51
|
Newhouse DJ, Hofmeister EK, Balakrishnan CN. Transcriptional response to West Nile virus infection in the zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170296. [PMID: 28680683 PMCID: PMC5493925 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a widespread arbovirus that imposes a significant cost to both human and wildlife health. WNV exists in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle in which passerine birds act as the primary reservoir host. As a public health concern, the mammalian immune response to WNV has been studied in detail. Little, however, is known about the avian immune response to WNV. Avian taxa show variable susceptibility to WNV and what drives this variation is unknown. Thus, to study the immune response to WNV in birds, we experimentally infected captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Zebra finches provide a useful model, as like many natural avian hosts they are moderately susceptible to WNV and thus provide sufficient viremia to infect mosquitoes. We performed RNAseq in spleen tissue during peak viremia to provide an overview of the transcriptional response. In general, we find strong parallels with the mammalian immune response to WNV, including upregulation of five genes in the Rig-I-like receptor signalling pathway, and offer insights into avian-specific responses. Together with complementary immunological assays, we provide a model of the avian immune response to WNV and set the stage for future comparative studies among variably susceptible populations and species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Newhouse
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
- Author for correspondence: Daniel J. Newhouse e-mail:
| | - Erik K. Hofmeister
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Whilde J, Martindale MQ, Duffy DJ. Precision wildlife medicine: applications of the human-centred precision medicine revolution to species conservation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1792-1805. [PMID: 27809394 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current species extinction crisis is being exacerbated by an increased rate of emergence of epizootic disease. Human-induced factors including habitat degradation, loss of biodiversity and wildlife population reductions resulting in reduced genetic variation are accelerating disease emergence. Novel, efficient and effective approaches are required to combat these epizootic events. Here, we present the case for the application of human precision medicine approaches to wildlife medicine in order to enhance species conservation efforts. We consider how the precision medicine revolution, coupled with the advances made in genomics, may provide a powerful and feasible approach to identifying and treating wildlife diseases in a targeted, effective and streamlined manner. A number of case studies of threatened species are presented which demonstrate the applicability of precision medicine to wildlife conservation, including sea turtles, amphibians and Tasmanian devils. These examples show how species conservation could be improved by using precision medicine techniques to determine novel treatments and management strategies for the specific medical conditions hampering efforts to restore population levels. Additionally, a precision medicine approach to wildlife health has in turn the potential to provide deeper insights into human health and the possibility of stemming and alleviating the impacts of zoonotic diseases. The integration of the currently emerging Precision Medicine Initiative with the concepts of EcoHealth (aiming for sustainable health of people, animals and ecosystems through transdisciplinary action research) and One Health (recognizing the intimate connection of humans, animal and ecosystem health and addressing a wide range of risks at the animal-human-ecosystem interface through a coordinated, collaborative, interdisciplinary approach) has great potential to deliver a deeper and broader interdisciplinary-based understanding of both wildlife and human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience & Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL, 32080-8610, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience & Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL, 32080-8610, USA
| | - David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience & Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL, 32080-8610, USA
- Systems Biology Ireland, Science Link Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Puschnik AS, Majzoub K, Ooi YS, Carette JE. A CRISPR toolbox to study virus-host interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:351-364. [PMID: 28420884 PMCID: PMC5800792 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that depend on host cellular components for replication. Genetic screens are an unbiased and comprehensive method to uncover host cellular components that are critical for the infection with viruses. Loss-of-function screens result in the genome-wide disruption of gene expression, whereas gain-of-function screens rely on large-scale overexpression of host genes. Genetic knockout screens can be conducted using haploid insertional mutagenesis or the CRISPR–Cas system. Genetic screens using the CRISPR–Cas system have provided crucial insights in the host determinants of infections with important human pathogens such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus and hepatitis C virus. CRISPR–Cas-based techniques additionally provide ways to generate both in vitro and in vivo models to study viral pathogenesis, to manipulate viral genomes, to eradicate viral disease vectors using gene drive systems and to advance the development of antiviral therapeutics.
