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Wang LN, Gao MH, Wang B, Cong BB, Zhang SC. A role for GPI-CD59 in promoting T-cell signal transduction via LAT. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541246 PMCID: PMC5835848 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Cross-linking of CD59 with specific monoclonal antibodies can cause a series of intracellular signal transduction events. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Linker for activation of T-cells (LAT) is a crucial adaptor protein in T-cell signaling, and its phosphorylation and palmitoylation are essential for its localization and function. In a previous study by the present authors, it was demonstrated that CD59 may be responsible for LAT palmitoylation, thereby regulating T-cell signal transduction. The present study detected the co-localization of LAT and CD59 in lipid rafts by transfecting Jurkat cells with lentivirus vectors carrying the LAT-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein. In addition, LAT and CD59 were shown to have a synergistic effect on the proliferation of Jurkat cells. The results also indicated that CD59 may transfer the palmitate group from phosphatidylinositol to LAT to form LAT palmitate, which then localizes to lipid rafts to regulate T-cell activation. The results of the present study provided novel insights into the role of CD59 in T-cell signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wang
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Hua Gao
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Cong
- Department of Immunology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Chao Zhang
- Department of Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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Liu CSC, Raychaudhuri D, Paul B, Chakrabarty Y, Ghosh AR, Rahaman O, Talukdar A, Ganguly D. Cutting Edge: Piezo1 Mechanosensors Optimize Human T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1255-1260. [PMID: 29330322 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCRs recognize peptides on MHC molecules and induce downstream signaling, leading to activation and clonal expansion. In addition to the strength of the interaction of TCRs with peptides on MHC molecules, mechanical forces contribute to optimal T cell activation, as reflected by the superior efficiency of immobilized TCR-cross-linking Abs compared with soluble Abs in TCR triggering, although a dedicated mechanotransduction module is not identified. We found that the professional mechanosensor protein Piezo1 is critically involved in human T cell activation. Although a deficiency in Piezo1 attenuates downstream events on ex vivo TCR triggering, a Piezo1 agonist can obviate the need to immobilize TCR-cross-linking Abs. Piezo1-driven Ca2+ influx, leading to calpain activation and organization of cortical actin scaffold, links this mechanosensor to optimal TCR signaling. Thus, we discovered a hitherto unknown regulatory mechanism for human T cell activation and provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for the involvement of Piezo1 mechanosensors in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinky Shiu Chen Liu
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700091, India.,Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Deblina Raychaudhuri
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700091, India.,Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Barnali Paul
- Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; and
| | - Yogaditya Chakrabarty
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Amrit Raj Ghosh
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700091, India.,Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Oindrila Rahaman
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700091, India.,Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; and
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700091, India; .,Division of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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Fulop T, Larbi A, Dupuis G, Le Page A, Frost EH, Cohen AA, Witkowski JM, Franceschi C. Immunosenescence and Inflamm-Aging As Two Sides of the Same Coin: Friends or Foes? Front Immunol 2018; 8:1960. [PMID: 29375577 PMCID: PMC5767595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 766] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is the most important protective physiological system of the organism. It has many connections with other systems and is, in fact, often considered as part of the larger neuro-endocrine-immune axis. Most experimental data on immune changes with aging show a decline in many immune parameters when compared to young healthy subjects. The bulk of these changes is termed immunosenescence. Immunosenescence has been considered for some time as detrimental because it often leads to subclinical accumulation of pro-inflammatory factors and inflamm-aging. Together, immunosenescence and inflamm-aging are suggested to stand at the origin of most of the diseases of the elderly, such as infections, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chronic inflammatory diseases. However, an increasing number of immune-gerontologists have challenged this negative interpretation of immunosenescence with respect to its significance in aging-related alterations of the immune system. If one considers these changes from an evolutionary perspective, they can be viewed preferably as adaptive or remodeling rather than solely detrimental. Whereas it is conceivable that global immune changes may lead to various diseases, it is also obvious that these changes may be needed for extended survival/longevity. Recent cumulative data suggest that, without the existence of the immunosenescence/inflamm-aging duo (representing two sides of the same phenomenon), human longevity would be greatly shortened. This review summarizes recent data on the dynamic reassessment of immune changes with aging. Accordingly, attempts to intervene on the aging immune system by targeting its rejuvenation, it may be more suitable to aim to maintain general homeostasis and function by appropriately improving immune-inflammatory-functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biopolis, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gilles Dupuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Le Page
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eric H. Frost
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alan A. Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacek M. Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Italian National Research Center on Aging, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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55
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Arp2/3 complex controls T cell homeostasis by maintaining surface TCR levels via regulating TCR + endosome trafficking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8952. [PMID: 28827576 PMCID: PMC5566485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is important for T cell homeostasis and function. However, how surface TCR levels are regulated and its biological significance on T cells remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the T cell-specific deletion of Arpc2, a component of Arp2/3 complex, results in compromised peripheral T cell homeostasis. Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin filaments are essential for maintaining surface TCR levels by regulating TCR+ endosome trafficking in resting state and controlling polarization of TCR+ endosomes during immune synapse formation in T cells. Additionally, Arpc2-TKO T cells are unable to form immune synapse. Interestingly, defected T cell homeostasis is caused by reduced surface TCR levels but not impaired immune synapse formation. Collectively, our findings suggest that Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin filaments are required for maintaining surface TCR levels via regulating TCR+ endosome trafficking which is essential for T cell homeostasis.
