51
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Du C, Li SW, Singh SX, Roso K, Sun MA, Pirozzi CJ, Yang R, Li JL, He Y. Epigenetic Regulation of Fanconi Anemia Genes Implicates PRMT5 Blockage as a Strategy for Tumor Chemosensitization. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:2046-2056. [PMID: 34521764 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Strengthened DNA repair pathways in tumor cells contribute to the development of resistance to DNA-damaging agents. Consequently, targeting proteins in these pathways is a promising strategy for tumor chemosensitization. Here, we show that the expression of a subset of Fanconi anemia (FA) genes is attenuated in glioblastoma tumor cells deficient in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a common genetic alteration in a variety of cancers. Subsequent experiments in cell line models of different cancer types illustrate that this reduced transcription of FA genes can be recapitulated by blockage of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), a promising therapeutically targetable epigenetic regulator whose enzymatic activity is compromised in MTAP-deficient cells. Further analyses provide evidence to support that PRMT5 can function as an epigenetic regulator that contributes to the increased expression of FA genes in cancer cells. Most notably and consistent with the essential roles of FA proteins in resolving DNA damage elicited by interstrand crosslinking (ICL) agents, PRMT5 blockage, as well as MTAP loss, sensitizes tumor cells to ICL agents both in vitro and in xenografts. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel epigenetic mechanism underlying the upregulated expression of FA genes in cancer cells and suggest that therapeutically targeting PRMT5 can have an additional benefit of chemosensitizing tumor cells to ICL agents. IMPLICATIONS: PRMT5 positively regulates the expression of FA genes. Inhibition of PRMT5 attenuates FA-dependent DNA repair pathway and sensitizes tumor cells to ICL agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Du
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, and Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Steven W Li
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Simranjit X Singh
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Pathology Graduate Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristen Roso
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael A Sun
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Pathology Graduate Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Pirozzi
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rui Yang
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yiping He
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. .,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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52
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Fulton MD, Cao M, Ho MC, Zhao X, Zheng YG. The macromolecular complexes of histones affect protein arginine methyltransferase activities. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101123. [PMID: 34492270 PMCID: PMC8511957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone arginine methylation is a key post-translational modification that mediates epigenetic events that activate or repress gene transcription. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are the driving force for the process of arginine methylation, and the core histone proteins have been shown to be substrates for most PRMT family members. However, previous reports of the enzymatic activities of PRMTs on histones in the context of nucleosomes seem contradictory. Moreover, what governs nucleosomal substrate recognition of different PRMT members is not understood. We sought to address this key biological question by examining how different macromolecular contexts where the core histones reside may regulate arginine methylation catalyzed by individual PRMT members (i.e., PRMT1, PRMT3, PRMT4, PRMT5, PRMT6, PRMT7, and PRMT8). Our results demonstrated that the substrate context exhibits a huge impact on the histone arginine methylation activity of PRMTs. Although all the tested PRMTs methylate multiple free histones individually, they show a preference for one particular histone substrate in the context of the histone octamer. We found that PRMT1, PRMT3, PRMT5, PRMT6, PRMT7, and PRMT8 preferentially methylate histone H4, whereas PRMT4/coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 prefers histone H3. Importantly, neither reconstituted nor cell-extracted mononucleosomes could be methylated by any PRMTs tested. Structural analysis suggested that the electrostatic interaction may play a mechanistic role in priming the substrates for methylation by PRMT enzymes. Taken together, this work expands our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of PRMT substrate recognition and has important implications for understanding cellular dynamics and kinetics of histone arginine methylation in regulating gene transcription and other chromatin-templated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mengtong Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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53
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Halabelian L, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. Structure and Function of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT7. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:768. [PMID: 34440512 PMCID: PMC8399567 DOI: 10.3390/life11080768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PRMT7 is a member of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family, which methylates a diverse set of substrates. Arginine methylation as a posttranslational modification regulates protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, and as such, has been implicated in various biological functions. PRMT7 is a unique, evolutionarily conserved PRMT family member that catalyzes the mono-methylation of arginine. The structural features, functional aspects, and compounds that inhibit PRMT7 are discussed here. Several studies have identified physiological substrates of PRMT7 and investigated the substrate methylation outcomes which link PRMT7 activity to the stress response and RNA biology. PRMT7-driven substrate methylation further leads to the biological outcomes of gene expression regulation, cell stemness, stress response, and cancer-associated phenotypes such as cell migration. Furthermore, organismal level phenotypes of PRMT7 deficiency have uncovered roles in muscle cell physiology, B cell biology, immunity, and brain function. This rapidly growing information on PRMT7 function indicates the critical nature of context-dependent functions of PRMT7 and necessitates further investigation of the PRMT7 interaction partners and factors that control PRMT7 expression and levels. Thus, PRMT7 is an important cellular regulator of arginine methylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon Halabelian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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54
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Chen X, Xu J, Wang X, Long G, You Q, Guo X. Targeting WD Repeat-Containing Protein 5 (WDR5): A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10537-10556. [PMID: 34283608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) is a member of the WD40 protein family, and it is widely involved in various biological activities and not limited to epigenetic regulation in vivo. WDR5 is also involved in the initiation and development of many diseases and plays a key role in these diseases. Since WDR5 was discovered, it has been suggested as a potential disease treatment target, and a large number of inhibitors targeting WDR5 have been discovered. In this review, we discussed the development of inhibitors targeting WDR5 over the years, and the biological mechanisms of these inhibitors based on previous mechanistic studies were explored. Finally, we describe the development potential of inhibitors targeting WDR5 and prospects for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xianghan Wang
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guanlu Long
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoke Guo
- Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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55
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu M. Knockout Gene-Based Evidence for PIWI-Interacting RNA Pathway in Mammals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681188. [PMID: 34336834 PMCID: PMC8317503 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway mainly consists of evolutionarily conserved protein factors. Intriguingly, many mutations of piRNA pathway factors lead to meiotic arrest during spermatogenesis. The majority of piRNA factor-knockout animals show arrested meiosis in spermatogenesis, and only a few show post-meiosis male germ cell arrest. It is still unclear whether the majority of piRNA factors expressed in spermatids are involved in long interspersed nuclear element-1 repression after meiosis, but future conditional knockout research is expected to resolve this. In addition, recent hamster knockout studies showed that a piRNA factor is necessary for oocytes-in complete contrast to the findings in mice. This species discrepancy allows researchers to reexamine the function of piRNA in female germ cells. This mini-review focuses on the current knowledge of protein factors derived from mammalian knockout studies and summarizes their roles in the biogenesis and function of piRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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56
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Xu P, Zhang L, Xiao Y, Li W, Hu Z, Zhang R, Li J, Wu F, Xi Y, Zou Q, Wang Z, Guo R, Ma H, Dong S, Xiao M, Yang Z, Ren X, Wei C, Yu W. UHRF1 regulates alternative splicing by binding to splicing factors and U snRNAs. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:2110-2122. [PMID: 34196368 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-established functions of UHRF1 converge to DNA biological processes, as exemplified by DNA methylation maintenance and DNA damage repair during cell cycles. However, the potential effect of UHRF1 on RNA metabolism is largely unexplored. Here, we revealed that UHRF1 serves as a novel alternative RNA splicing regulator. The protein interactome of UHRF1 identified various splicing factors. Among them, SF3B3 could interact with UHRF1 directly and participate in UHRF1-regulated alternative splicing events. Furthermore, we interrogated the RNA interactome of UHRF1, and surprisingly, we identified U snRNAs, the canonical spliceosome component, in the UHRF1-associated RNA components. Unexpectedly, we found H3R2 methylation status determines the binding preference of U snRNA, especially U2 snRNA. The involvement of U snRNAs in UHRF1-containing complex and their binding preference to specific chromatin configuration imply a finely orchestrated mechanism at play. Our results provided the resources and pinpointed the molecular basis of UHRF1-mediated alternative RNA splicing, which will help us better our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of UHRF1 in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rukui Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jin Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Feizhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institute of Clinical Science of Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanping Xi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qingping Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhentian Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institute of Clinical Science of Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Honghui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Shihua Dong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhicong Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Xiaoguang Ren
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Chaochun Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Centre and Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Cancer Metastasis Institute and Laboratory of RNA Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
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57
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Protein arginine methylation: from enigmatic functions to therapeutic targeting. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:509-530. [PMID: 33742187 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are emerging as attractive therapeutic targets. PRMTs regulate transcription, splicing, RNA biology, the DNA damage response and cell metabolism; these fundamental processes are altered in many diseases. Mechanistically understanding how these enzymes fuel and sustain cancer cells, especially in specific metabolic contexts or in the presence of certain mutations, has provided the rationale for targeting them in oncology. Ongoing inhibitor development, facilitated by structural biology, has generated tool compounds for the majority of PRMTs and enabled clinical programmes for the most advanced oncology targets, PRMT1 and PRMT5. In-depth mechanistic investigations using genetic and chemical tools continue to delineate the roles of PRMTs in regulating immune cells and cancer cells, and cardiovascular and neuronal function, and determine which pathways involving PRMTs could be synergistically targeted in combination therapies for cancer. This research is enhancing our knowledge of the complex functions of arginine methylation, will guide future clinical development and could identify new clinical indications.
