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Enteric nervous system and intestinal epithelial regulation of the gut-brain axis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:513-522. [PMID: 36075637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis describes a bidirectional interplay within the enteric environment between the intestinal epithelium, the mucosal immune system, and the microbiota with the enteric nervous system. This interplay provides a link between exogenous environmental stimuli such as nutrient sensing, and nervous system function, as well as a mechanism of feedback from cortical and sensory centers of the brain to enteric activities. The intestinal epithelium is one of the human body's largest sources of hormones and neurotransmitters, which have critical effects on neuronal function. The influence of the gut microbiota on these processes appears to be profound; yet to date, it has been insufficiently explored. Disruption of the intestinal microbiota is linked not only to diseases in the gut but also to brain symptomatology, including neurodegenerative and behavioral disorders (Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, autism, and anxiety and/or depression). In this review we discuss the cellular wiring of the gut-brain axis, with a particular focus on the epithelial and neuronal interaction, the evidence that has led to our current understanding of the intestinal role in neurologic function, and future directions of research to unravel this important interaction in both health and allergic disease.
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Neurochemical Monitoring of Traumatic Brain Injury by the Combined Analysis of Plasma Beta-Synuclein, NfL, and GFAP in Polytraumatized Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179639. [PMID: 36077033 PMCID: PMC9456193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major determining factor of outcome in severely injured patients. However, reliable brain-damage-monitoring markers are still missing. We therefore assessed brain-specific beta-synuclein as a novel blood biomarker of synaptic damage and measured the benchmarks neurofilament light chain (NfL), as a neuroaxonal injury marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as an astroglial injury marker, in patients after polytrauma with and without TBI. Compared to healthy volunteers, plasma NfL, beta-synuclein, and GFAP were significantly increased after polytrauma. The markers demonstrated highly distinct time courses, with beta-synuclein and GFAP peaking early and NfL concentrations gradually elevating during the 10-day observation period. Correlation analyses revealed a distinct influence of the extent of extracranial hemorrhage and the severity of head injury on biomarker concentrations. A combined analysis of beta-synuclein and GFAP effectively discriminated between polytrauma patients with and without TBI, despite the comparable severity of injury. Furthermore, we found a good predictive performance for fatal outcome by employing the initial plasma concentrations of NfL, beta-synuclein, and GFAP. Our findings suggest a high diagnostic value of neuronal injury markers reflecting distinct aspects of neuronal injury for the diagnosis of TBI in the complex setting of polytrauma, especially in clinical surroundings with limited imaging opportunities.
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Loureiro AV, Moura-Neto LI, Martins CS, Silva PIM, Lopes MB, Leitão RFC, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Moura-Neto V, Warren CA, Costa DV, Brito GAC. Role of Pannexin-1-P2X7R signaling on cell death and pro-inflammatory mediator expression induced by Clostridioides difficile toxins in enteric glia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956340. [PMID: 36072579 PMCID: PMC9442043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) produces toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB), both associated with intestinal damage and diarrhea. Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels allows the passage of messenger molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which in turn activate the P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) that regulate inflammation and cell death in inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of C. difficile infection (CDI) in the expression of Panx1 and P2X7R in intestinal tissues of mice, as well as their role in cell death and IL-6 expression induced by TcdA and TcdB in enteric glial cells (EGCs). Male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks of age) were infected with C. difficile VPI10463, and the control group received only vehicle per gavage. After three days post-infection (p.i.), cecum and colon samples were collected to evaluate the expression of Panx1 by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, EGCs (PK060399egfr) were challenged with TcdA or TcdB, in the presence or absence of the Panx1 inhibitor (10Panx trifluoroacetate) or P2X7R antagonist (A438079), and Panx1 and P2X7R expression, caspase-3/7 activity and phosphatidylserine binding to annexin-V, as well as IL-6 expression were assessed. CDI increased the levels of Panx1 in cecum and colon of mice compared to the control group. Panx1 inhibitor decreased caspase-3/7 activity and phosphatidylserine-annexin-V binding, but not IL-6 gene expression in TcdA and TcdB-challenged EGCs. P2X7 receptor antagonist accentually reduced caspase-3/7 activity, phosphatidylserine-annexin-V binding, and IL-6 gene expression in TcdA and TcdB-challenged EGCs. In conclusion, Panx1 is increased during CDI and plays an important role in the effects of C. difficile toxins in EGCs, participating in cell death induced by both toxins by promoting caspase-3/7 activation via P2X7R, which is also involved in IL-6 expression induced by both toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V. Loureiro
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lauro I. Moura-Neto
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Conceição S. Martins
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Pedro I. M. Silva
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Matheus B.S. Lopes
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F. C. Leitão
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juliana M. Coelho-Aguiar
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cirle A. Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Deiziane V.S. Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerly A. C. Brito, ; Deiziane V.S. Costa,
| | - Gerly A. C. Brito
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gerly A. C. Brito, ; Deiziane V.S. Costa,
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Progatzky F, Pachnis V. The role of enteric glia in intestinal immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tykhonenko T, Guzyk M, Tykhomyrov A, Korsa V, Yanitska L, Kuchmerovska T. Modulatory effects of vitamin B3 and its derivative on the levels of apoptotic and vascular regulators and cytoskeletal proteins in diabetic rat brain as signs of neuroprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130207. [PMID: 35882257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beneficial effects of nicotinamide (NAm) and its derivates have been earlier shown in animal models of diabetes mellitus (DM), but the mechanisms of their neuroprotective activities are still largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate if NAm and conjugate of nicotinic acid with gamma-aminobutyric acid (N-GABA) are able to modulate expression levels of apoptosis regulators, angiogenesis-related molecules, and specific cytoskeletal proteins in diabetic rat brain. METHODS After six weeks of streptozotocin induced type 1 DM, rats were daily administered either by NAm (100 mg/kg) or N-GABA (55 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for two weeks. Protein levels were assessed by western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Both NAm and N-GABA down-regulated NF-κB and Bax levels in diabetic rat brain, suggesting their anti-apoptotic activities. Tested compounds normalized VEGF and nNOS contents improving pro-angiogenic signaling reduced by hyperglycemia. Western blot showed marked up-regulation of astroglial marker GFAP and lowering neurofilament protein levels in DM group, confirmed immunohistochemically, indicating the development of reactive astrogliosis as a major response to diabetes-induced neurodegeneration. NAm had no effects on GFAP and Nf-L levels in the diabetic brain, while N-GABA increased their expression. Inversely, NAm and N-GABA dramatically reduced enhanced levels of GFAP and Nf-L found in the blood serum of diabetic rats, providing for the first time strong evidence for preserving blood-brain barrier integrity by studied compounds. CONCLUSION Thus, NAm and N-GABA may exert neuroprotective effects by decreasing pro-apoptotic regulators levels and improving expression of angiogenic and cytoskeletal proteins impaired by hyperglycemia in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Tykhonenko
- Department of Vitamin and Coenzyme Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Guzyk
- Department of Vitamin and Coenzyme Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Artem Tykhomyrov
- Department of Enzyme Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Victoria Korsa
- Department of Enzyme Chemistry and Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
| | - Lesya Yanitska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tamara Kuchmerovska
- Department of Vitamin and Coenzyme Biochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine.