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56
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Fritzsche M. Self-organizing actin patterns shape cytoskeletal cortex organization. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1303591. [PMID: 28702125 PMCID: PMC5501213 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1303591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living systems rely, for biological function, on the spatiotemporal organization of their structures. Cellular order naturally emerges by dissipation of energy. Consequently, energy-consuming processes operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium are a necessary condition to enable biological systems to respond to environmental cues that allow their transitions between different steady-states. Such self-organization was predicted for the actin cytoskeleton in theoretical considerations and has repeatedly been observed in cell-free systems. We now demonstrate in our recent work how self-organizing actin patterns such as vortices, stars, and asters may allow cells to adjust their membrane architecture without affecting their cell mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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57
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Tóth EA, Oszvald Á, Péter M, Balogh G, Osteikoetxea-Molnár A, Bozó T, Szabó-Meleg E, Nyitrai M, Derényi I, Kellermayer M, Yamaji T, Hanada K, Vígh L, Matkó J. Nanotubes connecting B lymphocytes: High impact of differentiation-dependent lipid composition on their growth and mechanics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28645851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanotubes (NTs) are thin, long membranous structures forming novel, yet poorly known communication pathways between various cell types. Key mechanisms controlling their growth still remained poorly understood. Since NT-forming capacity of immature and mature B cells was found largely different, we investigated how lipid composition and molecular order of the membrane affect NT-formation. Screening B cell lines with various differentiation stages revealed that NT-growth linearly correlates with membrane ganglioside levels, while it shows maximum as a function of cholesterol level. NT-growth of B lymphocytes is promoted by raftophilic phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin species, various glycosphingolipids, and docosahexaenoic acid-containing inner leaflet lipids, through supporting membrane curvature, as demonstrated by comparative lipidomic analysis of mature versus immature B cell membranes. Targeted modification of membrane cholesterol and sphingolipid levels altered NT-forming capacity confirming these findings, and also highlighted that the actual lipid raft number may control NT-growth via defining the number of membrane-F-actin coupling sites. Atomic force microscopic mechano-manipulation experiments further proved that mechanical properties (elasticity or bending stiffness) of B cell NTs also depend on the actual membrane lipid composition. Data presented here highlight importance of the lipid side in controlling intercellular, nanotubular, regulatory communications in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter A Tóth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Oszvald
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Péter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
| | | | - Tamás Bozó
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyitrai
- Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Imre Derényi
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Molecular Biophysics Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shunjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shunjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
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58
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Abstract
The plasma membrane is a complex medium where transmembrane proteins diffuse and interact to facilitate cell function. Membrane protein mobility is affected by multiple mechanisms, including crowding, trapping, medium elasticity and structure, thus limiting our ability to distinguish them in intact cells. Here we characterize the mobility and organization of a short transmembrane protein at the plasma membrane of live T cells, using single particle tracking and photoactivated-localization microscopy. Protein mobility is highly heterogeneous, subdiffusive and ergodic-like. Using mobility characteristics, we segment individual trajectories into subpopulations with distinct Gaussian step-size distributions. Particles of low-to-medium mobility consist of clusters, diffusing in a viscoelastic and fractal-like medium and are enriched at the centre of the cell footprint. Particles of high mobility undergo weak confinement and are more evenly distributed. This study presents a methodological approach to resolve simultaneous mixed subdiffusion mechanisms acting on polydispersed samples and complex media such as cell membranes. Membrane protein diffusion is affected by distinct mechanisms such as molecular crowding and medium elasticity. Here the authors present an analytical approach to analyse single particle trajectories and distinguish mixed subdiffusive processes affecting membrane protein mobility in living cells.
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59
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CARs: Synthetic Immunoreceptors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:430-450. [PMID: 28416139 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are versatile synthetic receptors that provide T cells with engineered specificity. Clinical success in treating B-cell malignancies has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of CAR-T cells against cancer, and efforts are underway to expand the use of engineered T cells to the treatment of diverse medical conditions, including infections and autoimmune diseases. Here, we review current understanding of the molecular properties of CARs, how this knowledge informs the rational design and characterization of novel receptors, the successes and shortcomings of CAR-T cells in the clinic, and emerging solutions for the continued improvement of CAR-T cell therapy.
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60
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Zhang H, Zhang J, Chen L, Weng Z, Tian Y, Zhao H, Li Y, Chen L, Liang Z, Zheng H, Zhao W, Zhong S, Li Y. Targeting naturally occurring epitope variants of hepatitis C virus with high-affinity T-cell receptors. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:374-384. [PMID: 27902325 PMCID: PMC5797947 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) readily establishes chronic infection, which is characterized by failure of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. HCV uses epitope mutation and T-cell exhaustion to escape from the host immune response. Previously, we engineered high-affinity T-cell receptors (HATs) targeting human immunodeficiency virus escape mutants. In this study, the affinity of a T-cell receptor specific for the HLA-A2-restricted HCV immunodominant epitope NS3 1406–1415 (KLVALGINAV) was improved from a KD of 6.6 µM to 40 pM. These HATs could also target HCV NS3 naturally occurring variants, including an escape variant vrt1 (KLVVLGINAV), with high affinities. The HATs can be used as high-affinity targeting molecules at the centre of the immune synapse for the HLA-restricted NS3 antigen. By fusing the HAT with a T-cell activation molecule, an anti-CD3 single-chain variable fragment, we constructed a molecule called high-affinity T-cell activation core (HATac), which can redirect functional CTLs possessing any specificity to recognize and kill cells presenting HCV NS3 antigens. This capability was verified with T2 cells loaded with prototype or variant peptides and HepG2 cells expressing the truncated NS3 prototype or variant proteins. The results indicate that HATac targeting the HLA-restricted NS3 antigen may provide a useful tool for circumventing immune escape mutants and T-cell exhaustion caused by HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Zhang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.,Present address: Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiming Weng
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Youjia Li
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaoduan Liang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjun Zheng
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhao
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shi Zhong
- XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.,XiangXue Life Sciences Research Center, XiangXue Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, PR China
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61
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Delcassian D, Sattler S, Dunlop IE. T cell immunoengineering with advanced biomaterials. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:211-222. [PMID: 28252135 PMCID: PMC6034443 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomaterials design offer the potential to actively control immune cell activation and behaviour. Many human diseases, such as infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, are partly mediated by inappropriate or insufficient activation of the immune system. T cells play a central role in the host immune response to these diseases, and so constitute a promising cell type for manipulation. In vivo, T cells are stimulated by antigen presenting cells (APC), therefore to design immunoengineering biomaterials that control T cell behaviour, artificial interfaces that mimic the natural APC-T cell interaction are required. This review draws together research in the design and fabrication of such biomaterial interfaces, and highlights efforts to elucidate key parameters in T cell activation, such as substrate mechanical properties and spatial organization of receptors, illustrating how they can be manipulated by bioengineering approaches to alter T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Susanne Sattler
- Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, Du Cane Road, W12 0NN, London, UK
| | - Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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62
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Balta E, Stopp J, Castelletti L, Kirchgessner H, Samstag Y, Wabnitz GH. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of PMN/T-cell interactions by InFlow and super-resolution microscopy. Methods 2017; 112:25-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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63
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Sasmal DK, Pulido LE, Kasal S, Huang J. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer in molecular biology. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19928-19944. [PMID: 27883140 PMCID: PMC5145784 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06794h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful technique for studying the conformation dynamics and interactions of individual biomolecules. In this review, we describe the concept and principle of smFRET, illustrate general instrumentation and microscopy settings for experiments, and discuss the methods and algorithms for data analysis. Subsequently, we review applications of smFRET in protein conformational changes, ion channel open-close properties, receptor-ligand interactions, nucleic acid structure regulation, vesicle fusion, and force induced conformational dynamics. Finally, we discuss the main limitations of smFRET in molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu K Sasmal
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Laura E Pulido
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Shan Kasal
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jun Huang
- The Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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64
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Functional role of T-cell receptor nanoclusters in signal initiation and antigen discrimination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5454-63. [PMID: 27573839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607436113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR) is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. When the TCR engages a peptide bound to the restricting major histocompatibility complex molecule (pMHC), it transmits a signal via the associated CD3 complex. How the extracellular antigen recognition event leads to intracellular phosphorylation remains unclear. Here, we used single-molecule localization microscopy to quantify the organization of TCR-CD3 complexes into nanoscale clusters and to distinguish between triggered and nontriggered TCR-CD3 complexes. We found that only TCR-CD3 complexes in dense clusters were phosphorylated and associated with downstream signaling proteins, demonstrating that the molecular density within clusters dictates signal initiation. Moreover, both pMHC dose and TCR-pMHC affinity determined the density of TCR-CD3 clusters, which scaled with overall phosphorylation levels. Thus, TCR-CD3 clustering translates antigen recognition by the TCR into signal initiation by the CD3 complex, and the formation of dense signaling-competent clusters is a process of antigen discrimination.