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58
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Dong F, Chen M, Chen M, Jiang L, Shen Z, Ma L, Han C, Guo X, Gao F. PRMT5 Is Involved in Spermatogonial Stem Cells Maintenance by Regulating Plzf Expression via Modulation of Lysine Histone Modifications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673258. [PMID: 34113620 PMCID: PMC8185031 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) catalyzes the formation of mono- or symmetric dimethylarginine residues on histones and non-histone substrates and has been demonstrated to play important roles in many biological processes. In the present study, we observed that PRMT5 is abundantly expressed in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and that Prmt5 deletion results in a progressive loss of SSCs and male infertility. The proliferation of Prmt5-deficient SSCs cultured in vitro exhibited abnormal proliferation, cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and a significant increase in apoptosis. Furthermore, PLZF expression was dramatically reduced in Prmt5-deficient SSCs, and the levels of H3K9me2 and H3K27me2 were increased in the proximal promoter region of the Plzf gene in Prmt5-deficient SSCs. Further study revealed that the expression of lysine demethylases (JMJD1A, JMJD1B, JMJD1C, and KDM6B) was significantly reduced in Prmt5-deficient SSCs and that the level of permissive arginine methylation H3R2me2s was significantly decreased at the upstream promoter region of these genes in Prmt5-deficient SSCs. Our results demonstrate that PRMT5 regulates spermatogonial stem cell development by modulating histone H3 lysine modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhiming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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59
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Sterling J, Menezes SV, Abbassi RH, Munoz L. Histone lysine demethylases and their functions in cancer. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2375-2388. [PMID: 33128779 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) are enzymes that remove the methylation marks on lysines in nucleosomes' histone tails. These changes in methylation marks regulate gene transcription during both development and malignant transformation. Depending on which lysine residue is targeted, the effect of a given KDM on gene transcription can be either activating or repressing, and KDMs can regulate the expression of both oncogenes and tumour suppressors. Thus, the functions of KDMs can be regarded as both oncogenic and tumour suppressive, contingent on cell context and the enzyme isoform. Finally, KDMs also demethylate nonhistone proteins and have a variety of demethylase-independent functions. These epigenetic and other mechanisms that KDMs control make them important regulators of malignant tumours. Here, we present an overview of eight KDM subfamilies, their most-studied lysine targets and selected recent data on their roles in cancer stem cells, tumour aggressiveness and drug tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Sterling
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharleen V Menezes
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramzi H Abbassi
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lenka Munoz
- School of Medical Sciences and Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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60
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Sloan SL, Renaldo KA, Long M, Chung JH, Courtney LE, Shilo K, Youssef Y, Schlotter S, Brown F, Klamer BG, Zhang X, Yilmaz AS, Ozer HG, Valli VE, Vaddi K, Scherle P, Alinari L, Kisseberth WC, Baiocchi RA. Validation of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a candidate therapeutic target in the spontaneous canine model of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250839. [PMID: 33989303 PMCID: PMC8121334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous group of blood cancers arising in lymphoid tissues that commonly effects both humans and dogs. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), an enzyme that catalyzes the symmetric di-methylation of arginine residues, is frequently overexpressed and dysregulated in both human solid and hematologic malignancies. In human lymphoma, PRMT5 is a known driver of malignant transformation and oncogenesis, however, the expression and role of PRMT5 in canine lymphoma has not been explored. To explore canine lymphoma as a useful comparison to human lymphoma while validating PRMT5 as a rational therapeutic target in both, we characterized expression patterns of PRMT5 in canine lymphoma tissue microarrays, primary lymphoid biopsies, and canine lymphoma-derived cell lines. The inhibition of PRMT5 led to growth suppression and induction of apoptosis, while selectively decreasing global marks of symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and histone H4 arginine 3 symmetric dimethylation. We performed ATAC-sequencing and gene expression microarrays with pathway enrichment analysis to characterize genome-wide changes in chromatin accessibility and whole-transcriptome changes in canine lymphoma cells lines upon PRMT5 inhibition. This work validates PRMT5 as a promising therapeutic target for canine lymphoma and supports the continued use of the spontaneously occurring canine lymphoma model for the preclinical development of PRMT5 inhibitors for the treatment of human NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. Sloan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kyle A. Renaldo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie Long
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ji-Hyun Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lindsay E. Courtney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Youssef Youssef
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sarah Schlotter
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fiona Brown
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brett G. Klamer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ayse S. Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hatice G. Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Victor E. Valli
- VDx Veterinary Diagnostics, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kris Vaddi
- Prelude Therapeutics, Wilmington, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Prelude Therapeutics, Wilmington, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WCK); (RAB)
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WCK); (RAB)
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61
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Morita K, Hatanaka Y, Ihashi S, Asano M, Miyamoto K, Matsumoto K. Symmetrically dimethylated histone H3R2 promotes global transcription during minor zygotic genome activation in mouse pronuclei. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10146. [PMID: 33980975 PMCID: PMC8115239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89334-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Paternal genome reprogramming, such as protamine–histone exchange and global DNA demethylation, is crucial for the development of fertilised embryos. Previously, our study showed that one of histone arginine methylation, asymmetrically dimethylated histone H3R17 (H3R17me2a), is necessary for epigenetic reprogramming in the mouse paternal genome. However, roles of histone arginine methylation in reprogramming after fertilisation are still poorly understood. Here, we report that H3R2me2s promotes global transcription at the 1-cell stage, referred to as minor zygotic genome activation (ZGA). The inhibition of H3R2me2s by expressing a histone H3.3 mutant H3.3R2A prevented embryonic development from the 2-cell to 4-cell stages and significantly reduced global RNA synthesis and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) activity. Consistent with this result, the expression levels of MuERV-L as minor ZGA transcripts were decreased by forced expression of H3.3R2A. Furthermore, treatment with an inhibitor and co-injection of siRNA to PRMT5 and PRMT7 also resulted in the attenuation of transcriptional activities with reduction of H3R2me2s in the pronuclei of zygotes. Interestingly, impairment of H3K4 methylation by expression of H3.3K4M resulted in a decrease of H3R2me2s in male pronuclei. Our findings suggest that H3R2me2s together with H3K4 methylation is involved in global transcription during minor ZGA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Morita
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan. .,Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hatanaka
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shunya Ihashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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62
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PRMT5: a putative oncogene and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 29:264-276. [PMID: 33854218 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) was discovered two decades ago. The first decade focused on the biochemical characterization of PRMT5 as a regulator of many cellular processes in a healthy organism. However, over the past decade, evidence has accumulated to suggest that PRMT5 may function as an oncogene in multiple cancers via both epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we focus on recent progress made in prostate cancer, including the role of PRMT5 in the androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling and DNA damage response, particularly DNA double-strand break repair. We also discuss how PRMT5-interacting proteins that are considered PRMT5 cofactors may cooperate with PRMT5 to regulate PRMT5 activity and target gene expression, and how PRMT5 can interact with other epigenetic regulators implicated in prostate cancer development and progression. Finally, we suggest that targeting PRMT5 may be employed to develop multiple therapeutic approaches to enhance the treatment of prostate cancer.
