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Fernandez S, Risolino M, Verde P. A novel miRNA-mediated STOP sign in lung cancer: miR-340 inhibits the proliferation of lung cancer cells through p27(KIP1). Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e977147. [PMID: 27308439 PMCID: PMC4904894 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.977147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncosuppressor miRNAs inhibit cancer cell proliferation by targeting key components of the cell cycle machinery. In our recent report we showed that miR-340 is a novel tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer. miR-340 inhibits neoplastic cell proliferation and induces p27KIP1 by targeting multiple translational and post-translational regulators of this cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fernandez
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso; CNR ; Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Risolino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso; CNR ; Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Verde
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso; CNR ; Naples, Italy
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Nakamachi Y, Ohnuma K, Uto K, Noguchi Y, Saegusa J, Kawano S. MicroRNA-124 inhibits the progression of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:601-8. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous, non-coding RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators. We analysed the in vivo effect of miRNA-124 (miR-124, the rat analogue of human miR-124a) on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) in rats.MethodsAIA was induced in Lewis rats by injecting incomplete Freund's adjuvant with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Precursor (pre)-miR-124 was injected into the right hind ankle on day 9. Morphological changes in the ankle joint were assessed by micro-CT and histopathology. Cytokine expression was examined by western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. The effect of miR-124 on predicted target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) was examined by luciferase reporter assays. The effect of pre-miR-124 or pre-miR-124a on the differentiation of human osteoclasts was examined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining.ResultsWe found that miR-124 suppressed AIA in rats, as demonstrated by decreased synoviocyte proliferation, leucocyte infiltration and cartilage or bone destruction. Osteoclast counts and expression level of receptor activator of the nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), integrin β1 (ITGB1) and nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) were reduced in AIA rats treated with pre-miR-124. Luciferase analysis showed that miR-124 directly targeted the 3′UTR of the rat NFATc1, ITGB1, specificity protein 1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α mRNAs. Pre-miR-124 also suppressed NFATc1 expression in RAW264.7 cells. Both miR-124 and miR-124a directly targeted the 3′-UTR of human NFATc1 mRNA, and both pre-miR-124 and pre-miR-124a suppressed the differentiation of human osteoclasts.ConclusionsWe found that miR-124 ameliorated AIA by suppressing critical prerequisites for arthritis development, such as RANKL and NFATc1. Thus, miR-124a is a candidate for therapeutic use for human rheumatoid arthritis.
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone, typically presenting in the first or second decade of life. Unfortunately, clinical outcomes for osteosarcoma patients have not substantially improved in over 30 years. This stagnation in therapeutic advances is perhaps explained by the genetic, epigenetic, and biological complexities of this rare tumor. In this review we provide a general background on the biology of osteosarcoma and the clinical status quo. We go on to enumerate the genetic and epigenetic defects identified in osteosarcoma. Finally, we discuss ongoing large-scale studies in the field and potential new therapies that are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chand Khanna
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Miller-Delaney SFC, Bryan K, Das S, McKiernan RC, Bray IM, Reynolds JP, Gwinn R, Stallings RL, Henshall DC. Differential DNA methylation profiles of coding and non-coding genes define hippocampal sclerosis in human temporal lobe epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 138:616-31. [PMID: 25552301 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with large-scale, wide-ranging changes in gene expression in the hippocampus. Epigenetic changes to DNA are attractive mechanisms to explain the sustained hyperexcitability of chronic epilepsy. Here, through methylation analysis of all annotated C-phosphate-G islands and promoter regions in the human genome, we report a pilot study of the methylation profiles of temporal lobe epilepsy with or without hippocampal sclerosis. Furthermore, by comparative analysis of expression and promoter methylation, we identify methylation sensitive non-coding RNA in human temporal lobe epilepsy. A total of 146 protein-coding genes exhibited altered DNA methylation in temporal lobe epilepsy hippocampus (n = 9) when compared to control (n = 5), with 81.5% of the promoters of these genes displaying hypermethylation. Unique methylation profiles were evident in temporal lobe epilepsy with or without hippocampal sclerosis, in addition to a common methylation profile regardless of pathology