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65
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Sherman E. Resolving protein interactions and organization downstream the T cell antigen receptor using single-molecule localization microscopy: a review. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/4/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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66
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Kupz A, Zedler U, Stäber M, Perdomo C, Dorhoi A, Brosch R, Kaufmann SHE. ESAT-6-dependent cytosolic pattern recognition drives noncognate tuberculosis control in vivo. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2109-22. [PMID: 27111234 DOI: 10.1172/jci84978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is a critical mediator of host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells have long been regarded as the main producer of IFN-γ in tuberculosis (TB), and CD4+ T cell immunity is the main target of current TB vaccine candidates. However, given the recent failures of such a TB vaccine candidate in clinical trials, strategies to harness CD4-independent mechanisms of protection should be included in future vaccine design. Here, we have reported that noncognate IFN-γ production by Mtb antigen-independent memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells is protective during Mtb infection and evaluated the mechanistic regulation of IFN-γ production by these cells in vivo. Transfer of arenavirus- or protein-specific CD8+ T cells or NK cells reduced the mortality and morbidity rates of mice highly susceptible to TB in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Secretion of IFN-γ by these cell populations required IL-18, sensing of mycobacterial viability, Mtb protein 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target-mediated (ESAT-6-mediated) cytosolic contact, and activation of NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in CD11c+ cell subsets. Neutralization of IL-18 abrogated protection in susceptible recipient mice that had received noncognate cells. Moreover, improved Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced protection was lost in the absence of ESAT-6-dependent cytosolic contact. Our findings provide a comprehensive mechanistic framework for antigen-independent IFN-γ secretion in response to Mtb with critical implications for future intervention strategies against TB.
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67
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Hu J, Gondarenko AA, Dang AP, Bashour KT, O’Connor RS, Lee S, Liapis A, Ghassemi S, Milone MC, Sheetz MP, Dustin ML, Kam LC, Hone JC. High-Throughput Mechanobiology Screening Platform Using Micro- and Nanotopography. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2198-204. [PMID: 26990380 PMCID: PMC5403373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We herein demonstrate the first 96-well plate platform to screen effects of micro- and nanotopographies on cell growth and proliferation. Existing high-throughput platforms test a limited number of factors and are not fully compatible with multiple types of testing and assays. This platform is compatible with high-throughput liquid handling, high-resolution imaging, and all multiwell plate-based instrumentation. We use the platform to screen for topographies and drug-topography combinations that have short- and long-term effects on T cell activation and proliferation. We coated nanofabricated "trench-grid" surfaces with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies to activate T cells and assayed for interleukin 2 (IL-2) cytokine production. IL-2 secretion was enhanced at 200 nm trench width and >2.3 μm grating pitch; however, the secretion was suppressed at 100 nm width and <0.5 μm pitch. The enhancement on 200 nm grid trench was further amplified with the addition of blebbistatin to reduce contractility. The 200 nm grid pattern was found to triple the number of T cells in long-term expansion, a result with direct clinical applicability in adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alexander A. Gondarenko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Alex P. Dang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Keenan T. Bashour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Roddy S. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Anastasia Liapis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Saba Ghassemi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael C. Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael P. Sheetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, U.K
| | - Lance C. Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James C. Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Abstract
The term “immune synapse” was originally coined to highlight the similarities between the synaptic contacts between neurons in the central nervous system and the cognate, antigen-dependent interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here, instead of offering a comprehensive molecular catalogue of molecules involved in the establishment, stabilization, function, and resolution of the immune synapse, we follow a spatiotemporal timeline that begins at the initiation of exploratory contacts between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell and ends with the termination of the contact. We focus on specific aspects that distinguish synapses established by cytotoxic and T helper cells as well as unresolved issues and controversies regarding the formation of this intercellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ortega-Carrion
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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69
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Lin J, Kurilova S, Scott BL, Bosworth E, Iverson BE, Bailey EM, Hoppe AD. TIRF imaging of Fc gamma receptor microclusters dynamics and signaling on macrophages during frustrated phagocytosis. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:5. [PMID: 26970734 PMCID: PMC4789268 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence indicates that in addition to the T-cell receptor, microclustering is an important mechanism for the activation of the B-cell receptor and the mast cell Fcε-receptor. In macrophages and neutrophils, particles opsonized with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies activate the phagocytic Fcγ-receptor (FcγR) leading to rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to establish a system for high-resolution imaging of FcγR microclustering dynamics and the recruitment of the downstream signaling machinery to these microclusters. METHODS We developed a supported lipid bilayer platform with incorporated antibodies on its surface to study the formation and maturation of FcγR signaling complexes in macrophages. Time-lapse multicolor total internal reflection microscopy was used to capture the formation of FcγR-IgG microclusters and their assembly into signaling complexes on the plasma membrane of murine bone marrow derived macrophages. RESULTS Upon antibody binding, macrophages formed FcγR-IgG complexes at the leading edge of advancing pseudopods. These complexes then moved toward the center of the cell to form a structure reminiscent of the supramolecular complex observed in the T-cell/antigen presenting cell immune synapse. Colocalization of signaling protein Syk with nascent clusters of antibodies indicated that phosphorylated receptor complexes underwent maturation as they trafficked toward the center of the cell. Additionally, imaging of fluorescent BtkPH domains indicated that 3'-phosphoinositides propagated laterally away from the FcγR microclusters. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that surface-associated but mobile IgG induces the formation of FcγR microclusters at the pseudopod leading edge. These clusters recruit Syk and drive the production of diffusing PI(3,4,5)P3 that is coordinated with lamellar actin polymerization. Upon reaching maximal extension, FcγR microclusters depart from the leading edge and are transported to the center of the cellular contact region to form a synapse-like structure, analogous to the process observed for T-cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, MSC 08-4640, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Svetlana Kurilova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Brandon L Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bosworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Bradley E Iverson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Avera Health and Science Center 131, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA. .,BioSNTR, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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70
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Comrie WA, Burkhardt JK. Action and Traction: Cytoskeletal Control of Receptor Triggering at the Immunological Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27014258 PMCID: PMC4779853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that F-actin dynamics drive the micron-scale cell shape changes required for migration and immunological synapse (IS) formation. In addition, recent evidence points to a more intimate role for the actin cytoskeleton in promoting T cell activation. Mechanotransduction, the conversion of mechanical input into intracellular biochemical changes, is thought to play a critical role in several aspects of immunoreceptor triggering and downstream signal transduction. Multiple molecules associated with signaling events at the IS have been shown to respond to physical force, including the TCR, costimulatory molecules, adhesion molecules, and several downstream adapters. In at least some cases, it is clear that the relevant forces are exerted by dynamics of the T cell actomyosin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, there is evidence that the cytoskeleton of the antigen-presenting cell also plays an active role in T cell activation, by countering the molecular forces exerted by the T cell at the IS. Since actin polymerization is itself driven by TCR and costimulatory signaling pathways, a complex relationship exists between actin dynamics and receptor activation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanosensitive aspects of T cell activation, paying specific attention to how F-actin-directed forces applied from both sides of the IS fit into current models of receptor triggering and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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71