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Kapur RP, Tisoncik-Go J, Gale M. Myelin Protein Zero Immunohistochemistry Is Not a Reliable Marker of Extrinsic Mucosal Innervation in Patients With Hirschsprung Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2022; 25:388-396. [PMID: 34904460 DOI: 10.1177/10935266211059395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innervation of aganglionic rectum in Hirschsprung disease derives from extrinsic nerves which project from cell bodies located outside the bowel wall and markers that distinguish extrinsic from intrinsic innervation are diagnostically useful. Myelin protein zero (MPZ) is a putative marker of extrinsic glial cells which could distinguish mucosal innervation in aganglionic vs ganglionic colon. METHODS Sections and protein blots from ganglionic and aganglionic colon were immunolabeled with MPZ-specific antibodies. RESULTS Immunolabeling of MPZ with a chicken polyclonal or mouse monoclonal antibody confirmed glial specificity and reliably labeled hypertrophic submucosal nerves in Hirschsprung disease. In contrast, a rabbit polyclonal antibody strongly labeled extrinsic and intrinsic nerves, including most mucosal branches. Immunoblots showed MPZ is expressed in mucosal glial cells, albeit at lower levels than in extrinsic nerves, and that the rabbit antibody is more sensitive that the other two probes. Unfortunately, none of these antibodies consistently distinguished mucosal innervation in aganglionic vs ganglionic rectum. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that (a) glial cell myelin protein zero expression is influenced more by location (mucosa vs submucosa) than the extrinsic vs intrinsic origin of the accompanied nerves and (b) myelin protein zero immunohistochemistry has limited value as a diagnostic adjunct for Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj P Kapur
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 7274Seattle Children's Hospital and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ayala-Guerrero L, García-delaTorre P, Sánchez-García S, Guzmán-Ramos K. Serum Levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Association with Cognitive Impairment and Type 2 Diabetes. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:501-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hacene S, Le Friec A, Desmoulin F, Robert L, Colitti N, Fitremann J, Loubinoux I, Cirillo C. Present and future avenues of cell-based therapy for brain injury: The enteric nervous system as a potential cell source. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13105. [PMID: 35773942 PMCID: PMC9425017 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising strategy in the field of regenerative medicine; however, several concerns limit the effective clinical use, namely a valid cell source. The gastrointestinal tract, which contains a highly organized network of nerves called the enteric nervous system (ENS), is a valuable reservoir of nerve cells. Together with neurons and neuronal precursor cells, it contains glial cells with a well described neurotrophic potential and a newly identified neurogenic one. Recently, enteric glia is looked at as a candidate for cell therapy in intestinal neuropathies. Here, we present the therapeutic potential of the ENS as cell source for brain repair, too. The example of stroke is introduced as a brain injury where cell therapy appears promising. This disease is the first cause of handicap in adults. The therapies developed in recent years allow a partial response to the consequences of the disease. The only prospect of recovery in the chronic phase is currently based on rehabilitation. The urgency to offer other treatments is therefore tangible. In the first part of the review, some elements of stroke pathophysiology are presented. An update on the available therapeutic strategies is provided, focusing on cell‐ and biomaterial‐based approaches. Following, the ENS is presented with its anatomical and functional characteristics, focusing on glial cells. The properties of these cells are depicted, with particular attention to their neurotrophic and, recently identified, neurogenic properties. Finally, preliminary data on a possible therapeutic approach combining ENS‐derived cells and a biomaterial are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirine Hacene
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Le Friec
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering-Medical Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Franck Desmoulin
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorenne Robert
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Nina Colitti
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Fitremann
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, CNRS UMR 5623, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Loubinoux
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Carla Cirillo
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center (ToNIC), Inserm, University of Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Enteric glia: extent, cohesion, axonal contacts, membrane separations and mitochondria in Auerbach's ganglia of guinea pigs. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:409-426. [PMID: 35729372 PMCID: PMC9436829 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Studied by electron microscopy and morphometry, Auerbach’s ganglia comprise nerve cell bodies that occupy ~ 40% of volume; of the neuropil, little over 30% is neural processes (axons, dendrites) and little less than 30% is glia (cell bodies, processes). The amount of surface membrane of neural elements only marginally exceeds that of glia. Glial cells extend laminar processes radially between axons, reaching the ganglion’s surface with specialized membrane domains. Nerve cells and glia are tightly associated, eliminating any free space in ganglia. Glia expands maximally its cell membrane with a minimum of cytoplasm, contacting a maximal number of axons, which, with their near-circular profile, have minimal surface for a given volume. Shape of glia is moulded by the neural elements (predominantly concave the first, predominantly convex the second); the glia extends its processes to maximize contact with neural elements. Yet, a majority of axons is not reached by glia and only few are wrapped by it. Despite the large number of cells, the glia is not sufficiently developed to wrap around or just contact many of the neural elements. Mitochondria are markedly fewer in glia than in neurons, indicating a lower metabolic rate. Compactness of ganglia, their near-circular profile, absence of spaces between elements and ability to withstand extensive deformation suggest strong adhesion between the cellular elements, holding them together and keeping them at a fixed distance. Many axonal varicosities, with vesicles and membrane densities, abut on non-specialized areas of glia, suggesting the possibility of neurotransmitters being released outside synaptic sites.
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Grubišić V, Gulbransen BD. Astrocyte Cell Surface Antigen 2 and Other Potential Cell Surface Markers of Enteric glia in the Mouse Colon. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221083203. [PMID: 35593118 PMCID: PMC9125112 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221083203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric glia regulate gut functions in health and disease through diverse interactions with neurons and immune cells. Intracellular localization of traditional markers of enteric glia such as GFAP, s100b, and Sox10 makes them incompatible for studies that require antigen localization at the cell surface. Thus, new tools are needed for probing the heterogeneous roles of enteric glia at the protein, cell, and functional levels. Here we selected several cell surface antigens including Astrocyte Cell Surface Marker 2 (ACSA2), Cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9), lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1), and Proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) as potential markers of enteric glia. We tested their specificity for enteric glia using published single-cell/-nuclei and glia-specific translating mRNA enriched transcriptome datasets, immunolabeling, and flow cytometry. The data show that ACSA2 is a specific marker of mucosal and myenteric glia while other markers are suitable for identifying all subpopulations of enteric glia (LPAR1), glia and immune cells (CD9), or are not suitable for cell-surface labeling (PLP1). These new tools will be useful for future work focused on understanding specific glial functions in health and disease.Summary StatementThis study identifies astrocyte cell surface antigen 2 as a novel marker of myenteric glia in the intestine. This, in combination with other markers identified in this study, could be used for selective targeting of enteric glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grubišić
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Brian D. Gulbransen, Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Liu C, Yang J. Enteric Glial Cells in Immunological Disorders of the Gut. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:895871. [PMID: 35573829 PMCID: PMC9095930 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.895871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are one of the major cell types of neural crest lineage distributed in the gastrointestinal tract. EGCs represent an integral part of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and significantly outnumber ENS neurons. Studies have suggested that EGCs would exert essential roles in supporting the survival and functions of the ENS neurons. Notably, recent evidence has begun to reveal that EGCs could possess multiple immune functions and thereby may participate in the immune homeostasis of the gut. In this review article, we will summarize the current evidence supporting the potential involvement of EGCs in several important immunological disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and autoimmune enteropathy. Further, we highlight critical questions on the immunological aspects of EGCs that warrant future research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Yang
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Sinegubov A, Andreeva D, Burzak N, Vasyutina M, Murashova L, Dyachuk V. Heterogeneity and Potency of Peripheral Glial Cells in Embryonic Development and Adults. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:737949. [PMID: 35401107 PMCID: PMC8990813 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.737949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the heterogeneity of peripheral glial cell populations, from the emergence of Schwann cells (SCs) in early development, to their involvement, and that of their derivatives in adult glial populations. We focus on the origin of the first glial precursors from neural crest cells (NCCs), and their ability to differentiate into several cell types during development. We also discuss the heterogeneity of embryonic glia in light of the latest data from genetic tracing and transcriptome analysis. Special attention has been paid to the biology of glial populations in adult animals, by highlighting common features of different glial cell types and molecular differences that modulate their functions. Finally, we consider the communication of glial cells with axons of neurons in normal and pathological conditions. In conclusion, the present review details how information available on glial cell types and their functions in normal and pathological conditions may be utilized in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with neurodiseases.
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Warnecke T, Schäfer KH, Claus I, Del Tredici K, Jost WH. Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:31. [PMID: 35332158 PMCID: PMC8948218 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests an increasing significance for the extent of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Most patients suffer from GIT symptoms, including dysphagia, sialorrhea, bloating, nausea, vomiting, gastroparesis, and constipation during the disease course. The underlying pathomechanisms of this α-synucleinopathy play an important role in disease development and progression, i.e., early accumulation of Lewy pathology in the enteric and central nervous systems is implicated in pharyngeal discoordination, esophageal and gastric motility/peristalsis impairment, chronic pain, altered intestinal permeability and autonomic dysfunction of the colon, with subsequent constipation. Severe complications, including malnutrition, dehydration, insufficient drug effects, aspiration pneumonia, intestinal obstruction, and megacolon, frequently result in hospitalization. Sophisticated diagnostic tools are now available that permit more detailed examination of specific GIT impairment patterns. Furthermore, novel treatment approaches have been evaluated, although high-level evidence trials are often missing. Finally, the burgeoning literature devoted to the GIT microbiome reveals its importance for neurologists. We review current knowledge about GIT pathoanatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment in PD and provide recommendations for management in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Warnecke
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - K-H Schäfer
- Research and Transfer Working Group Enteric Nervous System (AGENS), University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - I Claus
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - W H Jost
- Parkinson-Klinik Ortenau, 77709, Wolfach, Germany.
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Kim H, Lee EJ, Lim YM, Kim KK. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Blood as a Disease Biomarker of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:865730. [PMID: 35370870 PMCID: PMC8968934 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.865730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a type III intermediate filament protein found in astrocytes in the brain. Damaged astrocytes release GFAP into cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, GFAP levels in these body fluids may reflect the disease state of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), which includes astrocytopathy, characterized by pathogenic antibodies against aquaporin 4 located on astrocytes. Recently, single-molecule array technology that can detect these synaptic proteins in blood, even in the subfemtomolar range, has been developed. Emerging evidence suggests that GFAP protein is a strong biomarker candidate for NMOSD. This mini-review provides basic information about GFAP protein and innovative clinical data that show the potential clinical value of blood GFAP levels as a biomarker for NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Kuk Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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New Concepts of the Interplay Between the Gut Microbiota and the Enteric Nervous System in the Control of Motility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:55-69. [PMID: 36587146 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Propulsive gastrointestinal (GI) motility is critical for digestive physiology and host defense. GI motility is finely regulated by the intramural reflex pathways of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is in turn regulated by luminal factors: diet and the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is a vast ecosystem of commensal bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes. The gut microbiota not only regulates the motor programs of the ENS but also is critical for the normal structure and function of the ENS. In this chapter, we highlight recent research that has shed light on the microbial mechanisms of interaction with the ENS involved in the control of motility. Toll-like receptor signaling mechanisms have been shown to maintain the structural integrity of the ENS and the neurochemical phenotypes of enteric neurons, in part through the production of trophic factors including glia-derived neurotrophic factor. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and/or single-stranded RNA regulates the synthesis of serotonin in enterochromaffin cells, which are involved in the initiation of enteric reflexes, among other functions. Further evidence suggests a crucial role for microbial modulation of serotonin in maintaining the integrity of the ENS through enteric neurogenesis. Understanding the microbial pathways of enteric neural control sheds new light on digestive health and provides novel treatment strategies for GI motility disorders.
