agriculture, forestry, herb medicine, livestock, and health care research Vanholme et al. (2008) and Sticklen (2008). The conventional methods often require a great deal of samples and reagents and are time-consuming. Here, we present a newly developed method with fewer operations. The optimized method is suitable for detecting and characterizing lignin composition of cell wall in different plant species and has the advantages of: Avoiding the influence of plasticizer by plasticware and enhancing the accuracy of monolignols analysis. Lowering the required samples from grams to milligrams, and organic reagents from milliliters to microliters. Reducing the time required from a few days to 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Qi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Qu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liwang Qi
- Research Institution of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Sangi S, Santos MLC, Alexandrino CR, Da Cunha M, Coelho FS, Ribeiro GP, Lenz D, Ballesteros H, Hemerly AS, Venâncio TM, Oliveira AEA, Grativol C. Cell wall dynamics and gene expression on soybean embryonic axes during germination. PLANTA 2019; 250:1325-1337. [PMID: 31273443 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Identification of the structural changes and cell wall-related genes likely involved in cell wall extension, cellular water balance and cell wall biosynthesis on embryonic axes during germination of soybean seeds. Cell wall is a highly organized and dynamic structure that provides mechanical support for the cell. During seed germination, the cell wall is critical for cell growth and seedling establishment. Although seed germination has been widely studied in several species, key aspects regarding the regulation of cell wall dynamics in germinating embryonic axes remain obscure. Here, we characterize the gene expression patterns of cell wall pathways and investigate their impact on the cell wall dynamics of embryonic axes of germinating soybean seeds. We found 2143 genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and assembly in the soybean genome. Key cell wall genes were highly expressed at specific germination stages, such as expansins, UDP-Glc epimerases, GT family, cellulose synthases, peroxidases, arabinogalactans, and xyloglucans-related genes. Further, we found that embryonic axes grow through modulation of these specific cell wall genes with no increment in biomass. Cell wall structural analysis revealed a defined pattern of cell expansion and an increase in cellulose content during germination. In addition, we found a clear correlation between these structural changes and expression patterns of cell wall genes during germination. Taken together, our results provide a better understanding of the complex transcriptional regulation of cell wall genes that drive embryonic axes growth and expansion during soybean germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sangi
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5, 228, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria L C Santos
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5, 228, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camilla R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Coelho
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5, 228, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly P Ribeiro
- Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Dominik Lenz
- Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Helkin Ballesteros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5, 228, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antônia E A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5, 228, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, P5, 228, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Rivera-Burgos LA, Volenec JJ, Ejeta G. Biomass and Bioenergy Potential of Brown Midrib Sweet Sorghum Germplasm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1142. [PMID: 31616450 PMCID: PMC6764086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Public appetite for fossil fuels continues to drive energy prices and foment the build-up of intractable environmental problems. Ethanol (ETOH) production from lignocellulosic biomass grown in marginal lands offers a sustainable alternative without diverting arable land from food and feed production. The quantity and quality of lignocellulosic biomass can be enhanced by the abundant genetic diversity for biomass production as well as stem sugar and lignin composition in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The objective of this study was to assess yield and quality of lignocellulosic biomass enhancement for ethanol production potential in a population of sorghum derived from two cultivars with contrasting biomass yield and compositional traits. We tested 236 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of sorghum in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications for lignocellulosic biomass performance and determined hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin concentrations through detergent fiber analysis (DFA). The stover compositional values were used to estimate theoretical ethanol yield (ETOH on a mass basis) and production (ETOH on an area basis). Results showed that RIL carrying the brown midrib mutation had significantly higher theoretical glucose recovery (released glucose from cellulose, > 200 g kg-1). Those carrying both mutations, had high theoretical ethanol yield (>400 L ton-1) and high theoretical ethanol production (>14,500 L ha-1). Lignin concentration was determined as most reliable predictor (R2 = 0.67) for glucose recovery. Lignin and stem sugar concentrations (R2 = 0.46 and 0.35, respectively) were good predictors for ethanol yield. Stover yield traits (R2 = 0.89) were most important determinants for ethanol production. Our findings suggest that careful breeding of sorghum for genetic enhancement of biomass quantity and quality could double lignocellulosic ethanol yields.
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55
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Qi Y, Volmer DA. Chemical diversity of lignin degradation products revealed by matrix-optimized MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6031-6037. [PMID: 31278551 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant natural resource of aromatic moieties and the second most abundant natural biopolymer. Analytical techniques that obtain as much information as possible on the exact structural content of lignin species are essential for developing efficient processes that transform highly complex lignin wastes into value chemicals and biofuels. For mass spectrometric analysis of lignin samples, usually electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, or atmospheric pressure photoionization are used as ionization techniques. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is less frequently applied but offers a much more rapid screening option for lignin mixtures. In this study, we compared several common MALDI matrices for analysis of alkali lignin and discovered that different chemical matrices exhibited very different ionization efficiencies and selectivity with respect to the structures of the lignin-related compounds as well as the presence of heteroatoms. Importantly, the results highlight that the choice of matrix strongly determines the analytical coverage of molecular species in the complex lignin degradation mixtures. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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56
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The maize α-zein promoter can be utilized as a strong inducer of cellulase enzyme expression in maize kernels. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:537-547. [PMID: 31264021 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of recombinant proteins in plants is a technology for producing vaccines, pharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. For the past several years, we have produced recombinant proteins in maize kernels using only the embryo, primarily driving expression of foreign genes with the maize globulin-1 promoter. Although strong expression is obtained, these lines use only 10-12% of the seed tissue. If strong embryo expression could be combined with strong endosperm expression, much more recombinant protein could be recovered from a set amount of seed biomass. In this study, we tested three endosperm promoters for expression of a cellulase gene. Promoters tested were rice globulin and glutelin promoters and a maize 19 kDa α-zein promoter. The rice promoters were used in two tandem expression constructs as well. Although the rice promoters were active in producing stable amounts of cellulase, the α-zein promoter was by far the most effective: as much as 9% of total soluble protein was recovered from seed of several independent events and plants. One or two inserts were detected by Southern blot in several lines, indicating that copy number did not appear to be responsible for the differences in protein accumulation. Tissue print analysis indicated that expression was primarily in the endosperm.
