51
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Lou Y, Zhao L, Yu S, Sun B, Hou Z, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Liu S. Brain asymmetry differences between Chinese and Caucasian populations: a surface-based morphometric comparison study. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 14:2323-2332. [PMID: 31435899 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetry has been proved to exist in the human brain structure, function and behavior. Most of the existing brain asymmetry findings are originated from the western populations, while studies about the brain structural and functional asymmetries in East Asians are limited. Extensive evidence suggested that cultural differences, e.g. education and language, may lead to differences in brain structure and function between races. Therefore, we hypothesized that differences in brain structural asymmetries exist between East Asians and Westerners. In this study, we performed a comprehensive surface-based morphometric (SBM) analysis of brain asymmetries in cortical thickness, volume and surface area in two well-matched groups of right-handed, Chinese (n = 45) and Caucasian (n = 45) young male adults (age = 22-29 years). Our results showed consistent inter-hemispheric asymmetries in the three brain morphological measures in multiple brain regions in the Chinese young adults, including the temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital, insular cortices and the cingulate gyrus. Comparing with the Caucasians, the Chinese group showed greater structural asymmetry in the frontal, temporal, occipital and insular cortices, and smaller asymmetry in the parietal cortex and cingulate gyrus. These findings could provide a new neuroanatomical basis for understanding the distinctions between East Asian and Caucasian in brain functional lateralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Lou
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shui Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongyu Hou
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghe Zhang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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52
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Luo S, Wu B, Fan X, Zhu Y, Wu X, Han S. Thoughts of death affect reward learning by modulating salience network activity. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116068. [PMID: 31398436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoughts of death substantially influence human behavior and psychological well-being. A large number of behavioral studies have shown evidence that asking individuals to think about death or mortality salience leads to significant changes of their behaviors. These findings support the well-known terror management theory to account for the psychological mechanisms of existential anxiety. However, despite increasing findings of mortality salience effects on human behavior, how the brain responds to reminders of mortality and changes the activity underlying subsequent behavior remains poorly understood. By scanning healthy adults (N = 80) of both sexes using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we showed that, relative to reading emotionally neutral sentences, reading sentences that evoke death-related thoughts decreased the salience network activity, reduced the connectivity between the cingulate cortex and other brain regions during a subsequent resting state, and dampened the speed of learning reward-related objects and cingulate responses to loss feedback during a subsequent reward learning task. In addition, the decreased resting-state cingulate connectivity mediated the association between salience network deactivations in response to reminders of mortality and suppressed cingulate responses to loss feedback. Finally, the suppressed cingulate responses to loss feedback further predicted the dampened speed of reward learning. Our findings demonstrate sequential modulations of the salience network activity by mortality salience, which provide a neural basis for understanding human behavior under mortality threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Luo
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Radiology, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Fan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinhuai Wu
- Department of Radiology, The 7th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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53
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Jiang X, Gossack-Keenan K, Pell MD. To believe or not to believe? How voice and accent information in speech alter listener impressions of trust. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 73:55-79. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021819865833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Our decision to believe what another person says can be influenced by vocally expressed confidence in speech and by whether the speaker–listener are members of the same social group. The dynamic effects of these two information sources on neurocognitive processes that promote believability impressions from vocal cues are unclear. Here, English Canadian listeners were presented personal statements ( She has access to the building) produced in a confident or doubtful voice by speakers of their own dialect (in-group) or speakers from two different “out-groups” (regional or foreign-accented English). Participants rated how believable the speaker is for each statement and event-related potentials (ERPs) were analysed from utterance onset. Believability decisions were modulated by both the speaker’s vocal confidence level and their perceived in-group status. For in-group speakers, ERP effects revealed an early differentiation of vocally expressed confidence (i.e., N100, P200), highlighting the motivational significance of doubtful voices for drawing believability inferences. These early effects on vocal confidence perception were qualitatively different or absent when speakers had an accent; evaluating out-group voices was associated with increased demands on contextual integration and re-analysis of a non-native representation of believability (i.e., increased N400, late negativity response). Accent intelligibility and experience with particular out-group accents each influenced how vocal confidence was processed for out-group speakers. The N100 amplitude was sensitive to out-group attitudes and predicted actual believability decisions for certain out-group speakers. We propose a neurocognitive model in which vocal identity information (social categorization) dynamically influences how vocal expressions are decoded and used to derive social inferences during person perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Jiang
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kira Gossack-Keenan
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc D Pell
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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54
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Brailovskaia J, Teismann T, Zhang XC, Margraf J. Grandiose narcissism, depression and suicide ideation in Chinese and German students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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55
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Abstract
This article summarizes key functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that correlate the neural substrate of religious belief and the influence of culture. I searched and updated PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) publications until March 2018 on religious belief and related topics. Belief, whether religious or nonreligious, is associated with greater signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC), a brain region important for self-representation, emotional associations, reward, and goal-driven behavior. However, religious belief, compared with nonreligious belief, registers greater signal in the precuneus, anterior insula, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, and posterior medial cortex-areas associated with governance of emotion, self-representation, and cognitive conflict. In contrast, nonreligious belief registers more signal in the left hemisphere memory networks (Harris et al. PLoS One 2009;4:e0007272). Moreover, cultural studies revealed self-judgment tasks in nonbelievers involved more the vMPFC, whereas Christians had significantly increased activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (Han et al. Soc Neurosci 2008;3:1-15). Consequently, the Christian belief of "surrendering to Christ" seemed to weaken neural coding of stimulus self-relatedness but enhanced neural activity underlying evaluative processes of self-referential stimuli. The findings suggest a transformation of the semantic autobiographical self to Christ's conceptual self.