grade. Gene ontology terms associated with development, neuron remodelling and neuron maturation were over-represented in the methylation profile of Watson Grade 1 samples (mild hippocampal sclerosis). In addition to genes associated with neuronal, neurotransmitter/synaptic transmission and cell death functions, differential hypermethylation of genes associated with transcriptional regulation was evident in temporal lobe epilepsy, but overall few genes previously associated with epilepsy were among the differentially methylated. Finally, a panel of 13, methylation-sensitive microRNA were identified in temporal lobe epilepsy including MIR27A, miR-193a-5p (MIR193A) and miR-876-3p (MIR876), and the differential methylation of long non-coding RNA documented for the first time. The present study therefore reports select, genome-wide DNA methylation changes in human temporal lobe epilepsy that may contribute to the molecular architecture of the epileptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne F C Miller-Delaney
- 1 Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Bryan
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sudipto Das
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ross C McKiernan
- 1 Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Isabella M Bray
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - James P Reynolds
- 1 Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ryder Gwinn
- 3 Centre for Neuromodulation and Functional Restoration, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Ave. Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Raymond L Stallings
- 2 Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland 4 National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- 1 Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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55
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Fernandez S, Risolino M, Mandia N, Talotta F, Soini Y, Incoronato M, Condorelli G, Banfi S, Verde P. miR-340 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting multiple negative regulators of p27 in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3240-50. [PMID: 25151966 PMCID: PMC4724947 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control cell cycle progression by targeting the transcripts encoding for cyclins, CDKs and CDK inhibitors, such as p27KIP1 (p27). p27 expression is controlled by multiple transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, including translational inhibition by miR-221/222 and posttranslational regulation by the SCFSKP2 complex. The oncosuppressor activity of miR-340 has been recently characterized in breast, colorectal and osteosarcoma tumor cells. However, the mechanisms underlying miR-340-induced cell growth arrest have not been elucidated. Here we describe miR-340 as a novel tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Starting from the observation that the growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects of miR-340 correlate with the accumulation of p27 in lung adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma cells, we have analyzed the functional relationship between miR-340 and p27 expression. miR-340 targets three key negative regulators of p27. The miR-340-mediated inhibition of both Pumilio-family RNA-binding proteins (PUM1 and PUM2), required for the miR-221/222 interaction with the p27 3′UTR, antagonizes the miRNA-dependent downregulation of p27. At the same time, miR-340 induces the stabilization of p27 by targeting SKP2, the key posttranslational regulator of p27. Therefore, miR-340 controls p27 at both translational and posttranslational levels. Accordingly, the inhibition of either PUM1 or SKP2 partially recapitulates the miR-340 effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition to the effect on tumor cell proliferation, miR-340 also inhibits intercellular adhesion and motility in lung cancer cells. These changes correlate with the miR-340-mediated inhibition of previously validated (MET and ROCK1) and potentially novel (RHOA and CDH1) miR-340 target transcripts. Finally, we show that in a small cohort of NSCLC patients (n=23), representative of all four stages of lung cancer, miR-340 expression inversely correlates with clinical staging, thus suggesting that miR-340 downregulation contributes to the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernandez
- CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - M Risolino
- CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - N Mandia
- CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - F Talotta
- CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy
| | - Y Soini
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - G Condorelli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, ''Federico II'' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - S Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - P Verde