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57
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Li Y, Liu J, Wang G, Yang M, Yang X, Li T, Chen G. De novo transcriptome analysis of Pleurotus djamor to identify genes encoding CAZymes related to the decomposition of corn stalk lignocellulose. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:529-536. [PMID: 31147217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CAZymes play a very important role in the biotransformation of corn stalk biomass, which is an important resource for sustainable development. Pleurotus djamor can produce CAZymes related to the decomposition of corn stalk lignocellulose biomass in sole corn stalk substrate; however, little is known about their encoding genes. In order to identify CAZymes encoding genes, RNA high-throughput sequencing of P. djamor was performed in this study. The results showed that a core set of 70 upregulated genes encoding putative CAZymes were revealed. They encode 19 kinds of CAZymes in total, of which there are 4 EGLs, 8 CBHs, 5 BGLs, and 12 LPMOs related to cellulose degradation, 8 XYNs, 1 XYL, 2 AGUs, 3 ABFs, 2 AGLs, and 2 AXEs related to hemicellulose degradation, and 5 LACCs, 2 MnPs, 5 VPs, 3 CDHs, 1 AAO, 1 GOX, 1 AOX, 2 GAOXs, and 3 GLOXs related to lignin degradation. This variety suggests that CAZymes may play a very important role in decomposing the lignocellulose biomass of corn stalk. This is the first study to report the de novo transcriptome sequencing of P. djamor, which will produce a dataset of genes encoding CAZymes, thereby laying the foundation to elucidate the degradation mechanism of corn stalk biomass and boost the biotransformation of corn stalk biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Jiahao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China; Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Meiying Yang
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Tongbing Li
- Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Innovation Platform of Jilin Province for Straw Comprehensive Utilization Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street 2888, Nanguan District, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China
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Benedetti M, Vecchi V, Betterle N, Natali A, Bassi R, Dall'Osto L. Design of a highly thermostable hemicellulose-degrading blend from Thermotoga neapolitana for the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. J Biotechnol 2019; 296:42-52. [PMID: 30885654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The biological conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars is a key process for the sustainable production of biofuels from plant biomass. Polysaccharides in plant feedstock can be valorized using thermostable mixtures of enzymes that degrade the cell walls, thus avoiding harmful and expensive pre-treatments. (Hyper)thermophilic bacteria of the phylum Thermotogae provide a rich source of enzymes for such industrial applications. Here we selected T. neapolitana as a source of hyperthermophilic hemicellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Two genes encoding putative hemicellulases were cloned from T. neapolitana genomic DNA and expressed in Escherichia coli. Further characterization revealed that the genes encoded an endo-1,4-β-galactanase and an α-l-arabinofuranosidase with optimal temperatures of ˜90 °C and high turnover numbers during catalysis (kcat values of ˜177 and ˜133 s-1, respectively, on soluble substrates). These enzymes were combined with three additional T. neapolitana hyperthermophilic hemicellulases - endo-1,4-β-xylanase (XynA), endo-1,4-β-mannanase (ManB/Man5A) and β-glucosidase (GghA) - to form a highly thermostable hemicellulolytic blend. The treatment of barley straw and corn bran with this enzymatic cocktail resulted in the solubilization of multiple hemicelluloses and boosted the yield of fermentable sugars by up to 65% when the complex substrates were further degraded by cellulases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Valeria Vecchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Nico Betterle
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Alberto Natali
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dall'Osto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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Miyamoto T, Tsuchiya K, Numata K. Block Copolymer/Plasmid DNA Micelles Postmodified with Functional Peptides via Thiol-Maleimide Conjugation for Efficient Gene Delivery into Plants. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:653-661. [PMID: 30257560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introducing exogenous genes into plant cells is essential for a wide range of applications in agriculture and plant biotechnology fields. Cationic peptide carriers with cell-penetrating and DNA-binding domains successfully deliver exogenous genes into plants. However, their cell-penetrating activity may be attenuated by undesired electrostatic interactions between the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) domain and DNA cargo, resulting in limited gene delivery efficiency. Here, we developed the block copolymer maleimide-conjugated tetra(ethylene glycol) and poly(l-lysine) (MAL-TEG-PLL). Through electrostatic interactions with plasmid DNA (pDNA), MAL-TEG-PLL formed a micelle that presented maleimide groups on its surface. The micelle enabled postmodification with cysteine-containing functional peptides, including a CPP (BP100-Cys) and nuclear localization signal (Cys-NLS) via thiol-maleimide conjugation, thereby avoiding undesired interactions. According to a comparison of gene delivery efficiencies among the peptide-postmodified micelles, the amount of BP100-Cys on the micelle surface was key for efficient gene delivery. The BP100-postmodified micelle showed more efficient delivery compared with that of the BP100-premodified micelle. Thus, postmodification of polymeric micelles with functional peptides opens the door to designing highly efficient plant gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Miyamoto
- Biomacromolecules Research Team , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Biomacromolecules Research Team , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecules Research Team , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako-shi , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
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60
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Jeng WY, Liu CI, Lu TJ, Lin HJ, Wang NC, Wang AHJ. Crystal Structures of the C-Terminally Truncated Endoglucanase Cel9Q from Clostridium thermocellum Complexed with Cellodextrins and Tris. Chembiochem 2019; 20:295-307. [PMID: 30609216 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endoglucanase CtCel9Q is one of the enzyme components of the cellulosome, which is an active cellulase system in the thermophile Clostridium thermocellum. The precursor form of CtCel9Q comprises a signal peptide, a glycoside hydrolase family 9 catalytic domain, a type 3c carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), and a type I dockerin domain. Here, we report the crystal structures of C-terminally truncated CtCel9Q (CtCel9QΔc) complexed with Tris, Tris+cellobiose, cellobiose+cellotriose, cellotriose, and cellotetraose at resolutions of 1.50, 1.70, 2.05, 2.05 and 1.75 Å, respectively. CtCel9QΔc forms a V-shaped homodimer through residues Lys529-Glu542 on the type 3c CBM, which pairs two β-strands (β4 and β5 of the CBM). In addition, a disulfide bond was formed between the two Cys535 residues of the protein monomers in the asymmetric unit. The structures allow the identification of four minus (-) subsites and two plus (+) subsites; this is important for further understanding the structural basis of cellulose binding and hydrolysis. In the oligosaccharide-free and cellobiose-bound CtCel9QΔc structures, a Tris molecule was found to be bound to three catalytic residues of CtCel9Q and occupied subsite -1 of the CtCel9Q active-site cleft. Moreover, the enzyme activity assay in the presence of 100 mm Tris showed that the Tris almost completely suppressed CtCel9Q hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yih Jeng
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Te-Jung Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, 89 Wenhua 1st Street, Tainan, 717, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jie Lin
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chen Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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61
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Recent Advancements in Mycodegradation of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioethanol Production. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23834-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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62