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Hartley JM, Zhang R, Gudheti M, Yang J, Kopeček J. Tracking and quantifying polymer therapeutic distribution on a cellular level using 3D dSTORM. J Control Release 2016; 231:50-9. [PMID: 26855050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We used a single-molecule localization technique called direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) to quantify both colocalization and spatial distribution on a cellular level for two conceptually different N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer conjugates. Microscopy images were acquired of entire cells with resolutions as high as 25nm revealing the nanoscale distribution of the fluorescently labeled therapeutic components. Drug-free macromolecular therapeutics consisting of two self-assembling nanoconjugates showed slight increase in nanoclusters on the cell surface with time. Additionally, dSTORM provided high resolution images of the nanoscale organization of the self-assembling conjugates at the interface between two cells. A conjugate designed for treating ovarian cancer showed that the model drug (Cy3) and polymer bound to Cy5 were colocalized at an early time point before the model drug was enzymatically cleaved from the polymer. Using spatial descriptive statistics it was found that the drug was randomly distributed after 24h while the polymer bound dye remained in clusters. Four different fluorescent dyes were used and two different therapeutic systems were tested to demonstrate the versatility and possible general applicability of dSTORM for use in studying drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Hartley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 20 S. 2030 E., Rm. 108, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 20 S. 2030 E., Rm. 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Manasa Gudheti
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Bruker Nano Surfaces, 630 Komas Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 20 S. 2030 E., Rm. 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, 20 S. 2030 E., Rm. 108, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 20 S. 2030 E., Rm. 205, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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72
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Hivroz C, Saitakis M. Biophysical Aspects of T Lymphocyte Activation at the Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2016; 7:46. [PMID: 26913033 PMCID: PMC4753286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte activation is a pivotal step of the adaptive immune response. It requires the recognition by T-cell receptors (TCR) of peptides presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) present at the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T lymphocyte activation also involves engagement of costimulatory receptors and adhesion molecules recognizing ligands on the APC. Integration of these different signals requires the formation of a specialized dynamic structure: the immune synapse. While the biochemical and molecular aspects of this cell–cell communication have been extensively studied, its mechanical features have only recently been addressed. Yet, the immune synapse is also the place of exchange of mechanical signals. Receptors engaged on the T lymphocyte surface are submitted to many tensile and traction forces. These forces are generated by various phenomena: membrane undulation/protrusion/retraction, cell mobility or spreading, and dynamic remodeling of the actomyosin cytoskeleton inside the T lymphocyte. Moreover, the TCR can both induce force development, following triggering, and sense and convert forces into biochemical signals, as a bona fide mechanotransducer. Other costimulatory molecules, such as LFA-1, engaged during immune synapse formation, also display these features. Moreover, T lymphocytes themselves are mechanosensitive, since substrate stiffness can modulate their response. In this review, we will summarize recent studies from a biophysical perspective to explain how mechanical cues can affect T lymphocyte activation. We will particularly discuss how forces are generated during immune synapse formation; how these forces affect various aspects of T lymphocyte biology; and what are the key features of T lymphocyte response to stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France; INSERM U932, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, Paris, France; INSERM U932, Paris, France; PSL Research University, Paris, France
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73
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Jahan AS, Lestra M, Swee LK, Fan Y, Lamers MM, Tafesse FG, Theile CS, Spooner E, Bruzzone R, Ploegh HL, Sanyal S. Usp12 stabilizes the T-cell receptor complex at the cell surface during signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E705-14. [PMID: 26811477 PMCID: PMC4760780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521763113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications are central to the spatial and temporal regulation of protein function. Among others, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation are known to regulate proximal T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here we used a systematic and unbiased approach to uncover deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) that participate during TCR signaling in primary mouse T lymphocytes. Using a C-terminally modified vinyl methyl ester variant of ubiquitin (HA-Ub-VME), we captured DUBs that are differentially recruited to the cytosol on TCR activation. We identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase (Usp) 12 and Usp46, which had not been previously described in this pathway. Stimulation with anti-CD3 resulted in phosphorylation and time-dependent translocation of Usp12 from the nucleus to the cytosol. Usp12(-/-) Jurkat cells displayed defective NFκB, NFAT, and MAPK activities owing to attenuated surface expression of TCR, which were rescued on reconstitution of wild type Usp12. Proximity-based labeling with BirA-Usp12 revealed several TCR adaptor proteins acting as interactors in stimulated cells, of which LAT and Trat1 displayed reduced expression in Usp12(-/-) cells. We demonstrate that Usp12 deubiquitylates and prevents lysosomal degradation of LAT and Trat1 to maintain the proximal TCR complex for the duration of signaling. Our approach benefits from the use of activity-based probes in primary cells without any previous genome modification, and underscores the importance of ubiquitin-mediated regulation to refine signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhee S Jahan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maxime Lestra
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lee Kim Swee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ying Fan
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mart M Lamers
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Eric Spooner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Center for Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
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74
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Torreno-Pina JA, Manzo C, Salio M, Aichinger MC, Oddone A, Lakadamyali M, Shepherd D, Besra GS, Cerundolo V, Garcia-Parajo MF. The actin cytoskeleton modulates the activation of iNKT cells by segregating CD1d nanoclusters on antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E772-81. [PMID: 26798067 PMCID: PMC4760795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514530113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens presented in the context of CD1d molecules. The ability of iNKT cells to recognize endogenous antigens represents a distinct immune recognition strategy, which underscores the constitutive memory phenotype of iNKT cells and their activation during inflammatory conditions. However, the mechanisms regulating such "tonic" activation of iNKT cells remain unclear. Here, we show that the spatiotemporal distribution of CD1d molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) modulates activation of iNKT cells. By using superresolution microscopy, we show that CD1d molecules form nanoclusters at the cell surface of APCs, and their size and density are constrained by the actin cytoskeleton. Dual-color single-particle tracking revealed that diffusing CD1d nanoclusters are actively arrested by the actin cytoskeleton, preventing their further coalescence. Formation of larger nanoclusters occurs in the absence of interactions between CD1d cytosolic tail and the actin cytoskeleton and correlates with enhanced iNKT cell activation. Importantly and consistently with iNKT cell activation during inflammatory conditions, exposure of APCs to the Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist R848 increases nanocluster density and iNKT cell activation. Overall, these results define a previously unidentified mechanism that modulates iNKT cell autoreactivity based on the tight control by the APC cytoskeleton of the sizes and densities of endogenous antigen-loaded CD1d nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Torreno-Pina