In this Review, Puschnik and colleagues discuss the technical aspects of using CRISPR–Cas technology in genome-scale knockout screens to study virus–host interactions, and they compare these screens with alternative genetic screening technologies. Viruses depend on their hosts to complete their replication cycles; they exploit cellular receptors for entry and hijack cellular functions to replicate their genome, assemble progeny virions and spread. Recently, genome-scale CRISPR–Cas screens have been used to identify host factors that are required for virus replication, including the replication of clinically relevant viruses such as Zika virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus and hepatitis C virus. In this Review, we discuss the technical aspects of genome-scale knockout screens using CRISPR–Cas technology, and we compare these screens with alternative genetic screening technologies. The relative ease of use and reproducibility of CRISPR–Cas make it a powerful tool for probing virus–host interactions and for identifying new antiviral targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Puschnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Karim Majzoub
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yaw Shin Ooi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Li AML. Ecological determinants of health: food and environment on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9002-9015. [PMID: 26552789 PMCID: PMC7089083 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human health and diseases are determined by many complex factors. Health threats from the human-animal-ecosystems interface (HAEI) and zoonotic diseases (zoonoses) impose an increasing risk continuously to public health, from those emerging pathogens transmitted through contact with animals, food, water and contaminated environments. Immense challenges forced on the ecological perspectives on food and the eco-environments, including aquaculture, agriculture and the entire food systems. Impacts of food and eco-environments on human health will be examined amongst the importance of human interventions for intended purposes in lowering the adverse effects on the biodiversity. The complexity of relevant conditions defined as factors contributing to the ecological determinants of health will be illuminated from different perspectives based on concepts, citations, examples and models, in conjunction with harmful consequential effects of human-induced disturbances to our environments and food systems, together with the burdens from ecosystem disruption, environmental hazards and loss of ecosystem functions. The eco-health literacy should be further promoting under the "One Health" vision, with "One World" concept under Ecological Public Health Model for sustaining our environments and the planet earth for all beings, which is coincidentally echoing Confucian's theory for the environmental ethics of ecological harmony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice M L Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, HKU SPACE, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Pepin KM, Kay SL, Golas BD, Shriner SS, Gilbert AT, Miller RS, Graham AL, Riley S, Cross PC, Samuel MD, Hooten MB, Hoeting JA, Lloyd‐Smith JO, Webb CT, Buhnerkempe MG. Inferring infection hazard in wildlife populations by linking data across individual and population scales. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:275-292. [PMID: 28090753 PMCID: PMC7163542 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to infer unobservable disease-dynamic processes such as force of infection (infection hazard for susceptible hosts) has transformed our understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and capacity to predict disease dynamics. Conventional methods for inferring FOI estimate a time-averaged value and are based on population-level processes. Because many pathogens exhibit epidemic cycling and FOI is the result of processes acting across the scales of individuals and populations, a flexible framework that extends to epidemic dynamics and links within-host processes to FOI is needed. Specifically, within-host antibody kinetics in wildlife hosts can be short-lived and produce patterns that are repeatable across individuals, suggesting individual-level antibody concentrations could be used to infer time since infection and hence FOI. Using simulations and case studies (influenza A in lesser snow geese and Yersinia pestis in coyotes), we argue that with careful experimental and surveillance design, the population-level FOI signal can be recovered from individual-level antibody kinetics, despite substantial individual-level variation. In addition to improving inference, the cross-scale quantitative antibody approach we describe can reveal insights into drivers of individual-based variation in disease response, and the role of poorly understood processes such as secondary infections, in population-level dynamics of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Pepin
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Shannon L. Kay
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Ben D. Golas
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Susan S. Shriner
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- National Wildlife Research CenterUnited States Department of Agriculture4101 Laporte Ave.Fort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Ryan S. Miller
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureVeterinary Services2155 Center DriveBuilding BFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJ08544USA
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and ModellingImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Paul C. Cross
- U.S. Geological SurveyNorthern Rocky Mountain Science Center2327 University WayBozemanMT59715USA
| | - Michael D. Samuel
- U. S. Geological SurveyWisconsin Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit1630 Linden DroveUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Mevin B. Hooten