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Strategies to Reuse Cellulase: Immobilization of Enzymes (Part II). Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14726-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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63
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Schimpf U, Schulz R. Industrial by-products from white-rot fungi production. Part II: Application in anaerobic digestion for enzymatic treatment of hay and straw. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Do DT, Singh J, Oey I, Singh H. Biomimetic plant foods: Structural design and functionality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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65
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Gill US, Uppalapati SR, Gallego-Giraldo L, Ishiga Y, Dixon RA, Mysore KS. Metabolic flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in lignin modified alfalfa lines induces resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1997-2007. [PMID: 29047109 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of lignin in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is associated with increased availability of cell wall polysaccharides in plant cells. We tested transgenic alfalfa plants downregulated for Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) against an economically important fungal disease of alfalfa, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, and found it more resistant to this disease. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that the improved disease resistance against Fusarium wilt is due to increased accumulation and/or spillover of flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway. Some (iso)flavonoids and their pathway intermediate compounds showed strong accumulation in CCoAOMT downregulated plants after F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis inoculation. The identified (iso)flavonoids, including medicarpin and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, inhibited the in vitro growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. These results suggested that the increased accumulation and/or shift/spillover of flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in CCoAOMT downregulated plants is associated with induced disease resistance.
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66
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Rajput AA, Visvanathan C. Effect of thermal pretreatment on chemical composition, physical structure and biogas production kinetics of wheat straw. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 221:45-52. [PMID: 29793209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hard lignocellulosic structure of wheat straw is the main hindrance in its anaerobic digestion. Thus, a laboratory scale batch experiment was conducted to study the effect of thermal pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of wheat straw. For this purpose, different thermal pretreatment temperatures of 120, 140, 160 and 180 °C were studied and the results were compared with raw wheat straw. Significant differences in biogas production were observed at temperature higher than 160 °C. Highest biogas yield of 615 Nml/gVS and volatile solids reduction of 69% was observed from wheat straw pretreated at 180 °C. Wheat straw pretreated at 180 °C showed 53% higher biogas yield as compared to untreated. Further, FTIR analysis revealed change in chemical bonds of lignocellulosic structure of wheat straw. Modified Gompertz model was best fitted on biogas production data and predicted shorter lag phase time and higher biogas production as the pretreatment temperature increased. Overall, change in lignocellulosic structure and increase in cellulose content were the main reason in enhancing biogas production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ayub Rajput
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Chettiyappan Visvanathan
- Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
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Guo M, Song W. The growing U.S. bioeconomy: Drivers, development and constraints. N Biotechnol 2018; 49:48-57. [PMID: 30121384 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioeconomy refers to economic activities using renewable biological resources to produce energy and domestic consumables. The U.S. bioeconomy emerged in the early 2000s as a result of the societal pursuit of energy independence and security, greenhouse gas emission mitigation and sustainable development. Founded on biotechnologies and stimulated by federal policies, the U.S. bioeconomy has been growing rapidly over the past decade. Intensive research and development endeavors have been carried out to explore advanced technologies for efficient biomass production, conversion, and valorization, through which numerous biotechnological innovations have been achieved to realize the commercial, cost-effective production of diverse transportation biofuels and high-value domestic bioproducts from various biomass feedstocks. The bioenergy products currently commercialized in the U.S. include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, bioheat and biopower; the commercialized bioproducts extend to biopolymers, biochemicals, biopharmaceuticals and bioadhesives. In 2017, more than 65.4 billion liters of biofuels and 2500 certified bioproducts were produced, creating 4 million job opportunities and sharing 2.5% of the U.S. economy. Commercial production of cellulosic ethanol, renewable diesel, green jet fuel and other advanced biofuels remains at the demonstration stage and needs further improvement in cost-competitiveness. Envisioning a Billion-Ton-Bioeconomy by 2030, the U.S. federal government has been implementing strategic activities to realize the goal. High costs of delivered biomass feedstock, immature biomass refinery technologies, lack of cost-comparative bioproducts, and low fossil fuel prices have been identified as the major constraints to a strong U.S. bioeconomy. To improve the bioeconomic viability, further biotechnological advances and integrated biorefinery processes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Guo
- Department of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA; Renewable Energy Education Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
| | - Weiping Song
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901, USA
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Hörhammer H, Dou C, Gustafson R, Suko A, Bura R. Removal of non-structural components from poplar whole-tree chips to enhance hydrolysis and fermentation performance. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:222. [PMID: 30127852 PMCID: PMC6086995 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-tree chips will be a likely feedstock for future biorefineries because of their low cost. Non-structural components (NSC), however, represent a significant part of whole-tree chips. The NSC can account for more than 10% of whole-tree poplar mass when the trees are grown in short rotation cycles. The influence of NSC, however, on the production of fuels and chemicals is not well known. In this study, we assessed the impact of NSC removal from poplar whole-tree chips on pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis yields, overall sugar recovery, and fermentation yield. In addition, we evaluated the economics of preprocessing as a new unit operation in the biorefinery. RESULTS Poplar whole-tree chips were preprocessed by neutral or acidic washing before steam pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Preprocessing of poplar reduced ash and extractives content as much as 70 and 50%, respectively. The overall sugar yield after pretreatment and hydrolysis was 18-22% higher when the biomass had been preprocessed, which was explained by higher sugar yields in liquid fraction and more efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fraction. The liquid fraction ethanol fermentation yield was 36-50% higher for the preprocessed biomass. CONCLUSIONS It appears that preprocessing reduced the buffering capacity of the biomass due to ash removal, and thereby improved the enzymatic hydrolysis. Removal of extractives during preprocessing improved the fermentation yield. The economic modeling shows that a preprocessing unit could have significant economic benefits in a biorefinery, where poplar whole-tree chips are used as bioconversion feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hörhammer
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Chang Dou
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Azra Suko
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