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56
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Northoff G, Wainio-Theberge S, Evers K. Is temporo-spatial dynamics the "common currency" of brain and mind? In Quest of "Spatiotemporal Neuroscience". Phys Life Rev 2019; 33:34-54. [PMID: 31221604 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience has made considerable progress in unraveling the neural correlates of mental phenomena like self, consciousness, and perception. However, the "common currency" shared between neuronal and mental activity, brain and mind, remains yet unclear. In this article, we propose that the dynamics of time and space provides a "common currency" that connects neuronal and mental features. Time and space are here understood in a dynamic context (as in contemporary physics): that is, in terms of the way the brain's spontaneous activity constructs its spatial and temporal relationships, for instance in terms of functional connectivity and different frequencies of fluctuations. Recruiting recent empirical evidence, we show that the different ways in which the spontaneous activity constructs its "inner time and space" are manifested in distinct mental features. Specifically, we demonstrate how spatiotemporal mechanisms like spatiotemporal repertoire, integration, and speed yield mental features like consciousness, self, and time speed perception. The focus on the brain's spatiotemporal mechanisms entails what we describe as "Spatiotemporal Neuroscience". Spatiotemporal Neuroscience conceives neuronal activity in terms of its temporo-spatial dynamics rather than its various functions (e.g., cognitive, affective, social, etc.) as in other branches of neuroscience (as distinguished from Cognitive, Affective, Cultural, Social, etc. Neuroscience). That allows Spatiotemporal Neuroscience to take into view the so-called 'spatio-temporality' of mental features including their non-causal, intrinsic and transformative relationship with neuronal features. In conclusion, Spatiotemporal Neuroscience opens the door to investigate and ultimately reveal the brain's own temporo-spatial dynamics as the hitherto missing "common currency" of neuronal and mental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. http://www.georgnorthoff.com
| | - Soren Wainio-Theberge
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kathinka Evers
- Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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57
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Yang T, Silveira S, Formuli A, Paolini M, Pöppel E, Sander T, Bao Y. Aesthetic Experiences Across Cultures: Neural Correlates When Viewing Traditional Eastern or Western Landscape Paintings. Front Psychol 2019; 10:798. [PMID: 31057452 PMCID: PMC6478896 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with traditional Western landscape paintings, Chinese traditional landscape paintings usually apply a reversed-geometric perspective and concentrate more on contextual information. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we discovered an intracultural bias in the aesthetic appreciation of Western and Eastern traditional landscape paintings in European and Chinese participants. When viewing Western and Eastern landscape paintings in an fMRI scanner, participants showed stronger brain activation to artistic expressions from their own culture. Europeans showed greater activation in visual and sensory-motor brain areas, regions in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and hippocampus when viewing Western compared to Eastern landscape paintings. Chinese participants exhibited greater neural activity in the medial and inferior occipital cortex and regions of the superior parietal lobule in response to Eastern compared to Western landscape paintings. On the behavioral level, the aesthetic judgments also differed between Western and Chinese participants when viewing landscape paintings from different cultures; Western participants showed for instance higher valence values when viewing Western landscapes, while Chinese participants did not show this effect when viewing Chinese landscapes. In general, our findings offer differentiated support for a cultural modulation at the behavioral level and in the neural architecture for high-level aesthetic appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sarita Silveira
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Arusu Formuli
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Clinic and Policlinic for Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Paolini
- Clinic and Policlinic for Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Pöppel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Parmenides Center for Art and Science, Pullach, Germany
| | | | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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58
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Özkarar-Gradwohl FG. Cross-Cultural Affective Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2019; 10:794. [PMID: 31037064 PMCID: PMC6476274 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panksepp, the father of Affective Neuroscience, dedicated his life to demonstrate that foundations of mental life and consciousness lay in the archaic layers of the brain. He had an evolutionary perspective emphasizing that the subcortical affective systems come prior to cortical cognitive systems. Based on his life-long work, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) was constructed, and a new neurodevelopmental approach to personality was started. The new approach suggested that personality was formed based on the strengths and/or weaknesses found in the subcortical basic affective systems, which are initially regulated by the mother-infant attachment styles and later by early life experiences. ANPS measured six basic affects: CARE, PLAY, SEEK, SADNESS, FEAR, and ANGER; along with a Spirituality subscale. Up to date, it has been translated to several languages, and these studies confirmed that ANPS is a reliable and valid tool. Based on the observation that these ANPS studies have both universal and culturally specific findings, cross-cultural affective neuroscience (CAN) was initiated in 2012, with the approval of Panksepp. As a new research field, CAN aims to investigate the influence of culture on the regulation of basic affective systems. CAN claims that this influence can be studied by observing the cultural variations in (1) the level of emotional interdependency, (2) the types of reinforced or suppressed affects, and (3) the types of affects that accompany interdependent or independent self-construals. Cross-cultural comparisons of Turkish and American ANPS findings and the results of our first Euro-Asian CAN project among Japan, Turkey, and Germany support these claims. These cultures regulate the basic affective systems in unique ways, while maintaining certain similarities with each other. In a way, each culture has a unique affective personality profile and a specific function in the global affective network. The conclusion of this review shares guidelines, suggestions and ethical codes for future CAN researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Gökçe Özkarar-Gradwohl
- Çınar Psychotherapy Center, Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Neuropsychoanalysis Study Group, Istanbul, Turkey
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59
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Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Wei L, Chen H. The Neural Representation of Relational- and Collective-Self: Two Forms of Collectivism. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 30619016 PMCID: PMC6312116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The collectivism can be divided into two forms: relational collectivism and group collectivism. According to the cognitive representation of self, relational collectivism emphasizes the relational-self and group collectivism privileges the collective-self. However, it remains uncertain whether there is a difference between relational-self and collective-self under Chinese collectivism cultural. To address the above issue, the present study examined the neural representation of relational-self and collective-self during trait judgment tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results showed that relational-self-reference compared with collective-self-reference generated stronger medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activity, indicating relational-self was more closeness and important in the self-concept than collective-self under East Asian cultural background. Relational-self and collective-self are unequally represented in the MPFC, providing direct neural evidence that the collectivism in China can be divided into relational collectivism and group collectivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcan Zheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zilun Xiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luqing Wei
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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60
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Abstract
Research in cultural neuroscience and development examines the processes and mechanisms underlying the interaction of cultural systems with environmental and biological systems with a life course approach. Culture interacts with environmental and biological factors to shape the mind, brain and behavior across stages of development. Theoretical and empirical approaches in cultural neuroscience investigate how culture influences psychological and neurobiological mechanisms during developmental periods. Methodological approaches in cultural neuroscience and development illustrate the opportunities and challenges with observation and measurement of psychological and biological processes across cultures throughout development. This review examines empirical findings in cultural neuroscience on emotional, cognitive and social development. Implications of theoretical and methodological advances in cultural neuroscience and development for global mental health will be discussed.