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Carbone SE. Neurons, Macrophages, and Glia: The Role of Intercellular Communication in the Enteric Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1383:251-258. [PMID: 36587164 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-05843-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are the primary controllers of gastrointestinal functions. Although the ENS has been the central focus of research areas such as motility, this has now expanded to include the modulatory roles that non-neuronal cells have on neuronal function. This review discusses how enteric glia (EGC) and resident muscularis macrophages (mMacs) influence ENS communication. It highlights how the understanding of neuroglia interactions has extended beyond EGCs responding to exogenously applied neurotransmitters. Proposed mechanisms for neuron-EGC and glio-glia communication are discussed. The significance of these interactions is evidenced by gut functions that rely on these processes. mMacs are commonly known for their roles as immune cells which sample and respond to changes in the tissue environment. However, a more recent theory suggests that mMacs and enteric neurons are mutually dependent for their maintenance and function. This review summarizes the supportive and contradictory evidence for this theory, including potential mechanisms for mMac-neuron interaction. The need for a more thorough classification scheme to define how the "state" of mMacs relates to neuron loss or impaired function in disease is discussed. Despite the growing literature suggesting EGCs and mMacs have supportive or modulatory roles in ENS communication and gut function, conflicting evidence from different groups suggests more investigation is required. A broader understanding of why enteric neurons may need assistance from EGCs and mMacs in neurotransmission is still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Elisa Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Angelika D, Etika R, Fitriah M, Kusumawardani NN, Vita AD, Irawan R, Liem KD, Ugrasena IDG. Association between glial fibrillary acidic protein, glial-derived neurotrophic factor, and fatty acid-binding protein-2 at birth in the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1010013. [PMID: 36340713 PMCID: PMC9630751 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the relationship between glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and fatty acid-binding protein-2 (FABP-2) in preterm infants on the incidence of NEC. METHODS Preterm infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <34 weeks were included in this study. Biomarker examination was performed using the umbilical vein blood at birth (first sample). Biomarker examination was repeated if the infant developed symptoms of NEC using peripheral vein blood (second sample). Infants were observed for 14 days. If NEC did not exist, a biomarker examination was performed at 14 days. RESULTS This study included 30 preterm infants, nine infants experienced NEC. The values of GFAP, GDNF, and FABP-2 (median and range) in the group with NEC were higher than those in the group without NEC in both the first samples {GFAP [1.40 (0.20-6.50) vs. 0.30 (0.10-1.30) P = 0.014], GDNF [2.84 (1.05-14.11) vs. 1.56 (1.07-3.48) P = 0.050], and FABP-2 [621.70 (278.40-2,207.00) vs. 294.20 (211.40-597.50) P = 0.002]} and second samples {GFAP [2.40 (0.30-3.10) vs. 0.30 (0.10-0.60) P = 0.003], GDNF [2.99 (0.56-10.30) vs. 1.46 (0.85-2.24) P = 0.019], and FABP-2 [646.8 (179.20-1,571.00) vs. 314.90 (184.70-521.60) P = 0.040]}. In infants with NEC, the median values of GFAP [2.40 (0.30-3.10) vs. 1.40 (0.20-6.50) P = 0.767], GDNF [2.99 (0.56-10.30) vs. 2.84 (1.05-14.11) P = 0.859], and FABP-2 [646.80 (179.20-1,571.00) vs. 621.70 (278.40-2,207.00) P = 0.953] in the second sample were higher than those in the first sample. Logistic regression demonstrated that GFAP at birth (Odds Ratio [OR] = 15.629, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.697-143.906, P = 0.015) and FABP-2 levels at birth (OR = 1.008, 95% CI = 1.001-1.015, P = 0.033) were significantly associated with an increased risk of NEC. CONCLUSION Increased GFAP, GDNF, and FABP-2 at birth are associated with NEC occurrence within two weeks of birth. These findings suggest that early-onset NEC is associated with intestinal injury that occurs during the perinatal or even prenatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Angelika
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Risa Etika
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Munawaroh Fitriah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Angelica Diana Vita
- Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Roedi Irawan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Kian Djien Liem
- Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I Dewa Gede Ugrasena
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Yang H, Li S, Le W. Intestinal Permeability, Dysbiosis, Inflammation and Enteric Glia Cells: The Intestinal Etiology of Parkinson’s Disease. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1381-1390. [PMID: 36186124 PMCID: PMC9466983 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific and medical communities are becoming more aware of the substantial relationship between the function of the central nervous system (CNS) and the state of the gut environment. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nigrostriatal pathway in the midbrain, presenting not only motor symptoms but also various non-motor manifestations, including neuropsychiatric symptoms and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Over time, our knowledge of PD has progressed from the detection of midbrain dopaminergic deficits to the identification of a multifaceted disease with a variety of central and peripheral manifestations, with increased attention to the intestinal tract. Accumulating evidence has revealed that intestinal disorders are not only the peripheral consequence of PD pathogenesis, but also the possible pathological initiator decades before it progresses to the CNS. Here, we summarized recent research findings on the involvement of the intestinal environment in PD, with an emphasis on the involvement of the intestinal barrier, microbiome and its metabolites, inflammation, and enteric glial cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijia Yang
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Song Li
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science-Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Prof. Weidong Le, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China. E-mail: .
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Enteric neuroimmune interactions coordinate intestinal responses in health and disease. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:27-39. [PMID: 34471248 PMCID: PMC8732275 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract interacts with the local immune system bidirectionally. Recent publications have demonstrated that such interactions can maintain normal GI functions during homeostasis and contribute to pathological symptoms during infection and inflammation. Infection can also induce long-term changes of the ENS resulting in the development of post-infectious GI disturbances. In this review, we discuss how the ENS can regulate and be regulated by immune responses and how such interactions control whole tissue physiology. We also address the requirements for the proper regeneration of the ENS and restoration of GI function following the resolution of infection.
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Crosstalk between Neuron and Glial Cells in Oxidative Injury and Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413315. [PMID: 34948108 PMCID: PMC8709409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving gene regulation. It is necessary to understand the communication and interactions between brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes and microglia, to understand oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms. Here, the role of glia in the protection of neurons against oxidative injury and glia–neuron crosstalk to maintain antioxidant defense mechanisms and brain protection are reviewed. The first part of this review focuses on the role of glia in the morphological and physiological changes required for brain homeostasis under oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The second part focuses on the essential crosstalk between neurons and glia for redox balance in the brain for protection against oxidative stress.
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71
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Bianco F, Lattanzio G, Lorenzini L, Diquigiovanni C, Mazzoni M, Clavenzani P, Calzà L, Giardino L, Sternini C, Bonora E, De Giorgio R. Novel understanding on genetic mechanisms of enteric neuropathies leading to severe gut dysmotility. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34818877 PMCID: PMC8636838 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the third division of the autonomic nervous system and the largest collection of neurons outside the central nervous system (CNS). The ENS has been referred to as “the brain-in-thegut” or “the second brain of the human body” because of its highly integrated neural circuits controlling a vast repertoire of gut functions, including absorption/secretion, splanchnic blood vessels, some immunological aspects, intestinal epithelial barrier, and gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The latter function is the result of the ENS fine-tuning over smooth musculature, along with the contribution of other key cells, such as enteric glia (astrocyte-like cells supporting and contributing to neuronal activity), interstitial cells of Cajal (the pacemaker cells of the GI tract involved in neuromuscular transmission), and enteroendocrine cells (releasing bioactive substances, which affect gut physiology). Any noxa insult perturbing the ENS complexity may determine a neuropathy with variable degree of neuro-muscular dysfunction. In this review we aim to cover the most recent update on genetic mechanisms leading to enteric neuropathies ranging from Hirschsprung’s disease (characterized by lack of any enteric neurons in the gut wall) up to more generalized form of dysmotility such as chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) with a significant reduction of enteric neurons. In this line, we will discuss the role of the RAD21 mutation, which we have demonstrated in a family whose affected members exhibited severe GI dysmotility. Other genes contributing to gut motility abnormalities will also be presented. In conclusion, the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in enteric neuropathy may unveil strategies to better manage patients with neurogenic gut dysmotility and pave the way to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bianco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Catia Sternini
- UCLA/DDRC, Division of Digestive Diseases, Departments Medicine and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles CA.
| | - Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna.