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Harrison MC, Arning N, Kremer LPM, Ylla G, Belles X, Bornberg‐Bauer E, Huylmans AK, Jongepier E, Piulachs M, Richards S, Schal C. Expansions of key protein families in the German cockroach highlight the molecular basis of its remarkable success as a global indoor pest. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:254-264. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Harrison
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Nicolas Arning
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Lukas P. M. Kremer
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Guillem Ylla
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva CSIC‐University Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Belles
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva CSIC‐University Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | | | | | - Evelien Jongepier
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Münster Germany
| | | | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
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Immobilization of laccase on modified Fe3O4@SiO2@Kit-6 magnetite nanoparticles for enhanced delignification of olive pomace bio-waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:106-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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71
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Cao Z, Dierks M, Clough MT, Daltro de Castro IB, Rinaldi R. A Convergent Approach for a Deep Converting Lignin-First Biorefinery Rendering High-Energy-Density Drop-in Fuels. JOULE 2018; 2:1118-1133. [PMID: 29955733 PMCID: PMC6015120 DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a lignin-centered convergent approach to produce either aliphatic or aromatic bio-hydrocarbons is introduced. First, poplar or spruce wood was deconstructed by a lignin-first biorefining process, a technique based on the early-stage catalytic conversion of lignin, yielding lignin oils along with cellulosic pulps. Next, the lignin oils were catalytically upgraded in the presence of a phosphidated Ni/SiO2 catalyst under H2 pressure. Notably, selectivity toward aliphatics or aromatics can simply be adjusted by changes in H2 pressure and temperature. The process renders two distinct main cuts of branched hydrocarbons (gasoline: C6-C10, and kerosene/diesel: C14-C20). As the approach is H2-intensive, we examined the utilization of pulp as an H2 source via gasification. For several biomass sources, the H2 obtainable by gasification stoichiometrically meets the H2 demand of the deep converting lignin-first biorefinery, making this concept plausible for the production of high-energy-density drop-in biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Cao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim-an-der-Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Dierks
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim-an-der-Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthew Thomas Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim-an-der-Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Corresponding author
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72
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Long LY, Weng YX, Wang YZ. Cellulose Aerogels: Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E623. [PMID: 30966656 PMCID: PMC6403747 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its excellent performance, aerogel is considered to be an especially promising new material. Cellulose is a renewable and biodegradable natural polymer. Aerogel prepared using cellulose has the renewability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of cellulose, while also having other advantages, such as low density, high porosity, and a large specific surface area. Thus, it can be applied for many purposes in the areas of adsorption and oil/water separation, thermal insulation, and biomedical applications, as well as many other fields. There are three types of cellulose aerogels: natural cellulose aerogels (nanocellulose aerogels and bacterial cellulose aerogels), regenerated cellulose aerogels, and aerogels made from cellulose derivatives. In this paper, more than 200 articles were reviewed to summarize the properties of these three types of cellulose aerogels, as well as the technologies used in their preparation, such as the sol⁻gel process and gel drying. In addition, the applications of different types of cellulose aerogels were also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Long
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology& Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yun-Xuan Weng
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Technology& Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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73
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de Oliveira AA, Pastina MM, de Souza VF, da Costa Parrella RA, Noda RW, Simeone MLF, Schaffert RE, de Magalhães JV, Damasceno CMB, Margarido GRA. Genomic prediction applied to high-biomass sorghum for bioenergy production. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2018; 38:49. [PMID: 29670457 PMCID: PMC5893689 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-018-0802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing cost of energy and finite oil and gas reserves have created a need to develop alternative fuels from renewable sources. Due to its abiotic stress tolerance and annual cultivation, high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) shows potential as a bioenergy crop. Genomic selection is a useful tool for accelerating genetic gains and could restructure plant breeding programs by enabling early selection and reducing breeding cycle duration. This work aimed at predicting breeding values via genomic selection models for 200 sorghum genotypes comprising landrace accessions and breeding lines from biomass and saccharine groups. These genotypes were divided into two sub-panels, according to breeding purpose. We evaluated the following phenotypic biomass traits: days to flowering, plant height, fresh and dry matter yield, and fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin proportions. Genotyping by sequencing yielded more than 258,000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers, which revealed population structure between subpanels. We then fitted and compared genomic selection models BayesA, BayesB, BayesCπ, BayesLasso, Bayes Ridge Regression and random regression best linear unbiased predictor. The resulting predictive abilities varied little between the different models, but substantially between traits. Different scenarios of prediction showed the potential of using genomic selection results between sub-panels and years, although the genotype by environment interaction negatively affected accuracies. Functional enrichment analyses performed with the marker-predicted effects suggested several interesting associations, with potential for revealing biological processes relevant to the studied quantitative traits. This work shows that genomic selection can be successfully applied in biomass sorghum breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Avelar de Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900 Brazil
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Ding D, Zhou X, You T, Zhang X, Zhang X, Xu F. Exploring the mechanism of high degree of delignification inhibits cellulose conversion efficiency. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:931-938. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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75
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Jafari N, Rezaei S, Rezaie R, Dilmaghani H, Khoshayand MR, Faramarzi MA. Improved production and characterization of a highly stable laccase from the halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens for the efficient delignification of almond shell bio-waste. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:489-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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76