- 1] CNR Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy [2] IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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Chen PH, Shih CM, Chang WC, Cheng CH, Lin CW, Ho KH, Su PC, Chen KC. MicroRNA-302b-inhibited E2F3 transcription factor is related to all trans retinoic acid-induced glioma cell apoptosis. J Neurochem 2014; 131:731-42. [PMID: 25040912 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a derivative of retinoid, is involved in the onset of differentiation and apoptosis in a wide variety of normal and cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression. Several miRNAs were identified to participate in ATRA-mediated cell differentiation. However, no studies have demonstrated whether miRNA can enhance ATRA cytotoxicity, thereby resulting in cell apoptosis. This study investigated the effects of ATRA-mediated miRNA expression in activating apoptotic pathways in glioblastoma. First, we found that high-dose ATRA treatment significantly reduced cell viability, caspase-dependent apoptosis, endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress activation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. From microarray data, miR-302b was analyzed as a putative downstream regulator upon ATRA treatment. Furthermore, we found that ATRA up-regulated miR-302b expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner through retinoic acid receptor α-mediated pathway. Overexpression and knockdown of miR-302b significantly influenced ATRA-mediated cytotoxicity. E2F3, an important transcriptional regulator of glioma proliferation, was validated to be a direct target gene of miR-302b. The miR-302b-reduced E2F3 levels were also identified to be associated with ATRA-mediated glioma cell death. These results emphasize that an ATRA-mediated miR-302b network may provide novel therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma therapy. We propose that high-dose all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment, a derivative of retinoid, significantly induces glioblastoma cell apoptosis via caspase-dependent apoptosis, endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. The miR-302b overexpression enhanced by ATRA-mediated retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α pathway was also identified. The E2F3 repression, a novel target gene of miR-302b, was involved in ATRA-induced glioblastoma cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hsu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li B, Ye Z. Epigenetic alterations in osteosarcoma: promising targets. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3303-15. [PMID: 24500341 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is being reinterpreted due to recent discoveries related to epigenetic regulation during development, and the importance of epigenetic mechanisms in initiation and progression of cancer has been further highlighted by the recent explosion in medical information. Osteosarcoma is highly genetically unstable, and current therapeutic regimens are subject to chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma will provide novel avenues for cancer therapy. In this review, we examine the epigenetic alterations in gene expression in osteosarcoma, and discuss the utilization of epigenetic regulation therapy in treatment against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310008, China
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Kim Y, Cheong JW, Kim YK, Eom JI, Jeung HK, Kim SJ, Hwang D, Kim JS, Kim HJ, Min YH. Serum microRNA-21 as a potential biomarker for response to hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndromes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86933. [PMID: 24503739 PMCID: PMC3913572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers that predict responses to hypomethylating agents (HMAs) will allow optimal strategies for epigenetic therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) to be established. Serum miR-21 was quantitatively measured in 58 MDS patients treated with HMAs and 14 healthy controls. Serum miR-192 was an internal control, and diagnostic performance was evaluated according to receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). ROC analysis indicated that serum miR-21 levels differentiated responders from non-responders with an area under the curve of 0.648 (95% confidence, 0.49 to 0.72). The baseline level of serum miR-21 was significantly lower in the responder group than in the non-responder group (P = 0.041). The overall response rate (ORR) of the high miR-21 group was significantly lower than that of the low miR-21 group (41.2 vs. 73.2%, P = 0.021). Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly inferior in the high group versus the low group (14.0 vs. 44.5 months, P = 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that the initial serum miR-21 level (P = 0.001) and circulating blasts (P = 0.007) were prognostic factors for PFS. Serum miR-21 level was significantly associated with ORR and PFS in MDS patients treated with HMAs. Although validation with a large prospective study is required, serum miR-21 is a potential biomarker of epigenetic therapy in MDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundeok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Won Cheong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeo-Kyeoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University College of Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Korea
| | - Ju-In Eom
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoi-Kyung Jeung
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dohyu Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeuong Joon Kim
- Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Hong Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhi F, Wang R, Wang Q, Xue L, Deng D, Wang S, Yang Y. MicroRNAs in neuroblastoma: small-sized players with a large impact. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:613-23. [PMID: 24477657 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, a malignant embryonal tumor of the sympathetic nervous system, is the most common solid extracranial malignancy of childhood and accounts for 15 % of all childhood cancer deaths. The biological behavior of neuroblastoma is extensively heterogeneous, ranging from spontaneous regression to rapid progression despite multimodal aggressive therapy. Although the molecular basis of neuroblastoma has received considerable attention over the past decade, elucidating the mechanisms for the aggressive progression of neuroblastoma is needed for improving the efficacy of treatment. miRNAs (microRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules generally 19-22 nucleotides in length. miRNAs regulate 60 % of human gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by targeting regions of sequence complementarity on the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) of specific mRNAs. miRNAs can either cause degradation of mRNAs or can inhibit their translation and therefore play major roles in normal growth and development. miRNA dysregulation has oncogenic or tumor-suppressive functions in virtually all forms of cancer, including neuroblastoma. The present review highlights the current insights on dysregulated miRNAs in neuroblastoma and on their roles in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this malignancy. As a rapidly evolving field of basic and biomedical sciences, miRNA research holds a great potential to impact on the management of neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhi
- Modern Medical Research Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185#, Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
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60
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Abstract
MicroRNA MicroRNA s (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs acting as endogenous regulators of gene expression. Their discovery is one of the major recent breakthroughs in molecular biology. miRNAs establish a multiplicity of relationships with target mRNAs and exert pleiotropic biological effects in many cell physiological pathways during development and adult life. The dynamic nature of gene expression regulation by Retinoic Acid Retinoic acid (RA) is consistent with an extensive functional interplay with miRNA activities. In fact, RA regulates the expression of many different miRNAs, thus suggesting a relevant function of miRNAs in RA-controlled gene expression programmes. miRNAs have been extensively studied as targets and mediators of the biological activity of RA during embryonic development as well as in normal and neoplastic cells. However, relatively few studies have experimentally explored the direct contribution of miRNA function to the RA signalling pathway. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanistic aspects that allow miRNA biogenesis, functional activation and regulation, focusing on recent evidence that highlights a functional interplay between miRNAs and RA-regulated molecular networks. We report examples of tissue-specific roles of miRNAs modulated by RA in stem cell pluripotency maintenance and regeneration, embryonic development, hematopoietic and neural differentiation, and other biological model systems, underlining their role in disease pathogenesis. We also address novel areas of research linking the RA signalling pathway to the nuclear activity of miRNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Differentiation
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Embryonic Development
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Multimerization
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tretinoin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy,
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Progress in microRNA delivery. J Control Release 2013; 172:962-74. [PMID: 24075926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding endogenous RNAs that direct post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by several mechanisms. Activity is primarily through binding to the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNA) resulting in degradation and translation repression. Unlike other small-RNAs, miRNAs do not require perfect base pairing, and thus, can regulate a network of broad, yet specific, genes. Although we have only just begun to gain insights into the full range of biologic functions of miRNA, their involvement in the onset and progression of disease has generated significant interest for therapeutic development. Mounting evidence suggests that miRNA-based therapies, either restoring or repressing miRNAs expression and activity, hold great promise. However, despite the early promise and exciting potential, critical hurdles often involving delivery of miRNA-targeting agents remain to be overcome before transition to clinical applications. Limitations that may be overcome by delivery include, but are not limited to, poor in vivo stability, inappropriate biodistribution, disruption and saturation of endogenous RNA machinery, and untoward side effects. Both viral vectors and nonviral delivery systems can be developed to circumvent these challenges. Viral vectors are efficient delivery agents but toxicity and immunogenicity limit their clinical usage. Herein, we review the recent advances in the mechanisms and strategies of nonviral miRNA delivery systems and provide a perspective on the future of miRNA-based therapeutics.