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61
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Werner K, Raab M, Fischer MH. Moving arms: the effects of sensorimotor information on the problem-solving process. THINKING & REASONING 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13546783.2018.1494630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Werner
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Division of Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Raab
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Martin H. Fischer
- Division of Cognitive Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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62
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Yu CL, Chou TL. A Dual Route Model of Empathy: A Neurobiological Prospective. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2212. [PMID: 30483202 PMCID: PMC6243070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lin Yu
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chou
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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63
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64
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Castellanos S, Rodríguez LF. A Flexible Scheme to Model the Cognitive Influence on Emotions in Autonomous Agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE INFORMATICS AND NATURAL INTELLIGENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/ijcini.2018100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autonomous agents (AAs) are designed to embody the natural intelligence by incorporating cognitive mechanisms that are applied to evaluate stimuli from an emotional perspective. Computational models of emotions (CMEs) implement mechanisms of human information processing in order to provide AAs for a capability to assign emotional values to perceived stimuli and implement emotion-driven behaviors. However, a major challenge in the design of CMEs is how cognitive information is projected from the architecture of AAs. This article presents a cognitive model for CMEs based on appraisal theory aimed at modeling AAs' interactions between cognitive and affective processes. The proposed scheme explains the influence of AAs' cognition on emotions by fuzzy membership functions associated to appraisal dimensions. The computational simulation is designed in the context of an integrative framework to facilitate the development of CMEs, which are capable of interacting with cognitive components of AAs. This article presents a case study and experiment that demonstrate the functionality of the proposed models.
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65
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Borck C. [Not Available]. BERICHTE ZUR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE 2018; 41:238-257. [PMID: 32495358 DOI: 10.1002/bewi.201801899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Borck
- Universität zu Lübeck, Institut für Medizingeschichte und Wissenschaftsforschung (IMGWF), Königstraße 42, D-, 23552, Lübeck
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66
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DeCator DD, Carter JS. JPP Student Journal Club Commentary: Adolescent Condom Use and Connectivity in the Social–Planful Brain. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 43:831-833. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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67
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Golubickis M, Ho NSP, Falbén JK, Mackenzie KM, Boschetti A, Cunningham WA, Neil Macrae C. Mine or mother’s? Exploring the self-ownership effect across cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40167-018-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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68
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Yankouskaya A, Humphreys G, Stolte M, Stokes M, Moradi Z, Sui J. An anterior-posterior axis within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex separates self and reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 12:1859-1868. [PMID: 29040796 PMCID: PMC5716107 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although theoretical discourse and experimental studies on the self- and reward-biases have a long tradition, currently we have only a limited understanding of how the biases are represented in the brain and, more importantly, how they relate to each other. We used multi-voxel pattern analysis to test for common representations of self and reward in perceptual matching in healthy human subjects. Voxels across an anterior–posterior axis in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) distinguished (i) self–others and (ii) high–low reward, but cross-generalization between these dimensions decreased from anterior to posterior vmPFC. The vmPFC is characterized by a shift from a common currency for value to independent, distributed representations of self and reward across an anterior–posterior axis. This shift reflected changes in functional connectivity between the posterior part of the vmPFC and the frontal pole when processing self-associated stimuli, and the middle frontal gyrus when processing stimuli associated with high reward. The changes in functional connectivity were correlated with behavioral biases, respectively, to the self and reward. The distinct representations of self and reward in the posterior vmPFC are associated with self- and reward-biases in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Yankouskaya
- Department of Psychology, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
| | - Glyn Humphreys
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Moritz Stolte
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London SW15 5PU, UK
| | - Mark Stokes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Zargol Moradi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Jie Sui
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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69
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Abstract
This article argues that the relationships between culture and development are differential and systematic. Therefore the presentation of the Western middle-class developmental pathway in textbooks as universal is grossly neglecting the reality and the psychologies of the majority of the world' s population. First, the conception of culture as the representation of environmental conditions is presented. The level of formal education acts as organizer of social milieus that define different learning environments for children. Mainly two developmental pathways are portrayed: the Western middle-class trajectory and the traditional farmer childhood. Different developmental principles are highlighted, demonstrating systematic cultural differences in the development of a conception of the self: developmental dynamics as exemplified in early mother infant interactions, the timing of developmental milestones emphasizing cultural precocities in motor development and self-recognition, developmental gestalts in different attachment relationships and precursors and consequences demonstrating that different, sometimes contradictory behavioral patterns have the same developmental consequences with the examples of empathy development and autobiographical memory. It is argued that evaluating the development in one pathway with the principles and standards of the other is unscientific and unethical. The recognition of different developmental pathways is a necessity for basic science and a moral obligation for the applied fields.
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70
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Shai D, Meins E. Parental Embodied Mentalizing and its Relation to Mind-Mindedness, Sensitivity, and Attachment Security. INFANCY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Shai
- School of Behavioral Sciences; The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo
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71
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Fischer R, Poortinga YH. Addressing Methodological Challenges in Culture-Comparative Research. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117738086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We address methodological challenges in cross-cultural and cultural psychology. First, we describe weaknesses in (quasi-)experimental designs, noting that cross-cultural designs typically do not allow any conclusive evidence of causality. Second, we argue that loose adherence to methodological principles of psychology and a focus on differences, while neglecting similarities, is distorting the literature. We highlight the importance of effect sizes and discuss the role of Bayesian statistics and meta-analysis for cross-cultural research. Third, we highlight issues of measurement bias and lack of equivalence, but note that recent large-scale projects involving researchers across many countries from the beginning of a study have much potential for overcoming biases and improving standards of equivalence. Fourth, we address some implications of multilevel models. Cultural processes are multilevel by definition and recent statistical advances can be used to explore these issues further. We believe this is an area where much theoretical work needs to be done and more rigorous methods applied. Fifth, we argue that the definition of culture and the psychological organization of cross-cultural differences as well as the definition of cultural populations to which research findings are generalized requires more attention. Sixth, we address the scope for anchoring cross-cultural research in biological variables and by asking multiple questions simultaneously, as advocated by Tinbergen for classical ethology. Bringing these discussions together, we provide recommendations for enhancing the methodological strength of culture-comparative studies to advance cross-cultural psychology as a scientific discipline.