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Mir BA, Myburg AA, Mizrachi E, Cowan DA. In planta expression of hyperthermophilic enzymes as a strategy for accelerated lignocellulosic digestion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11462. [PMID: 28904370 PMCID: PMC5597601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels and biomaterials suffers from high production costs associated with biomass pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. In-planta expression of lignocellulose-digesting enzymes is a promising approach to reduce these cost elements. However, this approach faces a number of challenges, including auto-hydrolysis of developing cell walls, plant growth and yield penalties, low expression levels and the limited stability of expressed enzymes at the high temperatures generally used for biomass processing to release fermentable sugars. To overcome these challenges we expressed codon-optimized recombinant hyperthermophilic endoglucanase (EG) and xylanase (Xyn) genes in A. thaliana. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing EG and Xyn enzymes at high levels without any obvious plant growth or yield penalties were selected for further analysis. The highest enzyme activities were observed in the dry stems of transgenic lines, indicating that the enzymes were not degraded during stem senescence and storage. Biomass from transgenic lines exhibited improved saccharification efficiency relative to WT control plants. We conclude that the expression of hyperthermophilic enzymes in plants is a promising approach for combining pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis processes in lignocellulosic digestion. This study provides a valid foundation for further studies involving in planta co-expression of core and accessory lignocellulose-digesting enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.,Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.,Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Satellite Campus Kargil, University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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77
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Schneiderman DK, Hillmyer MA. 50th Anniversary Perspective: There Is a Great Future in Sustainable Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Schneiderman
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Sustainable Polymers, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Sustainable Polymers, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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78
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Miao Y, Li P, Li G, Liu D, Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP, Shen Q, Zhang R. Two degradation strategies for overcoming the recalcitrance of natural lignocellulosic xylan by polysaccharides-binding GH10 and GH11 xylanases of filamentous fungi. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1054-1064. [PMID: 27878934 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of lignocellulose forms a strong barrier for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass in chemical or biofuel industries. Filamentous fungi are major plant biomass decomposer, and capable of forming all the required enzymes. Here, they characterized the GH10 and GH11 endo-xylanases and a CE1 acetyl-xylan esterase (Axe1) from a superior biomass-degrading strain, Aspergillus fumigatus Z5, and examined how they interact in xylan degradation. Cellulose-binding (CBM1) domain inhibited GH10 xylanase activities for pure xylan, but afforded them an ability to hydrolyze washed corncob particles (WCCP). CBM1-containing GH10 xylanases also showed synergism with CBM1-containing Axe1 in WCCP hydrolysis, and this synergy was strictly dependent on the presence of their CBM1 domains. In contrast, GH11 xylanases had no CBM1, but still could bind xylan and hydrolyzed WCCP; however, no synergism displayed with Axe1. GH10 xylanases and GH11 xylanases showed a pronounced synergism in WCCP hydrolysis, which was dependent on the presence of the CBM1 in GH10 xylanases and absence from GH11 xylanases. They exhibit different mechanisms to bind to cellulose and xylan, and act in synergy when these two structures are intact. These findings will be helpful for the further development of highly efficient enzyme mixtures for lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqi Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Vienna, A1060, Austria
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Vienna, A1060, Austria
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab and Engineering Center for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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79
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Zichová M, Stratilová E, Omelková J, Vadkertiová R, Babák L, Rosenberg M. Production of ethanol from waste paper using immobilized yeasts. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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80
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iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome revealed metabolic changes of Flammulina velutipes mycelia in response to cold stress. J Proteomics 2017; 156:75-84. [PMID: 28099886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the pivotal factors influencing mycelium growth and fruit-body formation of Flammulina velutipes. To gain insights into hyphae growth and fruit-body formation events and facilitate the identification of potential stage-specific biomarker candidates, we investigated the proteome response of F. velutipes mycelia to cold stresses using iTRAQ-coupled two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS) technique. Among 1198 proteins identified with high confidence, a total of 63 displayed altered expression level after cold stress treatments. In-depth data analysis reveals that differentially expressed proteins were involved in a variety of cellular processes, particularly metabolic processes. Among the 31 up-regulated proteins, 24 (77.42%) were associated with 22 specific KEGG pathways. These up-regulated proteins could possibly serve as potential biomarkers to study the molecular mechanisms of F. velutipes mycelia response to cold stresses. These data of the proteins might provide valuable evidences to better understand the molecular mechanisms of mycelium resistance to cold stress and fruit-body formation in fungi. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Low-temperature is one of the pivotal factors in some Flammulina velutipes industrial processes influencing mycelium growth, inducing primordia and controlling fruit-body development. Preliminary study has indicated that effectively regulating cultivation could augment the yield by controlling optimal cold stress level on mycelia. However, we are still far from understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms of adaptation of these fungi at cold stress. In the present study, the experiments reported above were undertaken to investigate chronological changes of protein expression during F. velutipes mycelia in response to cold stress by using iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS technique. This result would provide new insights to the underlying mycelium growth and fruit-body formation mechanisms of basidiomycetes under cold stress.
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Bhat AH, Dasan YK, Khan I, Jawaid M. Cellulosic Biocomposites: Potential Materials for Future. GREEN BIOCOMPOSITES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49382-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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82
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Mathur V, Javid L, Kulshrestha S, Mandal A, Reddy AA. World Cultivation of Genetically Modified Crops: Opportunities and Risks. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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83
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Chan SY, Choo WS, Young DJ, Loh XJ. Pectin as a rheology modifier: Origin, structure, commercial production and rheology. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 161:118-139. [PMID: 28189220 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pectins are a diverse family of biopolymers with an anionic polysaccharide backbone of α-1,4-linked d-galacturonic acids in common. They have been widely used as emulsifiers, gelling agents, glazing agents, stabilizers, and/or thickeners in food, pharmaceutical, personal care and polymer products. Commercial pectin is classified as high methoxy pectin (HMP) with a degree of methylation (DM) >50% and low methoxy pectin (LMP) with a DM <50%. Amidated low methoxy pectins (ALMP) can be obtained through aminolysis of HMP. Gelation of HMP occurs by cross-linking through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces between the methyl groups, assisted by a high co-solute concentration and low pH. In contrast, gelation of LMP occurs by the formation of ionic linkages via calcium bridges between two carboxyl groups from two different chains in close proximity, known as the 'egg-box' model. Pectin gels exhibit Newtonian behaviour at low shear rates and shear-thinning behaviour when the shear rate is increased. An overview of pectin from its origin to its physicochemical properties is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Yin Chan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - David James Young
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751, Singapore.