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63
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Yang M, Lin X, Segers F, Suganthan R, Hildrestrand GA, Rinholm JE, Aas PA, Sousa MML, Holm S, Bolstad N, Warren D, Berge RK, Johansen RF, Yndestad A, Kristiansen E, Klungland A, Luna L, Eide L, Halvorsen B, Aukrust P, Bjørås M. OXR1A, a Coactivator of PRMT5 Regulating Histone Arginine Methylation. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4165-4178.e7. [PMID: 32209476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidation resistance gene 1 (OXR1) protects cells against oxidative stress. We find that male mice with brain-specific isoform A knockout (Oxr1A-/-) develop fatty liver. RNA sequencing of male Oxr1A-/- liver indicates decreased growth hormone (GH) signaling, which is known to affect liver metabolism. Indeed, Gh expression is reduced in male mice Oxr1A-/- pituitary gland and in rat Oxr1A-/- pituitary adenoma cell-line GH3. Oxr1A-/- male mice show reduced fasting-blood GH levels. Pull-down and proximity ligation assays reveal that OXR1A is associated with arginine methyl transferase PRMT5. OXR1A-depleted GH3 cells show reduced symmetrical dimethylation of histone H3 arginine 2 (H3R2me2s), a product of PRMT5 catalyzed methylation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of H3R2me2s shows reduced Gh promoter enrichment. Finally, we demonstrate with purified proteins that OXR1A stimulates PRMT5/MEP50-catalyzed H3R2me2s. Our data suggest that OXR1A is a coactivator of PRMT5, regulating histone arginine methylation and thereby GH production within the pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaolin Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Filip Segers
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Per Arne Aas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mirta M L Sousa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility-PROMEC, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Bolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Warren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune F Johansen
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arne Klungland
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luisa Luna
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Eide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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64
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Hamey JJ, Rakow S, Bouchard C, Senst JM, Kolb P, Bauer UM, Wilkins MR, Hart-Smith G. Systematic investigation of PRMT6 substrate recognition reveals broad specificity with a preference for an RG motif or basic and bulky residues. FEBS J 2021; 288:5668-5691. [PMID: 33764612 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) catalyses the asymmetric dimethylation of arginines on numerous substrate proteins within the human cell. In particular, PRMT6 methylates histone H3 arginine 2 (H3R2) which affects both gene repression and activation. However, the substrate specificity of PRMT6 has not been comprehensively analysed. Here, we systematically characterise the substrate recognition motif of PRMT6, finding that it has broad specificity and recognises the RG motif. Working with a H3 tail peptide as a template, on which we made 204 amino acid substitutions, we use targeted mass spectrometry to measure their effect on PRMT6 in vitro activity. We first show that PRMT6 methylates R2 and R8 in the H3 peptide, although H3R8 is methylated with lower efficiency and is not an in vivo PRMT6 substrate. We then quantify the effect of 194 of these amino acid substitutions on methylation at both H3R2 and H3R8. In both cases, we find that PRMT6 tolerates essentially any amino acid substitution in the H3 peptide, but that positively charged and bulky residues are preferred near the target arginine. We show that PRMT6 also has preference for glycine, but only in the position immediately following the target arginine. This indicates that PRMT6 recognises the RG motif rather than the RGG motif. We further confirm this preference for the RG motif on another PRMT6 substrate, histone H4R3. This broad specificity and recognition of RG rather than RGG are distinctive among the PRMT family and has implications for the development of drugs to selectively target PRMT6. DATABASES: Panorama Public (https://panoramaweb.org/PRMT6motif.url); ProteomeXchange (PXD016711).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Hamey
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sinja Rakow
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouchard
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Senst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kolb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Uta-Maria Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gene Hart-Smith
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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65
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Park IG, Jeon M, Kim H, Lee JM. Coordinated methyl readers: Functional communications in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 83:88-99. [PMID: 33753223 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Methylation is a major post-translational modification (PTM) generated by methyltransferase on target proteins; it is recognized by the epigenetic reader to expand the functional diversity of proteins. Methylation can occur on specific lysine or arginine residues localized within regulatory domains in both histone and nonhistone proteins, thereby allowing distinguished properties of the targeted protein. Methylated residues are recognized by chromodomain, malignant brain tumor (MBT), Tudor, plant homeodomain (PHD), PWWP, WD-40, ADD, and ankyrin repeats by an induced-fit mechanism. Methylation-dependent activities regulate distinct aspects of target protein function and are largely reliant on methyl readers of histone and nonhistone proteins in various diseases. Methylation of nonhistone proteins that are recognized by methyl readers facilitates the degradation of unwanted proteins, as well as the stabilization of necessary proteins. Unlike nonhistone substrates, which are mainly monomethylated by methyltransferase, histones are di- or trimethylated by the same methyltransferases and then connected to other critical regulators by methyl readers. These fine-tuned controls by methyl readers are significant for the progression or inhibition of diseases, including cancers. Here, current knowledge and our perspectives about regulating protein function by methyl readers are summarized. We also propose that expanded research on the strong crosstalk mechanisms between methylation and other PTMs via methyl readers would augment therapeutic research in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Geun Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsol Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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66
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Ge S, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Tian Y, Yang R, Chen X, Li F, Zhang B. Ribavirin inhibits colorectal cancer growth by downregulating PRMT5 expression and H3R8me2s and H4R3me2s accumulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 415:115450. [PMID: 33577917 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) are frequently overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and associated with poor prognosis. Ribavirin, the only clinically approved drug known to target eIF4E, is an anti-viral molecule currently used in hepatitis C therapy. The potential of ribavirin to treat CRC remains largely unknown. Ribavirin treatment in CRC cell lines drastically inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, induced S phase arrest and reduced cyclin D1, cyclin A/E and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels in vitro, and suppressed tumorigenesis in mouse model of colitis-associated CRC. Mechanistically, ribavirin treatment significantly reduced PRMT5 and eIF4E protein levels and the accumulation of symmetric dimethylation of histone 3 at arginine 8 (H3R8me2s) and that of histone 4 at arginine 3 (H4R3me2s). Importantly, inhibition of PRMT5 by ribavirin resulted in promoted H3R8 methylation in eIF4E promoter region. Our results demonstrate the anti-cancer efficacy of ribavirin in CRC and suggest that the anti-cancer efficacy of ribavirin may be mediated by downregulating PRMT5 levels but not its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyin Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonglin Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruiying Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baolai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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67
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Li X, Wang X, Zhao J, Wang J, Wu J. PRMT5 promotes colorectal cancer growth by interaction with MCM7. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3537-3547. [PMID: 33675123 PMCID: PMC8034445 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a type of methyltransferase enzyme that can catalyse arginine methylation of histones and non‐histone proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that PRMT5 promotes cancer development and progression. However, its function in colorectal cancer (CRC) is poorly understood. In this study, we revealed the oncogenic roles of PRMT5 in CRC. We found that PRMT5 promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. We identified minichromosome maintenance‐7 (MCM7) as the direct PRMT5‐binding partner. A co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP) assay indicated that PRMT5 physically interacted with MCM7 and that the direct binding domain was located between residues 1‐248 in MCM7. In addition, our results from analysis of 99 CRC tissues and 77 adjacent non‐cancerous tissues indicated that the PRMT5 and MCM7 expression levels were significantly higher in CRC tissues than in control tissues, which was further confirmed by bioinformatic analysis using TCGA and GEO datasets. We also found that MCM7 promoted CRC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that increased PRMT5 expression predicted unfavourable patient survival in CRC patients and in the subgroup of patients with a tumour size of ≤5 cm. These data suggested that PRMT5 and MCM7 might be novel potential targets for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Li
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, and Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, and Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, and Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology, and Department of Colorectal Surgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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68
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Marjon K, Kalev P, Marks K. Cancer Dependencies: PRMT5 and MAT2A in MTAP/p16-Deleted Cancers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of targeted therapies that selectively exploit the genetic inactivation of specific tumor suppressors remains a major challenge. This includes the prevalent deletion of the CDKN2A/ MTAP locus, which was first reported nearly 40 years ago. The more recent advent of RNA interference and functional genomic screening technologies led to the identification of hidden collateral lethalities occurring with passenger deletions of MTAP in cancer cells. In particular, small-molecule inhibition of the type II arginine methyltransferase PRMT5 and the S-adenosylmethionine-producing enzyme MAT2A each presents a precision medicine approach for the treatment of patients whose tumors have homozygous loss of MTAP. In this review, we highlight key aspects of MTAP, PRMT5, and MAT2A biology to provide a conceptual framework for developing novel therapeutic strategies in tumors with MTAP deletion and to summarize ongoing efforts to drug PRMT5 and MAT2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Marjon
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter Kalev
- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Marks