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Manzo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Aichinger
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Oddone
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dawn Shepherd
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B11 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom;
| | - Maria F Garcia-Parajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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75
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Dai H, Wang Y, Lu X, Han W. Chimeric Antigen Receptors Modified T-Cells for Cancer Therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djv439. [PMID: 26819347 PMCID: PMC4948566 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic modification and characterization of T-cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allow functionally distinct T-cell subsets to recognize specific tumor cells. The incorporation of costimulatory molecules or cytokines can enable engineered T-cells to eliminate tumor cells. CARs are generated by fusing the antigen-binding region of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or other ligand to membrane-spanning and intracellular-signaling domains. They have recently shown clinical benefit in patients treated with CD19-directed autologous T-cells. Recent successes suggest that the modification of T-cells with CARs could be a powerful approach for developing safe and effective cancer therapeutics. Here, we briefly review early studies, consider strategies to improve the therapeutic potential and safety, and discuss the challenges and future prospects for CAR T-cells in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanren Dai
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechun Lu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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76
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Wabnitz GH, Samstag Y. Multiparametric Characterization of Human T-Cell Immune Synapses by InFlow Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1389:155-166. [PMID: 27460243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3302-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells need to communicate with each other via direct cell contact formation. The contact zone has similar functions as a neuronal synapse and is therefore named immune synapse. Supramolecular activation clusters consisting of a variety of surface receptors and cytoplasmic proteins are formed within the immune synapse, which are pivotal for T-cell activation. Thus, a malfunction of immune synapse formation has detrimental effects on the healthiness of the individual.Classical confocal microscopy to analyze the supramolecular cluster formation and maturation of the immune synapse between primary human T-cells and antigen-presenting cells is time consuming and the number of cells that can be analyzed is limited. Therefore, we have established an InFlow microscopy approach for the analysis of immune synapses. InFlow microscopy is a hybrid method combining fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Our InFlow microscopy method allows quantifying protein distribution in immune synapses of several hundred or even thousand cell couples in one sample. Importantly, comparisons of different samples with a strong statistical power are possible with InFlow microcopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido H Wabnitz
- Institute of Immunology/Section Molecular Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology/Section Molecular Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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77
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Geometry Dynamics of α -Helices in Different Class I Major Histocompatibility Complexes. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:173593. [PMID: 26649324 PMCID: PMC4651647 DOI: 10.1155/2015/173593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC α-helices form the antigen-binding cleft and are of particular interest for immunological reactions. To monitor these helices in molecular dynamics simulations, we applied a parsimonious fragment-fitting method to trace the axes of the α-helices. Each resulting axis was fitted by polynomials in a least-squares sense and the curvature integral was computed. To find the appropriate polynomial degree, the method was tested on two artificially modelled helices, one performing a bending movement and another a hinge movement. We found that second-order polynomials retrieve predefined parameters of helical motion with minimal relative error. From MD simulations we selected those parts of α-helices that were stable and also close to the TCR/MHC interface. We monitored the curvature integral, generated a ruled surface between the two MHC α-helices, and computed interhelical area and surface torsion, as they changed over time. We found that MHC α-helices undergo rapid but small changes in conformation. The curvature integral of helices proved to be a sensitive measure, which was closely related to changes in shape over time as confirmed by RMSD analysis. We speculate that small changes in the conformation of individual MHC α-helices are part of the intrinsic dynamics induced by engagement with the TCR.
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78
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Fan J, Lu X, Liu S, Zhong L. Nanoscale Relationship Between CD4 and CD25 of T Cells Visualized with NSOM/QD-Based Dual-Color Imaging System. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:419. [PMID: 26497734 PMCID: PMC4621973 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, by using of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)/immune-labeling quantum dot (QD)-based dual-color imaging system, we achieved the direct visualization of nanoscale profiles for distribution and organization of CD4 and CD25 molecules in T cells. A novel and interesting finding was that though CD25 clustering as nanodomains were observed on the surface of CD4(+)CD25(high) regulatory T cells, these CD25 nanodomains were not co-localized with CD4 nanodomains. This result presented that the formation of these CD25 nanodomains on the surface of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells were not associated with the response of T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-dependent signal transduction. In contrast, on the surface of CD4(+)CD25(low) T cells, CD25 molecules distributed randomly without forming nanodomains while CD4 clustering as nanodomains can be observed; on the surface of CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells, CD25 clustering as nanodomains and co-localization with CD8 nanodomains were observed. Collectively, above these results exhibited that TCR/CD3-based microdomains were indeed required for TCR/CD3-mediated T cells activation and enhanced the immune activity of CD4(+)CD25(low) T cells or CD8(+)CD25(+) T cells. In particular, it was found that the formation of CD25 nanodomains and their segregation from TCR/CD3 microdomains were the intrinsic capability of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells, suggesting this specific imaging feature of CD25 should be greatly associated with the regulatory activity of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells. Importantly, this novel NSOM/QD-based dual-color imaging system will provide a useful tool for the research of distribution-function relationship of cell-surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxu Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengde Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyun Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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79
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Imaging of molecular surface dynamics in brain slices using single-particle tracking. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3024. [PMID: 24429796 PMCID: PMC3905702 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organization of signalling molecules in biological membranes is crucial for cellular communication. Many receptors, ion channels and cell adhesion molecules are associated with proteins important for their trafficking, surface localization or function. These complexes are embedded in a lipid environment of varying composition. Binding affinities and stoichiometry of such complexes were so far experimentally accessible only in isolated systems or monolayers of cell culture. Visualization of molecular dynamics within signalling complexes and their correlation to specialized membrane compartments demand high temporal and spatial resolution and has been difficult to demonstrate in complex tissue like brain slices. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of single-particle tracking (SPT) in organotypic brain slices to measure molecular dynamics of lipids and transmembrane proteins in correlation to synaptic membrane compartments. This method will provide important information about the dynamics and organization of surface molecules in the complex environment of neuronal networks within brain slices. Lateral diffusion of transmembrane signalling molecules is implicated in neuronal communication but imaging in tissue is limited by poor temporal resolution. Here, the authors use quantum dots to label lipids and adhesion molecules, allowing them to track single-molecule motions in subcellular compartments.