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84
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Abstract
New crops are gradually establishing along with cultivation systems to reduce reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves and sustain better adaptation to climate change. These biological assets could be efficiently exploited as bioenergy feedstocks. Bioenergy crops are versatile renewable sources with the potential to alternatively contribute on a daily basis towards the coverage of modern society's energy demands. Biotechnology may facilitate the breeding of elite energy crop genotypes, better suited for bio-processing and subsequent use that will improve efficiency, further reduce costs, and enhance the environmental benefits of biofuels. Innovative molecular techniques may improve a broad range of important features including biomass yield, product quality and resistance to biotic factors like pests or microbial diseases or environmental cues such as drought, salinity, freezing injury or heat shock. The current review intends to assess the capacity of biotechnological applications to develop a beneficial bioenergy pipeline extending from feedstock development to sustainable biofuel production and provide examples of the current state of the art on future energy crops.
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85
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Qi Y, Hempelmann R, Volmer DA. Shedding light on the structures of lignin compounds: photo-oxidation under artificial UV light and characterization by high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8203-8210. [PMID: 27640206 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural polymer and a promising alternative energy source for conventional fossil fuels. In this study, we investigated transformations of lignin compounds under artificial UV light conditions at the molecular level. Such light-induced changes of composition profiles in nature after sun exposure have been studied for crude oil in the petroleomics field. We applied a similar high resolution mass spectrometry experimental strategy to lignin and demonstrated various data processing methods to reveal the characteristic differences between the extremely complex data sets of two sample sets, one native control before and one sample after photo-irradiation, using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. Graphical abstract Kendrick mass defect versus nominal Kendrick mass for mass spectra of a control and UV-oxidized lignin sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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86
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Gunnoo M, Cazade PA, Galera-Prat A, Nash MA, Czjzek M, Cieplak M, Alvarez B, Aguilar M, Karpol A, Gaub H, Carrión-Vázquez M, Bayer EA, Thompson D. Nanoscale Engineering of Designer Cellulosomes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5619-47. [PMID: 26748482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts showcase the upper limit obtainable for high-speed molecular processing and transformation. Efforts to engineer functionality in synthetic nanostructured materials are guided by the increasing knowledge of evolving architectures, which enable controlled molecular motion and precise molecular recognition. The cellulosome is a biological nanomachine, which, as a fundamental component of the plant-digestion machinery from bacterial cells, has a key potential role in the successful development of environmentally-friendly processes to produce biofuels and fine chemicals from the breakdown of biomass waste. Here, the progress toward so-called "designer cellulosomes", which provide an elegant alternative to enzyme cocktails for lignocellulose breakdown, is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to rational design via computational modeling coupled with nanoscale characterization and engineering tools. Remaining challenges and potential routes to industrial application are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissabye Gunnoo
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pierre-André Cazade
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Albert Galera-Prat
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), IMDEA Nanociencias and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael A Nash
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, Université Paris 06, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique, de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, Bretagne, France
| | - Marek Cieplak
- Laboratory of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Biopolis S.L., Parc Científic de la Universitat de Valencia, Edificio 2, C/Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, 46980, Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | - Marina Aguilar
- Abengoa, S.A., Palmas Altas, Calle Energía Solar nº 1, 41014, Seville, Spain
| | - Alon Karpol
- Designer Energy Ltd., 2 Bergman St., Tamar Science Park, Rehovot, 7670504, Israel
| | - Hermann Gaub
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Physik and Center for Nanoscience, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariano Carrión-Vázquez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), IMDEA Nanociencias and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edward A Bayer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Damien Thompson
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Physics and Energy, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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87
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Do PT, De Tar JR, Lee H, Folta MK, Zhang ZJ. Expression of ZmGA20ox cDNA alters plant morphology and increases biomass production of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1532-40. [PMID: 26801525 PMCID: PMC5066678 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is considered a model herbaceous energy crop for the USA, for its adaptation to marginal land, low rainfall and nutrient-deficient soils; however, its low biomass yield is one of several constraints, and this might be rectified by modulating plant growth regulator levels. In this study, we have determined whether the expression of the Zea mays gibberellin 20-oxidase (ZmGA20ox) cDNA in switchgrass will improve biomass production. The ZmGA20ox gene was placed under the control of constitutive CaMV35S promoter with a strong TMV omega enhancer, and introduced into switchgrass via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgene integration and expression levels of ZmGA20ox in T0 plants were analysed using Southern blot and qRT-PCR. Under glasshouse conditions, selected transgenic plants exhibited longer leaves, internodes and tillers, which resulted in twofold increased biomass. These phenotypic alterations correlated with the levels of transgene expression and the particular gibberellin content. Expression of ZmGA20ox also affected the expression of genes coding for key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis. Our results suggest that the employment of ectopic ZmGA20ox and selection for natural variants with high level expression of endogenous GA20ox are appropriate approaches to increase biomass production of switchgrass and other monocot biofuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phat T Do
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Joann R De Tar
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Lee
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michelle K Folta
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhanyuan J Zhang
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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88
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Qi Y, Hempelmann R, Volmer DA. Two-dimensional mass defect matrix plots for mapping genealogical links in mixtures of lignin depolymerisation products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4835-43. [PMID: 27178557 PMCID: PMC4914518 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant natural biopolymer, and lignin wastes are therefore potentially significant sources for renewable chemicals such as fuel compounds, as alternatives to fossil fuels. Waste valorisation of lignin is currently limited to a few applications such as in the pulp industry, however, because of the lack of effective extraction and characterisation methods for the chemically highly complex mixtures after decomposition. Here, we have implemented high resolution mass spectrometry and developed two-dimensional mass defect matrix plots as a data visualisation tool, similar to the Kendrick mass defect plots implemented in fields such as petroleomics. These 2D matrix plots greatly simplified the highly convoluted lignin mass spectral data acquired from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR)–mass spectrometry, and the derived metrics provided confident peak assignments and strongly improved structural mapping of lignin decomposition product series from the various linkages within the lignin polymer after electrochemical decomposition. 2D mass defect matrix plot for a lignin sample after decomposition ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Qi