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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69
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Chakrapani B, Khan MIK, Kadumuri RV, Gupta S, Verma M, Awasthi S, Govindaraju G, Mahesh A, Rajavelu A, Chavali S, Dhayalan A. The uncharacterized protein FAM47E interacts with PRMT5 and regulates its functions. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000699. [PMID: 33376131 PMCID: PMC7772775 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) symmetrically dimethylates arginine residues in various proteins affecting diverse cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, splicing, DNA repair, differentiation, and cell cycle. Elevated levels of PRMT5 are observed in several types of cancers and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, making PRMT5 an important diagnostic marker and/or therapeutic target for cancers. Here, using yeast two-hybrid screening, followed by immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays, we identify a previously uncharacterized protein, FAM47E, as an interaction partner of PRMT5. We report that FAM47E regulates steady-state levels of PRMT5 by affecting its stability through inhibition of its proteasomal degradation. Importantly, FAM47E enhances the chromatin association and histone methylation activity of PRMT5. The PRMT5-FAM47E interaction affects the regulation of PRMT5 target genes expression and colony-forming capacity of the cells. Taken together, we identify FAM47E as a protein regulator of PRMT5, which promotes the functions of this versatile enzyme. These findings imply that disruption of PRMT5-FAM47E interaction by small molecules might be an alternative strategy to attenuate the oncogenic function(s) of PRMT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Chakrapani
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Mohd Imran K Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajashekar Varma Kadumuri
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, India
| | - Somlee Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Mamta Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Sharad Awasthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Gayathri Govindaraju
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Arun Mahesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Arumugam Rajavelu
- Interdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sreenivas Chavali
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, India
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70
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Shen Y, Li F, Szewczyk MM, Halabelian L, Chau I, Eram MS, Dela Seña C, Park KS, Meng F, Chen H, Zeng H, Dong A, Wu H, Trush VV, McLeod D, Zepeda-Velázquez CA, Campbell RM, Mader MM, Watson BM, Schapira M, Arrowsmith CH, Al-Awar R, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Kaniskan HÜ, Brown PJ, Vedadi M, Jin J. A First-in-Class, Highly Selective and Cell-Active Allosteric Inhibitor of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3697-3706. [PMID: 33591753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) catalyzes monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues in various proteins, plays important roles in biological processes, and is associated with multiple cancers. To date, a highly selective PRMT6 inhibitor has not been reported. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a first-in-class, highly selective allosteric inhibitor of PRMT6, (R)-2 (SGC6870). (R)-2 is a potent PRMT6 inhibitor (IC50 = 77 ± 6 nM) with outstanding selectivity for PRMT6 over a broad panel of other methyltransferases and nonepigenetic targets. Notably, the crystal structure of the PRMT6-(R)-2 complex and kinetic studies revealed (R)-2 binds a unique, induced allosteric pocket. Additionally, (R)-2 engages PRMT6 and potently inhibits its methyltransferase activity in cells. Moreover, (R)-2's enantiomer, (S)-2 (SGC6870N), is inactive against PRMT6 and can be utilized as a negative control. Collectively, (R)-2 is a well-characterized PRMT6 chemical probe and a valuable tool for further investigating PRMT6 functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudao Shen
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Magdalena M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Levon Halabelian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mohammad S Eram
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Carlo Dela Seña
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kwang-Su Park
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Fanye Meng
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - He Chen
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Hong Zeng
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Hong Wu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Viacheslav V Trush
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - David McLeod
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | | | - Robert M Campbell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Mary M Mader
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Brian M Watson
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Peter J Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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71
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Guarnaccia AD, Rose KL, Wang J, Zhao B, Popay TM, Wang CE, Guerrazzi K, Hill S, Woodley CM, Hansen TJ, Lorey SL, Shaw JG, Payne WG, Weissmiller AM, Olejniczak ET, Fesik SW, Liu Q, Tansey WP. Impact of WIN site inhibitor on the WDR5 interactome. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108636. [PMID: 33472061 PMCID: PMC7871196 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromatin-associated protein WDR5 is a promising pharmacological target in cancer, with most drug discovery efforts directed against an arginine-binding cavity in WDR5 called the WIN site. Despite a clear expectation that WIN site inhibitors will alter the repertoire of WDR5 interaction partners, their impact on the WDR5 interactome remains unknown. Here, we use quantitative proteomics to delineate how the WDR5 interactome is changed by WIN site inhibition. We show that the WIN site inhibitor alters the interaction of WDR5 with dozens of proteins, including those linked to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that the master kinase PDPK1 is a bona fide high-affinity WIN site binding protein that engages WDR5 to modulate transcription of genes expressed in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. This dataset expands our understanding of WDR5 and serves as a resource for deciphering the action of WIN site inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa D Guarnaccia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tessa M Popay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Christina E Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kiana Guerrazzi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Salisha Hill
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chase M Woodley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tyler J Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shelly L Lorey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Grace Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - William G Payne
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - April M Weissmiller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Edward T Olejniczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - William P Tansey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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72
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Bryant JP, Heiss J, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK. Arginine Methylation in Brain Tumors: Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010124. [PMID: 33440687 PMCID: PMC7827394 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation. Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the modification of target proteins by adding methyl groups to the guanidino nitrogen atoms of arginine residues. Protein arginine methylation takes part in epigenetic and cellular regulation and has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic diseases, and tumor progression. Aberrant expression of PRMTs is associated with the development of brain tumors such as glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. Identifying PRMTs as plausible contributors to tumorigenesis has led to preclinical and clinical investigations of PRMT inhibitors for glioblastoma and medulloblastoma therapy. In this review, we discuss the role of arginine methylation in cancer biology and provide an update on the use of small molecule inhibitors of PRMTs to treat glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and other cancers.
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73
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Fulton MD, Dang T, Brown T, Zheng YG. Effects of substrate modifications on the arginine dimethylation activities of PRMT1 and PRMT5. Epigenetics 2020; 17:1-18. [PMID: 33380261 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1864170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone arginine methylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification (PTM) in eukaryotic cells and contributes to the histone codes for epigenetic regulation of gene transcription. In this study, we determined how local changes on adjacent residues in the histone H4 substrate regulate arginine asymmetric dimethylation and symmetric dimethylation catalysed by the major protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) enzymes PRMT1 and PRMT5, respectively. We found that phosphorylation at histone H4 Ser-1 site (H4S1) was inhibitory to activities of PRMT1 and PRMT5 in both monomethylating and dimethylating H4R3. Also, a positively charged H4K5 was important for PRMT1 catalysis because acetylation of H4K5 or the loss of the H4K5 ε-amine had a similar effect in reducing the catalytic efficiency of asymmetric dimethylation of H4R3. An opposite effect was observed in that acetylation of H4K5 or the loss of the H4K5 ε-amine enhanced PRMT5-mediated symmetric dimethylation of H4R3. Furthermore, we observed that N-terminal acetylation of H4 modestly decreased asymmetric dimethylation of H4R3 by PRMT1 and symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 by PRMT5. This work highlights the significance of local chemical changes in the substrate to regulating PRMT activity and unravels the pattern complexities and subtleties of histone codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody D Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,USA
| | - Tran Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,USA
| | - Tyler Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,USA
| | - Y George Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,USA
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74
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Cui S, Yu Q, Chu L, Cui Y, Ding M, Wang Q, Wang H, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang C. Nuclear cGAS Functions Non-canonically to Enhance Antiviral Immunity via Recruiting Methyltransferase Prmt5. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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75