- U.S. Geological SurveyColorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit; Departments of FishWildlife& Conservation Biology and StatisticsColorado State University1484 Campus DeliveryFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | | | | | - Colleen T. Webb
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Hocke AC, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S. Human lung ex vivo infection models. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:511-524. [PMID: 27999962 PMCID: PMC7087833 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia is counted among the leading causes of death worldwide. Viruses, bacteria and pathogen-related molecules interact with cells present in the human alveolus by numerous, yet poorly understood ways. Traditional cell culture models little reflect the cellular composition, matrix complexity and three-dimensional architecture of the human lung. Integrative animal models suffer from species differences, which are of particular importance for the investigation of zoonotic lung diseases. The use of cultured ex vivo infected human lung tissue may overcome some of these limitations and complement traditional models. The present review gives an overview of common bacterial lung infections, such as pneumococcal infection and of widely neglected pathogens modeled in ex vivo infected lung tissue. The role of ex vivo infected lung tissue for the investigation of emerging viral zoonosis including influenza A virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus is discussed. Finally, further directions for the elaboration of such models are revealed. Overall, the introduced models represent meaningful and robust methods to investigate principles of pathogen-host interaction in original human lung tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Chan JFW, Yip CCY, Tsang JOL, Tee KM, Cai JP, Chik KKH, Zhu Z, Chan CCS, Choi GKY, Sridhar S, Zhang AJ, Lu G, Chiu K, Lo ACY, Tsao SW, Kok KH, Jin DY, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging Zika virus: implications for disease pathogenesis, non-vector-borne human transmission and animal reservoirs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e93. [PMID: 27553173 PMCID: PMC5034105 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is unique among human-pathogenic flaviviruses by its association with congenital anomalies and trans-placental and sexual human-to-human transmission. Although the pathogenesis of ZIKV-associated neurological complications has been reported in recent studies, key questions on the pathogenesis of the other clinical manifestations, non-vector-borne transmission and potential animal reservoirs of ZIKV remain unanswered. We systematically characterized the differential cell line susceptibility of 18 human and 15 nonhuman cell lines to two ZIKV isolates (human and primate) and dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2). Productive ZIKV replication (⩾2 log increase in viral load, ZIKV nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) protein expression and cytopathic effects (CPE)) was found in the placental (JEG-3), neuronal (SF268), muscle (RD), retinal (ARPE19), pulmonary (Hep-2 and HFL), colonic (Caco-2),and hepatic (Huh-7) cell lines. These findings helped to explain the trans-placental transmission and other clinical manifestations of ZIKV. Notably, the prostatic (LNCaP), testicular (833KE) and renal (HEK) cell lines showed increased ZIKV load and/or NS1 protein expression without inducing CPE, suggesting their potential roles in sexual transmission with persistent viral replication at these anatomical sites. Comparatively, none of the placental and genital tract cell lines allowed efficient DENV-2 replication. Among the nonhuman cell lines, nonhuman primate (Vero and LLC-MK2), pig (PK-15), rabbit (RK-13), hamster (BHK21) and chicken (DF-1) cell lines supported productive ZIKV replication. These animal species may be important reservoirs and/or potential animal models for ZIKV. The findings in our study help to explain the viral shedding pattern, transmission and pathogenesis of the rapidly disseminating ZIKV, and are useful for optimizing laboratory diagnostics and studies on the pathogenesis and counter-measures of ZIKV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cyril Chik-Yan Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kah-Meng Tee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Resarch Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy Cheuk-Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Resarch Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Schad J, Voigt CC. Adaptive evolution of virus-sensing toll-like receptor 8 in bats. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:783-795. [PMID: 27502317 PMCID: PMC7079948 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, bats have gained attention as potential reservoir hosts for emerging zoonotic single-stranded (ssRNA) viruses that may prove fatal for humans and other mammals. It has been hypothesized that some features of their innate immune system may enable bats to trigger an efficient early immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a first line defense within the innate immune system and lie directly at the host–pathogen interface in targeting specific microbe-molecular patterns. However, the direction and strength of selection acting on TLRs are largely unknown for bats. Here, we studied the selection on viral ssRNA sensing TLR8 based on sequence data of 21 bat species. The major part (63 %) of the TLR8 gene evolved under purifying selection, likely due to functional constraints. We also found evidence for persistent positive selection acting on specific amino acid sites (7 %), especially when compared to viral TLR evolution of other mammals. All of these putatively positively selected codons were located in the ligand-binding ectodomain, some coincidenced or were in close proximity to functional sites, as suggested by the crystallographic structure of the human TLR8. This might contribute to the inter-species variation in the ability to recognize molecular patterns of viruses. TLR8 evolution within bats revealed that branches leading to ancestral and recent lineages evolved under episodic positive selection, indicating selective selection pressures in restricted bat lineages. Altogether, we found that the TLR8 displays extensive sequence variation within bats and that unique features separate them from humans and other mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schad