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80
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n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress CD4(+) T cell proliferation by altering phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:85-96. [PMID: 26476105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), abundant in fish oil, exert their anti-inflammatory effects have not been rigorously defined. We have previously demonstrated that n-3 PUFA decrease the amount of phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate, [PI(4,5)P2], in CD4(+) T cells, leading to suppressed actin remodeling upon activation. Since discrete pools of PI(4,5)P2 exist in the plasma membrane, we determined whether n-3 PUFA modulate spatial organization of PI(4,5)P2 relative to raft and non-raft domains. We used Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to demonstrate that lipid raft mesodomains in the plasma membrane of CD4(+) T cells enriched in n-3 PUFA display increased co-clustering of Lck(N10) and LAT(ΔCP), markers of lipid rafts. CD4(+) T cells enriched in n-3 PUFA also exhibited a depleted plasma membrane non-raft PI(4,5)P2 pool as detected by decreased co-clustering of Src(N15), a non-raft marker, and PH(PLC-δ), a PI(4,5)P2 reporter. Incubation with exogenous PI(4,5)P2 rescued the effects on the non-raft PI(4,5)P2 pool, and reversed the suppression of T cell proliferation in CD4(+) T cells enriched with n-3 PUFA. Furthermore, CD4(+) T cells isolated from mice fed a 4% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-enriched diet exhibited a decrease in the non-raft pool of PI(4,5)P2, and exogenous PI(4,5)P2 reversed the suppression of T cell proliferation. Finally, these effects were not due to changes to post-translational lipidation, since n-3 PUFA did not alter the palmitoylation status of signaling proteins. These data demonstrate that n-3 PUFA suppress T cell proliferation by altering plasma membrane topography and the spatial organization of PI(4,5)P2.
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81
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Kuramitsu S, Ohno M, Ohka F, Shiina S, Yamamichi A, Kato A, Tanahashi K, Motomura K, Kondo G, Kurimoto M, Senga T, Wakabayashi T, Natsume A. Lenalidomide enhances the function of chimeric antigen receptor T cells against the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III by enhancing immune synapses. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:487-95. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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82
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Echbarthi M, Zonca M, Mellwig R, Schwab Y, Kaplan G, DeKruyff RH, Roda-Navarro P, Casasnovas JM. Distinct Trafficking of Cell Surface and Endosomal TIM-1 to the Immune Synapse. Traffic 2015; 16:1193-207. [PMID: 26332704 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The T cell costimulatory molecule TIM-1 (T cell/transmembrane, mucin and immunoglobulin domain protein 1) sorts mainly to endosomes in lymphoid cells. At difference from the cell surface protein, endosomal TIM-1 translocates to the immune synapse (IS), where it can contribute to antigen-dependent T cell costimulation. TIM-1 ligands increase the amount of cell surface protein, preventing its traffic to the IS. The bipolar sorting of TIM-1 observed during IS formation is determined by differences in its subcellular location, and probably modulates antigen-driven immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Echbarthi
- Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Manuela Zonca
- Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | | | - Gerardo Kaplan
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Casasnovas
- Macromolecule Structure, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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83
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Rodríguez-Fernández JL, de Lacoba MG. Plasma membrane-associated superstructure: Have we overlooked a new type of organelle in eukaryotic cells? J Theor Biol 2015; 380:346-58. [PMID: 26066286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of intriguing plasma membrane-associated regions, including focal adhesions, adherens junctions, tight junctions, immunological synapses, neuromuscular junctions and the primary cilia, among many others, have been described in eukaryotic cells. Emphasizing their importance, alteration in their molecular structures induces or correlates with different pathologies. These regions display surface proteins connected to intracellular molecules, including cytoskeletal component, which maintain their cytoarchitecture, and signalling proteins, which regulate their organization and functions. Based on the molecular similarities and other common features observed, we suggest that, despite differences in external appearances, all these regions are just the same superstructure that appears in different locations and cells. We hypothesize that this superstructure represents an overlooked new type of organelle that we call plasma membrane-associated superstructure (PMAS). Therefore, we suggest that eukaryotic cells include classical organelles (e.g. mitochondria, Golgi and others) and also PMAS. We speculate that this new type of organelle might be an innovation associated to the emergence of eukaryotes. Finally we discuss the implications of the hypothesis proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Rodríguez-Fernández
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Mario García de Lacoba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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84
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Sauer K, Okkenhaug K. Editorial: Lipid Signaling in T Cell Development and Function. Front Immunol 2015; 6:410. [PMID: 26322043 PMCID: PMC4530596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sauer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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85
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Abstract
Recent published findings have shown that many proteins discovered in the immune system and residing on immune cells with well established immune-related functions are also found in neurons of the central nervous system. These studies have uncovered a rich variety of neuronal functions attributed to these immune proteins. This review will focus on two key interacting protein complexes that previously were known for adaptive immune reactions, the major histocompatability complex and the T-cell receptor complex. We will review where these immune proteins are expressed in the CNS and their neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Komal
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Raad Nashmi
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Canada.
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86
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Sauer EL, Cloake NC, Greer JM. Taming the TCR: antigen-specific immunotherapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:460-85. [PMID: 25970132 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for autoimmune diseases are typically non-specific anti-inflammatory agents that affect not only the autoreactive cells but also the parts of the immune system that are required to maintain health. There is a need for the development of antigen-specific therapeutic agents that can effectively prevent the autoimmune attack while leaving the rest of the immune system functioning as normal. The simplest way to achieve this is using the autoantigen itself as a tolerizing agent; however, there is some risk involved with administering a potentially pathogenic antigen. In this review, we focus instead on the development and use of modified T cell receptor (TCR) ligands, in which the peptide ligand is modified to change the response by the T cell from a disease inducing to a protective response, and still retain the antigen-specificity necessary to target the autoreactive T cells. We review the use of modified TCR ligands as therapeutic agents in animal models of autoimmunity and in human autoimmune disease, and finally consider how they need to be improved in order to use them effectively in patients with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Sauer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Nancy C Cloake
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Judith M Greer
- a UQ Centre for Clinical Research , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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87
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Immune-checkpoint proteins VISTA and PD-1 nonredundantly regulate murine T-cell responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6682-7. [PMID: 25964334 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420370112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a negative immune-checkpoint protein that suppresses T-cell responses. To determine whether VISTA synergizes with another immune-checkpoint, programmed death 1 (PD-1), this study characterizes the immune responses in VISTA-deficient, PD-1-deficient (KO) mice and VISTA/PD-1 double KO mice. Chronic inflammation and spontaneous activation of T cells were observed in both single KO mice, demonstrating their nonredundancy. However, the VISTA/PD-1 double KO mice exhibited significantly higher levels of these phenotypes than the single KO mice. When bred onto the 2D2 T-cell receptor transgenic mice, which are predisposed to development of inflammatory autoimmune disease in the CNS, the level of disease penetrance was significantly enhanced in the double KO mice compared with in the single KO mice. Consistently, the magnitude of T-cell response toward foreign antigens was synergistically higher in the VISTA/PD-1 double KO mice. A combinatorial blockade using monoclonal antibodies specific for VISTA and PD-L1 achieved optimal tumor-clearing therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the nonredundant role of VISTA that is distinct from the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in controlling T-cell activation. These findings provide the rationale to concurrently target VISTA and PD-1 pathways for treating T-cell-regulated diseases such as cancer.