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Fan Z, He L, Li M, Cao R, Deng M, Ping F, Liang X, He Y, Wu T, Tao X, Xu J, Cheng B, Xia J. Targeting methyltransferase PRMT5 retards the carcinogenesis and metastasis of HNSCC via epigenetically inhibiting Twist1 transcription. Neoplasia 2020; 22:617-629. [PMID: 33045527 PMCID: PMC7557877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an important type II arginine methyltransferase that can play roles in cancers in a highly tissue-specific manner, but its role in the carcinogenesis and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. Here, we detected PRMT5 expression in HNSCC tissues and performed series of in vivo and in vitro assays to investigate the function and mechanism of PRMT5 in HNSCC. We found that PRMT5 was overexpressed in dysplastic and cancer tissues, and associated with lymph node metastasis and worse patient survival. PRMT5 knockdown repressed the malignant phenotype of HNSCC cells in vitro and in vivo. PRMT5 specific inhibitor blocked the formation of precancerous lesion and HNSCC in 4NQO-induced tongue carcinogenesis model, prevented lymph node metastasis in tongue orthotopic xenograft model and inhibited cancer development in subcutaneous xenograft model and Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft (PDX) model. Mechanistically, PRMT5-catalyzed H3R2me2s promotes the enrichment of H3K4me3 in the Twist1 promoter region by recruiting WDR5, and subsequently activates the transcription of Twist1. The rescue experiments indicated that overexpressed Twist1 abrogated the inhibition of cell invasion induced by PRMT5 inhibitor. In summary, this study elucidates that PRMT5 inhibition could reduce H3K4me3-mediated Twist1 transcription and retard the carcinogenesis and metastasis of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaona Fan
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lihong He
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mianxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruoyan Cao
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Miao Deng
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Ping
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueyi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tong Wu
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoan Tao
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Juan Xia
- Hostpital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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76
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Du C, Hansen LJ, Singh SX, Wang F, Sun R, Moure CJ, Roso K, Greer PK, Yan H, He Y. A PRMT5-RNF168-SMURF2 Axis Controls H2AX Proteostasis. Cell Rep 2020; 28:3199-3211.e5. [PMID: 31533041 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
H2AX safeguards genomic stability in a dose-dependent manner; however, mechanisms governing its proteostasis are poorly understood. Here, we identify a PRMT5-RNF168-SMURF2 cascade that regulates H2AX proteostasis. We show that PRMT5 sustains the expression of RNF168, an E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for DNA damage response (DDR). Suppression of PRMT5 occurs in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-deficient glioblastoma cells and attenuates the expression of RNF168, leading to destabilization of H2AX by E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2. RNF168 and SMURF2 serve as a stabilizer and destabilizer of H2AX, respectively, via their dynamic interactions with H2AX. In supporting an important role of this signaling cascade in regulating H2AX, MTAP-deficient glioblastoma cells display higher levels of DNA damage spontaneously or in response to genotoxic agents. These findings reveal a regulatory mechanism of H2AX proteostasis and define a signaling cascade that is essential to DDR and that is disrupted by the loss of a metabolic enzyme in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzheng Du
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Landon J Hansen
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Simranjit X Singh
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Pathology Graduate Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feiyifan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ran Sun
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Casey J Moure
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristen Roso
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Paula K Greer
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hai Yan
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yiping He
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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77
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Yi M, Ma Y, Chen Y, Liu C, Wang Q, Deng H. Glutathionylation Decreases Methyltransferase Activity of PRMT5 and Inhibits Cell Proliferation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1910-1920. [PMID: 32868396 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathionylation is an important posttranslational modification that protects proteins from further oxidative damage as well as influencing protein structure and activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that the cysteine-42 residue in protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is glutathionylated in aged mice or in cells that have been exposed to oxidative stress. Deglutathionylation of this protein is catalyzed by glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1). Using mutagenesis and subsequent biochemical analyses, we show that glutathionylation decreased the binding affinity of PRMT5 with methylosome protein-50 (MEP50) and reduced the methyltransferase activity of PRMT5. Furthermore, overexpression of PRMT5-C42A mutant caused a significant increase in histone methylation in HEK293T and A549 cells and promoted cell growth, whereas overexpression of the PRMT5-C42D mutant, a mimic of glutathionylated PRMT5, inhibited cell proliferation. Taken together, our results demonstrate a new mechanism of regulation of PRMT5 methyltransferases activity and suggest that PRMT5 glutathionylation is partly responsible for reactive oxygen species-mediated cell growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China
| | - Chongdong Liu
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China.
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78
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Abe Y, Tanaka N. Fine-Tuning of GLI Activity through Arginine Methylation: Its Mechanisms and Function. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091973. [PMID: 32859041 PMCID: PMC7565022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma-associated oncogene (GLI) family consists of GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 in mammals. This family has important roles in development and homeostasis. To achieve these roles, the GLI family has widespread outputs. GLI activity is therefore strictly regulated at multiple levels, including via post-translational modifications for context-dependent GLI target gene expression. The protein arginine methyl transferase (PRMT) family is also associated with embryogenesis, homeostasis, and cancer mainly via epigenetic modifications. In the PRMT family, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 reportedly regulate GLI1 and GLI2 activity. PRMT1 methylates GLI1 to upregulate its activity and target gene expression. Cytoplasmic PRMT5 methylates GLI1 and promotes GLI1 protein stabilization. Conversely, nucleic PRMT5 interacts with MENIN to suppress growth arrest-specific protein 1 expression, which assists Hedgehog ligand binding to Patched, indirectly resulting in downregulated GLI1 activity. PRMT7-mediated GLI2 methylation upregulates its activity through the dissociation of GLI2 and Suppressor of Fused. Together, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT7 regulate GLI activity at multiple revels. Furthermore, the GLI and PRMT families have strong links with various cancers through cancer stem cell maintenance. Therefore, PRMT-mediated regulation of GLI activity would have important roles in cancer stem cell maintenance.
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79
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Szulik MW, Davis K, Bakhtina A, Azarcon P, Bia R, Horiuchi E, Franklin S. Transcriptional regulation by methyltransferases and their role in the heart: highlighting novel emerging functionality. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H847-H865. [PMID: 32822544 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00382.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methyltransferases are a superfamily of enzymes that transfer methyl groups to proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Traditionally, these enzymes have been shown to carry out a specific modification (mono-, di-, or trimethylation) on a single, or limited number of, amino acid(s). The largest subgroup of this family, protein methyltransferases, target arginine and lysine side chains of histone molecules to regulate gene expression. Although there is a large number of functional studies that have been performed on individual methyltransferases describing their methylation targets and effects on biological processes, no analyses exist describing the spatial distribution across tissues or their differential expression in the diseased heart. For this review, we performed tissue profiling in protein databases of 199 confirmed or putative methyltransferases to demonstrate the unique tissue-specific expression of these individual proteins. In addition, we examined transcript data sets from human heart failure patients and murine models of heart disease to identify 40 methyltransferases in humans and 15 in mice, which are differentially regulated in the heart, although many have never been functionally interrogated. Lastly, we focused our analysis on the largest subgroup, that of protein methyltransferases, and present a newly emerging phenomenon in which 16 of these enzymes have been shown to play dual roles in regulating transcription by maintaining the ability to both activate and repress transcription through methyltransferase-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Overall, this review highlights a novel paradigm shift in our understanding of the function of histone methyltransferases and correlates their expression in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta W Szulik
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kathryn Davis
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Anna Bakhtina
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Presley Azarcon
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ryan Bia
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Emilee Horiuchi
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarah Franklin
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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80
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Shen Y, Gao G, Yu X, Kim H, Wang L, Xie L, Schwarz M, Chen X, Guccione E, Liu J, Bedford MT, Jin J. Discovery of First-in-Class Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) Degraders. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9977-9989. [PMID: 32787082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) has been associated with multiple cancers. Using the proteolysis targeting chimera technology, we discovered a first-in-class PRMT5 degrader 15 (MS4322). Here, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of compound 15 and two structurally similar controls 17 (MS4370) and 21 (MS4369), with impaired binding to the von Hippel-Lindau E3 ligase and PRMT5, respectively. Compound 15, but not 17 and 21, effectively reduced the PRMT5 protein level in MCF-7 cells. Our mechanism studies indicate that compound 15 degraded PRMT5 in an E3 ligase- and proteasome-dependent manner. Compound 15 also effectively reduced the PRMT5 protein level and inhibited growth in multiple cancer cell lines. Moreover, compound 15 was highly selective for PRMT5 in a global proteomic study and exhibited good plasma exposure in mice. Collectively, compound 15 and its two controls 17 and 21 are valuable chemical tools for exploring the PRMT5 functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudao Shen
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Guozhen Gao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, United States
| | - Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Huensuk Kim
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ling Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Megan Schwarz
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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81
