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Krishna H, Behari S, Pal L, Chhabra AK, Banerji D, Chhabra DK, Jain VK. Solitary Langerhans-cell histiocytosis of the clivus and sphenoid sinus with parasellar and petrous extensions: case report and a review of literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 62:447-54. [PMID: 15518856 DOI: 10.1016/j.surneu.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, there occurs an uncontrolled clonal proliferation of dendritic cells that have Langerhans cell like characteristics. In this report, a unique case of a solitary, skull base Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (LCH) is described. CASE DESCRIPTION A 15-year-old boy presented with raised intracranial pressure, decreased visual acuity, bilateral abducent nerve palsy, and 25% hypoesthesia in all three divisions of the right trigeminal nerve. He had normal strength but with a left-sided upper and lower limb hypertonia and hyper-reflexia and an upgoing plantar reflex. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a heterogeneously iso-to hyperintense lesion of the clivus and the sphenoid sinus, extending to the right cavernous sinus to encase the right cavernous internal carotid artery segment, and also involving the right petrous apex and the extradural space in the prepontine region. The lesion was brilliantly enhancing on contrast. An extended frontobasal approach was used to excise the lesion. Following surgery, the residual parasellar and the right petrous apex tumor was treated with a low dose radiation therapy. At follow-up after 1.5 years, there was significant clinical improvement and the computed tomographic scan showed no residual lesion. CONCLUSION A review of the literature reveals that this is only the second reported case of a spheno-clival LCH. An additional feature includes extensions into the parasellar as well as the petrous apex regions. Despite the extensive spread, the surgical excision with low dose radiation therapy was successful in providing complete resolution of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Krishna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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52
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Bladh LG, Lidén J, Pazirandeh A, Rafter I, Dahlman-Wright K, Nilsson S, Okret S. Identification of target genes involved in the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticoids reveals a role for nuclear factor-(kappa)B repression. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:632-43. [PMID: 15528271 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) exert an antiproliferative effect on most cells. However, the molecular mechanism is still largely unclear. We investigated the antiproliferative mechanism by GCs in human embryonic kidney 293 cells with stably introduced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mutants that discriminate between cross-talk with nuclear factor-(kappa)B (NF-(kappa)B) and activator protein-1 signaling, transactivation and transrepression, and antiproliferative vs. non-antiproliferative responses. Using the GR mutants, we here demonstrate a correlation between repression of NF-(kappa)B signaling and antiproliferative response. Gene expression profiling of endogenous genes in cells containing mutant GRs identified a limited number of genes that correlated with the antiproliferative response. This included a GC-mediated up-regulation of the NF-(kappa)B-inhibitory protein I(kappa)B(alpha), in line with repression of NF-(kappa)B signaling being important in the GC-mediated antiproliferative response. Interestingly, the GC-stimulated expression of I(kappa)B(alpha) was a direct effect despite the inability of the GR mutant to transactivate through a GC-responsive element. Selective expression of I(kappa)B(alpha) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells resulted in a decreased percentage of cells in the S/G2/M phase and impaired cell proliferation. These results demonstrate that GC-mediated inhibition of NF-(kappa)B is an important mechanism in the antiproliferative response to GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Göran Bladh
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Novum, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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53
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Abstract
There is much evidence to support the concept that psoriasis is a type 1 autoimmune disease, primarily mediated by interferon gamma and other inflammatory cytokines. There has been renewed interest in the role of components of the innate immune system, however,and it may be that overlap between the innate and acquired arms of the immune system can better explain immunopathogenesis in psoriasis. Relevant cell types, receptors, and immune mediators within these traditional boundaries of the immune system are discussed.Finally, pathogenic contributions from important psoriatic mouse models and recent genomic data using the new gene chip technology are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Lowes
- Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 178, New York, NY 10021, USA
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54