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88
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Thurley K, Gerecht D, Friedmann E, Höfer T. Three-Dimensional Gradients of Cytokine Signaling between T Cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004206. [PMID: 25923703 PMCID: PMC4414419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are regulated by diffusible mediators, the cytokines, which act at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The spatial range of cytokine communication is a crucial, yet poorly understood, functional property. Both containment of cytokine action in narrow junctions between immune cells (immunological synapses) and global signaling throughout entire lymph nodes have been proposed, but the conditions under which they might occur are not clear. Here we analyze spatially three-dimensional reaction-diffusion models for the dynamics of cytokine signaling at two successive scales: in immunological synapses and in dense multicellular environments. For realistic parameter values, we observe local spatial gradients, with the cytokine concentration around secreting cells decaying sharply across only a few cell diameters. Focusing on the well-characterized T-cell cytokine interleukin-2, we show how cytokine secretion and competitive uptake determine this signaling range. Uptake is shaped locally by the geometry of the immunological synapse. However, even for narrow synapses, which favor intrasynaptic cytokine consumption, escape fluxes into the extrasynaptic space are expected to be substantial (≥20% of secretion). Hence paracrine signaling will generally extend beyond the synapse but can be limited to cellular microenvironments through uptake by target cells or strong competitors, such as regulatory T cells. By contrast, long-range cytokine signaling requires a high density of cytokine producers or weak consumption (e.g., by sparsely distributed target cells). Thus in a physiological setting, cytokine gradients between cells, and not bulk-phase concentrations, are crucial for cell-to-cell communication, emphasizing the need for spatially resolved data on cytokine signaling. The adaptive immune system fights pathogens through the activation of immune cell clones that specifically recognize a particular pathogen. Tight contacts, so-called immunological synapses, of immune cells with cells that present ‘digested’ pathogen molecules are pivotal for ensuring specificity. The discovery that immune responses are regulated by small diffusible proteins – the cytokines – has been surprising because cytokine diffusion to ‘bystander’ cells might compromise specificity. It has therefore been argued that cytokines are trapped in immunological synapses, whereas other authors have found that cytokines act on a larger scale through entire lymph nodes. Measurements of cytokine concentrations with fine spatial resolution have not been achieved. Here, we study the spatio-temporal dynamics of cytokines through mathematical analysis and three-dimensional numerical simulation and identify key parameters that control signaling range. We predict that even tight immunological synapses leak a substantial portion of the secreted cytokines. Nevertheless, rapid cellular uptake will render cytokine signals short-range and thus incidental activation of bystander cells can be limited. Long-range signals will only occur with multiple secreting cells or/and slow consumption by sparse target cells. Thus our study identifies key determinants of the spatial range of cytokine communication in realistic multicellular geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Thurley
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
| | - Daniel Gerecht
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
| | - Elfriede Friedmann
- Institute for Applied Mathematics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KT); (DG); (EF); (TH)
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89
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Chapman NM, Houtman JCD. Functions of the FAK family kinases in T cells: beyond actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. Immunol Res 2015; 59:23-34. [PMID: 24816556 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T cells control the focus and extent of adaptive immunity in infectious and pathological diseases. The activation of T cells occurs when the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and costimulatory and/or adhesion receptors are engaged by their ligands. This process drives signaling that promotes cytoskeletal rearrangement and transcription factor activation, both of which regulate the quality and magnitude of the T cell response. However, it is not fully understood how different receptor-induced signals combine to alter T cell activation. The related non-receptor tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) are phosphorylated downstream of the TCR and several costimulatory and adhesion receptors. FAK family proteins integrate receptor-mediated signals that influence actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and effector T cell responses. In this review, we summarize the receptor-specific roles that FAK and Pyk2 control to influence T cell development and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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90
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Serine-threonine kinases in TCR signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:808-14. [PMID: 25137455 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation are controlled by signaling pathways initiated by the T cell antigen receptor. Here we explore how key serine-threonine kinases and their substrates mediate T cell signaling and coordinate T cell metabolism to meet the metabolic demands of participating in an immune response.
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91
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Morel PA, Faeder JR, Hawse WF, Miskov-Zivanov N. Modeling the T cell immune response: a fascinating challenge. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:401-13. [PMID: 25155903 PMCID: PMC4210366 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is designed to protect the organism from infection and to repair damaged tissue. An effective response requires recognition of the threat, the appropriate effector mechanism to clear the pathogen and a return to homeostasis with minimal damage to self-tissues. T cells play a central role in orchestrating the immune response at all stages of the response and have been the subject of intense study by both experimental immunologists and modelers. This review examines some of the more critical questions in T cell biology and describes the latest attempts to address those questions using approaches that combine mathematical modeling and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope A Morel
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1055, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,
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92
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Anderson HA, Roche PA. MHC class II association with lipid rafts on the antigen presenting cell surface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:775-80. [PMID: 25261705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHC-II) molecules function by binding peptides derived from either self or foreign proteins and expressing these peptides on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by CD4 T cells. MHC-II is known to exist on clusters on the surface of APCs, and a variety of biochemical and functional studies have suggested that these clusters represent lipid raft microdomain-associated MHC-II. This review will summarize data exploring the biosynthesis of raft-associated MHC-II and the role that lipid raft association plays in regulating T cell activation by APCs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nanoscale membrane organisation and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Anderson
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Paul A Roche
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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93
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Chu C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ni X, Cao J, Xu W, Dong Z, Yuan P, Wei W, Ma Y, Zhang L, Wu L, Qi H. SAP-regulated T Cell-APC adhesion and ligation-dependent and -independent Ly108-CD3ζ interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3860-71. [PMID: 25217164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center response requires cooperation between Ag-specific T and B lymphocytes, which takes the form of long-lasting cell-cell conjugation in vivo. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is required for stable cognate T-B cell conjugation, whereas SLAM family transmembrane (TM) receptor Ly108 may negatively regulate this process. We show that, other than phosphotyrosine-binding, SAP does not harbor motifs that recruit additional signaling intermediates to stabilize T-B adhesion. Ly108 dampens T cell adhesion to not only Ag-presenting B cells, but also dendritic cells by inhibiting CD3ζ phosphorylation through two levels of regulated Ly108-CD3ζ interactions. Constitutively associated with Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 even in SAP-competent cells, Ly108 is codistributed with the CD3 complex within a length scale of 100-200 nm on quiescent cells and can reduce CD3ζ phosphorylation in the absence of overt TCR stimulation or Ly108 ligation. When Ly108 is engaged in trans during cell-cell interactions, Ly108-CD3ζ interactions are promoted in a manner that uniquely depends on Ly108 TM domain, leading to more efficient CD3ζ dephosphorylation. Whereas replacement of the Ly108 TM domain still allows the constitutive, colocalization-dependent inhibition of CD3ζ phosphorylation, it abrogates the ligation-dependent Ly108-CD3ζ interactions and CD3ζ dephosphorylation, and it abolishes the suppression on Ag-triggered T-B adhesion. These results offer new insights into how SAP and Ly108 antagonistically modulate the strength of proximal TCR signaling and thereby control cognate T cell-APC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coco Chu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinya Ni
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Cao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wensheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyan Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;
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94
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95
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Tracking single molecules at work in living cells. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:524-32. [PMID: 24937070 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methods for imaging and tracking single molecules conjugated with fluorescent probes, called single-molecule tracking (SMT), are now providing researchers with the unprecedented ability to directly observe molecular behaviors and interactions in living cells. Current SMT methods are achieving almost the ultimate spatial precision and time resolution for tracking single molecules, determined by the currently available dyes. In cells, various molecular interactions and reactions occur as stochastic and probabilistic processes. SMT provides an ideal way to directly track these processes by observing individual molecules at work in living cells, leading to totally new views of the biochemical and molecular processes used by cells whether in signal transduction, gene regulation or formation and disintegration of macromolecular complexes. Here we review SMT methods, summarize the recent results obtained by SMT, including related superresolution microscopy data, and describe the special concerns when SMT applications are shifted from the in vitro paradigms to living cells.