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Lucarini E, Seguella L, Vincenzi M, Parisio C, Micheli L, Toti A, Corpetti C, Del Re A, Squillace S, Maftei D, Lattanzi R, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Esposito G. Role of Enteric Glia as Bridging Element between Gut Inflammation and Visceral Pain Consolidation during Acute Colitis in Rats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111671. [PMID: 34829900 PMCID: PMC8616000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is particularly relevant in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Glia within the enteric nervous system, as well as within the central nervous system, contributes to neuroplasticity during inflammation, but whether enteric glia has the potential to modify visceral sensitivity following colitis is still unknown. This work aimed to investigate the occurrence of changes in the neuron–glial networks controlling visceral perception along the gut–brain axis during colitis, and to assess the effects of peripheral glial manipulation. Enteric glia activity was altered by the poison fluorocitrate (FC; 10 µmol kg−1 i.p.) before inducing colitis in animals (2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, DNBS; 30 mg in 0.25 mL EtOH 50%), and visceral sensitivity, colon damage, and glia activation along the pain pathway were studied. FC injection significantly reduced the visceral hyperalgesia, the histological damage, and the immune activation caused by DNBS. Intestinal inflammation is associated with a parallel overexpression of TRPV1 and S100β along the gut–brain axis (colonic myenteric plexuses, dorsal root ganglion, and periaqueductal grey area). This effect was prevented by FC. Peripheral glia activity modulation emerges as a promising strategy for counteracting visceral pain induced by colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Martina Vincenzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Chiara Corpetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Alessandro Del Re
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Silvia Squillace
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Roberta Lattanzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Neurofarba, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (C.P.); (L.M.); (A.T.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.S.); (M.V.); (C.C.); (A.D.R.); (D.M.); (R.L.); (G.E.)
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Kikel-Coury NL, Brandt JP, Correia IA, O’Dea MR, DeSantis DF, Sterling F, Vaughan K, Ozcebe G, Zorlutuna P, Smith CJ. Identification of astroglia-like cardiac nexus glia that are critical regulators of cardiac development and function. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001444. [PMID: 34793438 PMCID: PMC8601506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are essential for functionality of the nervous system. Growing evidence underscores the importance of astrocytes; however, analogous astroglia in peripheral organs are poorly understood. Using confocal time-lapse imaging, fate mapping, and mutant genesis in a zebrafish model, we identify a neural crest-derived glial cell, termed nexus glia, which utilizes Meteorin signaling via Jak/Stat3 to drive differentiation and regulate heart rate and rhythm. Nexus glia are labeled with gfap, glast, and glutamine synthetase, markers that typically denote astroglia cells. Further, analysis of single-cell sequencing datasets of human and murine hearts across ages reveals astrocyte-like cells, which we confirm through a multispecies approach. We show that cardiac nexus glia at the outflow tract are critical regulators of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. These data establish the crucial role of glia on cardiac homeostasis and provide a description of nexus glia in the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L. Kikel-Coury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jacob P. Brandt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Isabel A. Correia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael R. O’Dea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dana F. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Felicity Sterling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gulberk Ozcebe
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cody J. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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Meira de-Faria F, Casado-Bedmar M, Mårten Lindqvist C, Jones MP, Walter SA, Keita ÅV. Altered interaction between enteric glial cells and mast cells in the colon of women with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14130. [PMID: 33797165 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric glial cells (EGC) and mast cells (MC) are intimately associated with gastrointestinal physiological functions. We aimed to investigate EGC-MC interaction in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a gut-brain disorder linked to increased intestinal permeability, and MC. METHODS Parallel approaches were used to quantify EGC markers in colonic biopsies from healthy controls (HC) and patients with IBS. Data were correlated with MC, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and VIP receptors (VPAC1/VPAC2) expressions, and bacterial translocation through biopsies mounted in Ussing chambers. In addition, we investigated the effects of EGC mediators on colonic permeability and the pharmacological-induced responses of EGC and MC cell lines. KEY RESULTS Immunofluorescence of IBS colonic mucosa, as well as Western blotting and ELISA of IBS biopsy lysates, revealed increased glial fibrillary intermediate filament (GFAP) expression, indicating EGC activation. Mucosal GFAP correlated with increased MC and VPAC1+ MC numbers and decreased VIP+ MC, which seemed to control bacterial translocation in HC. In the contrary, EGC activation in IBS correlated with less MC and VPAC1+ MC numbers, and more VIP+ MC. In vitro, MC and EGC cell lines showed intracellular calcium responses to each other's mediators. Furthermore, EGC mediators prevented VIP-induced MC degranulation, while MC mediators induced a reactive EGC phenotype. In Ussing chambers, EGC mediators decreased paracellular passage through healthy colonic biopsies. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Findings suggest the involvement of EGC and MC in the control of barrier function in the human colon and indicate a potential EGC-MC interaction that seems altered in IBS, with detrimental consequences to colonic permeability. Altogether, results suggest that imbalanced EGC-MC communication contributes to the pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Meira de-Faria
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maite Casado-Bedmar
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Mårten Lindqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Susanna A Walter
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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75
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Vicentini FA, Keenan CM, Wallace LE, Woods C, Cavin JB, Flockton AR, Macklin WB, Belkind-Gerson J, Hirota SA, Sharkey KA. Intestinal microbiota shapes gut physiology and regulates enteric neurons and glia. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:210. [PMID: 34702353 PMCID: PMC8549243 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) physiology in part through interactions with the enteric nervous system (ENS). Alterations in the gut microbiome frequently occur together with disturbances in enteric neural control in pathophysiological conditions. However, the mechanisms by which the microbiota regulates GI function and the structure of the ENS are incompletely understood. Using a mouse model of antibiotic (Abx)-induced bacterial depletion, we sought to determine the molecular mechanisms of microbial regulation of intestinal function and the integrity of the ENS. Spontaneous reconstitution of the Abx-depleted microbiota was used to assess the plasticity of structure and function of the GI tract and ENS. Microbiota-dependent molecular mechanisms of ENS neuronal survival and neurogenesis were also assessed. RESULTS Adult male and female Abx-treated mice exhibited alterations in GI structure and function, including a longer small intestine, slower transit time, increased carbachol-stimulated ion secretion, and increased intestinal permeability. These alterations were accompanied by the loss of enteric neurons in the ileum and proximal colon in both submucosal and myenteric plexuses. A reduction in the number of enteric glia was only observed in the ileal myenteric plexus. Recovery of the microbiota restored intestinal function and stimulated enteric neurogenesis leading to increases in the number of enteric glia and neurons. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) supplementation enhanced neuronal survival alongside bacterial depletion, but had no effect on neuronal recovery once the Abx-induced neuronal loss was established. In contrast, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were able to restore neuronal numbers after Abx-induced neuronal loss, demonstrating that SCFA stimulate enteric neurogenesis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a role for the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the GI tract in a sex-independent manner. Moreover, the microbiota is essential for the maintenance of ENS integrity, by regulating enteric neuronal survival and promoting neurogenesis. Molecular determinants of the microbiota, LPS and SCFA, regulate enteric neuronal survival, while SCFA also stimulates neurogenesis. Our data reveal new insights into the role of the gut microbiota that could lead to therapeutic developments for the treatment of enteric neuropathies. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Vicentini
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Catherine M. Keenan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Laurie E. Wallace
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Crystal Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Amanda R. Flockton
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Simon A. Hirota
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Keith A. Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
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Baghdadi MB, Ayyaz A, Coquenlorge S, Chu B, Kumar S, Streutker C, Wrana JL, Kim TH. Enteric glial cell heterogeneity regulates intestinal stem cell niches. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:86-100.e6. [PMID: 34727519 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The high turnover and regenerative capacity of the adult intestine relies on resident stem cells located at the bottom of the crypt. The enteric nervous system consists of an abundant network of enteric glial cells (EGCs) and neurons. Despite the close proximity of EGCs to stem cells, their in vivo role as a stem cell niche is still unclear. By analyzing the mouse and human intestinal mucosa transcriptomes at the single-cell level, we defined the regulation of EGC heterogeneity in homeostasis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Ablation of EGC subpopulations revealed that the repair potential of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is regulated by a specific subset of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ EGCs. Mechanistically, injury induces expansion of GFAP+ EGCs, which express several WNT ligands to promote LGR5+ ISC self-renewal. Our work reveals the dynamically regulated heterogeneity of EGCs as a key part of the intestinal stem cell niche in regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem B Baghdadi
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Arshad Ayyaz
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Coquenlorge
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bonnie Chu
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Khafaga AF, El-Kazaz SE, Noreldin AE. Boswellia serrata suppress fipronil-induced neuronal necrosis and neurobehavioral alterations via promoted inhibition of oxidative/inflammatory/apoptotic pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147384. [PMID: 33933775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boswellic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic terpenoid derived from the gum-resin of Boswellia serrate. It is known for its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has improved spatial learning and provides neuroprotection against trimethyltin-induced memory impairment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible neuroprotective activity of B. serrata extract (BSE) containing BA against fipronil (FPN)-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in Wister male albino rats. Sixty male rats were allocated equally into six groups. The first group served as control; the second and third groups received BSE at two different oral doses (250 or 500 mg/kg body weight [BW], respectively). The fourth group was orally intoxicated with FPN (20 mg/kg BW), whereas the fifth and sixth groups served as preventive groups and co-treated with FPN (20 mg/kg BW) and BSE (250 or 500 mg/kg BW, respectively). The experiment was conducted over 8 weeks period. Results revealed that co-treatment with BSE led to significant (p > 0.05) dose-dependent reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factors-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor Kappa-B (NF-κB), Cyclooxegenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), serotonin, and acetylcholine (ACh). Conversely, significant (p > 0.05) up regulation of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) has reported in BSE-co-treated groups. In addition, significant (p > 0.05) promotion in neurobehaviours, histopathologic imaging of the cerebral, cerebellar, and hippocampal regions, and immunohistochemical expression of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also reported in the BSE-treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, BSE (500 mg/kg BW) is a natural, promising neuroprotective agent that can mitigate FPN-induced neurobehavioral toxicity via the suppression of oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways and relieve neuronal necrosis and astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina 22758, Egypt.