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72
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Spagna A, Dufford AJ, Wu Q, Wu T, Zheng W, Coons EE, Hof PR, Hu B, Wu Y, Fan J. Gray matter volume of the anterior insular cortex and social networking. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1183-1194. [PMID: 29405287 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In human life, social context requires the engagement in complex interactions among individuals as the dynamics of social networks. The evolution of the brain as the neurological basis of the mind must be crucial in supporting social networking. Although the relationship between social networking and the amygdala, a small but core region for emotion processing, has been reported, other structures supporting sophisticated social interactions must be involved and need to be identified. In this study, we examined the relationship between morphology of the anterior insular cortex (AIC), a structure involved in basic and high-level cognition, and social networking. Two independent cohorts of individuals (New York group n = 50, Beijing group n = 100) were recruited. Structural magnetic resonance images were acquired and the social network index (SNI), a composite measure summarizing an individual's network diversity, size, and complexity, was measured. The association between morphological features of the AIC, in addition to amygdala, and the SNI was examined. Positive correlations between the measures of the volume as well as sulcal depth of the AIC and the SNI were found in both groups, while a significant positive correlation between the volume of the amygdala and the SNI was only found in the New York group. The converging results from the two groups suggest that the AIC supports network-level social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexander J Dufford
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Weihao Zheng
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Edgar E Coons
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, The City University of New York, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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73
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Self-construals moderate associations between trait creativity and social brain network. Neuropsychologia 2018; 111:284-291. [PMID: 29432769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Creativity is an adaptive way of thinking and plays a key role in problem solving. Recent brain imaging studies focused on structural and functional characteristics of the brain that are correlated with creativity. But whether and how the association between creativity and the brain is moderated by individuals' cultural traits remains unclear. We integrated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and questionnaire measures (Williams creativity aptitude test) of trait creativity and self-construal (e.g., interdependence) in male adults to examine whether trait creativity is associated with neural activities underlying social cognition and whether and how the association is moderated by individuals' self-construals. We found that interdependence moderates the association between trait creativity and neural activities in the left superior temporal sulcus, right anterior insular, right temporal-parietal junction and right precentral gyrus engaged in reflection of one's own social attributes. Interdependence also moderates the association between trait creativity and neural activities in the left superior temporal sulcus and right posterior insular involved in reflection of a friend's social attributes. The link of trait creativity and the functional connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and postcentral gyri during reflection of a friend's social attributes is also moderated by interdependence. Participants with high and low creativity traits can be dissociated in a three-dimension space defined by integration of interdependence and the brain activity underlying reflection of one's own and the friend's attributes. Our findings suggest that trait creativity is imprinted on the social brain and the link between trait creativity and the neural activities underlying the processing of self and others is moderated by a cultural trait.
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74
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Tang Y, Zhao L, Lou Y, Shi Y, Fang R, Lin X, Liu S, Toga A. Brain structure differences between Chinese and Caucasian cohorts: A comprehensive morphometry study. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:2147-2155. [PMID: 29400417 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous behavioral observations and brain function studies have demonstrated that neurological differences exist between East Asians and Westerners. However, the extent to which these factors relate to differences in brain structure is still not clear. As the basis of brain functions, the anatomical differences in brain structure play a primary and critical role in the origination of functional and behavior differences. To investigate the underlying differences in brain structure between the two cultural/ethnic groups, we conducted a comparative study on education-matched right-handed young male adults (age = 22-29 years) from two cohorts, Han Chinese (n = 45) and Caucasians (n = 45), using high-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Using two well-validated imaging analysis techniques, surface-based morphometry (SBM) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we performed a comprehensive vertex-wise morphometric analysis of the brain structures between Chinese and Caucasian cohorts. We identified consistent significant between-group differences in cortical thickness, volume, and surface area in the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and insular lobes as well as the cingulate cortices. The SBM analyses revealed that compared with Caucasians, the Chinese population showed larger cortical structures in the temporal and cingulate regions, and smaller structural measures in the frontal and parietal cortices. The VBM data of the same sample was well-aligned with the SBM findings. Our findings systematically revealed comprehensive brain structural differences between young male Chinese and Caucasians, and provided new neuroanatomical insights to the behavioral and functional distinctions in the two cultural/ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Tang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, 90032
| | - Lu Zhao
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, 90032
| | - Yunxia Lou
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yonggang Shi
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, 90032
| | - Rui Fang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiangtao Lin
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Arthur Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, 90032
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75
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Pondé MP. A crise do diagnóstico em psiquiatria e os manuais diagnósticos. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOPATOLOGIA FUNDAMENTAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1415-4714.2018v21n1p145.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Discute-se o caminho percorrido pela psiquiatria através dos manuais diagnósticos até o momento atual, com o projeto do Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), que busca, eliminando a subjetividade, alcançar uma excelência terapêutica na psiquiatria. São apresentadas quatro perspectivas para se pensar o diagnóstico das doenças psiquiátricas: as doenças que são descritas nos manuais de psiquiatria e que encontram correspondentes em pacientes na prática clínica; os transtornos que foram descritos nos manuais de psiquiatria e que geraram diagnósticos imprecisos; as síndromes culturais e o sofrimento psíquico que é estruturado de forma subjetiva e individual. Conclui-se que uma abordagem terapêutica deve levar em conta a natureza complexa do sofrimento psíquico, gerando mais cautela e individualização no que diz respeito às abordagens terapêuticas.
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76
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Resting state connectivity mediates the relationship between collectivism and social cognition. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 123:17-24. [PMID: 29208492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are intrinsically social beings and it is natural that self-processing is associated with social cognition. The degree to which the self is perceived as a part of social environment is modulated by cultural stereotypes, such as collectivism and individualism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that individuals who endorse collectivist values would spontaneously think more about their relationships with other people and this association would be mediated by connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the rest of the brain. Connectivity was evaluated based on resting state EEG data using the recently developed methods, which combine beamformer spatial filtering with seed based connectivity estimation. The formal mediation analysis revealed that collectivism is associated with an enhanced connectivity of MPFC with a set of cortical regions that are frequently co-activated in moral reasoning, empathy, and theory of mind tasks and with diminished connectivity with the precuneus\posterior cingulate cortex, which is involved in self-centered cognition. The relationship between collectivism and social cognition was mediated by MPFC connectivity with the left middle temporal gyrus implying that in participants with collectivistic attitude, thinking about relationships with other people may be associated with semantic memory retrieval and reasoning on moral issues and others' intentions.