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Zhou X, Wei M, Wang W. MicroRNA-340 suppresses osteosarcoma tumor growth and metastasis by directly targeting ROCK1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:653-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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63
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Fullston T, Ohlsson Teague EMC, Palmer NO, DeBlasio MJ, Mitchell M, Corbett M, Print CG, Owens JA, Lane M. Paternal obesity initiates metabolic disturbances in two generations of mice with incomplete penetrance to the F2 generation and alters the transcriptional profile of testis and sperm microRNA content. FASEB J 2013; 27:4226-43. [PMID: 23845863 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is highly prevalent, and its incidence is increasing. The previous study showing a major effect of paternal obesity on metabolic health of offspring is confounded by comorbidity with diabetes. Therefore, we investigated the effect of diet-induced paternal obesity, in the absence of diabetes, on the metabolic health of two resultant generations and the molecular profiles of the testes and sperm. Founder (F0) male C57BL6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a control diet (CD); n = 10/diet for a period of 10 wk. Testis expression of mRNA/microRNAs was analyzed by microarray and qPCR and sperm microRNA abundance by qPCR. Two subsequent generations were generated by mating F0 and then F1 mice to CD mice, and their metabolic health was investigated. All mice, other than F0 males, were maintained on a CD. HFD feeding induced paternal obesity with a 21% increase in adiposity, but not overt diabetes, and initiated intergenerational transmission of obesity and insulin resistance in two generations of offspring. This distinct phenotypic constellation is either partially or fully transmitted to both female and male F1 offspring and further transmitted through both parental lineages to the F2 generation, with a heightened effect on female F1 offspring (+67% in adiposity) and their F2 sons (+24% in adiposity). Founder male obesity altered the testes expression of 414 mRNAs by microarray and 11 microRNAs by qPCR, concomitant with alterations in sperm microRNA content and a 25% reduction in global methylation of germ cell DNA. Diet-induced paternal obesity modulates sperm microRNA content and germ cell methylation status, which are potential signals that program offspring health and initiate the transmission of obesity and impaired metabolic health to future generations. This study implicates paternal obesity in the transgenerational amplification of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tod Fullston
- 1Level 3 Medical School South, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5005.
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Bekris LM, Lutz F, Montine TJ, Yu CE, Tsuang D, Peskind ER, Leverenz JB. MicroRNA in Alzheimer's disease: an exploratory study in brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Biomarkers 2013; 18:455-66. [PMID: 23822153 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.814073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) may be potential biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this investigation was to demonstrate that miRNAs in human brain or biofluids are differentially expressed according to disease status, tissue type, neuritic plaque score or Braak stage. Post-mortem brain (PMB) miRNA were profiled using arrays and validated using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Five qRT-PCR-validated miRNAs were measured in an independent sample of PMB, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma from the same subjects. Plasma miR-15a was found to be associated with plaque score in the independent sample. In conclusion, miRNA present in human biofluids may offer utility as biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Bekris
- Department of Geriatric (GRECC), Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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Sethupathy P. Illuminating microRNA Transcription from the Epigenome. Curr Genomics 2013; 14:68-77. [PMID: 23997652 PMCID: PMC3580781 DOI: 10.2174/138920213804999183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular gene expression is governed by a complex, multi-faceted network of regulatory interactions. In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical components of this network. miRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules that serve as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Although there has been substantive progress in our understanding of miRNA-mediated gene regulation, the mechanisms that control the expression of the miRNAs themselves are less well understood. Identifying the factors that control miRNA expression will be critical for further characterizing miRNA function in normal physiology and pathobiology. We describe recent progress in the efforts to map genomic regions that control miRNA transcription (such as promoters). In particular, we highlight the utility of large-scale "-omic" data, such as those made available by the ENCODE and the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics consortiums, for the discovery of transcriptional control elements that govern miRNA expression. Finally, we discuss how integrative analysis of complementary genetic datasets, such as the NHGRI Genome Wide Association Studies Catalog, can predict novel roles for transcriptional mis-regulation of miRNAs in complex disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Sethupathy