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Lim Y, Park YE, Ha S, Lee JE, Kim HC. A Comprehensive Analysis of Symmetric Arginine Dimethylation in Colorectal Cancer Tissues Using Immunoaffinity Enrichment and Mass Spectrometry. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900367. [PMID: 32468700 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a major enzyme responsible for generating monomethyl and symmetric dimethyl arginine in proteins. PRMT5 is essential for cell viability and development, and its overexpression is observed in a variety of cancers. In the present study, it is found that levels of PRMT5 protein and symmetric arginine dimethylation in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues are increased compared to those in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Using immunoaffinity enrichment of methylated peptides combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry, a total of 147 symmetric dimethyl-arginine (SDMA) sites in 94 proteins are identified, many of which are RNA binding proteins and enzymes. Quantitative analysis comparing CRC and normal tissues reveals significant increase in the symmetric dimethylation of 70 arginine sites in 46 proteins and a decrease in that of four arginine sites in four proteins. Among the 94 proteins identified in this study, it is confirmed that KH-type splicing regulatory protein is a target of PRMT5 and highly expressed in CRC tissues compared to noncancerous tissues. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of symmetric arginine dimethylation using clinical samples and extends the number of known in vivo SDMA sites. The data obtained are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD015653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchul Lim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81, Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Yae Eun Park
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute for Science and Technology, 5. Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Sujin Ha
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81, Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute for Science and Technology, 5. Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81, Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
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82
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Abstract
Protein methyl transferases play critical roles in numerous regulatory pathways that underlie cancer development, progression and therapy-response. Here we discuss the function of PRMT5, a member of the nine-member PRMT family, in controlling oncogenic processes including tumor intrinsic, as well as extrinsic microenvironmental signaling pathways. We discuss PRMT5 effect on histone methylation and methylation of regulatory proteins including those involved in RNA splicing, cell cycle, cell death and metabolic signaling. In all, we highlight the importance of PRMT5 regulation and function in cancer, which provide the foundation for therapeutic modalities targeting PRMT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsoo Kim
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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83
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Walker C, Burggren W. Remodeling the epigenome and (epi)cytoskeleton: a new paradigm for co-regulation by methylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/13/jeb220632. [PMID: 32620673 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.220632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epigenome determines heritable patterns of gene expression in the absence of changes in DNA sequence. The result is programming of different cellular-, tissue- and organ-specific phenotypes from a single organismic genome. Epigenetic marks that comprise the epigenome (e.g. methylation) are placed upon or removed from chromatin (histones and DNA) to direct the activity of effectors that regulate gene expression and chromatin structure. Recently, the cytoskeleton has been identified as a second target for the cell's epigenetic machinery. Several epigenetic 'readers, writers and erasers' that remodel chromatin have been discovered to also remodel the cytoskeleton, regulating structure and function of microtubules and actin filaments. This points to an emerging paradigm for dual-function remodelers with 'chromatocytoskeletal' activity that can integrate cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. For example, the SET domain-containing 2 methyltransferase (SETD2) has chromatocytoskeletal activity, methylating both histones and microtubules. The SETD2 methyl mark on chromatin is required for efficient DNA repair, and its microtubule methyl mark is required for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. This unexpected convergence of SETD2 activity on histones and microtubules to maintain genomic stability suggests the intriguing possibility of an expanded role in the cell for chromatocytoskeletal proteins that read, write and erase methyl marks on the cytoskeleton as well as chromatin. Coordinated use of methyl marks to remodel both the epigenome and the (epi)cytoskeleton opens the possibility for integrated regulation (which we refer to as 'epiregulation') of other higher-level functions, such as muscle contraction or learning and memory, and could even have evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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84
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Embryonic Program Activated during Blast Crisis of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) Implicates a TCF7L2 and MYC Cooperative Chromatin Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114057. [PMID: 32517078 PMCID: PMC7312032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by an inherent genetic instability, which contributes to the progression of the disease towards an accelerated phase (AP) and blast crisis (BC). Several cytogenetic and genomic alterations have been reported in the progression towards BC, but the precise molecular mechanisms of this event are undetermined. Transcription Factor 7 like 2 (TFC7L2) is a member of the TCF family of proteins that are known to activate WNT target genes such as Cyclin D1. TCF7L2 has been shown to be overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and represents a druggable target. We report here that TCF7L2 transcription factor expression was found to be correlated to blast cell numbers during the progression of the disease. In these cells, TCF7L2 CHIP-sequencing highlighted distal cis active enhancer, such as elements in SMAD3, ATF5, and PRMT1 genomic regions and a proximal active transcriptional program of 144 genes. The analysis of CHIP-sequencing of MYC revealed a significant overlapping of TCF7L2 epigenetic program with MYC. The β-catenin activator lithium chloride and the MYC-MAX dimerization inhibitor 10058-F4 significantly modified the expression of three epigenetic targets in the BC cell line K562. These results suggest for the first time the cooperative role of TCF7L2 and MYC during CML-BC and they strengthen previous data showing a possible involvement of embryonic genes in this process.
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85
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Beacon TH, Xu W, Davie JR. Genomic landscape of transcriptionally active histone arginine methylation marks, H3R2me2s and H4R3me2a, relative to nucleosome depleted regions. Gene 2020; 742:144593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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86
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Hartel NG, Liu CZ, Graham NA. Improved Discrimination of Asymmetric and Symmetric Arginine Dimethylation by Optimization of the Normalized Collision Energy in Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3123-3129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G. Hartel
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Christopher Z. Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Graham
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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87
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Jiang H. The complex activities of the SET1/MLL complex core subunits in development and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194560. [PMID: 32302696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the SET1/MLL complexes are the main writers of the H3K4 methyl mark that is associated with active gene expression. The activities of these complexes are critically dependent on the association of the catalytic subunit with their shared core subunits, WDR5, RBBP5, ASH2L, and DPY30, collectively referred as WRAD. In addition, some of these core subunits can bind to proteins other than the SET1/MLL complex components. This review starts with discussion of the molecular activities of these core subunits, with an emphasis on DPY30 in organizing the assembly of the SET1/MLL complexes with other associated factors. This review then focuses on the roles of the core subunits in stem cells and development, as well as in diseased cell states, mainly cancer, and ends with discussion on dissecting the responsible activities of the core subunits and how we may target them for potential disease treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The MLL family of proteins in normal development and disease edited by Thomas A Milne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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88
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Liu F, Xu Y, Lu X, Hamard PJ, Karl DL, Man N, Mookhtiar AK, Martinez C, Lossos IS, Sun J, Nimer SD. PRMT5-mediated histone arginine methylation antagonizes transcriptional repression by polycomb complex PRC2. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2956-2968. [PMID: 32025719 PMCID: PMC7102951 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) catalyzes the symmetric di-methylation of arginine residues in histones H3 and H4, marks that are generally associated with transcriptional repression. However, we found that PRMT5 inhibition or depletion led to more genes being downregulated than upregulated, indicating that PRMT5 can also act as a transcriptional activator. Indeed, the global level of histone H3K27me3 increases in PRMT5 deficient cells. Although PRMT5 does not directly affect PRC2 enzymatic activity, methylation of histone H3 by PRMT5 abrogates its subsequent methylation by PRC2. Treating AML cells with an EZH2 inhibitor partially restored the expression of approximately 50% of the genes that are initially downregulated by PRMT5 inhibition, suggesting that the increased H3K27me3 could directly or indirectly contribute to the transcription repression of these genes. Indeed, ChIP-sequencing analysis confirmed an increase in the H3K27me3 level at the promoter region of a quarter of these genes in PRMT5-inhibited cells. Interestingly, the anti-proliferative effect of PRMT5 inhibition was also partially rescued by treatment with an EZH2 inhibitor in several leukemia cell lines. Thus, PRMT5-mediated crosstalk between histone marks contributes to its functional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ye Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pierre-Jacques Hamard
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel L Karl
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Na Man
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Adnan K Mookhtiar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Concepcion Martinez
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Izidore S Lossos
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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89
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Bryan AF, Wang J, Howard GC, Guarnaccia AD, Woodley CM, Aho ER, Rellinger EJ, Matlock BK, Flaherty DK, Lorey SL, Chung DH, Fesik SW, Liu Q, Weissmiller AM, Tansey WP. WDR5 is a conserved regulator of protein synthesis gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2924-2941. [PMID: 31996893 PMCID: PMC7102967 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