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Dijsselbloem N, Vanden Berghe W, De Naeyer A, Haegeman G. Soy isoflavone phyto-pharmaceuticals in interleukin-6 affections. Multi-purpose nutraceuticals at the crossroad of hormone replacement, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1171-85. [PMID: 15313415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine which plays a crucial role in immune physiology and is tightly controlled by hormonal feedback mechanisms. After menopause or andropause, loss of the normally inhibiting sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone) results in elevated IL6 levels that are further progressively increasing with age. Interestingly, excessive IL6 production promotes tumorigenesis (breast, prostate, lung, colon, ovarian), and accounts for several disease-associated pathologies and phenotypical changes of advanced age, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple myeloma, neurodegenerative diseases and frailty. In this respect, pharmacological modulation of IL6 gene expression levels may have therapeutical benefit in preventing cancer progression, ageing discomforts and restoring immune homeostasis. Although "plant extracts" are used in folk medicine within living memory, it is only since the 20th century that numerous scientific investigations have been performed to discover potential health-protective food compounds or "nutraceuticals" which might prevent cancer and ageing diseases. About 2000 years ago, Hippocrates already highlighted "Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food". Various nutrients in the diet play a crucial role in maintaining an "optimal" immune response, such that deficient or excessive intakes can have negative consequences on the organism's immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathologies. Over the last few decades, various immune-modulating nutrients have been identified, which interfere with IL6 gene expression. Currently, a broad range of phyto-pharmaceuticals with a claimed hormonal activity, called "phyto-estrogens", is recommended for prevention of various diseases related to a disturbed hormonal balance (i.e. menopausal ailments and/or prostate/breast cancer). In this respect, there is a renewed interest in soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, biochanin) as potential superior alternatives to the synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which are currently applied in hormone replacement therapy (HRT). As phyto-chemicals integrate hormonal ligand activities and interference with signaling cascades, therapeutic use may not be restricted to hormonal ailments only, but may have applications in cancer chemoprevention and/or NF-kappaB-related inflammatory disorders as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dijsselbloem
- Laboratory for Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction, Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, KL Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Belgium
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55
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Chang WLW, Baumgarth N, Yu D, Barry PA. Human cytomegalovirus-encoded interleukin-10 homolog inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and alters their functionality. J Virol 2004; 78:8720-31. [PMID: 15280480 PMCID: PMC479089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8720-8731.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) suppresses the maturation and cytokine production of dendritic cells (DCs), key regulators of adaptive immunity, and prevents the activation and polarization of naïve T cells towards protective gamma interferon-producing effectors. We hypothesized that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) utilizes its viral IL-10 homolog (cmvIL-10) to attenuate DC functionality, thereby subverting the efficient induction of antiviral immune responses. RNA and protein analyses demonstrated that the cmvIL-10 gene was expressed with late gene kinetics. Treatment of immature DCs (iDCs) with supernatant from HCMV-infected cultures inhibited both the lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation and proinflammatory cytokine production. These inhibitory effects were specifically mediated through the IL-10 receptor and were not observed when DCs were treated with supernatant of cells infected with a cmvIL-10-knockout mutant. Incubation of iDCs with recombinant cmvIL-10 recapitulated the inhibition of maturation. Furthermore, cmvIL-10 had pronounced long-term effects on those DCs that could overcome this inhibition of maturation. It enhanced the migration of mature DCs (mDCs) towards the lymph node homing chemokine but greatly reduced their cytokine production. The inability of mDCs to secrete IL-12 was maintained, even when they were restimulated by the activated T-cell signal CD40 ligand in the absence of cmvIL-10. Importantly, cmvIL-10 potentiates these anti-inflammatory effects, at least partially, by inducing endogenous cellular IL-10 expression in DCs. Collectively, we show that cmvIL-10 causes long-term functional alterations at all stages of DC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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56
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Henriksson G, Helgeland L, Midtvedt T, Stierna P, Brandtzaeg P. Immune response to Mycoplasma pulmonis in nasal mucosa is modulated by the normal microbiota. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:657-62. [PMID: 15347559 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0207oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of commensal bacteria on lymphocyte responses in the upper airways was studied in rat nasal mucosa after infection with the pathogen Mycoplasma pulmonis. Phenotyping was performed in situ by paired immunofluorescence staining in germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) rats before and 3 wk after the monoinfection. Intraepithelial lymphocytes had expanded significantly in GF (P = 0.02) but not in CV rats. Furthermore, a striking proportional increase of T-cell receptor (TCR)alphabeta(+)CD4(+) cells was observed both in the lamina propria and epithelium of GF (P < 0.01) but not of CV rats. Notably, in contrast to the pre-infection state, both mucosal compartments showed a percentage of TCRalphabeta(+)CD4(+) cells that was significantly higher in GF (P = 0.03-P < 0.01) than in CV rats after the monoinfection. In parallel, both compartments displayed a percentage of TCRalphabeta(+) CD8(+) cells that was decreased in GF (P < 0.01) but not in CV rats. The small fraction of TCRgammadelta(+) T cells observed (< 5%) did not change quantitatively or phenotypically after infection. The size of organized nose-associated lymphoid tissue was, on average, increased 5.2-fold in GF rats versus 2.6-fold in CV rats. Collectively, our results demonstrated that the normal microbiota modulated markedly the nasal immune response elicited by monoinfection with M. pulmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Henriksson
- Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
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57
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Jiang H, Van De Ven C, Satwani P, Baxi LV, Cairo MS. Differential gene expression patterns by oligonucleotide microarray of basal versus lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes from cord blood versus adult peripheral blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5870-9. [PMID: 15128766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes (Mo) are critically important in the generation of inflammatory mediators, cytokines/chemokines, and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. We and others have previously demonstrated significant dysregulated cytokine gene expression and protein production and in vitro functional activities of activated cord blood (CB) vs adult peripheral blood (APB) mononuclear cells (MNC). In this study, we compared, by oligonucleotide microarray, the differential gene expression profiles of basal and LPS-activated APB vs CB Mo. We demonstrated a significant increase in the gene expression of several important functional groups of CB genes compared with basal levels including cytokine (IL-12p40, 5-fold), immunoregulatory (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule, 4-fold), signal transduction (Pim-2, 3-fold), and cell structure (Rho7, 4-fold) among others. Furthermore, there was significantly differentially amplified gene expression in LPS-activated APB vs LPS-activated CB Mo, including cytokine (G-CSF, 14-fold), chemokine (macrophage-inflammatory protein 1alpha, 5-fold), immunoregulatory (MHC DRB1, 5-fold), transcription factor (JunB, 4-fold), signal transduction (STAT4, 5-fold), apoptotic regulation (BAX, 5-fold), and cell structure (ladinin 1, 6-fold) among others. These results provide insight into the molecular basis for normal genetic regulation of Mo development and cellular function and differential inflammatory and innate and adaptive immune responses between activated CB and APB Mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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58
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Wen YM. [Innate immunity and integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 2:1-2. [PMID: 15339489 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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59
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Kato A, Ogasawara T, Homma T, Saito H, Matsumoto K. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein critically regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced IFN-beta signaling pathway in human monocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:6185-94. [PMID: 15128806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.10.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
LPS binding to Toll-like receptor 4 induces a large number of genes through activation of NF-kappaB and IFN-regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3). However, no previous reports have tested the role of serum proteins in LPS-induced gene expression profiles. To investigate how serum proteins affect LPS-induced signaling, we investigated LPS-inducible genes in PBMC using an oligonucleotide probe-array system. Approximately 120 genes up-regulated by LPS were hierarchically divided into two clusters. Induction of one cluster, containing only IFN-inducible genes, was serum dependent. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed that IFN-inducible genes were induced only in the presence of serum, whereas inflammatory genes were induced both in the presence and absence of serum. Further analysis demonstrated that addition of LPS-binding protein (LBP), but not of soluble CD14 to the serum-free medium enabled the induction of IFN-inducible genes and IFN-beta itself by LPS in human monocytes. The mRNAs for IFN-beta and IFN-inducible genes were induced by LPS only in the presence of serum from LBP(+/+) mice, and not in the presence of serum from LBP(-/-) mice. Blocking experiments also confirmed the involvement of LBP in this phenomenon. Immunoblotting analysis showed that phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, IRF-3, tyrosine kinase 2, and STAT1 by LPS, but not of NF-kappaB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase was abrogated in the absence of LBP. This critical role for LBP implies the presence of possible mechanisms linking LBP to the intracellular signaling between Toll-like receptor 4 and IRF-3, leading to the induction of IFN-beta by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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60
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Granucci F, Zanoni I, Pavelka N, Van Dommelen SLH, Andoniou CE, Belardelli F, Degli Esposti MA, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P. A contribution of mouse dendritic cell-derived IL-2 for NK cell activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 200:287-95. [PMID: 15289500 PMCID: PMC2211974 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a predominant role in activation of natural killer (NK) cells that exert their functions against pathogen-infected and tumor cells. Here, we used a murine model to investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for this process. Two soluble molecules produced by bacterially activated myeloid DCs are required for optimal priming of NK cells. Type I interferons (IFNs) promote the cytotoxic functions of NK cells. IL-2 is necessary both in vitro and in vivo for the efficient production of IFNγ, which has an important antimetastatic and antibacterial function. These findings provide new information about the mechanisms that mediate DC–NK cell interactions and define a novel and fundamental role for IL-2 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Granucci