| | - Sara E El-Kazaz
- Animals and Poultry Behavior and Management, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt.
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78
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Dinc B, Yılmaz VT, Aslan M, Aycan IO, Kiraz N, Kisaoglu A, Dandin O, Hadimioglu N, Ertug Z. Serum Levels of S100β, Neuron-Specific Enolase, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Kidney Transplant Recipients and Donors: A Prospective Cohort Study. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:2227-2233. [PMID: 34412916 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in serum levels of S100β, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein in living donors and recipients after kidney transplantation. METHODS We enrolled 56 patients into the study. Of these, 27 underwent donor nephrectomy (group D), and the remaining 29 underwent kidney transplantation (recipient, group R). Neuromarkers were measured in samples obtained before the procedure, on postoperative day 7, and at 1 month postoperatively. RESULTS Postoperative kidney functions were impaired in patients who underwent living donor nephrectomy compared with their preoperative levels (P < .001), although no significant difference was observed in their neuromarkers. The postoperative delirium rating scale was also impaired after living donor nephrectomy compared with preoperative levels (P < .05). Postoperative kidney functions were improved (P < .001), and a progressive decrease in neuromarker levels (P < .05) was observed in kidney transplant recipients compared with their preoperative levels. Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein levels and kidney functions in recipients. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that neuron-specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels decrease in kidney transplant recipients and do not change in donors. This result indicated that there is no evidence of neurotoxicity in either recipients and donors in kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Dinc
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Vural Taner Yılmaz
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ilker Onguc Aycan
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Nihal Kiraz
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Nursing, Organ Transplantation clinic, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Kisaoglu
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Dandin
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of General Surgery, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Necmiye Hadimioglu
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Zeki Ertug
- Akdeniz University Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Antalya, Turkey
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79
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Abstract
Glia, the non-neuronal cells of the nervous system, were long considered secondary cells only necessary for supporting the functions of their more important neuronal neighbors. Work by many groups over the past two decades has completely overturned this notion, revealing the myriad and vital functions of glia in nervous system development, plasticity, and health. The largest population of glia outside the brain is in the enteric nervous system, a division of the autonomic nervous system that constitutes a key node of the gut-brain axis. Here, we review the latest in the understanding of these enteric glia in mammals with a focus on their putative roles in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sugiyama T, Shiotani A. The Cutting Edge Research of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Japan: Review on JGA Core Symposium 2018-2020. Digestion 2021; 102:6-11. [PMID: 33080599 DOI: 10.1159/000510680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly impacted articles on functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders research presented at the core symposium held in the Japanese Gastroenterological Association (JGA) annual meeting 2018-2020 are selected and summarized. Regarding visceral hypersensitivity and sensor in GI tracts, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 ion channel and acid-sensitive ion channel were candidates for hypersensitivity in GI tracts. ATP release from vesicular nucleotide transporter may be a key pathway to sensitize the nerve endings. Regarding inflammation and mucosal immune responses, patients infected with H. pylori having Ser70 type single nucleotide polymorphism of NapA gene was associated with H. pylori-related dyspepsia via gastric dysmotility. Gastric histology infected with Ser70 type NapA was shown severe infiltration of neutrophils into intramuscular layer. Macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils are infiltrated in the colon of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and the locally produced IL-1β upregulated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in enteric glia cells. BDNF can also stimulate nerve endings and might be linked to pain in the colon. Dysbiosis in the composition of commensal bacteria communities is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases including IBS and gut-brain interaction. The investigation on the mucosa-associated microbiota (MAM) is essential for understanding the interactions. The α-diversity and β-diversity of MAM indices are significantly different among IBS-D, IBS-C, and controls, and the different diversity might contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. As research works on psychosocial factors show, maternal separation animal model was used and it is early life stress. The stress had induced colonic hyper-contraction, gastric hypersensitivity, and delayed emptying. The precise molecular mechanisms are still under investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Sugiyama
- Research Division of Molecular Targeting Therapy and Prevention of GI Cancer, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan,
| | - Akiko Shiotani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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81
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Ghaisas S, Harischandra DS, Palanisamy B, Proctor A, Jin H, Dutta S, Sarkar S, Langley M, Zenitsky G, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy A, Phillips GJ, Kanthasamy A. Chronic Manganese Exposure and the Enteric Nervous System: An in Vitro and Mouse in Vivo Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:87005. [PMID: 34410835 PMCID: PMC8375672 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) can cause debilitating damage to the central nervous system. However, its potential toxic effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) have yet to be assessed. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of Mn on the ENS using both cell and animal models. METHOD Rat enteric glial cells (EGCs) and mouse primary enteric cultures were exposed to increasing concentrations of Mn and cell viability and mitochondrial health were assessed using various morphological and functional assays. C57BL/6 mice were exposed daily to a sublethal dose of Mn (15mg/kg/d) for 30 d. Gut peristalsis, enteric inflammation, gut microbiome profile, and fecal metabolite composition were assessed at the end of exposure. RESULTS EGC mitochondria were highly susceptible to Mn neurotoxicity, as evidenced by lower mitochondrial mass, adenosine triphosphate-linked respiration, and aconitase activity as well as higher mitochondrial superoxide, upon Mn exposure. Minor differences were seen in the mouse model: specifically, longer intestinal transit times and higher levels of colonic inflammation. CONCLUSION Based on our findings from this study, Mn preferentially induced mitochondrial dysfunction in a rat EGC line and in vivo resulted in inflammation in the ENS. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7877.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ghaisas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bharathi Palanisamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Alexandra Proctor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Somak Dutta
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Monica Langley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gary Zenitsky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gregory J Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Anumantha Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Abstract
Rotavirus infection is highly prevalent in children, and the most severe effects are diarrhea and vomiting. It is well accepted that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is activated and plays an important role, but knowledge of how rotavirus activates nerves within ENS and to the vomiting center is lacking. Serotonin is released during rotavirus infection, and antagonists to the serotonin receptor subtype 3 (5-HT3 receptor) can attenuate rotavirus-induced diarrhea. In this study, we used a 5-HT3 receptor knockout (KO) mouse model to investigate the role of this receptor in rotavirus-induced diarrhea, motility, electrolyte secretion, inflammatory response, and vomiting reflex. The number of diarrhea days (P = 0.03) and the number of mice with diarrhea were lower in infected 5-HT3 receptor KO than wild-type pups. In vivo investigation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran transit time showed that intestinal motility was lower in the infected 5-HT3 receptor KO compared to wild-type mice (P = 0.0023). Ex vivo Ussing chamber measurements of potential difference across the intestinal epithelia showed no significant difference in electrolyte secretion between the two groups. Immediate early gene cFos expression level showed no difference in activation of the vomiting center in the brain. Cytokine analysis of the intestine indicated a low effect of inflammatory response in rotavirus-infected mice lacking the 5-HT3 receptor. Our findings indicate that the 5-HT3 receptor is involved in rotavirus-induced diarrhea via its effect on intestinal motility and that the vagus nerve signaling to the vomiting center occurs also in the absence of the 5-HT3 receptor. IMPORTANCE The mechanisms underlying rotavirus-induced diarrhea and vomiting are not yet fully understood. To better understand rotavirus pathophysiology, characterization of nerve signaling within the ENS and through vagal efferent nerves to the brain, which have been shown to be of great importance to the disease, is necessary. Serotonin (5-HT), a mediator of both diarrhea and vomiting, has been shown to be released from enterochromaffin cells in response to rotavirus infection and the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4. Here, we investigated the role of the serotonin receptor 5-HT3, which is known to be involved in the nerve signals that regulate gut motility, intestinal secretion, and signal transduction through the vagus nerve to the brain. We show that the 5-HT3 receptor is involved in rotavirus-induced diarrhea by promoting intestinal motility. The findings shed light on new treatment possibilities for rotavirus diarrhea.