WDR5 is a highly-conserved nuclear protein that performs multiple scaffolding functions in the context of chromatin. WDR5 is also a promising target for pharmacological inhibition in cancer, with small molecule inhibitors of an arginine-binding pocket of WDR5 (the 'WIN' site) showing efficacy against a range of cancer cell lines in vitro. Efforts to understand WDR5, or establish the mechanism of action of WIN site inhibitors, however, are stymied by its many functions in the nucleus, and a lack of knowledge of the conserved gene networks-if any-that are under its control. Here, we have performed comparative genomic analyses to identify the conserved sites of WDR5 binding to chromatin, and the conserved genes regulated by WDR5, across a diverse panel of cancer cell lines. We show that a specific cohort of protein synthesis genes (PSGs) are invariantly bound by WDR5, demonstrate that the WIN site anchors WDR5 to chromatin at these sites, and establish that PSGs are bona fide, acute, and persistent targets of WIN site blockade. Together, these data reveal that WDR5 plays a predominant transcriptional role in biomass accumulation and provide further evidence that WIN site inhibitors act to repress gene networks linked to protein synthesis homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra F Bryan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Gregory C Howard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Alissa D Guarnaccia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Chase M Woodley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Erin R Aho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Eric J Rellinger
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Brittany K Matlock
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David K Flaherty
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Shelly L Lorey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Dai H Chung
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - April M Weissmiller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - William P Tansey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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90
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Lorton BM, Harijan RK, Burgos ES, Bonanno JB, Almo SC, Shechter D. A Binary Arginine Methylation Switch on Histone H3 Arginine 2 Regulates Its Interaction with WDR5. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3696-3708. [PMID: 32207970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3 arginine 2 (H3R2) is post-translationally modified in three different states by "writers" of the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) family. H3R2 methylarginine isoforms include PRMT5-catalyzed monomethylation (me1) and symmetric dimethylation (me2s) and PRMT6-catalyzed me1 and asymmetric dimethylation (me2a). WD-40 repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) is an epigenetic "reader" protein that interacts with H3R2. Previous studies suggested that H3R2me2s specified a high-affinity interaction with WDR5. However, our prior biological data prompted the hypothesis that WDR5 may also interact with H3R2me1. Here, using highly accurate quantitative binding analysis combined with high-resolution crystal structures of WDR5 in complex with unmodified (me0) and me1/me2s l-arginine amino acids and in complex with the H3R2me1 peptide, we provide a rigorous biochemical study and address long-standing discrepancies of this important biological interaction. Despite modest structural differences at the binding interface, our study supports an interaction model regulated by a binary arginine methylation switch: H3R2me2a prevents interaction with WDR5, whereas H3R2me0, -me1, and -me2s are equally permissive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Lorton
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Rajesh K Harijan
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Burgos
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Bonanno
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - David Shechter
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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91
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Li F, Zhu H, Hou M, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhao H, Zhou Q, Zhong X. Identification, expression and functional analysis of prmt7 in medaka Oryzias latipes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:77-87. [PMID: 31990140 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Arginine methylation is an important posttranslational modification and catalyzed by a family of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). PRMT7 is the type III PRMT and produces solely monomethylarginine products. PRMT7 has been found to play important roles in multiple biological processes in mammals. However, the expression pattern and function of Prmt7 remain largely unknown in fish. In this study, we characterized the medaka prmt7 gene and determined its expression pattern and function during embryogenesis and germ cell development. The results showed that the chromosomal location and gene structure of medaka prmt7 were similar to its mammalian orthologs. Comparisons of deduced amino acid sequences indicated that medaka Prmt7 was a homolog of human PRMT7 with two methyltransferase domains. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real time RT-PCR revealed that medaka prmt7 had maternal origin with continuous and dynamical expression during embryonic development. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis observed that the transcripts of prmt7 were ubiquitous at morula and gastrula stage, and were later riched in the brain and otic vesicles during embryogenesis. In the adult stage, prmt7 messenger RNA was detected in all examined tissues with the high levels in the ovary and testis. The expression of prmt7 in the gonads was restricted to oocytes of the ovary and spermatids/sperm of the testis. Functional analysis showed that knockdown of medaka prmt7 did not reduce the total number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vivo but significantly affected PGCs distribution during embryonic development. These results indicate that prmt7 may be involved in germ cell development in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Haobin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qingchun Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xueping Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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92
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Jain K, Fraser CS, Marunde MR, Parker MM, Sagum C, Burg JM, Hall N, Popova IK, Rodriguez KL, Vaidya A, Krajewski K, Keogh MC, Bedford MT, Strahl BD. Characterization of the plant homeodomain (PHD) reader family for their histone tail interactions. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:3. [PMID: 31980037 PMCID: PMC6979384 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-0328-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers are central "readers" of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) with > 100 PHD finger-containing proteins encoded by the human genome. Many of the PHDs studied to date bind to unmodified or methylated states of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4). Additionally, many of these domains, and the proteins they are contained in, have crucial roles in the regulation of gene expression and cancer development. Despite this, the majority of PHD fingers have gone uncharacterized; thus, our understanding of how these domains contribute to chromatin biology remains incomplete. RESULTS We expressed and screened 123 of the annotated human PHD fingers for their histone binding preferences using reader domain microarrays. A subset (31) of these domains showed strong preference for the H3 N-terminal tail either unmodified or methylated at H3K4. These H3 readers were further characterized by histone peptide microarrays and/or AlphaScreen to comprehensively define their H3 preferences and PTM cross-talk. CONCLUSIONS The high-throughput approaches utilized in this study establish a compendium of binding information for the PHD reader family with regard to how they engage histone PTMs and uncover several novel reader domain-histone PTM interactions (i.e., PHRF1 and TRIM66). This study highlights the usefulness of high-throughput analyses of histone reader proteins as a means of understanding how chromatin engagement occurs biochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanishk Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Caroline S Fraser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Madison M Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Cari Sagum
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, 78957, USA.
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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93
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Shen W, Gao C, Cueto R, Liu L, Fu H, Shao Y, Yang WY, Fang P, Choi ET, Wu Q, Yang X, Wang H. Homocysteine-methionine cycle is a metabolic sensor system controlling methylation-regulated pathological signaling. Redox Biol 2020; 28:101322. [PMID: 31605963 PMCID: PMC6812029 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine-Methionine (HM) cycle produces universal methyl group donor S-adenosylmethione (SAM), methyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and homocysteine (Hcy). Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is established as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other degenerative disease. We selected 115 genes in the extended HM cycle (31 metabolic enzymes and 84 methyltransferases), examined their protein subcellular location/partner protein, investigated their mRNA levels and mapped their corresponding histone methylation status in 35 disease conditions via mining a set of public databases and intensive literature research. We have 6 major findings. 1) All HM metabolic enzymes are located only in the cytosol except for cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), which was identified in both cytosol and nucleus. 2) Eight disease conditions encountered only histone hypomethylation on 8 histone residues (H3R2/K4/R8/K9/K27/K36/K79 and H4R3). Nine disease conditions had only histone hypermethylation on 8 histone residues (H3R2/K4/K9/K27/K36/K79 and H4R3/K20). 3) We classified 9 disease types with differential HM cycle expression pattern. Eleven disease conditions presented most 4 HM cycle pathway suppression. 4) Three disease conditions had all 4 HM cycle pathway suppression and only histone hypomethylation on H3R2/K4/R8/K9/K36 and H4R3. 5) Eleven HM cycle metabolic enzymes interact with 955 proteins. 6) Five paired HM cycle proteins interact with each other. We conclude that HM cycle is a key metabolic sensor system which mediates receptor-independent metabolism-associated danger signal recognition and modulates SAM/SAH-dependent methylation in disease conditions and that hypomethylation on frequently modified histone residues is a key mechanism for metabolic disorders, autoimmune disease and CVD. We propose that HM metabolism takes place in the cytosol, that nuclear methylation equilibration requires a nuclear-cytosol transfer of SAM/SAH/Hcy, and that Hcy clearance is essential for genetic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hangfei Fu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pu Fang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Vascular & Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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94
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Cheng Y, He C, Wang M, Ma X, Mo F, Yang S, Han J, Wei X. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:62. [PMID: 31871779 PMCID: PMC6915746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation is often linked to human disease, notably cancer. With the development of various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, epigenetic-targeted therapy has been applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has exhibited viable therapeutic potential for solid tumors in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the aberrant functions of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation during tumor progression and highlight the development of inhibitors of or drugs targeted at epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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95