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Puryear WB, Keogh M, Hill N, Moxley J, Josephson E, Davis KR, Bandoro C, Lidgard D, Bogomolni A, Levin M, Lang S, Hammill M, Bowen D, Johnston DW, Romano T, Waring G, Runstadler J. Prevalence of influenza A virus in live-captured North Atlantic gray seals: a possible wild reservoir. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e81. [PMID: 27485496 PMCID: PMC5034098 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has been associated with multiple unusual mortality events (UMEs) in North Atlantic pinnipeds, frequently attributed to spillover of virus from wild-bird reservoirs. To determine if endemic infection persists outside of UMEs, we undertook a multiyear investigation of IAV in healthy, live-captured Northwest Atlantic gray seals (Halichoerus grypus). From 2013 to 2015, we sampled 345 pups and 57 adults from Cape Cod, MA, USA and Nova Scotia, Canada consistently detecting IAV infection across all groups. There was an overall viral prevalence of 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4%-12.5%) in weaned pups and 5.3% (CI: 1.2%-14.6%) in adults, with seroprevalences of 19.3% (CI: 15.0%-24.5%) and 50% (CI: 33.7%-66.4%), respectively. Positive sera showed a broad reactivity to diverse influenza subtypes. IAV status did not correlate with measures of animal health nor impact animal movement or foraging. This study demonstrated that Northwest Atlantic gray seals are both permissive to and tolerant of diverse IAV, possibly representing an endemically infected wild reservoir population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nichola Hill
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Josephson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | | | - Damian Lidgard
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1C2
| | | | - Milton Levin
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Shelley Lang
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
| | - Michael Hammill
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
| | - Don Bowen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
| | | | | | - Gordon Waring
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Vandegrift KJ, Critchlow JT, Kapoor A, Friedman DA, Hudson PJ. Peromyscus as a model system for human hepatitis C: An opportunity to advance our understanding of a complex host parasite system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:123-130. [PMID: 27498234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, there are 185 million people infected with hepatitis C virus and approximately 350,000 people die each year from hepatitis C associated liver diseases. Human hepatitis C research has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vivo model system. Most of the in vivo research has been conducted on chimpanzees, which is complicated by ethical concerns, small sample sizes, high costs, and genetic heterogeneity. The house mouse system has led to greater understanding of a wide variety of human pathogens, but it is unreasonable to expect Mus musculus to be a good model system for every human pathogen. Alternative animal models can be developed in these cases. Ferrets (influenza), cotton rats (human respiratory virus), and woodchucks (hepatitis B) are all alternative models that have led to a greater understanding of human pathogens. Rodent models are tractable, genetically amenable and inbred and outbred strains can provide homogeneity in results. Recently, a rodent homolog of hepatitis C was discovered and isolated from the liver of a Peromyscus maniculatus. This represents the first small mammal (mouse) model system for human hepatitis C and it offers great potential to contribute to our understanding and ultimately aid in our efforts to combat this serious public health concern. Peromyscus are available commercially and can be used to inform questions about the origin, transmission, persistence, pathology, and rational treatment of hepatitis C. Here, we provide a disease ecologist's overview of this new virus and some suggestions for useful future experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J Vandegrift
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Justin T Critchlow
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - David A Friedman
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Flies EJ, Flies AS, Fricker SR, Weinstein P, Williams CR. Regional Comparison of Mosquito Bloodmeals in South Australia: Implications for Ross River Virus Ecology. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:902-910. [PMID: 27113100 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is responsible for the most notifications of human arboviral infection in Australia. Seroprevalence and experimental infection studies have implicated macropods (e.g., kangaroos) as the major reservoir hosts. However, transmission ecology varies spatially, and infections in urban areas have prompted the question of what animals serve as reservoirs in regions where macropods are scarce. In South Australia (SA), human infection rates for RRV vary greatly by region as do vector and reservoir abundance. We hypothesized that mosquito abundance and feeding patterns would vary among ecoregions of SA and could help explain divergent human case rates. To test our hypothesis, we amplified and sequenced a 457 base pair region of the cytochrome B segment of mitochondrial DNA from blood fed mosquitoes collected in three main ecoregions of SA and identified sequences using a BLAST search in NCBI. Domestic livestock made up the vast majority of bloodmeals from the region with the highest human infection rate. Livestock are generally not considered to be important reservoir hosts for RRV, but our results suggest they may have a role in transmission ecology in some places. Surprisingly, none of the 199 bloodmeal samples were identified as macropod in origin. In the context of these findings, we consider the possible RRV vectors and reservoir hosts in these regions and propose that diverse spatial and temporal transmission ecologies occur in SA, depending on vector and reservoir availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Flies