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77
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Yang Y, Wang J, Bailer C, Cherkassky V, Just MA. Commonalities and differences in the neural representations of English, Portuguese, and Mandarin sentences: When knowledge of the brain-language mappings for two languages is better than one. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 175:77-85. [PMID: 29045921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study extended cross-language semantic decoding (based on a concept's fMRI signature) to the decoding of sentences across three different languages (English, Portuguese and Mandarin). A classifier was trained on either the mapping between words and activation patterns in one language or the mappings in two languages (using an equivalent amount of training data), and then tested on its ability to decode the semantic content of a third language. The model trained on two languages was reliably more accurate than a classifier trained on one language for all three pairs of languages. This two-language advantage was selective to abstract concept domains such as social interactions and mental activity. Representational Similarity Analyses (RSA) of the inter-sentence neural similarities resulted in similar clustering of sentences in all the three languages, indicating a shared neural concept space among languages. These findings identify semantic domains that are common across these three languages versus those that are more language or culture-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cyntia Bailer
- Department of Foreign Language and Literature, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcel Adam Just
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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78
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Liddell BJ, Felmingham KL, Das P, Whitford TJ, Malhi GS, Battaglini E, Bryant RA. Self-construal differences in neural responses to negative social cues. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:62-72. [PMID: 28782584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cultures differ substantially in representations of the self. Whereas individualistic cultural groups emphasize an independent self, reflected in processing biases towards centralized salient objects, collectivistic cultures are oriented towards an interdependent self, attending to contextual associations between visual cues. It is unknown how these perceptual biases may affect brain activity in response to negative social cues. Moreover, while some studies have shown that individual differences in self-construal moderate cultural group comparisons, few have examined self-construal differences separate to culture. To investigate these issues, a final sample of a group of healthy participants high in trait levels of collectivistic self-construal (n=16) and individualistic self-construal (n=19), regardless of cultural background, completed a negative social cue evaluation task designed to engage face/object vs context-specific neural processes whilst undergoing fMRI scanning. Between-group analyses revealed that the collectivistic group exclusively engaged the parahippocampal gyrus (parahippocampal place area) - a region critical to contextual integration - during negative face processing - suggesting compensatory activations when contextual information was missing. The collectivist group also displayed enhanced negative context dependent brain activity involving the left superior occipital gyrus/cuneus and right anterior insula. By contrast, the individualistic group did not engage object or localized face processing regions as predicted, but rather demonstrated heightened appraisal and self-referential activations in medial prefrontal and temporoparietal regions to negative contexts - again suggesting compensatory processes when focal cues were absent. While individualists also appeared more sensitive to negative faces in the scenes, activating the right middle cingulate gyrus, dorsal prefrontal and parietal activations, this activity was observed relative to the scrambled baseline, and given that prefrontal and occipital regions were also engaged to neutral stimuli, may suggest an individualistic pattern to processing all social cues more generally. These findings suggest that individual differences in self-construal may be an important organizing framework facilitating perceptual processes to emotionally salient social cues, beyond the boundary of cultural group comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Pritha Das
- Department of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School - Northern, University of Sydney, Level 3, Main Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonard's, New South Wales, 2065 Australia
| | | | - Gin S Malhi
- Department of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School - Northern, University of Sydney, Level 3, Main Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonard's, New South Wales, 2065 Australia
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79
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Caldara R. Culture Reveals a Flexible System for Face Processing. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417710036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human face transmits a wealth of signals that readily provide crucial information for social interactions, such as facial identity and emotional expression. Nonetheless, a fundamental question remains debated: Is face processing governed by universal perceptual processes? It has long been presumed that this is the case. However, over the past decade, our work at the Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory has called into question this widely held assumption. We have investigated the eye movements of Western and Eastern observers across various face-processing tasks to determine the effect of culture on perceptual processing. Commonalities aside, we found that Westerners distribute local fixations across the eye and mouth regions, whereas Easterners preferentially deploy central, global fixations during face recognition. Moreover, during the recognition of facial expressions of emotion, Westerners fixate the mouth relatively more to discriminate across expressions, whereas Easterners favor the eye region. Both observations demonstrate that the face system relies on different strategies to perform a range of socially relevant face-processing tasks with comparable levels of efficiency. Overall, these cultural perceptual biases challenge the view that the processes dedicated to face processing are universal, favoring instead the existence of distinct, flexible strategies. The way humans perceive the world and process faces is determined by experience and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg
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80
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Chang WW. Approaches for Developing Intercultural Competence: An Extended Learning Model With Implications From Cultural Neuroscience. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1534484317704292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In today’s workplace, organizations invest widely in intercultural training programs to develop leaders’ and employees’ abilities to function effectively overseas or in a culturally diverse work environment. However, these training programs are often perceived as ineffective or are even occasionally suspected of increasing the biases between groups from varied backgrounds. Faced with such results, the emerging field of cultural neuroscience has provided a biological perspective to explain the contradictions between training goals and outcomes. This article first discusses the prevailing training approaches and reviews recent studies in cultural neuroscience to explore neural reasons for certain cultural behaviors. It then identifies three implications from this review and presents an extended experiential learning model. Finally it provides three suggestions for intercultural training design.
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81
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Ueda Y, Chen L, Kopecky J, Cramer ES, Rensink RA, Meyer DE, Kitayama S, Saiki J. Cultural Differences in Visual Search for Geometric Figures. Cogn Sci 2017; 42:286-310. [PMID: 28342239 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While some studies suggest cultural differences in visual processing, others do not, possibly because the complexity of their tasks draws upon high-level factors that could obscure such effects. To control for this, we examined cultural differences in visual search for geometric figures, a relatively simple task for which the underlying mechanisms are reasonably well known. We replicated earlier results showing that North Americans had a reliable search asymmetry for line length: Search for long among short lines was faster than vice versa. In contrast, Japanese participants showed no asymmetry. This difference did not appear to be affected by stimulus density. Other kinds of stimuli resulted in other patterns of asymmetry differences, suggesting that these are not due to factors such as analytic/holistic processing but are based instead on the target-detection process. In particular, our results indicate that at least some cultural differences reflect different ways of processing early-level features, possibly in response to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Chen
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
| | | | - Emily S Cramer
- Departments of Psychology and Computer Science, University of British Columbia
| | - Ronald A Rensink
- Departments of Psychology and Computer Science, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | - Jun Saiki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University
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82
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Paige LE, Ksander JC, Johndro HA, Gutchess AH. Cross-cultural differences in the neural correlates of specific and general recognition. Cortex 2017; 91:250-261. [PMID: 28256199 PMCID: PMC5580400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that culture influences how people perceive the world, which extends to memory specificity, or how much perceptual detail is remembered. The present study investigated cross-cultural differences (Americans vs East Asians) at the time of encoding in the neural correlates of specific versus general memory formation. Participants encoded photos of everyday items in the scanner and 48 h later completed a surprise recognition test. The recognition test consisted of same (i.e., previously seen in scanner), similar (i.e., same name, different features), or new photos (i.e., items not previously seen in scanner). For Americans compared to East Asians, we predicted greater activation in the hippocampus and right fusiform for specific memory at recognition, as these regions were implicated previously in encoding perceptual details. Results revealed that East Asians activated the left fusiform and left hippocampus more than Americans for specific versus general memory. Follow-up analyses ruled out alternative explanations of retrieval difficulty and familiarity for this pattern of cross-cultural differences at encoding. Results overall suggest that culture should be considered as another individual difference that affects memory specificity and modulates neural regions underlying these processes.