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 22, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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89
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Ferreira SS, Hotta CT, Poelking VGDC, Leite DCC, Buckeridge MS, Loureiro ME, Barbosa MHP, Carneiro MS, Souza GM. Co-expression network analysis reveals transcription factors associated to cell wall biosynthesis in sugarcane. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:15-35. [PMID: 26820137 PMCID: PMC4837222 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane is a hybrid of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum, with minor contributions from other species in Saccharum and other genera. Understanding the molecular basis of cell wall metabolism in sugarcane may allow for rational changes in fiber quality and content when designing new energy crops. This work describes a comparative expression profiling of sugarcane ancestral genotypes: S. officinarum, S. spontaneum and S. robustum and a commercial hybrid: RB867515, linking gene expression to phenotypes to identify genes for sugarcane improvement. Oligoarray experiments of leaves, immature and intermediate internodes, detected 12,621 sense and 995 antisense transcripts. Amino acid metabolism was particularly evident among pathways showing natural antisense transcripts expression. For all tissues sampled, expression analysis revealed 831, 674 and 648 differentially expressed genes in S. officinarum, S. robustum and S. spontaneum, respectively, using RB867515 as reference. Expression of sugar transporters might explain sucrose differences among genotypes, but an unexpected differential expression of histones were also identified between high and low Brix° genotypes. Lignin biosynthetic genes and bioenergetics-related genes were up-regulated in the high lignin genotype, suggesting that these genes are important for S. spontaneum to allocate carbon to lignin, while S. officinarum allocates it to sucrose storage. Co-expression network analysis identified 18 transcription factors possibly related to cell wall biosynthesis while in silico analysis detected cis-elements involved in cell wall biosynthesis in their promoters. Our results provide information to elucidate regulatory networks underlying traits of interest that will allow the improvement of sugarcane for biofuel and chemicals production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviane Guzzo de Carli Poelking
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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90
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91
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Zhang D, Hegab HE, Lvov Y, Dale Snow L, Palmer J. Immobilization of cellulase on a silica gel substrate modified using a 3-APTES self-assembled monolayer. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:48. [PMID: 26835228 PMCID: PMC4718907 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellulase was immobilized onto silica gel surfaces pretreated with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy-silane (3-APTES), and glutaraldehyde (GA) was used as a cross-linker. A carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) solution was used for activity experiments. Protein assay was performed to determine the mass immobilized and compare with free enzyme. Cellulase was successfully demonstrated to be immobilized on the modified silica gel surface, and no detectable amount of enzyme was stripped off during the hydrolysis of the CMC solution. The specific activity of the immobilized cellulase is 7 ± 2 % compared to the similar amount of free cellulase. Significant activity over multiple reuses was observed. The seventh batch achieved 82 % activity of the initial batch, and the fifteenth batch retained 31 %. It was observed that the immobilized cellulase retained 48 % of its initial activity after 4 days, and 22 % even after 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Zhang
- Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, 600 W. Arizona, Ruston, LA USA
| | - Hisham E Hegab
- Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, 600 W. Arizona, Ruston, LA USA
| | - Yuri Lvov
- Chemistry, Louisiana Tech University, 600 W. Arizona, Ruston, LA USA
| | - L Dale Snow
- Chemistry, Louisiana Tech University, 600 W. Arizona, Ruston, LA USA
| | - James Palmer
- Chemical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, 600 W. Arizona, Ruston, LA USA
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92
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Ryu J, Kwon SJ, Sung SY, Kim WJ, Kim DS, Ahn JW, Kim JB, Kim SH, Ha BK, Kang SY. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of lignin biosynthesis genes from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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93
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Mathew AK, Parameshwaran B, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. An evaluation of dilute acid and ammonia fiber explosion pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:13-20. [PMID: 26358144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The challenge associated with cellulosic ethanol production is maximizing sugar yield at low cost. Current research is being focused to develop a pretreatment method to overcome biomass recalcitrance in an efficient way. This review is focused on two major pretreatments: dilute acid (DA) and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment of corn stover and how these pretreatment cause morphological and chemical changes to corn stover in order to overcome the biomass recalcitrance. This review highlights the key differences of these two pretreatments based on compositional analysis, cellulose and its crystallinity, morphological changes, structural changes to lignin, enzymatic reactivity and enzyme adsorption onto pretreated solids and finally cellulosic ethanol production from the hydrolysate of DA and AFEX treated corn stover. Each stage of the process, AFEX pretreated corn stover was superior to DA treated corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kuruvilla Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Binod Parameshwaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
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94
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Healey AL, Lee DJ, Furtado A, Simmons BA, Henry RJ. Efficient Eucalypt Cell Wall Deconstruction and Conversion for Sustainable Lignocellulosic Biofuels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:190. [PMID: 26636077 PMCID: PMC4653827 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to meet the world's growing energy demand and reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from fossil fuel combustion, renewable plant-based feedstocks for biofuel production must be considered. The first-generation biofuels, derived from starches of edible feedstocks, such as corn, create competition between food and fuel resources, both for the crop itself and the land on which it is grown. As such, biofuel synthesized from non-edible plant biomass (lignocellulose) generated on marginal agricultural land will help to alleviate this competition. Eucalypts, the broadly defined taxa encompassing over 900 species of Eucalyptus, Corymbia, and Angophora are the most widely planted hardwood tree in the world, harvested mainly for timber, pulp and paper, and biomaterial products. More recently, due to their exceptional growth rate and amenability to grow under a wide range of environmental conditions, eucalypts are a leading option for the development of a sustainable lignocellulosic biofuels. However, efficient conversion of woody biomass into fermentable monomeric sugars is largely dependent on pretreatment of the cell wall, whose formation and complexity lend itself toward natural recalcitrance against its efficient deconstruction. A greater understanding of this complexity within the context of various pretreatments will allow the design of new and effective deconstruction processes for bioenergy production. In this review, we present the various pretreatment options for eucalypts, including research into understanding structure and formation of the eucalypt cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Healey