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GFAP and desmin expression in lymphatic tissues leads to difficulties in distinguishing between glial and stromal cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13322. [PMID: 34172765 PMCID: PMC8233388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we found many immune cells including antigen presenting cells neurally hard wired in the T-cell zone of most lymphoid organs like amongst others, lymph nodes in rats, mice and humans. Single immune cells were reached by single neurites and enclosed with a dense neural meshwork. As it is well known that axons are always accompanied by glial cells, we were able to identify Schwann cells in the hilum, medullary and capsule region, like expected. Unexpected was the result, that we found oligodendrocyte-like cells in these regions, myelinating more than one axon. Likewise important was the finding, that one of the standard glial markers used, a polyclonal GFAP antibody equally bound to desmin and therefore marked nearly all stromal cells in cortical, paracortical and medullary cord regions. More detailed analysis showed that these results also appeared in many other non-lymphoid organs. Therefore, polyclonal GFAP antibodies are only conditionally usable for immunohistochemical analysis in peripheral tissues outside the central nervous system. It remains to be elucidated, if the binding of the GFAP antibody to desmin has its reason in a special desmin variant that can give stromal cells glial character.
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84
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Felipe GZ, Zanoni JN, Sehaber-Sierakowski CC, Bossolani GDP, Souza SRG, Flores FC, Oliveira LES, Pereira RM, Costa YMG. Automatic chronic degenerative diseases identification using enteric nervous system images. Neural Comput Appl 2021; 33:15373-15395. [PMID: 34177126 PMCID: PMC8211315 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies recently accomplished on the Enteric Nervous System have shown that chronic degenerative diseases affect the Enteric Glial Cells (EGC) and, thus, the development of recognition methods able to identify whether or not the EGC are affected by these type of diseases may be helpful in its diagnoses. In this work, we propose the use of pattern recognition and machine learning techniques to evaluate if a given animal EGC image was obtained from a healthy individual or one affect by a chronic degenerative disease. In the proposed approach, we have performed the classification task with handcrafted features and deep learning-based techniques, also known as non-handcrafted features. The handcrafted features were obtained from the textural content of the ECG images using texture descriptors, such as the Local Binary Pattern (LBP). Moreover, the representation learning techniques employed in the approach are based on different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures, such as AlexNet and VGG16, with and without transfer learning. The complementarity between the handcrafted and non-handcrafted features was also evaluated with late fusion techniques. The datasets of EGC images used in the experiments, which are also contributions of this paper, are composed of three different chronic degenerative diseases: Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. The experimental results, supported by statistical analysis, show that the proposed approach can distinguish healthy cells from the sick ones with a recognition rate of 89.30% (Rheumatoid Arthritis), 98.45% (Cancer), and 95.13% (Diabetes Mellitus), being achieved by combining classifiers obtained on both feature scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Z Felipe
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR Brazil
| | - Jacqueline N Zanoni
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR Brazil
| | | | - Gleison D P Bossolani
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR Brazil
| | - Sara R G Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR Brazil
| | - Franklin C Flores
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR Brazil
| | - Luiz E S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos 100, 81531-990 Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Rodolfo M Pereira
- Instituto Federal do Paraná (IFPR), R. Humberto de A. C. Branco 1575, 83330-200 Pinhais, PR Brazil
| | - Yandre M G Costa
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR Brazil
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85
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Homeostasis of mucosal glial cells in human gut is independent of microbiota. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12796. [PMID: 34140608 PMCID: PMC8211706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, neural crest cells populate the gut and form the enteric nervous system (ENS) early in embryogenesis. Although the basic ENS structure is highly conserved across species, we show important differences between mice and humans relating to the prenatal and postnatal development of mucosal enteric glial cells (mEGC), which are essential ENS components. We confirm previous work showing that in the mouse mEGCs are absent at birth, and that their appearance and homeostasis depends on postnatal colonization by microbiota. In humans, by contrast, a network of glial cells is already present in the fetal gut. Moreover, in xenografts of human fetal gut maintained for months in immuno-compromised mice, mEGCs persist following treatment with antibiotics that lead to the disappearance of mEGCs from the gut of the murine host. Single cell RNAseq indicates that human and mouse mEGCs differ not only in their developmental dynamics, but also in their patterns of gene expression.
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Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Shea-Donohue T. Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143777. [PMID: 34128471 PMCID: PMC8203445 DOI: 10.1172/jci143777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and progressive disease, and management requires an understanding of both the primary neurological injury and the secondary sequelae that affect peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The brain-gut axis is composed of bidirectional pathways through which TBI-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration impact gut function. The resulting TBI-induced dysautonomia and systemic inflammation contribute to the secondary GI events, including dysmotility and increased mucosal permeability. These effects shape, and are shaped by, changes in microbiota composition and activation of resident and recruited immune cells. Microbial products and immune cell mediators in turn modulate brain-gut activity. Importantly, secondary enteric inflammatory challenges prolong systemic inflammation and worsen TBI-induced neuropathology and neurobehavioral deficits. The importance of brain-gut communication in maintaining GI homeostasis highlights it as a viable therapeutic target for TBI. Currently, treatments directed toward dysautonomia, dysbiosis, and/or systemic inflammation offer the most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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87
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Sanders KM, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Neurotransmitters responsible for purinergic motor neurotransmission and regulation of GI motility. Auton Neurosci 2021; 234:102829. [PMID: 34146957 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classical concepts of peripheral neurotransmission were insufficient to explain enteric inhibitory neurotransmission. Geoffrey Burnstock and colleagues developed the idea that ATP or a related purine satisfies the criteria for a neurotransmitter and serves as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter in GI muscles. Cloning of purinergic receptors and development of specific drugs and transgenic mice have shown that enteric inhibitory responses depend upon P2Y1 receptors in post-junctional cells. The post-junctional cells that transduce purinergic neurotransmitters in the GI tract are PDGFRα+ cells and not smooth muscle cells (SMCs). PDGFRα+ cells express P2Y1 receptors, are activated by enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation and generate Ca2+ oscillations, express small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SK3), and generate outward currents when exposed to P2Y1 agonists. These properties are consistent with post-junctional purinergic responses, and similar responses and effectors are not functional in SMCs. Refinements in methodologies to measure purines in tissue superfusates, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with etheno-derivatization of purines and fluorescence detection, revealed that multiple purines are released during stimulation of intrinsic nerves. β-NAD+ and other purines, better satisfy criteria for the purinergic neurotransmitter than ATP. HPLC has also allowed better detection of purine metabolites, and coupled with isolation of specific types of post-junctional cells, has provided new concepts about deactivation of purine neurotransmitters. In spite of steady progress, many unknowns about purinergic neurotransmission remain and require additional investigation to understand this important regulatory mechanism in GI motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Violeta N Mutafova-Yambolieva
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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88
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest division of the peripheral nervous system and closely resembles components and functions of the central nervous system. Although the central role of the ENS in congenital enteric neuropathic disorders, including Hirschsprung disease and inflammatory and functional bowel diseases, is well acknowledged, its role in systemic diseases is less understood. Evidence of a disordered ENS has accumulated in neurodegenerative diseases ranging from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis to Parkinson disease as well as neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. The ENS is a key modulator of gut barrier function and a regulator of enteric homeostasis. A 'leaky gut' represents the gateway for bacterial and toxin translocation that might initiate downstream processes. Data indicate that changes in the gut microbiome acting in concert with the individual genetic background can modify the ENS, central nervous system and the immune system, impair barrier function, and contribute to various disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease or neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the ENS in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases, highlighting its interaction with various key players involved in shaping the phenotypes. Finally, current flaws and pitfalls related to ENS research in addition to future perspectives are also addressed.
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89
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Enteric glial cells exert neuroprotection from hyperglycemia-induced damage via Akt/GSK3β pathway. Neuroreport 2021; 32:875-881. [PMID: 34029286 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enteric glial cells (EGCs) can activate multiple pathways to inhibit the deleterious effects of acute and chronic insults. Our aim was to test the effect of EGCs on hyperglycemia-induced neuron damage and its underlying intracellular mechanisms. METHODS A coculture model composed of EGCs and neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) was established to examine glial-mediated neuroprotection under high glucose conditions. The cell counting assay kit CCK-8 was used to measure cell viability. Flow cytometry was used to measure the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), change of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. The expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin E2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, AKT, p-AKT, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β were tested using western blot. RESULTS Exposure to high glucose (≥35 mM) reduced the viability of SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, enhanced ROS generation and decrease of MMP were observed in SH-SY5Y cells when treated with high glucose. Furthermore, high glucose also caused SH-SY5Y cells arrest in G2 phase and apoptosis, accompanied by decreasing cyclin D1 and E2, and upregulating Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Coculture EGC lines or EGC-conditioned medium with SH-SY5Y prevented the neurotoxic effects. The p-AKT/AKT and p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β ratios were dramatically decreased in SH-SY5Y cells after high glucose incubation, which was restored after coculture with EGCs. CONCLUSIONS EGCs can protect neurons from hyperglycemia-induced injury by activating the Akt/GSK-3β pathway.