- University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5001, Australia (; ; ; ),
| | - Andrew S Flies
- University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5001, Australia (; ; ; )
- University of Tasmania, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, 17 Liverpool St., Hobart TAS 7000, Australia, and
| | - Stephen R Fricker
- University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5001, Australia (; ; ; )
| | - Philip Weinstein
- Adelaide University, School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Life Sciences Ground Level, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Craig R Williams
- University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide SA 5001, Australia (; ; ; )
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ehlen L, Tödtmann J, Specht S, Kallies R, Papies J, Müller MA, Junglen S, Drosten C, Eckerle I. Epithelial cell lines of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) are highly susceptible in vitro models to zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviruses. Virol J 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27142375 PMCID: PMC4855710 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small mammals such as bats and rodents have been increasingly recognized as reservoirs of novel potentially zoonotic pathogens. However, few in vitro model systems to date allow assessment of zoonotic viruses in a relevant host context. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a New World rodent species that has a long-standing history as an experimental animal model due to its unique susceptibility to human viruses. Furthermore, wild cotton rats are associated with a large variety of known or potentially zoonotic pathogens. Methods A method for the isolation and culture of airway epithelial cell lines recently developed for bats was applied for the generation of rodent airway and renal epithelial cell lines from the cotton rat. Continuous cell lines were characterized for their epithelial properties as well as for their interferon competence. Susceptibility to members of zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviridae, in particular Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was tested. Furthermore, novel arthropod-derived viruses belonging to the families Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Mesoniviridae were tested. Results We successfully established airway and kidney epithelial cell lines from the cotton rat, and characterized their epithelial properties. Cells were shown to be interferon-competent. Viral infection assays showed high-titre viral replication of RVFV, VSV, WNV, and TBEV, as well as production of infectious virus particles. No viral replication was observed for novel arthropod-derived members of the Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Mesoniviridae families in these cell lines. Conclusion In the current study, we showed that newly established cell lines from the cotton rat can serve as host-specific in vitro models for viral infection experiments. These cell lines may also serve as novel tools for virus isolation, as well as for the investigation of virus-host interactions in a relevant host species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ehlen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Tödtmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Althouse BM, Hanley KA. The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0299. [PMID: 26150665 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in a cycle of alternating transmission between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Arboviruses possess RNA genomes capable of rapid diversification and adaptation, and the between-host trade-offs inherent to host alternation impose well-documented constraints on arbovirus evolution. Here, we investigate the less well-studied within-host trade-offs that shape arbovirus replication dynamics and transmission. Arboviruses generally establish lifelong infection in vectors but transient infection of variable magnitude (i.e. peak virus concentration) and duration in vertebrate hosts. In the majority of experimental infections of vertebrate hosts, both the magnitude and duration of arbovirus replication depended upon the dose of virus administered, with increasing dose resulting in greater magnitude but shorter duration of viraemia. This pattern suggests that the vertebrate immune response imposes a trade-off between the height and breadth of the virus replication curve. To investigate the impact of this trade-off on transmission, we used a simple modelling approach to contrast the effect of 'tortoise' (low magnitude, long duration viraemia) and 'hare' (high magnitude, short duration viraemia) arbovirus replication strategies on transmission. This model revealed that, counter to previous theory, arboviruses that adopt a tortoise strategy have higher rates of persistence in both host and vector populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA 98005, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Corripio-Miyar Y, Hope J, McInnes CJ, Wattegedera SR, Jensen K, Pang Y, Entrican G, Glass EJ. Phenotypic and functional analysis of monocyte populations in cattle peripheral blood identifies a subset with high endocytic and allogeneic T-cell stimulatory capacity. Vet Res 