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - David J. Lee
- Forest Industries Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Forestry and Biosciences, Agri-Science Queensland, Gympie, QLD, Australia
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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95
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Turner TL, Zhang GC, Oh EJ, Subramaniam V, Adiputra A, Subramaniam V, Skory CD, Jang JY, Yu BJ, Park I, Jin YS. Lactic acid production from cellobiose and xylose by engineeredSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1075-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. Turner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801; Illinois
| | - Guo-Chang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801; Illinois
| | - Eun Joong Oh
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801; Illinois
| | - Vijay Subramaniam
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801; Illinois
| | - Andrew Adiputra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois
| | - Vimal Subramaniam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois
| | - Christopher D. Skory
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Renewable Product Technology (RPT) Research Unit, Peoria; Illinois
| | - Ji Yeon Jang
- IT Convergence Materials R&D Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan; Korea
| | - Byung Jo Yu
- IT Convergence Materials R&D Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan; Korea
| | - In Park
- IT Convergence Materials R&D Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan; Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana; Illinois
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801; Illinois
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96
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Li B, Xu W, Kronlund D, Määttänen A, Liu J, Smått JH, Peltonen J, Willför S, Mu X, Xu C. Cellulose nanocrystals prepared via formic acid hydrolysis followed by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 133:605-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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97
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Hudson CM, Kirton E, Hutchinson MI, Redfern JL, Simmons B, Ackerman E, Singh S, Williams KP, Natvig DO, Powell AJ. Lignin‐modifying processes in the rhizosphere of arid land grasses. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4965-78. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Blake Simmons
- Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | - Eric Ackerman
- Computational Simulation Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories Livermore CA USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute Emeryville CA USA
| | | | - Donald O. Natvig
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM USA
| | - Amy J. Powell
- Computational Simulation Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM USA
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98
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Ermawar RA, Collins HM, Byrt CS, Henderson M, O'Donovan LA, Shirley NJ, Schwerdt JG, Lahnstein J, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Genetics and physiology of cell wall polysaccharides in the model C4 grass, Setaria viridis spp. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:236. [PMID: 26432387 PMCID: PMC4592572 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Setaria viridis has emerged as a model species for the larger C4 grasses. Here the cellulose synthase (CesA) superfamily has been defined, with an emphasis on the amounts and distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a cell wall polysaccharide that is characteristic of the grasses and is of considerable value for human health. METHODS Orthologous relationship of the CesA and Poales-specific cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes among Setaria italica (Si), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Oryza sativa (Os), Brachypodium distachyon (Bradi) and Hordeum vulgare (Hv) were compared using bioinformatics analysis. Transcription profiling of Csl gene families, which are involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, was performed using real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). The amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was measured using a modified Megazyme assay. The fine structures of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, as denoted by the ratio of cellotriosyl to cellotetraosyl residues (DP3:DP4 ratio) was assessed by chromatography (HPLC and HPAEC-PAD). The distribution and deposition of the MLG was examined using the specific antibody BG-1 and captured using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The cellulose synthase gene superfamily contains 13 CesA and 35 Csl genes in Setaria. Transcript profiling of CslF, CslH and CslJ gene families across a vegetative tissue series indicated that SvCslF6 transcripts were the most abundant relative to all other Csl transcripts. The amounts of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in Setaria vegetative tissues ranged from 0.2% to 2.9% w/w with much smaller amounts in developing grain (0.003% to 0.013% w/w). In general, the amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was greater in younger than in older tissues. The DP3:DP4 ratios varied between tissue types and across developmental stages, and ranged from 2.4 to 3.0:1. The DP3:DP4 ratios in developing grain ranged from 2.5 to 2.8:1. Micrographs revealing the distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in walls of different cell types and the data were consistent with the quantitative (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan assays. CONCLUSION The characteristics of the cellulose synthase gene superfamily and the accumulation and distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans in Setaria are similar to those in other C4 grasses, including sorghum. This suggests that Setaria is a suitable model plant for cell wall polysaccharide biology in C4 grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riksfardini A Ermawar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Lisa A O'Donovan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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Nguyen LT, Neo KRS, Yang KL. Continuous hydrolysis of carboxymethyl cellulose with cellulase aggregates trapped inside membranes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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100
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Kumagai Y, Yamashita K, Tagami T, Uraji M, Wan K, Okuyama M, Yao M, Kimura A, Hatanaka T. The loop structure of Actinomycete glycoside hydrolase family 5 mannanases governs substrate recognition. FEBS J 2015; 282:4001-14. [PMID: 26257335 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Endo-β-1,4-mannanases from Streptomyces thermolilacinus (StMan) and Thermobifida fusca (TfMan) demonstrated different substrate specificities. StMan hydrolyzed galactosylmannooligosaccharide (GGM5; 6(III) ,6(IV) -α-d-galactosyl mannopentaose) to GGM3 and M2, whereas TfMan hydrolyzed GGM5 to GGM4 and M1. To determine the region involved in the substrate specificity, we constructed chimeric enzymes of StMan and TfMan and evaluated their substrate specificities. Moreover, the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of StMan (StMandC) and the complex structure of the inactive mutant StE273AdC with M6 were solved at resolutions of 1.60 and 1.50 Å, respectively. Structural comparisons of StMandC and the catalytic domain of TfMan lead to the identification of a subsite around -1 in StMandC that could accommodate a galactose branch. These findings demonstrate that the two loops (loop7 and loop8) are responsible for substrate recognition in GH5 actinomycete mannanases. In particular, Trp281 in loop7 of StMan, which is located in a narrow and deep cleft, plays an important role in its affinity toward linear substrates. Asp310 in loop8 of StMan specifically bound to the galactosyl unit in the -1 subsite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kumagai
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, Japan.,Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tagami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Misugi Uraji
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, Japan
| | - Kun Wan
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okuyama
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Min Yao
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kimura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama, Japan
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