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83
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Fox M, Thayer Z, Wadhwa PD. Assessment of acculturation in minority health research. Soc Sci Med 2017; 176:123-132. [PMID: 28135691 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Acculturation represents an important construct in the context of health disparities. Although several studies have reported relationships between various aspects of acculturation and health in minority populations, crucial inconsistencies remain. One likely reason for these inconsistencies may relate to limitations in the conceptualization and operationalization of acculturation, particularly in the context of health research. The acculturation construct underwent major conceptual and operational change when it was adapted from anthropology to psychology, and we argue another major shift is now required for use of this construct in health research. Issues include determining whether acculturation measures should focus on an individual's internal attitudes or overt behaviors; whether they should characterize cultural orientation status at a given point in time or change over time; whether measures should be culture-specific or more global in nature; how the issue of multiculturalism should be addressed; how measures can optimally incorporate multiple dimensions of acculturation; and whether proxy measures should be used. These issues are important in the context of health research because of their implications for determining the direct and indirect effects of cultural change on health-related biological and behavioral processes. We elaborate on and address each of these issues from a perspective that spans multiple disciplines across the biological and social sciences, and offer concrete recommendations with the ultimate goal of achieving a better understanding of the role of acculturation in minority health and health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Zaneta Thayer
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Development, Health and Disease Research Program, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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84
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Jayaraman S, Fausey CM, Smith LB. Why are faces denser in the visual experiences of younger than older infants? Dev Psychol 2017; 53:38-49. [PMID: 28026190 PMCID: PMC5271576 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence from studies using head cameras suggests that the frequency of faces directly in front of infants declines over the first year and a half of life, a result that has implications for the development of and evolutionary constraints on face processing. Two experiments tested 2 opposing hypotheses about this observed age-related decline in the frequency of faces in infant views. By the people-input hypothesis, there are more faces in view for younger infants because people are more often physically in front of younger than older infants. This hypothesis predicts that not just faces but views of other body parts will decline with age. By the face-input hypothesis, the decline is strictly about faces, not people or other body parts in general. Two experiments, 1 using a time-sampling method (84 infants, 3 to 24 months in age) and the other analyses of head camera images (36 infants, 1 to 24 months) provide strong support for the face-input hypothesis. The results suggest developmental constraints on the environment that ensure faces are prevalent early in development. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda B Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
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85
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Zhang B, Li S, Zhuo C, Li M, Safron A, Genz A, Qin W, Yu C, Walter M. Altered task-specific deactivation in the default mode network depends on valence in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2017; 207:377-383. [PMID: 27750155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric condition in which patients often have difficulties regulating their emotions. Prior studies have shown that attention bias towards negative emotion is linked to activation in regions of the default mode network (DMN) in MDD individuals. Furthermore, MDD patients showed increased resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between the medial prefrontal cortex and other DMN structures. METHODS Twenty-one MDD patients that currently experiencing depressive episodes and twenty-five healthy control participants performed the current emotional expectancy paradigm in a gradient-echo SENSE-SPIRAL fMRI. Whole brain and psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis were applied to explore the task-related brain activity and FCs. RESULTS Relative to healthy participants, we found MDD patients had greater activity in dorsal medial prefrontal cortex as a function of positive vs. neutral expectancy conditions. PPI results revealed a significant group difference of MDD patients having relatively decreased task-dependent decoupling from dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) towards posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and parieto-occipital cortex during positive vs. neutral expectancy conditions, and patients exhibited a positive correlation between PPI (DMPFC and PCC) and anhedonia as measured via SHAPS during the same conditions. LIMITATIONS Modest sample size and lack of concurrent depressive episodes limit the generalizability of our findings. CONCLUSIONS In MDD patients, insufficient DMN decoupling might occur in response to positive expectancy conditions. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that high intrinsic DMN connectivity in MDD patients interfere with the down-regulation of intrinsic focus in order to incorporate information derived from external positive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijia Li
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai, China; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Anning Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Li
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Adam Safron
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Axel Genz
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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86
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Abstract
In utero and during the first 5 years of life, boys face unique risks as a result of neurobiological and environmental factors. This introductory article to the Special Issue describes the background of this gender-specific inquiry and outlines some of those risks, drawing attention to the areas that will be covered in depth in the following contributions. We also describe the basis of this inquiry as the link between early life and the subsequent difficulties that adolescent boys and many young men face, and pay particular attention to the circumstances of young men of color and to the growing knowledge about the contributions of fathers to boys' development.