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90
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Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Benvenuti L, Colucci R, Caputi V, Palazon-Riquelme P, Giron MC, Nericcio A, Garelli F, D'Antongiovanni V, Segnani C, Ippolito C, Nannipieri M, Lopez-Castejon G, Pelegrin P, Haskó G, Bernardini N, Blandizzi C, Antonioli L. NLRP3 at the crossroads between immune/inflammatory responses and enteric neuroplastic remodelling in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3924-3942. [PMID: 34000757 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Enteric neurogenic/inflammation contributes to bowel dysmotility in obesity. We examined the role of NLRP3 in colonic neuromuscular dysfunctions in mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild-type C57BL/6J and NLRP3-KO (Nlrp3-/- ) mice were fed with HFD or standard diet for 8 weeks. The activation of inflammasome pathways in colonic tissues from obese mice was assessed. The role of NLRP3 in in vivo colonic transit and in vitro tachykininergic contractions and substance P distribution was evaluated. The effect of substance P on NLRP3 signalling was tested in cultured cells. KEY RESULTS HFD mice displayed increased body and epididymal fat weight, cholesterol levels, plasma resistin levels and plasma and colonic IL-1β levels, colonic inflammasome adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1 mRNA expression and ASC immunopositivity in macrophages. Colonic tachykininergic contractions were enhanced in HFD mice. HFD NLRP3-/- mice developed lower increase in body and epididymal fat weight, cholesterol levels, systemic and bowel inflammation. In HFD Nlrp3-/- mice, the functional alterations of tachykinergic pathways and faecal output were normalized. In THP-1 cells, substance P promoted IL-1β release. This effect was inhibited upon incubation with caspase-1 inhibitor or NK1 antagonist and not observed in ASC-/- cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In obesity, NLRP3 regulates an interplay between the shaping of enteric immune/inflammatory responses and the activation of substance P/NK1 pathways underlying the onset of colonic dysmotility. Identifying NLRP3 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bowel symptoms related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Benvenuti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rocchina Colucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pablo Palazon-Riquelme
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Nericcio
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Garelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Segnani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Lopez-Castejon
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nunzia Bernardini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Center "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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91
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Elshony N, Nassar AMK, El-Sayed YS, Samak D, Noreldin A, Wasef L, Saleh H, Elewa YHA, Tawfeek SE, Saati AA, Batiha GES, Tomczyk M, Umezawa M, Shaheen HM. Ameliorative Role of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Against Fipronil Impact on Brain Function, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptotic Cascades in Albino Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:651471. [PMID: 34054412 PMCID: PMC8163223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.651471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fipronil (FIP) is an N-phenylpyrazole insecticide that is used extensively in public health and agriculture against a wide range of pests. Exposure to FIP is linked to negative health outcomes in humans and animals including promoting neuronal cell injury, which results in apoptosis through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) on neuronal dysfunction induced by FIP in albino rats. Male rats were randomly classified into four groups: control, FIP (5 mg/kg bwt), CeNPs (35 mg/kg bwt), and FIP + CeNPs (5 (FIP) + 35 (CeNPs) mg/kg bwt), which were treated orally once daily for 28 consecutive days. Brain antioxidant parameters, histopathology, and mRNA expression of genes related to brain function were evaluated. The results revealed oxidative damage to brain tissues in FIP-treated rats indicated by the elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). On the other hand, the FIP’s group that was treated with CeNPs showed decrease in MDA and NO levels and increase in SOD and GPx enzymes activity. Besides, FIP-treated rats showed decreased butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in comparison to the FIP + CeNPs group. Moreover, FIP caused up-regulation of the expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), caspase-3, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) but down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) expression. But the FIP + CeNPs group significantly down-regulated the GFAP, NSE, and caspase-3 and up-regulated the gene expression of BCL-2. Additionally, the FIP-treated group of rats had clear degenerative lesions in brain tissue that was reversed to nearly normal cerebral architecture by the FIP + CeNPs treatment. Immunohistochemical examination of brain tissues of rats-treated with FIP showed abundant ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) microglia and caspase-3 and apoptotic cells with nearly negative calbindin and synaptophysin reaction, which were countered by FIP + CeNPs treatment that revealed a critical decrease in caspase-3, Iba-1 reaction with a strong calbindin positive reaction in most of the Purkinje cells and strong synaptophysin reaction in the cerebrum and cerebellum tissues. Based on reported results herein, CeNPs treatment might counteract the neurotoxic effect of FIP pesticide via an antioxidant-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Elshony
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Atef M K Nassar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Dalia Samak
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa Wasef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hamida Saleh
- Department of Veterinary Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Yaser H A Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shereen E Tawfeek
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Saati
- Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Healthcare, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology Soga Laboratory, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazem M Shaheen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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92
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Sarwar S, Quadri JA, Kumar M, Singh S, Das P, Nag TC, Shariff A. Apoptotic and Degenerative Changes in the Enteric Nervous System Following Exposure to Fluoride During Pre- and Post-natal Periods. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1456-1468. [PMID: 32594358 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Children born in fluorosis endemic areas usually suffer from gastrointestinal complications and are unable to attain normal growth as per their age group. The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gut movement and functions. It is highly vulnerable to any ingested toxins. Based on observations, it was hypothesized that fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation might induce ENS developmental defects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of fluoride exposure during pregnancy and lactation on ENS of the first-generation rat pups. After confirmation of pregnancy, female rats were divided into 3 groups and kept on normal water (group 1), 50 ppm of fluoride (group 2), and 100 ppm of fluoride (group 3). The fluoride exposure started at the start of pregnancy and continued until lactation. On the 21st post-natal day, the pups were euthanized and the gut tissue and blood were harvested and subjected to fluoride measurement, oxidative stress estimation, histopathological and ultrastructural analysis, TUNEL, and immunofluorescence. The quantitative expressional analysis of embryonic lethal abnormal vision-like 4 (ELAVL4) (a pan-neuronal marker) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (a glial cell marker) genes was performed by RT-qPCR. An increase in oxidative stress, subcellular and cellular injuries, and apoptosis in enteric neuronal, glial, and epithelial cells was observed in the distal colon of the first-generation pups. Ganglionic degeneration, reduced expression of HuC/D and GFAP, altered colon muscle layer thickness, and tissue edema were observed in the fluoride-treated groups compared with the control. Fluoride exposure during prenatal and lactation period leads to subcellular and cellular injuries due to increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in the ENS. The reduction in the number of neurons and glia due to increased apoptosis may cause alterations in ENS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Sarwar
- Clinical Ecotoxicology (Diagnostic & Research) Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Javed Ahsan Quadri
- Clinical Ecotoxicology (Diagnostic & Research) Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - A Shariff
- Clinical Ecotoxicology (Diagnostic & Research) Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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93
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Kapitza C, Chunder R, Scheller A, Given KS, Macklin WB, Enders M, Kuerten S, Neuhuber WL, Wörl J. Murine Esophagus Expresses Glial-Derived Central Nervous System Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063233. [PMID: 33810144 PMCID: PMC8004938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to specifically affect the central nervous system (CNS) for a long time. As autonomic dysfunction including dysphagia can occur as accompanying phenomena in patients, the enteric nervous system has been attracting increasing attention over the past years. The aim of this study was to identify glial and myelin markers as potential target structures for autoimmune processes in the esophagus. RT-PCR analysis revealed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, but an absence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the murine esophagus. Selected immunohistochemistry for GFAP, PLP, and MBP including transgenic mice with cell-type specific expression of PLP and GFAP supported these results by detection of (1) GFAP, PLP, and MBP in Schwann cells in skeletal muscle and esophagus; (2) GFAP, PLP, but no MBP in perisynaptic Schwann cells of skeletal and esophageal motor endplates; (3) GFAP and PLP, but no MBP in glial cells surrounding esophageal myenteric neurons; and (4) PLP, but no GFAP and MBP in enteric glial cells forming a network in the esophagus. Our results pave the way for further investigations regarding the involvement of esophageal glial cells in the pathogenesis of dysphagia in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kapitza
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Rittika Chunder
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Anja Scheller
- University of Saarland, Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Katherine S. Given
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Wendy B. Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.S.G.); (W.B.M.)