2015; 46:112. [PMID: 26407849 PMCID: PMC4582714 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocytes in several mammalian species can be subdivided into functionally distinct subpopulations based on differential expression of surface molecules. We confirm that bovine monocytes express CD172a and MHC class II with two distinct populations of CD14+CD16low/-CD163+ and CD14−CD16++CD163low- cells, and a more diffuse population of CD14+CD16+CD163+ cells. In contrast, ovine monocytes consisted of only a major CD14+CD16+ subset and a very low percentage of CD14−CD16++cells. The bovine subsets expressed similar levels of CD80, CD40 and CD11c molecules and mRNA encoding CD115. However, further mRNA analyses revealed that the CD14−CD16++ monocytes were CX3CR1highCCR2low whereas the major CD14+ subset was CX3CR1lowCCR2high. The former were positive for CD1b and had lower levels of CD11b and CD86 than the CD14+ monocytes. The more diffuse CD14+CD16+ population generally expressed intermediate levels of these molecules. All three populations responded to stimulation with phenol-extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by producing interleukin (IL)-1β, with the CD16++ subset expressing higher levels of IL-12 and lower levels of IL-10. The CD14−CD16++ cells were more endocytic and induced greater allogeneic T cell responses compared to the other monocyte populations. Taken together the data show both similarities and differences between the classical, intermediate and non-classical definitions of monocytes as described for other mammalian species, with additional potential subpopulations. Further functional analyses of these monocyte populations may help explain inter-animal and inter-species variations to infection, inflammation and vaccination in ruminant livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Corripio-Miyar
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Jayne Hope
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Colin J McInnes
- Current address: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Sean R Wattegedera
- Current address: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Kirsty Jensen
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Yvonne Pang
- Current address: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Gary Entrican
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. .,Current address: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- Division of Infection & Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Sironi M, Cagliani R, Forni D, Clerici M. Evolutionary insights into host-pathogen interactions from mammalian sequence data. Nat Rev Genet 2015; 16:224-36. [PMID: 25783448 PMCID: PMC7096838 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infections are one of the major selective pressures acting on humans, and host-pathogen interactions contribute to shaping the genetic diversity of both organisms. Evolutionary genomic studies take advantage of experiments that natural selection has been performing over millennia. In particular, inter-species comparative genomic analyses can highlight the genetic determinants of infection susceptibility or severity. Recent examples show how evolution-guided approaches can provide new insights into host-pathogen interactions, ultimately clarifying the basis of host range and explaining the emergence of different diseases. We describe the latest developments in comparative immunology and evolutionary genetics, showing their relevance for understanding the molecular determinants of infection susceptibility in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- 1] Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy. [2] Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, 20148 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F, van Drunen Littel - van den Hurk S, Wilson D, Walker S, Wheler C, Townsend H, Potter AA. Large Animal Models for Vaccine Development and Testing. ILAR J 2015; 56:53-62. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
67
|
Benfield CTO, Smith SE, Wright E, Wash RS, Ferrara F, Temperton NJ, Kellam P. Bat and pig IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 restrict cell entry by influenza virus and lyssaviruses. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:991-1005. [PMID: 25614588 PMCID: PMC4631062 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a restriction factor that blocks cytosolic entry of numerous viruses that utilize acidic endosomal entry pathways. In humans and mice, IFITM3 limits influenza-induced morbidity and mortality. Although many IFITM3-sensitive viruses are zoonotic, whether IFITMs function as antiviral restriction factors in mammalian species other than humans and mice is unknown. Here, IFITM3 orthologues in the microbat (Myotis myotis) and pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) were identified using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Amino acid residues known to be important for IFITM3 function were conserved in the pig and microbat orthologues. Ectopically expressed pig and microbat IFITM3 co-localized with transferrin (early endosomes) and CD63 (late endosomes/multivesicular bodies). Pig and microbat IFITM3 restricted cell entry mediated by multiple influenza haemagglutinin subtypes and lyssavirus glycoproteins. Expression of pig or microbat IFITM3 in A549 cells reduced influenza virus yields and nucleoprotein expression. Conversely, small interfering RNA knockdown of IFITM3 in pig NPTr cells and primary microbat cells enhanced virus replication, demonstrating that these genes are functional in their species of origin at endogenous levels. In summary, we showed that IFITMs function as potent broad-spectrum antiviral effectors in two mammals - pigs and bats - identified as major reservoirs for emerging viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla T O Benfield
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Sarah E Smith
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rachael S Wash