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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61
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Dillon S, Agrawal A, Van Dyke T, Landreth G, McCauley L, Koh A, Maliszewski C, Akira S, Pulendran B. A Toll-like receptor 2 ligand stimulates Th2 responses in vivo, via induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Fos in dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4733-43. [PMID: 15067049 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.8.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system can generate distinct classes of responses, but the mechanisms that determine this are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands induce distinct dendritic cell (DC) activation and immune responses in vivo. Thus, Escherichia coli LPS (TLR-4 stimulus), activates DCs to produce abundant IL-12(p70), but little IL-10, and stimulates Th1 and Tc1 responses. In contrast, Pam-3-cys (TLR-2 stimulus) elicits less IL-12(p70), but abundant IL-10, and favors Th2 and T cytotoxic 2 (Tc2) responses. These distinct responses likely occur via differences in extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in DCs. Thus, Pam-3-cys induces enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, compared with LPS, resulting in suppressed IL-12(p70) and enhanced IL-10 production, as well as enhanced induction of the transcription factor, c-Fos. Interestingly, DCs from c-fos(-/-) mice produce more IL-12(p70), but less IL-10, compared with control DCs. Therefore, different TLR ligands induce distinct cytokines and signaling in DCs, and differentially bias Th responses in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/physiology
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD11c Antigen/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dipeptides/metabolism
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Enzyme Induction/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Genes, Immediate-Early/immunology
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lipoproteins/metabolism
- Lipoproteins/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/biosynthesis
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/deficiency
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Subunits/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/physiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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62
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Sauma D, Fierro A, Mora JR, Lennon-Duménil AM, Bono MR, Rosemblatt M, Morales J. Cyclosporine preconditions dendritic cells during differentiation and reduces IL-2 and IL-12 production following activation: a potential tolerogenic effect. Transplant Proc 2004; 35:2515-7. [PMID: 14611999 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mode of action of cyclosporine (CsA) has been ascribed to its capacity to inhibit IL-2 and IFNgamma production by T cells, two cytokines implicated in allograft rejection. Recently, it has been reported that upon activation, dendritic cells (DCs) exhibit transient production of IL-2, a property that appears to be related to their capacity to initiate immune responses. On the other hand, DCs can generate signals determining Th1/Th2 polarizing effects, an effect that can drastically influence the outcome of organ transplant. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of CsA on cytokine production by immature and mature DCs. DC precursors from mouse bone marrow were induced to differentiate by incubation with GM-CSF for 5 days followed by activation with LPS for 4 hours. CsA was added at different times during this process. Our results show that when CsA is added during the differentiation period following activation with LPS, IL-2 and IL-12 secretion are significantly reduced without affecting the evolution of the DC. Conversely, CsA had no effect when added during the LPS activation period. These results show that CsA affects DCs before they receive the final activation stimulus, preconditioning them to antigen stimulation. This preconditioning of DCs by calcineurin-inhibiting drugs conceptually integrates the mode of action of CsA with the tolerogenic and T-cell polarization function ascribed to DCs. These results may be especially meaningful for the future design of immunosuppressive protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sauma
- Departmento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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63
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Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Donaldson PT. Cytokine gene polymorphism and immunoregulation in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:158-82. [PMID: 15107062 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Taylor
- Oral Microbiology and Host Responses Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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64
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Abstract
Mucosally active vaccine adjuvants which will prime a full range of local and systemic immune responses against defined antigenic epitopes are much needed. Cholera toxin (CT) and lipophilic immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) containing Quil A can both act as adjuvants for orally administered antigens, but through separate pathways, as evidenced by the dependence on IL-12 for the effect of ISCOMs, whereas CT is independent of this cytokine. Unfortunately the toxicity of CT and recent findings of accumulation of CT in the olfactory nerve and bulb after intranasal administration precludes the clinical use of CT. However, we have been successful in separating the adjuvant and toxic effects of CT, by constructing a gene fusion protein, CTA1-DD, that combines the enzymatically active CTA1-subunit with a B cell targeting moiety, D, derived from Staphylococcus aureus protein A. The present review gives a background to mucosal immunization and the use of -adjuvants in general, followed by a description of a strategy to rationally design a vaccine adjuvant vector that fulfils the criteria of targeting and immunomodulating innate immunity in order to boost a strong adaptive immune response. We have combined CTA1-DD and ISCOMs into a new highly promising vaccine adjuvant vector, CTA1-DD/ISCOMs. The combined vector is immunogenic when given by the subcutaneous, oral or nasal routes, inducing strong cell--mediated and humoral immune responses, including local mucosal IgA. It requires the ADP ribosylating property of the CTA1-enzyme and the effect of the combined vector greatly exceeded the effect of either ISCOMs or CT used alone. Antigens could be incorporated into or just admixed with the new vector. Thus, we have demonstrated that rationally designed vectors consisting of CTA1-DD and ISCOMS may provide a novel strategy for the generation of potent and safe mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lycke