| | - Michael Enders
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University Hospitals Bonn, University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Winfried L. Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
| | - Jürgen Wörl
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.K.); (R.C.); (M.E.); (S.K.); (W.L.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-913-1852-2870
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94
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Wang D, Zhang H, Vu T, Zhan Y, Malhotra A, Wang P, Chitgupi U, Rai A, Zhang S, Wang L, Huizinga JD, Lovell JF, Xia J. Trans-illumination intestine projection imaging of intestinal motility in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1682. [PMID: 33727562 PMCID: PMC7966380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional intestinal imaging holds importance for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Currently, preclinical imaging of intestinal motility in animal models is performed either invasively with excised intestines or noninvasively under anesthesia, and cannot reveal intestinal dynamics in the awake condition. Capitalizing on near-infrared optics and a high-absorbing contrast agent, we report the Trans-illumination Intestine Projection (TIP) imaging system for free-moving mice. After a complete system evaluation, we performed in vivo studies, and obtained peristalsis and segmentation motor patterns of free-moving mice. We show the in vivo typical segmentation motor pattern, that was previously shown in ex vivo studies to be controlled by intestinal pacemaker cells. We also show the effects of anesthesia on motor patterns, highlighting the possibility to study the role of the extrinsic nervous system in controlling motor patterns, which requires unanesthetized live animals. Combining with light-field technologies, we further demonstrated 3D imaging of intestine in vivo (3D-TIP). Importantly, the added depth information allows us to extract intestines located away from the abdominal wall, and to quantify intestinal motor patterns along different directions. The TIP system should open up avenues for functional imaging of the GI tract in conscious animals in natural physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ye Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Akash Malhotra
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Aliza Rai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sizhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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95
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Exploratory Investigation of Intestinal Structure and Function after Stroke in Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1315797. [PMID: 33642941 PMCID: PMC7902147 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1315797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Patients who have a stroke are susceptible to many gastrointestinal (GI) complications, such as dysphagia, GI bleeding, and fecal incontinence. However, there are few studies focusing on the GI tract after stroke. The current study is to investigate the changes of intestinal structure and function in mice after ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke was made as a disease model in mice, in which brain and ileal tissues were collected for experiments on the 1st and 7th day after stroke. Intestinal motility of mice was inhibited, and intestinal permeability was increased after stroke. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed the accumulation of leucocytes in the intestinal mucosa. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inflammatory proteins (nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in the small intestine were significantly increased in mice after stroke. The expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1) was downregulated, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed broken TJ of the intestinal mucosa after stroke. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the apoptosis-associated proteins (tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3) were notably upregulated as well. Ischemic stroke led to negative changes on intestinal structure and function. Inflammatory mediators and TNF-α-induced death receptor signaling pathways may be involved and disrupt the small intestinal barrier function. These results suggest that stroke patients should pay attention to GI protection.
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96
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Aquaporins in the nervous structures supplying the digestive organs – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of integral membrane proteins which form pores in cell membranes and take part in the transport of water, contributing to the maintenance of water and electrolyte balance and are widely distributed in various tissues and organs. The high expression of AQPs has been described in the digestive system, where large-scale absorption and secretion of fluids occurs. AQPs are also present in the nervous system, but the majority of studies have involved the central nervous system. This paper is a review of the literature concerning relatively little-known issues, i.e. the distribution and functions of AQPs in nervous structures supplying the digestive organs.
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97
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Engineered liposomes targeting the gut-CNS Axis for comprehensive therapy of spinal cord injury. J Control Release 2021; 331:390-403. [PMID: 33485884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective curative therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI), which is often accompanied by intestinal complications, are lacking. Potential therapeutic targets include astrocytes and their enteric nervous system counterpart, enteric glial cells (EGCs). Based on shared biomarkers and similar functions of both cell types, we designed an orally administered targeted delivery system in which the neuropeptide apamin, stabilized by sulfur replacement with selenium, was adopted as a targeting moiety, and the liposome surface was protected with a non-covalent cross-linked chitosan oligosaccharide lactate layer. The system effectively permeated through oral absorption barriers, targeted local EGCs and astrocytes after systemic circulation, allowing for comprehensive SCI therapy. Given the involvement of the gut-organ axis in a growing number of diseases, our research may shed light on new aspects of the oral administration route as a bypass for multiple interventions and targeted therapy.
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98
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Fawkner-Corbett D, Antanaviciute A, Parikh K, Jagielowicz M, Gerós AS, Gupta T, Ashley N, Khamis D, Fowler D, Morrissey E, Cunningham C, Johnson PRV, Koohy H, Simmons A. Spatiotemporal analysis of human intestinal development at single-cell resolution. Cell 2021; 184:810-826.e23. [PMID: 33406409 PMCID: PMC7864098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of the human intestine is not well understood. Here, we link single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to characterize intestinal morphogenesis through time. We identify 101 cell states including epithelial and mesenchymal progenitor populations and programs linked to key morphogenetic milestones. We describe principles of crypt-villus axis formation; neural, vascular, mesenchymal morphogenesis, and immune population of the developing gut. We identify the differentiation hierarchies of developing fibroblast and myofibroblast subtypes and describe diverse functions for these including as vascular niche cells. We pinpoint the origins of Peyer’s patches and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and describe location-specific immune programs. We use our resource to present an unbiased analysis of morphogen gradients that direct sequential waves of cellular differentiation and define cells and locations linked to rare developmental intestinal disorders. We compile a publicly available online resource, spatio-temporal analysis resource of fetal intestinal development (STAR-FINDer), to facilitate further work. Multimodal atlas of human intestinal development maps 101 cell types onto tissue Charts developmental origins of diverse cellular compartments and their progenitors Functional diversity of fibroblasts in stem cell, vasculature, and GALT formation Resource applied to interrogate pathology of in utero intestinal diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fawkner-Corbett
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Academic Paediatric Surgery Unit (APSU), Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kaushal Parikh
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Marta Jagielowicz
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ana Sousa Gerós
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Doran Khamis
- MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Darren Fowler
- Paediatric Pathology, Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Edward Morrissey
- MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Chris Cunningham
- Colorectal Surgery Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul R V Johnson
- Academic Paediatric Surgery Unit (APSU), Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hashem Koohy
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Alison Simmons
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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99
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The Emerging Role of Nerves and Glia in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13010152. [PMID: 33466373 PMCID: PMC7796331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The influence of nerves on different types of cancers, including colorectal cancer, is increasingly recognized. The intestines are highly innervated, both from outside the intestines (extrinsic innervation) and by a nervous system of their own; the enteric nervous system (intrinsic innervation). Nerves and cancer cells have been described to communicate with each other, although the exact mechanism in colorectal cancer is not yet explored. Nerves can enhance cancer progression by secreting signaling molecules, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes the innervation of the intestines and current knowledge on the role of the nervous system in colorectal cancer. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of these new insights is discussed. Abstract The role of the nervous system as a contributor in the tumor microenvironment has been recognized in different cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). The gastrointestinal tract is a highly innervated organ system, which is not only innervated by the autonomic nervous system, but also contains an extensive nervous system of its own; the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS is important for gut function and homeostasis by regulating processes such as fluid absorption, blood flow, and gut motility. Dysfunction of the ENS has been linked with multiple gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung disease and inflammatory bowel disease, and even with neurodegenerative disorders. How the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the gut contributes to CRC is not fully understood, although a mutual relationship between cancer cells and nerves has been described. Nerves enhance cancer progression through the secretion of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, and cancer cells are capable of stimulating nerve growth. This review summarizes and discusses the nervous system innervation of the gastrointestinal tract and how it can influence carcinogenesis, and vice versa. Lastly, the therapeutic potential of these novel insights is discussed.
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100
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Ohene-Nyako M, Persons AL, Napier TC. Hippocampal blood-brain barrier of methamphetamine self-administering HIV-1 transgenic rats. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:416-429. [PMID: 32725911 PMCID: PMC9949894 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection reduces plasma viral load and prolongs life. However, the brain is a viral reservoir, and pathologies such as cognitive decline and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption persist. Methamphetamine abuse is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Methamphetamine and HIV toxic proteins can disrupt the BBB, but it is unclear if there exists a common pathway by which HIV proteins and methamphetamine induce BBB damage. Also unknown are the BBB effects imposed by chronic exposure to HIV proteins in the comorbid context of chronic methamphetamine abuse. To evaluate these scenarios, we trained HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg rats to self-administer methamphetamine using a 21-day paradigm that produced an equivalency dose range at the low end of the amounts self-titrated by humans. Markers of BBB integrity were measured for the hippocampus, a brain region involved in cognitive function. Outcomes revealed that tight junction proteins, claudin-5 and occludin, were reduced in Tg rats independent of methamphetamine, and this co-occurred with increased levels of lipopolysaccharide, albumin (indicating barrier breakdown) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9; indicating barrier matrix disruption); reductions in GFAP (indicating astrocytic dysfunction); and microglial activation (indicating inflammation). Evaluations of markers for two signaling pathways that regulate MMP-9 transcription, NF-κB and ERK/∆FosB revealed an overall genotype effect for NF-κB. Methamphetamine did not alter measurements from Tg rats, but in non-Tg rats, methamphetamine reduced occludin and GFAP, and increased MMP-9 and NF-κB. Study outcomes suggest that BBB dysregulation resulting from chronic exposure to HIV-1 proteins or methamphetamine both involve NF-κB/MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amanda L. Persons
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA,Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
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