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Nishikimi A, Ishihara S, Ozawa M, Etoh K, Fukuda M, Kinashi T, Katagiri K. Rab13 acts downstream of the kinase Mst1 to deliver the integrin LFA-1 to the cell surface for lymphocyte trafficking. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra72. [PMID: 25074980 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In lymphocytes, the kinase Mst1 is required for the proper organization of integrins in the plasma membrane at the leading edge of migrating cells, which is critical for lymphocyte trafficking. We found a functional link between the small G protein Rab13 and Mst1 in lymphocyte adhesion and migration. In response to stimulation of T lymphocytes with chemokine, Mst1 promoted phosphorylation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DENND1C (differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells domain 1C), which activated Rab13. Active Rab13 associated with Mst1 to facilitate the delivery of the integrin LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1) to the leading edge of lymphocytes. Delivery of LFA-1 involved the recruitment of myosin Va along actin filaments, which extended as a result of the localization of the actin regulatory protein VASP to the cell periphery through phosphorylation of VASP at Ser(157) by Mst1. Inhibition of Rab13 function reduced the adhesion and migration of lymphocytes on ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1), the ligand for LFA-1, and inhibited the formation of a ring-like arrangement of LFA-1 at the contact sites between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The lymphoid tissues of Rab13-deficient mice had reduced numbers of lymphocytes because of the defective trafficking capability of these cells. These results suggest that Rab13 acts with Mst1 to regulate the spatial distribution of LFA-1 and the motility and trafficking of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Nishikimi
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ishihara
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Madoka Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kan Etoh
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kinashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.
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97
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Molfetta R, Quatrini L, Capuano C, Gasparrini F, Zitti B, Zingoni A, Galandrini R, Santoni A, Paolini R. c-Cbl regulates MICA- but not ULBP2-induced NKG2D down-modulation in human NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2761-70. [PMID: 24846123 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The NKG2D activating receptor on human NK cells mediates "altered self" recognition, as its ligands (NKG2DLs) are upregulated on target cells in a variety of stress conditions. Evidence collected in the past years shows that, even though expression of NKG2DLs acts as a danger signal that renders tumor cells susceptible to cytotoxicity, chronic exposure to soluble or membrane-bound NKG2DLs can lead to down-modulation of receptor expression and impairment of NKG2D-mediated cell functions. Here, we evaluated whether different cell-bound NKG2DLs, namely MICA and ULBP2, are equivalently able to induce NKG2D down-modulation on human NK cells. We found that although both ligands reduce NKG2D surface expression, MICA promotes a stronger receptor down-modulation than ULBP2, leading to a severe impairment of NKG2D-dependent NK-cell cytotoxicity. We also provide evidence that the ubiquitin pathway and c-Cbl direct MICA-induced but not ULBP2-induced NKG2D internalization and degradation, thus identifying a molecular mechanism to explain the differential effects of MICA and ULBP2 on NKG2D expression. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms employed by the different NKG2DLs to control NKG2D surface expression could be useful for the development of anti-tumor strategies to restore a normal level of NKG2D receptors on human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Molfetta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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98
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Nicolson GL. The Fluid—Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure: Still relevant to understanding the structure, function and dynamics of biological membranes after more than 40years. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1451-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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99
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Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Wierda WG, Cooper LJN. Immunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the era of BTK inhibitors. Leukemia 2014; 28:507-17. [PMID: 24157582 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of CLL has uncovered a plethora of novel targets for human application of monoclonal antibodies, engineered T cells, or inhibitors of signal transduction pathways. The B-cell receptor signaling pathway is being actively explored as a therapeutic target in CLL. Ibrutinib, an inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase is showing impressive responses in heavily pre-treated high-risk CLL, whether alone or in combination with MoAbs or chemotherapy. Other key components of the BCR pathway, namely PI3K-δ, are also being targeted with novel therapies with promising results as well. Future trials would likely evaluate ibrutinib in the front-line setting. Moreover, improvements in allogeneic HCT mostly by continuing to reduce associated toxicity as well as incorporating cellular therapies such as autologous CLL tumor vaccines, among others, will continue to expand. This is also the case for the next generation of chimeric antigen receptor therapy for CLL once genetically modified T cells are available at broad scale and with improved efficacy. As our ability to further refine and integrate these therapies continues to improve, and we gain further knowledge from gene sequencing, we anticipate that treatment algorithms will continue to be revised to a more personalized approach to treat this disease with improved efficacy and devoid of unnecessary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kharfan-Dabaja
- 1] Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA [2] Department of Oncologic Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - W G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L J N Cooper
- 1] Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA [2] Division of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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100
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Fernández-Arenas E, Calleja E, Martínez-Martín N, Gharbi SI, Navajas R, García-Medel N, Penela P, Alcamí A, Mayor F, Albar JP, Alarcón B. β-Arrestin-1 mediates the TCR-triggered re-routing of distal receptors to the immunological synapse by a PKC-mediated mechanism. EMBO J 2014; 33:559-77. [PMID: 24502978 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptors (TCR) recognize their antigen ligand at the interface between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, known as the immunological synapse (IS). The IS provides a means of sustaining the TCR signal which requires the continual supply of new TCRs. These are endocytosed and redirected from distal membrane locations to the IS. In our search for novel cytoplasmic effectors, we have identified β-arrestin-1 as a ligand of non-phosphorylated resting TCRs. Using dominant-negative and knockdown approaches we demonstrate that β-arrestin-1 is required for the internalization and downregulation of non-engaged bystander TCRs. Furthermore, TCR triggering provokes the β-arrestin-1-mediated downregulation of the G-protein coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4, but not of other control receptors. We demonstrate that β-arrestin-1 recruitment to the TCR, and bystander TCR and CXCR4 downregulation, are mechanistically mediated by the TCR-triggered PKC-mediated phosphorylation of β-arrestin-1 at Ser163. This mechanism allows the first triggered TCRs to deliver a stop migration signal, and to promote the internalization of distal TCRs and CXCR4 and their translocation to the IS. This receptor crosstalk mechanism is critical to sustain the TCR signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Arenas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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