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Göteborg, S413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
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65
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Hayday AC, Pennington DJ, Giuggio VM. Genomics and immunology. Semin Immunol 2003; 15:201-8. [PMID: 14690044 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-5323(03)00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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66
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De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1: molecular mechanisms for gene repression. Endocr Rev 2003; 24:488-522. [PMID: 12920152 DOI: 10.1210/er.2002-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a highly regulated physiological process that is critically important for homeostasis. A precise physiological control of inflammation allows a timely reaction to invading pathogens or to other insults without causing overreaction liable to damage the host. The cellular signaling pathways identified as important regulators of inflammation are the signal transduction cascades mediated by the nuclear factor-kappaB and the activator protein-1, which can both be modulated by glucocorticoids. Their use in the clinic includes treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, allograft rejection, and allergic skin diseases. Although glucocorticoids have been widely used since the late 1940s, the molecular mechanisms responsible for their antiinflammatory activity are still under investigation. The various molecular pathways proposed so far are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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67
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Fadeel B, Henter JI. Langerhans-cell histiocytosis: neoplasia or unbridled inflammation? Trends Immunol 2003; 24:409-10; author reply 410-1. [PMID: 12909451 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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68
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Abstract
Existing vaccines have contributed significantly to the reduction of the mortality and morbidity burdens of many infectious diseases. In many instances, however, the development of these vaccines has been empirical. Furthermore, the impressive progress in the field of vaccines has been mainly driven the progress in molecular biology and microbiology more than by the progress in immunobiology. Nevertheless, the new challenges vaccinology is facing nowadays can be approached through a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms behind the induction and the maintenance of efficacious immune responses triggered by vaccines. The new vaccination strategies aim at exploiting the new knowledge in the field of dendritic cells (DC; and their role in priming immune responses), in the field of antigen processing and presentation for the generation of antigen-specific cytolytic T cells, and in the field of induction and maintenance of immunological memory, with the ultimate goal of developing better vaccines with an enhanced safety and efficacy not only in children and adults, but also at neonatal age.
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69
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Peppoloni S, Ruggiero P, Contorni M, Morandi M, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Podda A, Del Giudice G. Mutants of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as safe and strong adjuvants for intranasal delivery of vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2003; 2:285-93. [PMID: 12899578 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin are powerful mucosal adjuvants but their high toxicity hampers their use in humans. Site-directed mutagenesis has allowed the generation of several cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin mutants with abolished or strongly reduced toxicity that still retain strong mucosal adjuvanticity. Among them, LTK63 (Ser to Lys substitution at position 63 in the A subunit) is completely nontoxic and LTR72 (Ala to Arg at position 72) retains a very low residual enzymatic activity. Both of them have been shown to be safe and effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of intranasally coadministered vaccines, also resulting in protective responses in several animal models. Clinical grade preparations of these mutants have now been produced, tested in animals and proven to be totally safe. Indeed, they did not induce any inflammatory event in the respiratory tract nor, more importantly, in the olfactory bulbs and in the meninges. The fully nontoxic LTK63 mutant has now been successfully tested in human volunteers with a trivalent subunit influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Peppoloni
- IRIS Research Center, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Biostatistical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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70
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2003. [PMCID: PMC2448450 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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