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87
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Trautwein FM, Naranjo JR, Schmidt S. Decentering the Self? Reduced Bias in Self- vs. Other-Related Processing in Long-Term Practitioners of Loving-Kindness Meditation. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1785. [PMID: 27917136 PMCID: PMC5116565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in social neuroscience provides increasing evidence that self and other are interconnected, both on a conceptual and on an affective representational level. Moreover, the ability to recognize the other as "like the self" is thought to be essential for social phenomena like empathy and compassion. Meditation practices such as loving-kindness meditation (LKM) have been found to enhance these capacities. Therefore, we investigated whether LKM is associated to an increased integration of self-other-representations. As an indicator, we assessed the P300 event-related potential elicited by oddball stimuli of the self-face and a close other's face in 12 long-term practitioners of LKM and 12 matched controls. In line with previous studies, the self elicited larger P300 amplitudes than close other. This effect was reduced in the meditation sample at parietal but not frontal midline sites. Within this group, smaller differences between self- and other-related P300 were associated with increasing meditation practice. Across groups, smaller P300 differences correlated with self-reported compassion. In meditators, we also investigated the effect of a short LKM compared to a control priming procedure in order to test whether the state induction would additionally modulate self- vs. other-related P300. However, no effect of the priming conditions was observed. Overall, our findings provide preliminary evidence that prolonged meditation practice may modulate self- vs. other-related processing, accompanied by an increase in compassion. Further evidence is needed, however, to show if this is a direct outcome of loving-kindness meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fynn-Mathis Trautwein
- Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Medical Center FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
| | - José R. Naranjo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Medical Center FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
- Brain Products GmbHMunich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University Medical Center FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
- Institute of Transcultural Health Studies, European University ViadrinaFrankfurt (Oder,) Germany
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88
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Abstract
Mental, neurological and substance-use (MNS) disorders comprise approximately 13% of the global burden of disease. The Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health Initiative has recently identified research priorities for the next decade to address prevention and treatment of MNS disorders. One main research priority is to identify the root causes, risks and protective factors associated with global mental health. Recent advances in cultural neuroscience have identified theoretical, methodological, and empirical methods of identifying biomarkers associated with mental health disorders across nations. Here we review empirical research in cultural neuroscience that address meeting the grand challenges in global mental health.
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89
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Alahmadi N, Evdokimov SA, Kropotov YJ, Müller AM, Jäncke L. Different Resting State EEG Features in Children from Switzerland and Saudi Arabia. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:559. [PMID: 27853430 PMCID: PMC5089970 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cultural neuroscience is an emerging research field concerned with studying the influences of different cultures on brain anatomy and function. In this study, we examined whether different cultural or genetic influences might influence the resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) in young children (mean age 10 years) from Switzerland and Saudi Arabia. Methods: Resting state EEG recordings were obtained from relatively large groups of healthy children (95 healthy Swiss children and 102 Saudi Arabian children). These EEG data were analyzed using group independent components analyses (gICA) and conventional analyses of spectral data, together with estimations of the underlying intracortical sources, using LORETA software. Results: We identified many similarities, but also some substantial differences with respect to the resting state EEG data. For Swiss children, we found stronger delta band power values in mesial frontal areas and stronger power values in three out of four frequency bands in occipital areas. For Saudi Arabian children, we uncovered stronger alpha band power over the sensorimotor cortex. The additionally measured theta/beta ratio (TBR) was similar for Swiss and Saudi Arabian children. Conclusions: The different EEG resting state features identified, are discussed in the context of different cultural experiences and possible genetic influences. In addition, we emphasize the importance of using appropriate EEG databases when comparing resting state EEG features between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsreen Alahmadi
- Department of Special Education, Institute of Higher Education Studies, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergey A Evdokimov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury Juri Kropotov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Lutz Jäncke
- Department of Special Education, Institute of Higher Education Studies, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Neuropsychology, Psychological Institute, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
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90
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Poortinga YH. Integration of Basic Controversies in Cross-cultural Psychology. PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0971333616657169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses controversies in the field of cross-cultural psychology, including cultural psychology, with a view to possible integration.1 It briefly describes the indigenisation movement as a reaction against Western scientific ethnocentrism and mentions two methodological topics, that is, lack of equivalence of cross-cultural data and issues with culture-comparative studies designed as experiments. Later in the article, major conceptual contrast in cross-cultural psychology such as the dichotomy of universalism and cultural relativism are addressed. The article also addresses the major empirical dichotomy of individualism and collectivism and its extension in cultural neuroscience research. Some examples of applied cross-cultural psychology are given that show how interventions can be adapted for other societies as where they were developed even when dichotomies prevalent in academic research have not been resolved.
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91
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Ortega F, Vidal F. Culture: by the brain and in the brain? HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2016; 23:965-983. [PMID: 27992048 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702016000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s, several disciplines have emerged at the interface between neuroscience and the social and human sciences. For the most part, they aim at capturing the commonalities that underlay the heterogeneity of human behaviors and experiences. Neuroanthropology and cultural neuroscience, or the "neurodisciplines of culture," appear different, since their goal is to understand specificity rather than commonality and to address how cultural differences are inscribed in the brain. After offering an overview of these disciplines, and of their relation to endeavors such as cultural psychology and social neuroscience, this article discusses some of the most representative studies in the area in order to explore in which ways they are relevant for an understanding of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortega
- Professor, Instituto de Medicina Social/ Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 7º andar 20550-013 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil.
| | - Fernando Vidal
- Professor, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies; Centro de Historia de la Ciencia/Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Carrer San Magrans, s.n. 08193 - Bellaterra - Barcelona - Spain.