- 5091 Genetic Medicine Building, 120 Mason Farm Road, Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Domingo-Fernandez R, Watters K, Piskareva O, Stallings RL, Bray I. The role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in neuroblastoma disease pathogenesis. Pediatr Surg Int 2013; 29:101-19. [PMID: 23274701 PMCID: PMC3557462 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-012-3239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a highly heterogeneous tumor accounting for 15 % of all pediatric cancer deaths. Clinical behavior ranges from the spontaneous regression of localized, asymptomatic tumors, as well as metastasized tumors in infants, to rapid progression and resistance to therapy. Genomic amplification of the MYCN oncogene has been used to predict outcome in neuroblastoma for over 30 years, however, recent methodological advances including miRNA and mRNA profiling, comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH), and whole-genome sequencing have enabled the detailed analysis of the neuroblastoma genome, leading to the identification of new prognostic markers and better patient stratification. In this review, we will describe the main genetic factors responsible for these diverse clinical phenotypes in neuroblastoma, the chronology of their discovery, and the impact on patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Domingo-Fernandez
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Watters
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olga Piskareva
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Raymond L. Stallings
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabella Bray
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland,Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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67
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Miller-Delaney SFC, Das S, Stallings RL, Henshall DC. Investigating gene promoter methylation in a mouse model of status epilepticus. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1067:87-101. [PMID: 23975788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-607-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification of DNA by methylation of the cytosine present in CG dinucleotides constitutes a key regulatory mechanism in the control of gene expression in neurological diseases. In this chapter, we describe an in-depth methodology of methylated DNA immunoprecipitation used in combination with tiling microarrays (MeDIP-chip) in order to analyze genome-wide gene promoter methylation in the hippocampus of mice following status epilepticus (prolonged seizure). While a specific mouse model and array format are described, the method can be applied to DNA from many tissues to analyze the methylation status of promoter regions across whole genomes, using a wide range of available array formats (both custom designed and commercially catalogued). We conclude the chapter with the description of bisulfite sequencing validation of MeDIP-chip results.
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Epigenetic deregulation of microRNAs in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma and translational perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16554-79. [PMID: 23443118 PMCID: PMC3546707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression control mediated by microRNAs and epigenetic remodeling of chromatin are interconnected processes often involved in feedback regulatory loops, which strictly guide proper tissue differentiation during embryonal development. Altered expression of microRNAs is one of the mechanisms leading to pathologic conditions, such as cancer. Several lines of evidence pointed to epigenetic alterations as responsible for aberrant microRNA expression in human cancers. Rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma are pediatric cancers derived from cells presenting features of skeletal muscle and neuronal precursors, respectively, blocked at different stages of differentiation. Consistently, tumor cells express tissue markers of origin but are unable to terminally differentiate. Several microRNAs playing a key role during tissue differentiation are often epigenetically downregulated in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma and behave as tumor suppressors when re-expressed. Recently, inhibition of epigenetic modulators in adult tumors has provided encouraging results causing re-expression of anti-tumor master gene pathways. Thus, a similar approach could be used to correct the aberrant epigenetic regulation of microRNAs in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma. The present review highlights the current insights on epigenetically deregulated microRNAs in rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma and their role in tumorigenesis and developmental pathways. The translational clinical implications and challenges regarding modulation of epigenetic chromatin remodeling/microRNAs interconnections are also discussed.
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Enhancement of neurite outgrowth in neuron cancer stem cells by growth on 3-D collagen scaffolds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 428:68-73. [PMID: 23047009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is one component of the extracellular matrix that has been widely used for constructive remodeling to facilitate cell growth and differentiation. The 3-D distribution and growth of cells within the porous scaffold suggest a clinical significance for nerve tissue engineering. In the current study, we investigated proliferation and differentiation of neuron cancer stem cells (NCSCs) on a 3-D porous collagen scaffold that mimics the natural extracellular matrix. We first generated green fluorescence protein (GFP) expressing NCSCs using a lentiviral system to instantly monitor the transitions of morphological changes during growth on the 3-D scaffold. We found that proliferation of GFP-NCSCs increased, and a single cell mass rapidly grew with unrestricted expansion between days 3 and 9 in culture. Moreover, immunostaining with neuronal nuclei (NeuN) revealed that NCSCs grown on the 3-D collagen scaffold significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth. Our findings confirmed that the 80 μm porous collagen scaffold could enhance attachment, viability and differentiation of the cancer neural stem cells. This result could provide a new application for nerve tissue engineering and nerve regeneration.
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