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Okuno K, Akiyama Y, Shimada S, Nakagawa M, Tanioka T, Inokuchi M, Yamaoka S, Kojima K, Tanaka S. Asymmetric dimethylation at histone H3 arginine 2 by PRMT6 in gastric cancer progression. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:15-26. [PMID: 30508037 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modification plays important molecular roles in development and progression of cancers. Dysregulation of histone H3 arginine (R) methylation is still unknown in primary cancer, including gastric cancer (GC). Although PRMT6 contributes to asymmetric dimethylation at H3R2 (H3R2me2as) in cancer cells, its molecular functions are poorly understood in GC. In this study, we assessed H3R2me2as and PRMT6 expression levels in 133 primary GC tissues by immunohistochemistry. Increased H3R2me2as was found in 68 GC (51.1%) cases and independently related to poor prognosis. PRMT6 was overexpressed in 70 GC (52.6%) and strongly correlated with the global H3R2me2as levels (P < 0.001). By analyzing biological functions of PRMT6 in GC cell lines by lentivirus-based systems, PRMT6 overexpression enhanced global H3R2me2as and invasiveness in vitro, while PRMT6 knockout (PRMT6-KO) suppressed these effects and tumorigenicity in vivo. ChIP and microarray assays demonstrated that PRMT6-KO GC cells decreased the enrichments of H3R2me2as at the promoter regions of PCDH7, SCD and IGFBP5, resulting in upregulation of their gene expression. PRMT6 was recruited to the promoter regions of PCDH7 and SCD in the PRMT6-overexpressed cells. Knockdown of tumor suppressor PCDH7 in the PRMT6-KO GC cells elevated cell migration and invasion. PRMT6 expression inversely correlated with PCDH7 expression in primary GC (P = 0.021). Collectively, our findings strongly indicate that H3R2me2as is a strong prognostic indicator of GC patients, and PRMT6-overexpressing GC cells may acquire invasiveness through direct transcriptional inhibition of PCDH7 by increasing H3R2me2as level. Thus, inhibition of the PRMT6-H3R2me2as pathway could be a promising new therapeutic strategy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okuno
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastric Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Shimada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakagawa
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Tanioka
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikito Inokuchi
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kojima
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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96
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Favia A, Salvatori L, Nanni S, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Valente S, Mai A, Scagnoli F, Fontanella RA, Totta P, Nasi S, Illi B. The Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 1 and 5 affect Myc properties in glioblastoma stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15925. [PMID: 31685892 PMCID: PMC6828805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Arginine (R) methylation is the most common post-translational methylation in mammalian cells. Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5 dimethylate their substrates on R residues, asymmetrically and symmetrically, respectively. They are ubiquitously expressed and play fundamental roles in tumour malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which presents largely deregulated Myc activity. Previously, we demonstrated that PRMT5 associates with Myc in GBM cells, modulating, at least in part, its transcriptional properties. Here we show that Myc/PRMT5 protein complex includes PRMT1, in both HEK293T and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). We demonstrate that Myc is both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated by PRMT1 and PRMT5, respectively, and that these modifications differentially regulate its stability. Moreover, we show that the ratio between symmetrically and asymmetrically dimethylated Myc changes in GSCs grown in stem versus differentiating conditions. Finally, both PRMT1 and PRMT5 activity modulate Myc binding at its specific target promoters. To our knowledge, this is the first work reporting R asymmetrical and symmetrical dimethylation as novel Myc post-translational modifications, with different functional properties. This opens a completely unexplored field of investigation in Myc biology and suggests symmetrically dimethylated Myc species as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers and druggable therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Favia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Salvatori
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Nanni
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Scagnoli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Fontanella
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Nasi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
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97
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Jarrold J, Davies CC. PRMTs and Arginine Methylation: Cancer's Best-Kept Secret? Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:993-1009. [PMID: 31230909 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins is vital for increasing proteome diversity and maintaining cellular homeostasis. If the writing, reading, and removal of modifications are not controlled, cancer can develop. Arginine methylation is an understudied modification that is increasingly associated with cancer progression. Consequently protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), the writers of arginine methylation, have rapidly gained interest as novel drug targets. However, for clinical success a deep mechanistic understanding of the biology of PRMTs is required. In this review we focus on advances made regarding the role of PRMTs in stem cell biology, epigenetics, splicing, immune surveillance and the DNA damage response, and highlight the rapid rise of specific inhibitors that are now in clinical trials for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jarrold
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Clare C Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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98
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Dong J, Wang X, Cao C, Wen Y, Sakashita A, Chen S, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Luo M, Liu M, Liao A, Namekawa SH, Yuan S. UHRF1 suppresses retrotransposons and cooperates with PRMT5 and PIWI proteins in male germ cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4705. [PMID: 31624244 PMCID: PMC6797737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, repressive histone marks, and PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) are essential for the control of retrotransposon silencing in the mammalian germline. However, it remains unknown how these repressive epigenetic pathways crosstalk to ensure retrotransposon silencing in the male germline. Here, we show that UHRF1 is responsible for retrotransposon silencing and cooperates with repressive epigenetic pathways in male germ cells. Conditional loss of UHRF1 in postnatal germ cells causes DNA hypomethylation, upregulation of retrotransposons, the activation of a DNA damage response, and switches in the global chromatin status, leading to complete male sterility. Furthermore, we show that UHRF1 interacts with PRMT5, an arginine methyltransferase, to regulate the repressive histone arginine modifications (H4R3me2s and H3R2me2s), and cooperates with the PIWI pathway during spermatogenesis. Collectively, UHRF1 regulates retrotransposon silencing in male germ cells and provides a molecular link between DNA methylation, histone modification, and the PIWI pathway in the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dong
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Congcong Cao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yujiao Wen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Akihiko Sakashita
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Liquan Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengcheng Luo
- Department of Tissue and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Shuiqiao Yuan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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99
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Rakow S, Pullamsetti SS, Bauer UM, Bouchard C. Assaying epigenome functions of PRMTs and their substrates. Methods 2019; 175:53-65. [PMID: 31542509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the widespread and increasing number of identified post-translational modifications (PTMs), arginine methylation is catalyzed by the protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and regulates fundamental processes in cells, such as gene regulation, RNA processing, translation, and signal transduction. As epigenetic regulators, PRMTs play key roles in pluripotency, differentiation, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis, which are essential biological programs leading to development, adult homeostasis but also pathological conditions including cancer. A full understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie PRMT-mediated gene regulation requires the genome wide mapping of each player, i.e., PRMTs, their substrates and epigenetic marks, methyl-marks readers as well as interaction partners, in a thorough and unambiguous manner. However, despite the tremendous advances in high throughput sequencing technologies and the numerous efforts from the scientific community, the epigenomic profiling of PRMTs as well as their histone and non-histone substrates still remains a big challenge owing to obvious limitations in tools and methodologies. This review will summarize the present knowledge about the genome wide mapping of PRMTs and their substrates as well as the technical approaches currently in use. The limitations and pitfalls of the technical tools along with conventional approaches will be then discussed in detail. Finally, potential new strategies for chromatin profiling of PRMTs and histone substrates will be proposed and described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Rakow
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Uta-Maria Bauer
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouchard
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, BMFZ, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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100
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Zhu F, Rui L. PRMT5 in gene regulation and hematologic malignancies. Genes Dis 2019; 6:247-257. [PMID: 32042864 PMCID: PMC6997592 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine methylation is a common posttranslational modification that governs important cellular processes and impacts development, cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Arginine methylation is catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), which are classified as type I and type II enzymes responsible for the formation of asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine, respectively. PRMT5 is the main type II enzyme that catalyzes symmetric dimethylarginine of histone proteins to induce gene silencing by generating repressive histone marks, including H2AR3me2s, H3R8me2s, and H4R3me2s. PRMT5 can also methylate nonhistone proteins such as the transcription factors p53, E2F1 and p65. Modifications of these proteins by PRMT5 are involved in diverse cellular processes, including transcription, translation, DNA repair, RNA processing, and metabolism. A growing literature demonstrates that PRMT5 expression is upregulated in hematologic malignancies, including leukemia and lymphoma, where PRMT5 regulates gene expression to promote cancer cell proliferation. Targeting PRMT5 by specific inhibitors has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lixin Rui
- Department of Medicine and Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
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