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92
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Sparks S, Cunningham SJ, Kritikos A. Culture modulates implicit ownership-induced self-bias in memory. Cognition 2016; 153:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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93
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Kuwabara M, Smith LB. Cultural differences in visual object recognition in 3-year-old children. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 147:22-38. [PMID: 26985576 PMCID: PMC4854758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that culture penetrates fundamental processes of perception and cognition. Here, we provide evidence that these influences begin early and influence how preschool children recognize common objects. The three tasks (N=128) examined the degree to which nonface object recognition by 3-year-olds was based on individual diagnostic features versus more configural and holistic processing. Task 1 used a 6-alternative forced choice task in which children were asked to find a named category in arrays of masked objects where only three diagnostic features were visible for each object. U.S. children outperformed age-matched Japanese children. Task 2 presented pictures of objects to children piece by piece. U.S. children recognized the objects given fewer pieces than Japanese children, and the likelihood of recognition increased for U.S. children, but not Japanese children, when the piece added was rated by both U.S. and Japanese adults as highly defining. Task 3 used a standard measure of configural progressing, asking the degree to which recognition of matching pictures was disrupted by the rotation of one picture. Japanese children's recognition was more disrupted by inversion than was that of U.S. children, indicating more configural processing by Japanese than U.S. children. The pattern suggests early cross-cultural differences in visual processing; findings that raise important questions about how visual experiences differ across cultures and about universal patterns of cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kuwabara
- Child Development Program, California State University Dominguez Hills, 1000 E. Victoria Street Caron, CA 90747
| | - Linda B. Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. Tenth Street Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
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94
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Li M, Lv H, Abdukerim Z, Zhang Y, Qiao F, Li Q. Verbal-Spatial and Visuospatial Coding of the SNARC Effect: A Comparative Study in Cultures With Different Reading Directions. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 123:17-32. [PMID: 27312810 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516654500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using the magnitude comparison task, the current study tested verbal-spatial and visuospatial coding accounts by comparing the spatial-numerical association of response codes effect in 30 Chinese-speaking and 60 bilingual Uighur Chinese participants. The experimental tasks were presented using Chinese words for 30 Chinese-speaking and 30 bilingual Uighur Chinese participants, while only Uighur words were presented to the remaining 30 bilingual Uighur Chinese participants. Overall, the results of the current study showed that verbal-spatial coding could be applied to the experimental task when presented using Chinese words, but visuospatial coding could be applied to the experimental task when presented using Uighur words. The findings demonstrated that spatial coding was flexible and depended upon the language context in which the experimental task was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Children's Development and Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Lv
- Guizhou Provincial Party, Committee Party School of the Communist Party of China, Guiyang, China
| | - Ziwida Abdukerim
- School of Education Science, Xinjiang Education Institute, Urumchi, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of International and comparative education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuqiang Qiao
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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95
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Liddell BJ, Jobson L. The impact of cultural differences in self-representation on the neural substrates of posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:30464. [PMID: 27302635 PMCID: PMC4908066 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant body of literature documents the neural mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is very little empirical work considering the influence of culture on these underlying mechanisms. Accumulating cultural neuroscience research clearly indicates that cultural differences in self-representation modulate many of the same neural processes proposed to be aberrant in PTSD. The objective of this review paper is to consider how culture may impact on the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD. We first outline five key affective and cognitive functions and their underlying neural correlates that have been identified as being disrupted in PTSD: (1) fear dysregulation; (2) attentional biases to threat; (3) emotion and autobiographical memory; (4) self-referential processing; and (5) attachment and interpersonal processing. Second, we consider prominent cultural theories and review the empirical research that has demonstrated the influence of cultural variations in self-representation on the neural substrates of these same five affective and cognitive functions. Finally, we propose a conceptual model that suggests that these five processes have major relevance to considering how culture may influence the neural processes underpinning PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Liddell
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, Australia;
| | - Laura Jobson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Clayton, Australia
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96
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Moral foundations vignettes: a standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory. Behav Res Methods 2016; 47:1178-1198. [PMID: 25582811 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on the emotional, cognitive, and social determinants of moral judgment has surged in recent years. The development of moral foundations theory (MFT) has played an important role, demonstrating the breadth of morality. Moral psychology has responded by investigating how different domains of moral judgment are shaped by a variety of psychological factors. Yet, the discipline lacks a validated set of moral violations that span the moral domain, creating a barrier to investigating influences on judgment and how their neural bases might vary across the moral domain. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by developing and validating a large set of moral foundations vignettes (MFVs). Each vignette depicts a behavior violating a particular moral foundation and not others. The vignettes are controlled on many dimensions including syntactic structure and complexity making them suitable for neuroimaging research. We demonstrate the validity of our vignettes by examining respondents' classifications of moral violations, conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and demonstrating the correspondence between the extracted factors and existing measures of the moral foundations. We expect that the MFVs will be beneficial for a wide variety of behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of moral cognition.
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97
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Stevenson CE, Heiser WJ, Resing WC. Dynamic testing: Assessing cognitive potential of children with culturally diverse backgrounds. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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98
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Han S, Humphreys G. Self-construal: a cultural framework for brain function. Curr Opin Psychol 2016; 8:10-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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99
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Trait self-esteem and neural activities related to self-evaluation and social feedback. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20274. [PMID: 26842975 PMCID: PMC4740758 DOI: 10.1038/srep20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-esteem has been associated with neural responses to self-reflection and attitude toward social feedback but in different brain regions. The distinct associations might arise from different tasks or task-related attitudes in the previous studies. The current study aimed to clarify these by investigating the association between self-esteem and neural responses to evaluation of one’s own personality traits and of others’ opinion about one’s own personality traits. We scanned 25 college students using functional MRI during evaluation of oneself or evaluation of social feedback. Trait self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale after scanning. Whole-brain regression analyses revealed that trait self-esteem was associated with the bilateral orbitofrontal activity during evaluation of one’s own positive traits but with activities in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and occipital cortices during evaluation of positive social feedback. Our findings suggest that trait self-esteem modulates the degree of both affective processes in the orbitofrontal cortex during self-reflection and cognitive processes in the medial prefrontal cortex during evaluation of social feedback.
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100
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Northoff G. Spatiotemporal Psychopathology II: How does a psychopathology of the brain's resting state look like? Spatiotemporal approach and the history of psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:867-879. [PMID: 26071797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathology as the investigation and classification of experience, behavior and symptoms in psychiatric patients is an old discipline that ranges back to the end of the 19th century. Since then different approaches to psychopathology have been suggested. Recent investigations showing abnormalities in the brain on different levels raise the question how the gap between brain and psyche, between neural abnormalities and alteration in experience and behavior can be bridged. Historical approaches like descriptive (Jaspers) and structural (Minkoswki) psychopathology as well as the more current phenomenological psychopathology (Paarnas, Fuchs, Sass, Stanghellini) remain on the side of the psyche giving detailed description of the phenomenal level of experience while leaving open the link to the brain. In contrast, the recently introduced Research Domain Classification (RDoC) aims at explicitly linking brain and psyche by starting from so-called 'neuro-behavioral constructs'. How does Spatiotemporal Psychopathology, as demonstrated in the first paper on depression, stand in relation to these approaches? In a nutshell, Spatiotemporal Psychopathology aims to bridge the gap between brain and psyche. Specifically, as demonstrated in depression in the first paper, the focus is on the spatiotemporal features of the brain's intrinsic activity and how they are transformed into corresponding spatiotemporal features in experience on the phenomenal level and behavioral changes, which can well account for the symptoms in these patients. This second paper focuses on some of the theoretical background assumptions in Spatiotemporal Psychopathology by directly comparing it to descriptive, structural, and phenomenological psychopathology as well as to RDoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Canada; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Center for Brain and Consciousness, Taipeh Medical University (TMU), Taipeh, Taiwan; College for Humanities and Medicine, Taipeh Medical University (TMU), Taipeh, Taiwan; ITAB, University of Chieti, Italy.
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