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Nigel J Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- MRC/UCL Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
Fifty years ago, bacteria in the genus Brucella were known to cause infertility and reproductive losses. At that time, the genus was considered to contain only 3 species: Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella suis. Since the early 1960s, at least 7 new species have been identified as belonging to the Brucella genus (Brucella canis, Brucella ceti, Brucella inopinata, Brucella microti, Brucella neotomae, Brucella ovis, and Brucella pinnipedialis) with several additional new species under consideration for inclusion. Although molecular studies have found such high homology that some authors have proposed that all Brucella are actually 1 species, the epidemiologic and diagnostic benefits for separating the genus based on phenotypic characteristics are more compelling. Although pathogenic Brucella spp have preferred reservoir hosts, their ability to infect numerous mammalian hosts has been increasingly documented. The maintenance of infection in new reservoir hosts, such as wildlife, has become an issue for both public health and animal health regulatory personnel. Since the 1960s, new information on how Brucella enters host cells and modifies their intracellular environment has been gained. Although the pathogenesis and histologic lesions of B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis in their preferred hosts have not changed, additional knowledge on the pathology of these brucellae in new hosts, or of new species of Brucella in their preferred hosts, has been obtained. To this day, brucellosis remains a significant human zoonosis that is emerging or reemerging in many parts of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Olsen
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - M V Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Forberg H, Hauge AG, Valheim M, Garcon F, Nunez A, Gerner W, Mair KH, Graham SP, Brookes SM, Storset AK. Early responses of natural killer cells in pigs experimentally infected with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100619. [PMID: 24955764 PMCID: PMC4067341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important players in the innate immune response against influenza A virus and the activating receptor NKp46, which binds hemagglutinin on the surface of infected cells, has been assigned a role in this context. As pigs are natural hosts for influenza A viruses and pigs possess both NKp46− and NKp46+ NK cells, they represent a good animal model for studying the role of the NKp46 receptor during influenza. We explored the role of NK cells in piglets experimentally infected with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by flow cytometric analyses of cells isolated from blood and lung tissue and by immunostaining of lung tissue sections. The number of NKp46+ NK cells was reduced while NKp46− NK cells remained unaltered in the blood 1–3 days after infection. In the lungs, the intensity of NKp46 expression on NK cells was increased during the first 3 days, and areas where influenza virus nucleoprotein was detected were associated with increased numbers of NKp46+ NK cells when compared to uninfected areas. NKp46+ NK cells in the lung were neither found to be infected with influenza virus nor to be undergoing apoptosis. The binding of porcine NKp46 to influenza virus infected cells was verified in an in vitro assay. These data support the involvement of porcine NKp46+ NK cells in the local immune response against influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Forberg
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna G. Hauge
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Valheim
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fanny Garcon
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon P. Graham
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon M. Brookes
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Anne K. Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Eckerle I, Lenk M, Ulrich RG. More novel hantaviruses and diversifying reservoir hosts--time for development of reservoir-derived cell culture models? Viruses 2014; 6:951-67. [PMID: 24576845 PMCID: PMC3970132 DOI: 10.3390/v6030951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to novel, improved and high-throughput detection methods, there is a plethora of newly identified viruses within the genus Hantavirus. Furthermore, reservoir host species are increasingly recognized besides representatives of the order Rodentia, now including members of the mammalian orders Soricomorpha/Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. Despite the great interest created by emerging zoonotic viruses, there is still a gross lack of in vitro models, which reflect the exclusive host adaptation of most zoonotic viruses. The usually narrow host range and genetic diversity of hantaviruses make them an exciting candidate for studying virus-host interactions on a cellular level. To do so, well-characterized reservoir cell lines covering a wide range of bat, insectivore and rodent species are essential. Most currently available cell culture models display a heterologous virus-host relationship and are therefore only of limited value. Here, we review the recently established approaches to generate reservoir-derived cell culture models for the in vitro study of virus-host interactions. These successfully used model systems almost exclusively originate from bats and bat-borne viruses other than hantaviruses. Therefore we propose a parallel approach for research on rodent- and insectivore-borne hantaviruses, taking the generation of novel rodent and insectivore cell lines from wildlife species into account. These cell lines would be also valuable for studies on further rodent-borne viruses, such as orthopox- and arenaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Eckerle
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|